M ASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA P Rˇ ´I RODOV Eˇ DECK A´ FAKULTA
Modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky ultrazvukov´ych mˇeniˇcu˚ ˇ A´ PR ACE ´ BAKAL A´ RSK Michal Buri´an
Brno, jaro 2009
Prohl´asˇen´ı Prohlaˇsuji, zˇ e tato bakal´arˇsk´a pr´ace je m´ym p˚uvodn´ım autorsk´ym d´ılem, kter´e jsem vypracoval samostatnˇe. Vˇsechny zdroje, prameny a literaturu, kter´e jsem pˇri vypracov´an´ı pouˇz´ıval nebo z nich cˇ erpal, v pr´aci ˇra´ dnˇe cituji s uveden´ım u´ pln´eho odkazu na pˇr´ısluˇsn´y zdroj.
Vedouc´ı pr´ace: Mgr. Duˇsan Hemzal, Ph.D. ii
Podˇekov´an´ı Dˇekuji Mgr. Duˇsanu Hemzalovi, Ph.D za jeho odborn´e veden´ı a za cenn´e rady a pˇripom´ınky k realizaci t´eto pr´ace. Dˇekuji tak´e Jaroslavu V´azˇ n´emu za pomoc v boji s n´astrahami syst´emu LATEX. Podˇekov´an´ı patˇr´ı tak´e m´e rodinˇe, kter´a mi byla pˇri dosavadn´ım studiu velkou oporou.
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Shrnut´ı Tato pr´ace je zamˇeˇrena na konstrukci geometrick´eho modelu konkr´etn´ıho mˇeniˇce slouˇz´ıc´ıho ke generov´an´ı ultrazvukov´eho pole v experiment´aln´ım 3D ultrazvukov´em tomografick´em zaˇr´ızen´ı. Model je vytv´aˇren metodou prostorov´e s´ıtˇe s ohledem na n´asledn´e ˇreˇsen´ı vlnov´ych rovnic metodou koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u, kter´e je rovnˇezˇ provedeno. Nasimulov´ano je tak´e pole konkr´etn´ı ultrazvukov´e sondy, kter´a byla v r´amci praktick´e cˇ a´ sti pr´ace promˇeˇrena.
Abstract The thesis deals with space mesh modeling for a particular geometry of an ultrasound transducer which is used in the experimetnal 3D ultrasound tomograhic setup. The model is presented and solved using the finite elements method. In the experimental part, the ultrasound filed of a aprticular transducer is both measured and modeled. All the results are discussed.
Kl´ıcˇ ov´a slova ultrazvukov´y mˇeniˇc, metoda koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u, Gmsh
Keywords ultrasound transducer, finite elements method, Gmsh
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Obsah ´ 1 Uvod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Z´akladn´ı veliˇciny a rovnice mechaniky kontinua . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Tenzor napˇet´ı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Tenzor (mal´e) deformace a sloˇzen´y pohyb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Tenzor rychlosti mal´e deformace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Z´akladn´ı rovnice kontinua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Izoentropick´e vlnˇen´ı ve visk´ozn´ı kapalinˇe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Vyj´adˇren´ı tlakov´e v´ychylky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Tenzor napˇet´ı ve visk´ozn´ım prostˇred´ı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Odvozen´ı vlnov´e rovnice pro visk´ozn´ı kapalinu . . . . . . . . . . . ˚ model visko-elastick´e tk´anˇe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Voigtuv 4.1 Vlnov´a rovnice ve vislo-elastick´em prostˇred´ı . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Spoleˇcn´e vlastnosti odvozen´ych rovnic ve zvolen´ych prostˇred´ıch . . 5 Modelov´an´ı geometrie a poˇcetn´ı s´ıtˇe ultrazvukov´ych mˇeniˇcu˚ . . . . . 5.1 Zdroj ultrazvuku a ultrazvukov´y mˇeniˇc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Piezoelektrick´y jev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Struktura mˇeniˇce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Modelov´an´ı geometrie a s´ıtˇe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Vzorov´y pˇr´ıklad pro namodelov´an´ı geometrie a definici s´ıtˇe 5.3.2 Modelov´an´ı geometrie ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce . . . . . . . 6 Modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika a akustick´e pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Metoda koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Modelov´an´ı bl´ızk´eho pole ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce . . . . . . . . . 7 Experiment´aln´ı mˇerˇ en´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Popis mˇerˇen´ı akustick´eho pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Model vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky ultrazvukov´e sondy . . . . . . . . 8 Z´avˇer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Pˇr´ılohy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Mˇeniˇc (TAS) pro ultrazvukovou tomografii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Zdrojov´y k´od geometrie TASu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Kapitola 1
