Country report on rice C i cultivation practice: Indonesia cultivation practice: Iman Rusmana Bogor Agricultural University Expert Meeting 2‐3 June 2011 Bangkok, Thailand g , 1
INDONESIA
Population : 230 mill, 4th in the world 17 300 islands 17.300
Papua
Kalimantan Sumatera
Sulawesi Bali
Java Java :
60 % of population, 60 % off food f d production d ti 13 % of land 2
General Information General Information Figure of Indonesia Population : 230 million Pop growth rate : 1.35%/year 1 35%/year Total land area : 190 million ha Agriculture sector in Indonesia Provides jjob opportunities to 20 million households Contributes 66% to GDP Contributes Rice productivity : 5.01 ton/ha Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year
250,000,000
Pop pulation
200,000,000 150,000,000 100 000 000 100,000,000 50 000 000 50,000,000 0 1971
1980
1990
1995
Year
2000
2010
Area of Rice Cultivation and Production in 2005-2010 70 60
13
50 12.5
40
12
30 Area (ha) Production (ton) Production (ton)
11.5 11
20 10 0
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
2009
2010
Producction (m million tton)
Area o of Rice ccultivattion ((million n ha)
13.5
Rice Variety Rice Variety Form 1943 up to 2007: 190 rice varieties of wetland were released 30 rice varieties of dryland were released Mostly cultivated: IR-64 Ciherang Way Apo Buru IR 42 Memberamo Cisadane Cisokan Cibogo
Ciliwung Widas IR 66
4000000
Rice Variety mostly cultivated in Indonesia
Arrea of Cu ultivation n (ha)
3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0
Rice Variety
1.6 1 6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1
IR‐64 1.8 Ciherang 2.4 Ciliwung 3.3 Way Apo Buru 31.4 IR 42 8 Widas Memberamo Cisadane IR 66 21.8 Cisokan Cibogo Percentage of Rice Variety Cultivated
in Indonesia in Indonesia
Methane emission and rice p productivity y of several rice varieties
Rice Cultivation Practices Map of Soil Distribution in Indonesia W t acid Wet, id parentt material t i l
D alkaline Dry, lk li parentt material t i l
10
Distribution of rice soils in Indonesia
Wetland Distribution by Island 12.62%
5.44% 0.80%
11.61% 41.13%
Java Sumatera Sulawesi
28.39%
Kalimantan Bali &Nusa tenggara Bali &Nusa tenggara
Total area of wetland in Indonesia in 2008 was 8.01 million hectare
Wetland Area (ha) by Type of Irrigation 3005016 5008720
Irrigated wetland Non irrigated wetland
Percentage of Wetland Area by Type of Irrigation 37.50% 62.50%
Irrigated wetland Non irrigated g wetland
80.0
Rice Production
70.0 60.0
2009
67.3 64.4 66.4
Million to on
2010 50.0 40.0
2011 (prediction) 2011 ( di ti ) 34.9 36.4 36.4
30.0
29.5 30.0 30.9
20.0 10 0 10.0 0.0 Java
Out of Java Out of Java
Berita Resmi Statistik No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011
Indonesia
10,000,000
1. N Nanggroe Aceh h D. 2. Sumatera Uttara 2 3. Sumatera Baarat 3 4. R i a u 5. J a m m b i 6. SSumatera Selatan 7. Bengkkulu 8. Lampu ung 9. Bangka Belitu ung 10 0. Riau Kepulau uan 11. D.K.I. Jakaarta 12. Jawa Baarat 13. Jawa Tenggah 14. D.I. Yogyakaarta 15. Jawa Tim mur 16. Banten 17. B aa l i 18. Nussa Tenggara Baarat 19. Nusa Tenggara Tim mur 20. Kalimantan Baarat 21. Kaalimantan Tenggah 22. Kaalimantan Selatan 23. K Kalimantan Tim mur 24. Sulawesi Uttara 25.. Sulawesi Tenggah 26. Sulawesi Selatan 27. SSulawesi Tengggara 28. Goronttalo 29. Sulawesi Baarat 2 30. Malu uku 31. Maluku Uttara 3 32. Papua Baarat 33. Pap pua
Producction (to on) 12 000 000 12,000,000
Rice production in 2009
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2 000 000 2,000,000
0
