INTEGRITAS
Disampaikan pada Workshop Nasional “Kupas Tuntas Kebijakan Asimetris di Perbatasan Negara”, diselenggarakan oleh Kementerian PPN/Bappenas JAKARTA. 10 AGUSTUS 2016
PROFESIONAL
INOVATIF
PEDULI
“the universe is asymmetric” – Louis Pasteur –
Asymmetric Human Body
Asymmetric Universe
Konsep Symmetry & Asymmetry
Symmetry: the level of conformity and commonality in the relations of each separate political unit of the system to both the system as a whole and to the other component units. (Ronald L. Watts, Asymmetrical Decentralization: Functional or Dysfunctional, “Indian Journal of Federal Studies”, No. 1/2004).
Asymmetric (Fiscal) Decentralization: different fiscal arrangements between the central government and different groups of, or individual, lower level governments, may be justified from an economic efficiency perspective. (Teresa Garcia- Milà and Therese J. McGuire, Fiscal Decentralization in Spain: An Asymmetric Transition to Democracy, 2004).
Asymmetric Governance Worldwide
RUSIA (Jorge MartinezVasques, 2002)
JERMAN (Arthur Benz, 1999)
CANADA (Edelgard Mahant, 2006)
INDIA (Govinda Rao and Nirvikar Singh, 2004)
BELGIA (Wilfried Swenden, 2002)
THAILAND (Kanokpan Lao-Aray, 2002)
Great Britain
“… although there are some pressures for further changes, a system of asymmetric devolution appears to be the only constitutional structure capable of enjoying public support throughout Great Britain”. (John Curtice, A Stronger or Weaker Union? Public Reactions to Asymmetric Devolution in the United Kingdom, in Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 32 No. 3, 2006)
Macedonia
“… how a sustainable local development might be achieved while different local areas have different economic, administrative, technical, personal capacities and requirements. The answer might be found in the model of asymmetric decentralization …”. (Aleksandra Maksimovska Veljanovski, The Model of the Asymmetric Fiscal Decentralisation in the Theory and the Case of Republic of Macedonia)
Kosovo
“The so-called asymmetrical decentralization has been considered as a key and a highly political issue for the resolution of the final status of Kosovo since the launching of the Kosovo’s final status talks in early 2006”. (Roland Gjoni. 2007, Decentralization as a Conflict Transformation Tool: The Challenge in Kosovo, Paper presented for the Institute of Federalism University of Fribourg)
Japan
Degree of decentralization will be given based on 2 indicators: population AND economic base (employment center). 3 category of Cities: o Designated Cities: population of 500,000 or more. o Core Cities or Chukaku-shi: population 300,000-500,000 and land areas of over 100 sq km. o Special Case Cities or Tokurei-shi: population over 200,000. Asymmetric Decentralization: the bigger the size of population and the economic base of a city, the bigger authority will be transferred by central govt. Eg: Designated cities are authorized to administer the same level of governmental jurisdiction as prefectures.
France La Corse (Corsica) memperoleh desentralisasi yang lebih luas dibanding 21 Region lainnya. Dari latar sejarah, Corsica adalah wilayah mandiri berbentuk republik. Pada masa pra-sejarah, Corsica sempat dibawah kolonisasi Yunani kuno. Selanjutnya, ketika Corsica diduduki Roma, Corsica berubah menjadi provinsi dibawah Roma. Setelah keruntuhan Roma, Corsica diperebutkan oleh Republik Pisa dan Republik Genoa. Genoa menguasai Corsica pada 1347-1729, sempat diintervensi oleh Perancis pada tahun 1553, kemudian muncul gerakan kemerdekaan, yang akhirnya lahirlah Republik Corsica tahun 1755 dibawah Pasquale Paoli. 1764, Corsica dibeli secara rahasia oleh France dari Republik Genoa. Dan setelah perang sipil 1768-69, Corsica secara resmi menjadi bagian dari France pada 1770.
China 2 special administrative regions: Hongkong & Macau. 5 autonomous region: Guangxi, Inner Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Xizang (Tibet). Tahun 1978 ditetapkan 4 kawasan ekonomi khusus, yakni Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou & Xiamen. Kebijakan ini diikuti pemberian otonomi sangat luas kepada Guangdong & Fujian, misalnya untuk menyetujui investasi bernilai lebih dari USD 30 juta. Hingga 1984 telah ditetapkan 14 kota-kota pantai & beberapa kota di pedalaman (sepanjang DAS Yangtze & perbatasan dengan Russia) yg diberikan kewenangan luas serupa dengan kawasan ekonomi khusus (Montinola, Qian & Weingast, dalam Basuki, 2006).
Indonesia?
Done !!
Done !!
Done !!
Ongoing?
Conclusion (?)