´ Uvod Vyˇsetˇren´ı ultrazvukem patˇr´ı mezi neinvazivn´ı diagnostick´e metody. V´yhodou ultrazvuku je, zˇ e nezatˇezˇ uje pacienta jako napˇr´ıklad vyˇsetˇren´ı rentgenem, kdy je cˇ lovˇek vystaven ionizuj´ıc´ımu z´aˇren´ı. Pr´avˇe tato skuteˇcnost vedla k v´yvoji ultrazvukov´e tomografie, kter´a je postavena na stejn´em principu jako CT (v´ypoˇcetn´ı tomografie), ale m´ısto Rentgenova z´aˇren´ı pouˇz´ıv´a ke zobrazov´an´ı ultrazvuk. I kdyˇz je ultrazvukov´a tomografie st´ale v experiment´aln´ı f´azi, jev´ı se jako dobrou alternativou mamografie, pouˇz´ıvaj´ıc´ı Rentgenovo z´aˇren´ı. Konkr´etn´ı ultrazvukov´e 3D zaˇr´ızen´ı tomografov´eho typu je vyv´ıjeno ve Forschungs Zentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) v Nˇemecku. Po u´ vodn´ı f´azi, kter´a zahrnovala konstrukci 2D syst´emu je v souˇcasn´e dobˇe s u´ spˇechem testov´an plnˇe funkˇcn´ı 3D syst´em. Pro buzen´ı ultrazvuku v tomografu se pouˇz´ıv´a tzv. mˇeniˇcu˚ , kter´e jsou v pˇr´ıstroji uspoˇra´ d´any do kruhov´ych vrstev. Pro snazˇs´ı technick´e ovl´ad´an´ı pracuje kaˇzd´y z mˇeniˇcu˚ bud’ jako zdroj nebo jako pˇrij´ımaˇc ultrazvukov´eho vlnˇen´ı. Postupnˇe jsou aktivov´any jednotliv´e vys´ılac´ı mˇeniˇce, pˇriˇcemˇz pr˚uchodem ultrazvuku prostˇred´ımi s r˚uznou akustickou impedanc´ı se ultrazvukov´e vlny mˇen´ı (tlumen´ı, odraz) a tyto modifikovan´e sign´aly jsou pˇrij´ım´any vˇsemi pˇrij´ımac´ımi mˇeniˇci. Na z´akladˇe tˇechto zaznamenan´ych zmˇen je na poˇc´ıtaˇci vytvoˇren obraz vyˇsetˇrovan´eho objektu. Kromˇe samotn´e konstrukce zaˇr´ızen´ı jsou ve FZK vyv´ıjeny i konkr´etn´ı mˇeniˇce, TASy (Transducer Array Source), urˇcen´e pro specializovan´e pouˇzit´ı v tomografu. Protoˇze samotn´a rekonstrukce obrazu je u ultrazvuku v´ypoˇcetnˇe mnohem n´aroˇcnˇejˇs´ı neˇz u rentgenov´ych pˇr´ıstroj˚u (a to d´ıky sloˇzit´ym interferenˇcn´ım vztah˚um v r´amci ultrazvukov´eho pole), je potˇreba maxim´aln´ı cˇ a´ st v´ypoˇct˚u pˇresunout mimo samotn´y rekonstrukˇcn´ı proces. Pr´avˇe t´ımto smˇerem leˇz´ı c´ıl pˇredkl´adan´e bakal´aˇrsk´e pr´ace. Na z´akladˇe konstrukˇcn´ıch detail˚u mˇeniˇcu˚ dodan´ych z FZK je c´ılem pr´ace poloˇzit z´aklad k mechanick´emu modelov´an´ı uˇz´ıvan´ych mˇeniˇcu˚ . Z hlediska praktick´e aplikace to v podstatˇe znamen´a poskytnout v´yhledovˇe do v´ypoˇct˚u spolehlivou vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiku jednotliv´eho mˇeniˇce, kter´a by takto jiˇz nemusela b´yt urˇcov´ana sloˇzit´ym v´ypoˇctem bˇehem mˇeˇren´ı. Tato u´ loha je netrivi´aln´ı, protoˇze tvar mˇeniˇce je pomˇernˇe komplikovan´y. V prvn´ı cˇ a´ sti pr´ace se sezn´am´ıme s fyzik´aln´ım modelem dostateˇcnˇe obecn´ym k tomu, aby popsal sˇ´ıˇren´ı ultrazvuku ve vˇsech typech biomedic´ınsk´ych prostˇred´ı. Odvozov´an´ı vych´az´ı z mechaniky kontinua - po dosazen´ı pˇr´ısluˇsn´ych materi´alov´ych konstant m˚uzˇ eme modelovat sˇ´ıˇren´ı ultrazvuku vybran´ym prostˇred´ım. Ve druh´e cˇ a´ sti pr´ace vybudujeme konkr´etn´ı model geometrie mˇeniˇce a v jeho r´amci provedeme simulaci ultrazvukov´eho pole zp˚usoben´eho aktivac´ı tohoto mˇeniˇce. Simulace jsou zaloˇzeny na rovnic´ıch z´ıskan´ych v teoretick´e cˇ a´ sti a implementov´any metodou koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u. 1
´ VOD 1. U V r´amci praktick´e cˇ a´ sti bylo absolvov´ano mˇeˇren´ı v ultrazvukov´e vanˇe, pro nˇejˇz byl vytvoˇren konkr´etn´ı model vyuˇz´ıvaj´ıc´ı vybudovanou teorii. V r´amci zpracov´an´ı mˇeˇren´ı je zaˇrazena diskuse bl´ızk´eho a vzd´alen´eho pole mˇeniˇce jakoˇz i demonstrace pˇredpovˇedi ultrazvukov´eho pole promˇeˇrovan´e sondy. ˇ ızˇ kovi a doc. Chtˇel bych na tomto m´ıstˇe podˇekovat Ing. Radimu Kol´aˇrovi, Ing. Martinu C´ Ing. Jiˇr´ımu Rozmanovi, CSc. za umoˇznˇen´ı mˇeˇren´ı v ultrazvukov´e vanˇe na VUT. Tak´e bych r´ad podˇekoval Ing. Jiˇr´ımu Holeˇckovi za pomoc se zprovoznˇen´ım MKP softwaru pro modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky.
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Kapitola 2
Z´akladn´ı veliˇciny a rovnice mechaniky kontinua Mechanika kontinua je speci´aln´ı cˇ a´ st mechaniky zab´yvaj´ıc´ı se spojit´ym prostˇred´ım. U kontinu´aln´ıho prostˇred´ı pˇredpokl´ad´ame, zˇ e prostor je zcela spojitˇe vyplnˇen l´atkou. Matematicky se l´atkov´e prostˇred´ı interpretuje jako soustava hmotn´ych bod˚u, mal´ych cˇ a´ stic vyplˇnuj´ıc´ıch prostor, ve kter´em se mohou pohybovat. Narozd´ıl od modelu tuh´eho tˇelesa, kter´e je nestlaˇciteln´e, m˚uzˇ e urˇcit´a cˇ a´ st kontinua mˇenit sv˚uj objem a tvar. ˇ astice tvoˇr´ıc´ı kontinuum jsou fyzik´alnˇe nekoneˇcnˇe mal´e. Poˇcet cˇ a´ stic je dostateˇcnˇe C´ velk´y, ale ve srovn´an´ı s poˇctem molekul makroskopick´e cˇ a´ sti tˇelesa je jich mnohem m´enˇe. ˇ astice mus´ı m´ıt nekoneˇcnˇe mal´y objem. Rozum´ıme t´ım dostateˇcnˇe velk´y objem, kter´y C´ bude obsahovat vˇetˇs´ı mnoˇzstv´ı molekul, ale tak´e dostateˇcnˇe mal´y, aby se makroskopicky vlastnosti tˇelesa neprojevily na poloze cˇ a´ stice. Poloha mal´e cˇ a´ stice v cˇ ase t je d´ana polohov´ym vektorem ve fyzik´alnˇe nekoneˇcnˇe mal´em cˇ asov´em intervalu v nˇemˇz okamˇzik t leˇz´ı.[1] Kontinuum je tedy soustava fyzik´alnˇe nekoneˇcnˇe mal´ych cˇ a´ stic o polohov´em vektoru ~r, hustˇe zaplˇnuj´ıc´ıch urˇcit´y objem V. Pohybov´e z´akony popisujeme pomoc´ı parci´aln´ıch diferenci´aln´ıch rovnic. Mezi spojit´e l´atkov´e prostˇred´ı zahrnujeme pruˇzn´e tˇelesa, ale stejnˇe tak kapaliny a plyny.