Province
Acceh SSumatera Utara SSumatera baarat Riau mbi Jam Sumatera Selattan Bengkulu ung Lampu Bangka Belitu B ung Kepulauan Riau K DKI Jakaarta Jawa Baarat Jawa Tenggah DI Yogyakaarta Jawa Tim mur Bantten Bali B Nusa Tenggara Baarat mur Nusa TTenggara Tim Kaalimantan Baarat Kalim mantan Tenggah Kalim mantan Selattan Kallimantan Tim mur Sulawesi Utara Sulawesi Tenggah ulawesi Selattan Su Sulaawesi Tenggara Goronttalo Sulawesi Baarat Malu uku Maluku Utara Papua Baarat Pap pua
Rice pro oduction (tton)
Rice production in 2010 (by Province)
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
Aceh Su umatera Utara Su umatera baratt Riau Jambi Sum matera Selatan Bengkulu Lampungg Baangka Belitungg Keepulauan Riau DKI Jakarta Jawa Baratt Jawa Tengah DI Yogyakarta Jawa Timurr Banten Bali Nusa TTenggara Baratt Nusa Teenggara Timurr Kalimantan Baratt Kalim mantan Tengah Kalim mantan Selatan Kalimantan Timurr SSulawesi Utara Sulawesi Tengah Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo o SSulawesi Baratt Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Baratt Papua
Area of Rice Cultivation (haa)
Area of Rice Cultivation in 2010 (by Province)
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
P fil off h Profile harvestt iin 2008-2010 2008 2010
Rice Cultivation Practices Rice Cultivation Practices Wetland: Flooded wetland is still the dominant of rice production in Indonesia SRI (System of Rice Intensification): The Agriculture ministry of Indonesia plans to increase the use of the SRI: - 2011 : 100.000 ha - 2012 : 200.000 ha - 2015 : 1,5 million ha
Study of SRI in Indonesia NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA
YIELD INCREASES LOCATION
O O CENTRAL LOMBOK SUMBAWA GARUT SUKABUMI SUKABUMI, NOSC S.E.T.C. PANDAAN EAST JAVA BOGOR, , WEST JAVA PADANG, W. SUMATRA
CONVEN‐ S.R.I TIONAL (TONS/HA) ‐ 11.2 ‐ 14.3 ‐ 13.5 ‐ 12 6 12.6 5.38 6.85 5.5
10.5
5.0
7.5
‐
9.67‐ 11 0 11.0
Reference
Sa o ( 00 ) Sato (2007) Sato (2007) Sato (2007) Sato (2007) Sato (2007) Ardi and Iswandi (2008) Herodian et al, (2008) Sugiyanta gy ((2008)) Musliar (2007‐ 2008)
S.R.I RICE CULTIVATION AT THREE LOCATIONS IN WEST JAVA NO. OF TILLERS/HILL
YIELD COMPON ENTS
RICE CULTIVATION CONVENTIONAL
TANJUNG SARI
INORGANIC S.R.I
41.15b
ORGANIC S.R.I
29.60a
MIXED
39.40b
SUKABUMI
DEPOK
30.30a
17.3a
30.30 a
41.15b
26.45c
29.60a
20.95b
39.40b
18.7ab
YIELD (TON/HA) RICE CULTIVATION CONVENTIONAL INORGANIC S R I INORGANIC S.R.I ORGANIC S.R.I MIXED
TANJUNG SARI
SUKABUMI
3.59
4.58
4.35
5.32
3.55
4.72
3. 96
4.97
DEPOK
Correlation between SRI and Methane emission METHANE EMISSION FROM SUKARAJA (SUKABUMI) (Iswandi et al. 2009) 2 WAT
4 WAT
TREATMENTS
6 WAT
8 WAT
10 WAT
AVERAGE
mg C‐CH4 m‐2 h‐1
T0 =CONVENTIONAL
2021.2
9939.3
‐1.95 1.95
‐5.48 5.48
2.49
T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I
0.00
0.00
1.00
‐3.77
‐1.05
T2=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I
0.00
‐279.4
5.07
‐1.98
0.43
T3= MIXED
0.00
1517.3
3.50
1.25
5.82
2391.1 ‐0.76 ‐55.2 305.6
S.R.I. REDUCED CH4 EMISSION FROM RICE FIELD SIGNIFICANTLY
N2O EMISSION SUKABUMI 6 WAT
8 WAT
10 WAT
TREATMENTS µg N‐N20/m2/h T0= CONVENTIONAL
‐173.35
158.78
36.06
T1= IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I.
4128.40
489.75
42.32
T2 = ORGANIC S.R.I.
‐359.20
35.74
‐100.84
T3= MIXED
230.13
165.11
10.24
N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI 6 WAT
ORGANIC FERTILIZER REDUCED N20 EMISSION
8 WAT
TREATMENTS µg N‐N20/m2/h T0=CONVENTIONAL
63.88
423.91
T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I.