Reviewing of literature on decentralization from many countries, leads to the conclusion that asymmetrical decentralization is more effective than symmetrical decentralization (James Katorobo, 2005). Adopting a model of asymmetrical autonomy could open a process of catch-up whereby regions with less demand parity with those that have more devolved responsibilities and competencies (Giordano and Roller, 2004: 2180, in Angustias Hombrado Martos, 2001). The most important organizational expressions of the principle of autonomy: from homogenous regionalism to asymmetric regionalism (Giancarlo Rolla).
Asymmetric Policy sbg Inovasi
Asymmetric policy dan Inovasi memiliki karakter yang serupa, yakni contextual, anti-mainstream, out-of-the-box, not business as usual !! Asymmetric policy dan Inovasi sama-sama mempunyai tujuan memecahkan masalah serta menawarkan kemanfaatan baru bagi stakeholder internal maupun internal. Salah satu teknik dalam Inovasi adalah Modifikasi. Esensi asymmetric policy adalah modifikasi terhadap pola symmetry. Jadi, asymmetric policy pada hakekatnya merupakan Inovasi sektor publik.
Asymmetric Policy utk Perbatasan
Secara alamiah, daerah perbatasan memiliki Urusan Rumah Tangga Material (materiele huishoudingen) yang membedakan dengan wilayah non-perbatasan. Daerah-daerah yang memiliki karakteristik spesifik (seperti Perbatasan) semestinya tidak diberlakukan sistem Urusan Rumah Tangga Formil (konkurensi urusan), seperti pada Lampiran UU No. 23/2014. Asimmetric policy merupakan strategi politik dalam bentuk transfer wewenang/kekuasaan, strategi ekonomi melalui perimbangan keuangan & fiskal, serta strategi kultural untuk merealisasikan prinsip diversity in unity atau unity in diversity. Menerapkan kebijakan yang simetris antara wilayah perbatasan dengan wilayah lain adalah sebuah kebijakan yang ahistoris dan anakronistik.
Inovasi sbg Asymmetric Policy di Perbatasan
Sekolah Tapal Batas Masalah: ketiadaan sekolah untuk anak2 TKI yang tinggal di kamp perusahaan. Diinisiasi oleh masyarakat, dan memberi materi Calistung, pengajaran agama, dan keterampilan.
Sekolah Filial Masalah: kondisi geografis yang berat & kondisi infrastruktur yang parah shg tidak bisa mengakses sekolah di kecamatan.
Penguatan Asymmetric Policy di Perbatasan
Asimetrisme dalam pembentukan DOB (pengecualian syarat teknis dan fisik, tipologisasi perangkat daerah); Asimetrisme dalam kewenangan (pinjaman, kerjasama perdagangan internasional, diskresi pemberian skala perijinan investasi); Asimetrisme dalam pengelolaan sumber daya (kelonggaran formasi pegawai, keluasan hak atas retribusi dan sumber pendapatan lain).
Referensi Jorge Martinez-Vasques, 2002, Asymmetric Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison, working paper 03-04, International Studies Program, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. M. Govinda Rao and Nirvikar Singh, 2004, Asymmetric Federalism in India, working paper #048, Santa Cruz Center for International Economics, University of California at Santa Cruz Arthur Benz, 1999, From Unitary to Asymmetric Federalism in Germany: Taking Stock after 50 Years, in Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 29 No. 4. Wilfried Swenden, 2002, Asymmetric Federalism and Coalition-Making in Belgium, in Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 32 No. 3. Teresa Garcia- Milà and Therese J. McGuire, 2004, Fiscal Decentralization in Spain: An Asymmetric Transition to Democracy. John Curtice, 2006, A Stronger or Weaker Union? Public Reactions to Asymmetric Devolution in the United Kingdom, in Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 32 No. 3.
Roland Gjoni. 2007, Decentralization as a Conflict Transformation Tool: The Challenge in Kosovo, Paper for the Institute of Federalism University of Fribourg. Aleksandra Maksimovska Veljanovski, The Model of the Asymmetric Fiscal Decentralisation in the Theory and the Case of Republic of Macedonia. Edelgard Mahant, 2006, Reflections on Asymmetrical Federalism in Canada, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Rennes. James Katorobo, 2005, Decentralization and Local Autonomy for Participatory Democracy, 6th Global Forum on Reinventing Government Towards Participatory and Transparent Governance, Seoul. Kanokpan Lao-Aray, 2002, Effect of Decentralization Strategy on Macroeconomic Stability in Thailand, working paper series #17, Economics and Research Department, ADB. Angustias Hombrado Martos, 2001, Rethinking Autonomy Demands in Asymmetrically Devolved Countries, Paper presented at the 60th PSA Annual Conference, Edinburgh. Giancarlo Rolla, The Development of Asymmetric Regionalism and the Principle of Autonomy in the New Constitutional Systems: A Comparative Approach, University of Genoa, Italy.
INTEGRITAS
Disampaikan pada Workshop Nasional “Kupas Tuntas Kebijakan Asimetris di Perbatasan Negara”, diselenggarakan oleh Kementerian PPN/Bappenas JAKARTA. 10 AGUSTUS 2016
PROFESIONAL
INOVATIF
PEDULI