2.1 Tenzor napˇet´ı Tenzor napˇet´ı vyjadˇruje rozloˇzen´ı napˇet´ı v l´atce. Znaˇc´ıme ho symbolem τ a jeho jednotkou je pascal . Tenzor napˇet´ı je reprezentov´an matic´ı s prvky τ ij , kde index i znaˇc´ı, zˇ e prvek se nach´az´ı v i-t´em ˇra´ dku a j-t´em sloupci matice. Jedn´a se o tenzor symetrick´y, tedy pro nˇej plat´ı τ ij = τ ji . Tenzorov´a matice je oznaˇcov´ana jako matice symetrick´a.
2.2 Tenzor (mal´e) deformace a sloˇzen´y pohyb Obecnˇe m˚uzˇ e tˇeleso konat pohyb translaˇcn´ı nebo rotaˇcn´ı. Tyto vlastnosti jsou charakteristick´e pro tuh´e tˇeleso, kter´e nelze nijak deformovat. U kontinua vˇsak mimo translaˇcn´ı a rotaˇcn´ı pohyb m˚uzˇ e doch´azet i k deformaci. Pr´avˇe deformac´ı se budeme zab´yvat. K deformaci kontinua doch´az´ı v pˇr´ıpadˇe, mˇen´ı-li se vzd´alenost mezi jednotliv´ymi cˇ a´ stmi kontinua. Zmˇenu polohy vyjadˇruje vektor posunut´ı ~u(xj , t), kde xj jsou souˇradnice poˇca´ tku vektoru posunut´ı a polohov´y vektor cˇ a´ stice kontinua. Rychlost t´eto zmˇeny vyjadˇruje vektor rychlosti ~v = (xj , t) Oznaˇcme jeden bod kontinua P (viz. obr.1), kter´y je 3
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Obr´azek 2.1: Odvozen´ı tenzoru (mal´e) deformace [2]
definovan´y polohov´ym vektorem o sloˇzk´ach xj . Dalˇs´ı bod Q je d´an jeho polohov´ym vektorem se sloˇzkami xi +d xi . Uvaˇzujme vych´ylen´ı bodu P do nov´e polohy P 0 o polohov´em vektoru yj a stejnˇe tak zmˇenu polohy bodu Q do nov´e polohy Q0 s vektorem yj + d yj . Zmˇenu polohy bodu P urˇcuje vektor ui = ui (x) jako funkce souˇradnice bodu.[3] Pro bod Q pak plat´ı: ∂ui d xj = uj + d uj . (2.1) ui (x + d x) = ui (x) + ∂xi Z obr´azku je d´ale patrn´e, zˇ e yi + d yi = xi + d xi + ui + d ui .
(2.2)
Nyn´ı zavedeme Kroneckerovo delta δ ij , jehoˇz vlastnost´ı je δ ij = 1
pro i = j
δ ij = 0
pro i 6= j
S t´ımto symbolem pak m˚uzˇ eme napsat: ui d y i = d xi + d u i = d xi + d xj = xj
∂ui δ + ∂xj ij
d xj ,
(2.3)
kde pro δ ij plat´ı d xi = δ ij d xj . Deformaci tedy vyj´adˇr´ıme jako rozd´ıl druh´ych mocnin vzd´alenost´ı bod˚u pˇred a po deformaci, nebo-li pˇred a po posunut´ı bod˚u PQ. Tedy mus´ıme naj´ıt vztah pro d y j d y j − d xj d xj . Dosazen´ım pˇredeˇsl´ych vztah˚u dostaneme pro rozd´ıl kvadr´at˚u vzd´alenost´ı: ∂ui ∂ui ij ik d yi d yi − d xi d xi = δ + δ + d xj d xk − d xi d xi . ∂xj ∂xk
(2.4)
Po rozn´asoben´ı dost´av´ame vyj´adˇren´ı deformace jako d yi d yi − d xi d xi = 2εjk d xj d xk ,
(2.5) 4
´ ´I VELI Cˇ INY A ROVNICE MECHANIKY KONTINUA 2. Z AKLADN kde εjk je tenzor koneˇcn´e deformace ve tvaru: ∂uk ∂ui ∂ui ∂uj + + .[3] εjk = ∂xk ∂xj ∂xj ∂xk
(2.6)
Budeme vˇsak uvaˇzovat jen mal´e deformace, u kter´ych jsou vektory posunut´ı a jejich derivace tak mal´e, zˇ e kvadratick´y cˇ len v 2.6 lze zanedbat. Tenzorem εij budeme vˇzdy myslet tenzor mal´e deformace. 1 ∂ui ∂ui ij ε = , + 2 ∂xj ∂xj
(2.7)
kde ~u je vektorov´e pole posunut´ı element˚u kontinua. Tenzor εij je tenzorem symetrick´ym. Pro symetrii tenzoru plat´ı, zˇ e εij = εji a jeho sloˇzky mohou b´yt reprezentov´any diagon´aln´ı matic´ı. Geometricky tento tenzor zastupuje urˇcit´y pravo´uhl´y trojhran. Pˇri deformaci se kaˇzd´y bod trojhranu s polohou xi posune do nov´e polohy xi = εij xj , kde εij jsou prvky diagon´aln´ı matice, reprezentuj´ıc´ı tenzor mal´e deformace. Prvky na diagon´ale dan´e matice vyjadˇruj´ı relativn´ı prodlouˇzen´ı ve smˇeru hlavn´ıch os trojhranu a nediagon´aln´ı prvky tenzoru ukazuj´ı na odch´ylen´ı tˇechto os od p˚uvodn´ıho smˇeru. Souˇcet diagon´aln´ıch cˇ len˚u tak vyjadˇruje relativn´ı zmˇenu objemu v trojhranu a v dan´e cˇ a´ sti kontinua v˚ubec. Pouˇzijeme sumaˇcn´ı symboliku, v n´ızˇ se sˇc´ıt´a pˇres indexy opakuj´ıc´ı se ve v´yrazu jako napˇr´ıklad ai b i ≡ a1 b 1 + a2 b 2 + a3 b 3 . Potom m˚uzˇ eme ps´at, zˇ e pro stopu tenzoru mal´e deformace εii ≡ ε11 + ε22 + ε33 plat´ı: [1] εii = div ~u =