97.14
1247.84
‐509.96
‐769.28
64.59
359.11
T2=ORGANIC S.R.I T3=MIXED
Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes under conventional and S.R.I. S R I rice cultivation methods at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009) Treatments
Total Microbes*
Azotobacter* Azospirillum* (x103) (x103)
PSM* (x104)
(x105) Conventional (T0)
2.3a
1.9a
0.9a
3.3a
Inorganic S.R.I (T1)
2.7a
2.2a
1.7ab
4.0a
Organic S.R.I (T2)
3.8b
3.7b
2.8bc
5.9b
Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3)
4 8c 4.8c
4 4b 4..4b
3 3c 3.3c
6 4b 6.4b
*CFU/g soil
PSM = Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes
N2 fixation and CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophic bacteria isolated from rice field in West Java
No Isolate
N2fixation activity CH4 oxidation (nM/hour/ml activity culture) (uM/day/ml culture)
1
BGM1
10,90
39,53
2
BGM3
7 10 7,10
56 62 56,62
3
BGM5
10,80
75,85
4
BGM9
15,30
59,60
Research in progress: Application of methanotrophic bacteria as biofertilizer in rice cultivation (Conventional, SRI and organic farming)
Management of Rice Residues Management of Rice Residues Estimation of biomass production on land use in Indonesia
Nutrient content of rice straw and grain i f i d i
Are ea (ha)
Total area of rice cultivation with and without rotation crops in Indonesia 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 , , 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0
irrigation
rice cultivation with crop rice cultivation without Rotation crop Rotation
Total area of rice cultivation with and Total area of rice cultivation with and without rotation crops 2500000
Area ((ha)
2000000 1500000 1000000 500000
irrigation (Java) Non Irrigation (Java) Irigation (outside Java) non irrigation (outside Java)
0 rice cultivation rice cultivation with crop Rotation crop Rotation without crop Rotation without crop Rotation
Soil organic carbon off iintensified t ifi d lowland l l d rice i areas in Indonesia • 73% low soil organic matter content (<2%), • 23% medium di organic i matter content (2(2-3%) • 4% have more than 3% of soil organic matter
N o . o f S o il S a m p le s
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
< 2.0
2.0 - 3.0
> 3.0
Soil Organic Carbon (%)
due to the intensive weathering process, high rainfall and temperature, land use change, change and inappropriate management practices without returning organic matter to the field
Soil Organic Carbon Soil Organic Carbon Case study in West Java Comparison of soil carbon sequestration between organic and conventional rice fields in the top p 10 cm soil depth p (Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
Comparison of soil carbon content profile between organic and conventional rice fields in the top p 30 cm soil depth. p (Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
34
References: Anas, I., R. Widyastuti, T. R. Hutabarat, D. Nareswari , I. A. Hakim, A. Ningtyas, S. K. Santoso, W. Agusmiati, M. Ulfah and Eka. N. Sari.2009. Recent finding from SRI study. Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Badan B d Pusat P S Statistik. i ik 2011. 2011 PRODUKSI PADI PADI, JAGUNG JAGUNG, DAN KEDELAI (ANGKA SEMENTARA TAHUN 2010 DAN ANGKA RAMALAN I TAHUN 2011). No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011 Departemen Pertanian. 2007. Agenda Nasional [2008 – 2015] dan Rencana Aksi [2008 – 2009] Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Sektor Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian Indonesia. IAERI 2001. Emisi dan mitigasi gas CH4 dan N2O dari pengolahan tanah,varietas dan pemberian bahan organik dalam pola tanam padipalawijapada lahan sawah tadah hujan. Laporan tahunan 2001 IAERI. 2001. Pengaruh varietas padi terhadap besarnya emisi gas CH4 pada lahan sawah irigasi vertisol. Laporan tahunan 2001. Komatsuzaki, M and M. F, Syuaib, y 2010. Comparison p of the Farming g System y and Carbon Sequestration q between Conventional and Organic Rice Production in West Java, Indonesia. Sustainability 2, 833-843; doi:10.3390/su2030833 Litbang Deptan. 2007. Varietas unggul padi sawah 1943-2007. Informasi Ringkas Teknologi Padi . 1-10 Rachman, A. S. Rochayati, D. Setyorini. 2009. Soil fertility management technology. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development p Sabiham, S. and B. Mulyanto. 2005. BIOMASS UTILISATION IN INDONESIA: INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC MATTER MANAGEMENT. APECATC Workshop on Biomass Utilization held in Tokyo and Tsukuba Japan, . 19 – 21 January 2005Setyanto, P. 2006. Varietas Padi Rendah Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 28(4): 12-13. Setyanto,P. Burhan, H., Jatmiko, S.Y. 2008. Effectiveness of water regime and soil management on methane emission reduction from rice field. Prosiding seminar Nasional pencemaran lingkungan pertanian melalui ndekatan pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) secara terpadu. 219-233. y A.K. Makarim. 2004. Emisi ggas metan ppada lahan sawah irigasi g inceptisol p akibat ppemupukan p nitrogen g pada p Suharsih, P. Setyanto, tanaman padi. PP Tanaman Pangan 22 (2) : 43-47 Swastika D. K.S, J. Wargiono, Soejitno, dan A. Hasanuddin. ANALISIS KEBIJAKA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI PADI MELALUI EFISIENSI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN SAWAH DI INDONESIA. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. 5(1): 36-52