4V . V
(2.8)
2.3 Tenzor rychlosti mal´e deformace Tenzor rychlosti deformace dostaneme derivov´an´ım tenzoru ε deformace podle cˇ asu: η = ∂ε/∂t Pokud budeme pˇredpokl´adat mal´e deformace, tak dosp´ıv´ame ke vztahu: 1 ∂v i ∂v j ij + i η = 2 ∂xj ∂x ~v = ∂~u/∂t je v tomto pˇr´ıpadˇe vektorov´e pole rychlosti element˚u kontinua. Opˇet zde pro jeho stopu plat´ı vztah η ii = div~v . [1] 5
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2.4 Z´akladn´ı rovnice kontinua Kromˇe uveden´eho pole posunut´ı ~u a jeho derivac´ı je stav kontinua pops´an tak´e termodynamick´ymi stavov´ymi veliˇcinami. Mezi nˇe patˇr´ı hustota ρ, tlak p, teplota T a entropie s. Entropii budeme povaˇzovat za cˇ asovˇe konstantn´ı v cel´em kontinuu, veˇsker´e takov´e dynamick´e dˇeje se oznaˇcuj´ı jako izoentropick´e. V mechanice kontinua jsou pro izoentropick´e proudˇen´ı zavedeny vztahy: [1] rovnice kontinuity ∂ρ + ~v grad ρ = −ρ div ~v ∂t
(2.9)
∂τ ij ∂v i i i + ρ(~v grad)v = ρf + ρ ∂t ∂xj
(2.10)
ds = 0, dt
(2.11)
pohybov´e rovnice
vyj´adˇren´ı izoentropie
kde f i je hustota objemov´ych sil. Pro sˇ´ıˇren´ı zmˇen v kontinuu pˇredpokl´adejme mal´e v´ychylky p0 , ρ0 stavov´ych veliˇcin z rovnov´azˇ n´ych poloh. Pro tlak p a hustotu prostˇred´ı ρ nap´ısˇeme: p = p0 + p0
ρ = ρ0 + ρ0 ,
(2.12)
kde p0 a ρ0 jsou konstanty. Tyto vyj´adˇren´ı dosad´ıme do rovnice kontinuity a dostaneme ∂ρ0 + ~v grad ρ0 = −(ρ + ρ0 )div ~v . ∂t Jelikoˇz vˇsak pˇredpokl´ad´ame mal´e v´ychylky (p0 p0 , ρ0 ρ0 ), je cˇ len ~u grad ρ0 mal´y druh´eho ˇra´ du a po jeho zanedb´an´ı dostaneme rovnici ∂ρ0 = −ρ0 div ~v . (2.13) ∂t Sloˇzky rychlostn´ıho pole v povaˇzujeme za mal´e veliˇciny, zanedb´an´ı cˇ lenu div ~v uˇz vˇsak nen´ı moˇzn´e, jelikoˇz by to ukazovalo na nestlaˇcitelnou pevnou l´atku nebo kapalinu. V takov´em prostˇred´ı se ale vlny sˇ´ıˇrit nemohou. Z matematick´eho hlediska doch´az´ı u divergence ke sˇc´ıt´an´ı nˇekolika veliˇcin ˇra´ du, kter´y zanedb´av´ame. Seˇcten´ım dost´av´ame hodnotu divergence stejn´eho ˇra´ du malosti jako u rychlost´ı: 1 ∂v ∂v 2 ∂v 3 ∂v i = + + . div~v = ∂xi ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3 Nyn´ı dosad´ıme do pohybov´ych rovnic. Opˇet zde zanedb´ame cˇ len ρ(~v ∇)v i , jako cˇ len vyˇssˇ´ıho ˇra´ du. Pohybov´a rovnice dostane tvar: ∂v i ∂τ ij = ρ0 f i + . (2.14) ∂t ∂xj Vztah 2.13 je rovnice kontinuity a vztah 2.14 pohybov´a rovnice pro mal´e v´ychylky hustoty v tekutinˇe, kterou proch´az´ı akustick´a vlna. ρ0
6
Kapitola 3
Izoentropick´e vlnˇen´ı ve visk´ozn´ı kapalinˇe 3.1 Vyj´adˇren´ı tlakov´e v´ychylky Izoentropick´ym vlnˇen´ım oznaˇcujeme takov´e vlnˇen´ı, pˇri kter´em se nemˇen´ı entropie v prostoru a cˇ ase. Pˇri vlniv´em pohybu kontinua, kter´y je rˇeˇsen´ım pohybov´ych rovnic, vˇsak za cˇ asov´y in” terval rˇa´ dovˇe rovn´y periodˇe kmitav´eho pohybu v podstatˇe nedoch´az´ı k pˇrenosu tepla mezi elementy kontinua, takˇze nem˚uzˇe doj´ıt k vyrovn´an´ı teplot. Kaˇzdou cˇ a´ st kontinua lze pak povaˇzovat za tepelnˇe izolovanou a pohyb kontinua bude adiabatick´y, coˇz podle druh´e termodynamick´e vˇety znamen´a nemˇennost entropie.“ ˇ [Horsk´y J., Novotn´y J., Stefan´ ık M.:Mechanika ve fyzice, str. 198] Jak je uvedeno v pˇredchoz´ım odstavci, vlniv´y pohyb prob´ıh´a ve spojit´em prostˇred´ı adiabaticky, protoˇze se pˇri tak rychl´em kmitav´em pohybu nestaˇc´ı vyrovn´avat teplota mezi cˇ a´ sticemi kontinua, a tedy nedoch´az´ı k pˇrenosu tepla. Jedn´a se tedy o izoentropick´y dˇej, jehoˇz souˇca´ st´ı je dˇej adiabatick´y. Pˇri sˇ´ıˇren´ı vlnˇen´ı tedy doch´az´ı v kontinuu k v´ychylk´am tlaku a hustoty z jejich rovnov´azˇ n´ych poloh p0 a ρ0 . Pro v´ysledn´e hodnoty hustoty a tlaku plat´ı ρ = ρ0 + ρ0
p = p 0 + p0 .
(3.1)
V´ychylky, stejnˇe jako u rovnic 2.12, jsou velmi mal´e. Vyj´adˇr´ıme stavovou rovnici ve tvaru p=
kT kT =ρ . V m
(3.2)
Teplotu budeme povaˇzovat za konstantn´ı v cˇ ase i prostoru. Pˇri izoentropick´em pˇribl´ızˇ en´ı lze vˇsak teplotu ze stavov´e rovnice vylouˇcit a z´ıskat z´avislost p(ρ). Rozvineme-li tlak v Taylorovu ˇradu pro line´arn´ı cˇ leny, z´ısk´ame: ∂p p = p0 + (ρ − ρ0 ) (3.3) ∂ρ 0 Ze vztahu 3.1 pak vypl´yv´a pro tlakovou v´ychylku ∂p 0 p = ρ0 ≡ c2 ρ0 , ∂ρ 0
(3.4)
kde 0 ve v´yrazu znamen´a derivaci v rovnov´azˇ n´em stavu a c je rychlost sˇ´ıˇren´ı vlny, kter´a se vˇsak mˇen´ı napˇr´ıcˇ prostˇred´ım, tedy c(x, y). 7
´ ´I KAPALIN Eˇ 3. I ZOENTROPICK E´ VLN Eˇ N´I VE VISK OZN
3.2 Tenzor napˇet´ı ve visk´ozn´ım prostˇred´ı Tenzor napˇet´ı τ ij ve visk´ozn´ım prostˇred´ı m´a tvar τ ij = −pδ ij + τvij ,
(3.5)
kde p je z´apornˇe vzat´y tlak a δ ij Kronecker˚uv symbol. Prvn´ı cˇ len ve v´yrazu vyjadˇruje Pascal˚uv z´akon jako rovnost tlak˚u v kapalinˇe a z´aroveˇn zanedb´av´a smykov´e s´ıly tˇrec´ı v dan´em prostˇred´ı. [1] Druh´a cˇ a´ st tenzoru napˇet´ı τvij popisuje tˇrec´ı s´ıly p˚usob´ıc´ı ve visk´ozn´ı tekutinˇe (kapalinˇe). Opˇet se jedn´a o tenzor symetrick´y, tedy plat´ı rovnost τvij = τvji . Tenzor bude nulov´y, pokud kapalina bude vykon´avat translaˇcn´ı nebo rotaˇcn´ı pohyb jako celek, nebo pokud bude v klidu. V pˇr´ıpadˇe deformace vˇsak doch´az´ı podle Hookova z´akona k napˇet´ı v tekutinˇe a tenzor napˇet´ı τvij uˇz je nenulov´y. Rychlostn´ı pole deformace je vyj´adˇreno tenzorem rychlosti deformace η ij , uveden´ym v pˇredchoz´ı kapitole. M˚uzˇ eme tedy oˇcek´avat, zˇ e tenzor napˇet´ı bude z´aviset na komponent´ach tenzoru rychlosti deformace. Pro uvedenou z´avislost plat´ı (3.6) τvij = C ikjl η kl , kde C ijkl jsou komponenty tenzoru cˇ tvrt´eho ˇra´ du. Jelikoˇz jsou τ ij a η kl tenzory symetrick´e, tak tak´e pro tenzor C ijkl bude platit C ijkl = C ijkl
C ijkl = C ijlk .
(3.7)
Uveden´e vztahy plat´ı v pˇr´ıpadˇe anizotropn´ıho prostˇred´ı. Visk´ozn´ı kapalinu vˇsak budeme povaˇzovat za izotropn´ı prostˇred´ı, ve kter´em je vztah 3.5 stejn´y ve vˇsech kart´ezsk´ych souˇradn´ych soustav´ach a stejnˇe tak prvky tenzoru C ijkl jsou stejn´e ve vˇsech kart´ezsk´ych soustav´ach. Izotropn´ı vlastnost tenzoru C ijkl lze popsat pomoc´ı Kroneckerova symbolu δ ij . Tenzor ijkl C s poˇzadovanou vlastnost´ı izotropie bude vystupovat jako line´arn´ı kombinace souˇcinu dvou Kroneckerov´ych symbol˚u, tedy C ijkl = λδ ij δ kl + µ(δ ik δ jl + δ il δ jk ).
(3.8)
Toto vyj´adˇren´ı m˚uzˇ eme oznaˇcit za podm´ınku izotropie. Prostorovˇe z´avisl´e veliˇciny λ a µ zde naz´yv´ame koeficienty vazkosti, kter´e jsou obecnˇe z´avisl´e na hustotˇe a teplotˇe kapaliny. λ se naz´yv´a prvn´ı Lam´eho koeficient. Druh´y koeficient µ (zvan´y shear modulus) je modul pruˇznosti ve smyku a je nulov´y pro nevisk´ozn´ı kapalinu. Odchylky teplot a hustot v kapalinˇe jsou vˇsak tak mal´e, zˇ e je budeme koeficienty λ a µ povaˇzovat za konstanty. Dosad´ıme-li do vztahu 3.5 za C ijkl a za η kl , dostaneme tenzor napˇet´ı τvij ve tvaru i ∂v j ∂v ij k ij ij ij + i . (3.9) τv = ληk δ + 2µη = λdiv ~v δ + µ ∂xj ∂x Nakonec po dosazen´ı do vztahu 3.5 z´ısk´ame v´ysledn´y tenzor napˇet´ı:
ij
ij
τ = −pδ +
ληkk δ ij
ij
+ 2µη = (−p + λdiv ~v ) + µ
∂v i ∂v j + ∂xj ∂xi
.
(3.10)
Uveden´e vztah pro tenzor napˇet´ı plnˇe popisuje visk´ozn´ı tekutinu (kapalinu). 8
´ ´I KAPALIN Eˇ 3. I ZOENTROPICK E´ VLN Eˇ N´I VE VISK OZN
3.3 Odvozen´ı vlnov´e rovnice pro visk´ozn´ı kapalinu U tohoto odvozen´ı budeme uvaˇzovat opˇet mal´e deformace. Pro z´ısk´an´ı vlnov´e rovnice mus´ıme nejprve dosadit do pohybov´ych rovnic kontinua za tenzor napˇet´ı. V pohybov´e rovnici vystupuje vˇsak jeho derivace podle souˇradnic ∂τ ij /∂xj Derivov´ani 3.10 podle xj z´ısk´ame: ∂τ ij = −grad p + (µ + λ)grad div ~v + µ4~v (3.11) ∂xj Ve visk´ozn´ı kapalinˇe zanedb´ame jeˇstˇe p˚usoben´ı objemov´ych sil f i , jako je t´ıha. Potom po dosazen´ı dost´av´ame pro pohybov´e rovnice kontinua, popisuj´ıc´ı visk´ozn´ı prostˇred´ı, tvar: ∂ρ0 = −ρ0 div~v ∂t
(3.12)
∂~v = −grad p0 + (µ + λ)grad div ~v . (3.13) ∂t Ve druh´e z rovnic jsme zanedbali cˇ len µ4~v . Nyn´ı si vyj´adˇr´ıme div ~v z prvn´ı rovnice. Dosad´ıme-li do druh´e rovnice 3.13, dostaneme ji ve tvaru: ρ0
1 ∂ρ0 ∂~v = −grad p0 − (µ + λ) grad (3.14) ∂t ρ0 ∂t Zderivujeme-li rovnici 3.12 podle cˇ asu a aplikujeme-li na rovnici 4.3 operaci divergence, dostaneme pro pohybov´e rovnice vyj´adˇren´ı: ρ0
∂ 2 ρ0 ∂ = −ρ div~v 0 ∂t2 ∂t
(3.15)
∂~v 1 ∂ρ0 = −div grad p0 − (µ + λ)div grad (3.16) ∂t ρ0 ∂t Jelikoˇz je moˇzn´e zamˇenit cˇ asovou parci´aln´ı derivaci a divergenci, neboli plat´ı, zˇ e ρ0 div
∂ ∂~v div ~v = div , ∂t ∂t m˚uzˇ eme vyj´adˇrit vlnovou rovnici pro v´ychylku tlaku p0 ve visk´ozn´ı kapalinˇe. Dosazen´ım z rovnice 3.1 do pˇredch´azej´ıc´ıch vztah˚u dostaneme pro tlakovou v´ychylku p0 koneˇcn´y vztah ∂ 2 p0 1 ∂p0 2 0 − ∆(c p ) = (µ + λ)∆ , ∂t2 ρ0 ∂t
(3.17)
coˇz je vlnov´a rovnice pro sˇ´ıˇren´ı tlakov´e v´ychylky p0 ve visk´ozn´ı kapalinˇe. V r´amci izoentropick´eho pˇribl´ızˇ en´ı plat´ı d´ıky vztahu 3.1 obdobn´a rovnice i pro v´ychylky hustoty ρ0 . Stejnou vlnovou rovnici m˚uzˇ eme z´ıskat i pro v´ychylku hustoty ρ0 a teploty T 0 , jelikoˇz jsou obˇe u´ mˇern´e tlakov´e v´ychylce. (viz vztah 3.1) 9
´ ´I KAPALIN Eˇ 3. I ZOENTROPICK E´ VLN Eˇ N´I VE VISK OZN V pˇr´ıpadˇe nevisk´ozn´ı kapaliny jsou koeficienty µ a λ nulov´e a vlnov´a rovnice se st´av´a homogenn´ı, s nulovou pravou stranou. Pokud bude nav´ıc stavov´a rovnice 3.2 konstantn´ı v cel´em objemu dan´eho prostˇred´ı, rychlost sˇ´ıˇren´ı c bude tak´e konstantn´ı v cel´em objemu. T´ım se m˚uzˇ e c jako konstanta v rovnici dostat pˇred derivaci (laplasi´an) a vlnov´a rovnice tak nab´yv´a dobˇre zn´amou podobu: ∆p0 =
1 ∂p0 . c2 ∂t
(3.18)
10
Kapitola 4
˚ model visko-elastick´e tk´anˇe Voigtuv 4.1 Vlnov´a rovnice ve vislo-elastick´em prostˇred´ı Vezmˇeme nyn´ı tenzor napˇet´ı τ ij , kter´y bude m´ıt tvar: τ ij = Eεij + µη ij ,
(4.1)
kde E je modul pruˇznosti a µ je visk´ozn´ı parametr shear modulus jako v pˇredchoz´ı kapitole. Mus´ıme br´at v u´ vahu, zˇ e se oba parametry mˇen´ı v cel´em prostˇred´ı, takˇze plat´ı: E(x, y) a µ(x, y ). N´aslednˇe zderivujeme tenzor napˇet´ı τ podle cˇ asu a jelikoˇz pro tenzor mal´e deformace ε a tenzor rychlosti deformace η plat´ı vztahy 1 ∂ui ∂ui ∂v j 1 ∂v i ij ij ε = + + i , , η = 2 ∂xj ∂xj 2 ∂xj ∂x pro derivaci tenzoru bude platit: E µ ∂τ ij = (∆~u + grad div ~u) + (∆~v + grad div ~v ) + E,i εij + µ,i η ij i ∂x 2 2
(4.2)
Pro tento tenzor napˇet´ı z´ısk´avaj´ı pohybov´e rovnice 4.1 se zanedb´an´ım objemov´ych sil f i tvar ρ0
∂~v E µ = (∆~u + grad div ~u) + (∆~v + grad div ~v ) + ∂t 2 2 E,i ∂ui ∂uj µ,i ∂v i ∂v j + + i + + i . 2 ∂xj ∂x 2 ∂xj ∂x
(4.3)
Z rovnice kontinuity 2.13 m´ame divergenci vektoru posunut´ı div ~u = −
ρ0 + C, ρ0
(4.4)
kde C je konstanta. Kdyˇz tuto rovnici zderivujeme podle cˇ asu, z´ısk´ame div ~v = −
1 ∂ρ0 . ρ0 ∂t
(4.5) 11
˚ MODEL VISKO - ELASTICK E´ TK AN ´ Eˇ 4. VOIGT UV Dosazen´ım tˇechto vyj´adˇren´ı divergenc´ı do vztahu 4.3 dostaneme pozmˇenˇen´y vztah: E ∂~v = ρ0 ∂t 2
1 µ 1 ∂ρ0 0 ∆~u − grad ρ + ∆~v − grad + ρ0 2 ρ0 ∂t E,i ∂ui ∂uj µi ∂v i ∂v j + + i + + i . 2 ∂xj ∂x 2 ∂xj ∂x
(4.6)
Nyn´ı mus´ıme na vznikl´e pohybov´e rovnice aplikovat operaci divergence, coˇz znamen´a ~ Z´ısk´ame tak: vyn´asobit oper´atorem nabla ∇. ∂ 2 ρ0 µ ∂ρ0 E 0 − ∆ρ − ∆ + = − ∂t2 ρ0 ρ0 ∂t 1 1 1 ∂ρ0 1 0 ∆~u − grad ρ grad E + ∆~v − grad grad µ + + 2 ρ0 2 ρ0 ∂t E ,ji ∂ui µ,ji ∂v i ∂uj ∂v j + (4.7) + i + + i . 2 ∂xj ∂x 2 ∂xj ∂x Sdruˇzen´ım vhodn´ych cˇ len˚u m˚uzˇ eme napsat √ √ √ µ ∂ 2 ρ0 ∂ρ0 E √ 0 E grad ρ ) + µ grad = div ( div ( )− ∂t2 ρ0 ρ0 ∂t 1 1 E,ji ∂ui ∂uj ∂v j µ,ji ∂v i − ∆~u grad E − ∆~v grad µ − + i + + i . (4.8) 2 2 2 ∂xj ∂x 2 ∂xj ∂x Pokud vypust´ıme posledn´ı cˇ tyˇri cˇ leny vzorce 4.8 pˇrejde rovnice nakonec do tvaru: √ √ √ µ E ∂ρ0 ∂ 2 ρ0 √ 0 − div ( E grad ρ ) = div ( µ grad ). (4.9) ∂t2 ρ0 ρ0 ∂t M´ame tu opˇet vlnovou rovnici, kter´a popisuje sˇ´ıˇren´ı v´ychylek hustoty ve visko-elastick´em prostˇred´ı. Pokud budou pro naˇse u´ cˇ ely pruˇzn´e a visk´ozn´ı parametry E a µ konstantn´ı ve vymezen´em prostˇred´ı, rovnice se zjednoduˇs´ı a nap´ısˇeme ji jako: E µ ∂ρ0 ∂ 2 ρ0 − ∆ρ = ∆ . 0 ∂t2 ρ0 ρ0 ∂t
(4.10)
V´yraz E/ρ0 ve vlnov´e rovnici vystupuje jako c2 , tedy vyjadˇruje kvadr´at rychlosti sˇ´ıˇren´ı vlny v dan´em prostˇred´ı.
4.2 Spoleˇcn´e vlastnosti odvozen´ych rovnic ve zvolen´ych prostˇred´ıch Jak jsme uk´azali, lze naj´ıt obecn´y model, kter´y v r´amci pˇr´ısluˇsn´eho pˇribl´ızˇ en´ı zahrnuje oba hlavn´ı typy prostˇred´ı, se kter´ymi se v biomedic´ınsk´ych aplikac´ıch m˚uzˇ eme setkat – jsou to visk´ozn´ı tekutiny a visko-elastick´e tk´anˇe. Z fyzik´aln´ıho hlediska je situace pˇr´ıhodn´a t´ım, zˇ e obˇe skupiny m˚uzˇ eme form´alnˇe popisovat stejn´ym typem diferenci´aln´ı rovnice. 12
˚ MODEL VISKO - ELASTICK E´ TK AN ´ Eˇ 4. VOIGT UV Jedin´ym omezen´ım pro vˇsechny vlnov´e rovnice, kter´e jsme odvodili, je platnost vztah˚u ( rychlost´ı sˇ´ıˇren´ı ) pro vlny pod´eln´e. U pod´eln´e (ˇcili zvukov´e) vlny je charakteristick´e, zˇ e cˇ a´ stice kmitaj´ı ve smˇeru sˇ´ıˇren´ı vlny. Naopak pro pˇr´ıcˇ n´e vlny plat´ı, zˇ e cˇ a´ stice kmitaj´ı kolmo na smˇer postupu vlny. Prostˇred´ı, ve kter´em se mohou pˇr´ıcˇ n´e vlny sˇ´ıˇrit, mus´ı m´ıt nenulov´y modul pruˇznosti ve smyku G , neboli takov´a prostˇred´ı mus´ı pˇren´asˇet smykov´e napˇet´ı. Voda i vzduch maj´ı jako vˇsechny tekutiny modul G roven nule, a proto se v nich pˇr´ıcˇ n´e vlnˇen´ı neˇs´ıˇr´ı. Jin´a situace ovˇsem nastane, pokud pod´eln´a vlna naraz´ı na rozhran´ı s tk´an´ı. V tomto pˇr´ıpadˇe jiˇz m˚uzˇ e doj´ıt kromˇe zalomen´ı pod´eln´e vlny v tk´ani tak´e ke generaci vlny pˇr´ıcˇ n´e. Na opaˇcn´em konci tk´anˇe se vˇsak pˇr´ıcˇ n´a vlna mus´ı bud’ odrazit zpˇet, nebo se ztransformovat na vlnu pod´elnou, kter´e se navazuj´ıc´ım tekutinov´ym prostˇred´ım m˚uzˇ e jedin´a sˇ´ıˇrit. Obdobou pˇr´ıcˇ n´ych vln jsou kmity elektromagnetick´eho pole (svˇeteln´e vlny). Toto pole naopak nem´a schopnost pˇren´asˇet kmity pod´eln´e. Z hlediska vlnov´ych jev˚u jsou tedy nejbohatˇs´ı visko-elastick´a prostˇred´ı. Rychlost sˇ´ıˇren´ı pod´eln´e vlny je obecnˇe d´ana vztahem s λ + 2µ/3 c= ρ rychlost sˇ´ıˇren´ı pˇr´ıcˇ n´e vlny urˇcuje vztah r c=
µ ρ
Mezi jednotliv´ymi veliˇcinami vyskytuj´ıc´ımi se v teorii pruˇznosti existuje mnoˇzstv´ı vztah˚u, kter´ymi je mezi sebou m˚uzˇ eme vz´ajemnˇe pˇrev´adˇet. Mˇeˇren´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky bude prob´ıhat ve vodˇe. Fyzik´aln´ı parametry pro vodu, kter´e pouˇzijeme jsou: hustota: 998 kg/m3 rychlost sˇ´ıˇren´ı pod´eln´e vlny: 1480 m/s viskozitn´ı parametry: pro n´ızk´e hodnoty u´ tlumu, kter´e voda vykazuje v prvn´ım pˇribl´ızˇ en´ı tyto parametry zanedb´ame. V tabulce 4.1 jsou uvedeny fyzik´aln´ı parametry pro dalˇs´ı moˇzn´a biologick´a prostˇred´ı (vˇcetnˇe vody), ve kter´ych se vlny sˇ´ıˇr´ı. Dan´e hodnoty se vtahuj´ı k sˇ´ıˇren´ı ultrazvuku o frekvenci 1 MHz za Pokojov´e teploty.
Tabulka 4.1: Fyzik´aln´ı parametry pro biologick´a prostˇred´ı (pˇrevzato z [5])
13
Kapitola 5
Modelov´an´ı geometrie a poˇcetn´ı s´ıtˇe ultrazvukov´ych mˇeniˇcu˚ 5.1 Zdroj ultrazvuku a ultrazvukov´y mˇeniˇc Za ultrazvuk povaˇzujeme pod´eln´e mechanick´e vlnˇen´ı, jehoˇz frekvence je vyˇssˇ´ı neˇz 16 kHz. Zdrojem tohoto pod´eln´eho mechanick´eho vlnˇen´ı, zvuku m˚uzˇ e b´yt napˇr´ıklad chvˇej´ıc´ı se membr´ana. O tom, zda se jedn´a o ultrazvuk, rozhoduje pouze frekvence chvˇen´ı membr´any. V praxi se k vytv´aˇren´ı ultrazvuku pouˇz´ıvaj´ı ultrazvukov´e mˇeniˇce. Ultrazvukov´y mˇeniˇc najdeme v kaˇzd´em l´ekaˇrsk´em ultrazvukov´em pˇr´ıstroji nebo jin´ych zaˇr´ızen´ıch produkuj´ıc´ıch ultrazvuk. (Fotografie mˇeniˇce, urˇcen´eho pro ultrazvukovou tomografii, je vloˇzena do pˇr´ıloh.) Ke vzniku ultrazvukov´eho vlnˇen´ı doch´az´ı v mˇeniˇci v d˚usledku pˇrevr´acen´emu piezoelektrick´emu jevu. 5.1.1 Piezoelektrick´y jev Piezoelektrick´y jev nast´av´a tehdy, kdyˇz na krystal p˚usob´ıme mechanickou silou a zp˚usobujeme jeho deformaci. Na krystalu doch´az´ı ke vzniku elektrostatick´eho n´aboje a napˇet´ı. Mezi piezoelektrick´e krystaly patˇr´ı ty, kter´e nemaj´ı stˇred symetrie, napˇr´ıklad kˇremen, jako nejv´ıce pouˇz´ıvan´y, nebo sfalerit. Tohoto jevu se uˇz´ıv´a u zapalovaˇcu˚ . Pro vytv´aˇren´ı ultrazvuku se vˇsak vyuˇz´ıv´a pˇrevr´acen´eho piezoelektrick´eho jevu. Jeho podstatou je vyvol´an´ı deformace piezokrystalu pˇri pˇriloˇzen´ı elektrick´eho napˇet´ı na jeho povrch. V ultrazvukov´em mˇeniˇci se nach´az´ı pr´avˇe piezokrystal, kter´y je zdrojem ultrazvukov´ych vln. Piezoelektrick´y jev zde ale prob´ıh´a obr´acenˇe, elektrick´e napˇet´ı zp˚usobuje deformaci krystalu, kter´a se n´aslednˇe pˇren´asˇ´ı do zkouman´eho objemu.
5.2 Struktura mˇeniˇce Ultrazvukov´y mˇeniˇc TAS se skl´ad´a z nˇekolika r˚uzn´ych materi´al˚u a cˇ a´ st´ı. Jednak je to onen piezoelektrick´y krystal. Dalˇs´ımi prvky ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce jsou elektrody po stran´ach piezomateri´alu, kter´ymi je pˇriv´adˇeno napˇet´ı pro buzen´ı kmit´an´ı krystalu, d´ale pak dvˇe akusticky upraven´e vrstvy ve smˇeru pˇrenosu ultrazvukov´ych vln. Na opaˇcn´e stranˇe se ˇ ast struktury mˇeniˇce je vidˇet na obr´azku 5.1 potom nach´az´ı tlum´ıc´ı vrstva. C´ Samotn´y piezokrystal je strukturovan´y do osmi tzv. piezodisk˚u o rozmˇerech 5×5 mm uspoˇra´ dan´ych za sebou. Kaˇzd´y piezodisk obsahuje devˇet oddˇelen´ych cˇ tvercov´ych ploch, z nichˇz na pˇet je pˇrivedeno napˇet´ı pomoc´ı mal´ych elektrod. Prostˇredn´ı plocha na disku funguje jako vys´ılaˇc, (zdroj vlnˇen´ı) a cˇ tyˇri plochy v roz´ıch disku slouˇz´ı jako pˇrij´ımaˇce. Na zbyl´e cˇ tyˇri nen´ı pˇripojen´a zˇ a´ dn´a elektroda, a proto jsou piezoelektricky neaktivn´ı. To je cˇ a´ steˇcnˇe vidˇet i v detailn´ı cˇ a´ sti obr´azku 5.2, kde je zobrazeno zapojen´ı piezokrystalu do syst´emu elektrod. 14
´ ´I GEOMETRIE A PO Cˇ ETN´I S´I T Eˇ ULTRAZVUKOV YCH ´ ˇ NI Cˇ U˚ 5. M ODELOV AN ME
ˇ ultrazvukov´ym mˇeniˇcem (pˇrevzato od FKZ) Obr´azek 5.1: Rez
Obr´azek 5.2: Zapojen´ı piezokrystalu v ultrazvukov´em mˇeniˇci: v detailu jsou patrn´e elektrody pˇriloˇzen´e na jednotliv´e cˇ tvercov´e plochy piezodisku. (pˇrevzato od FZK)
Obr´azek 5.3: Struktura a rozmˇery piezokrystalu: cˇ erven´e plochy krystalu zn´azorˇnuje vys´ılaˇce z´aˇren´ı, zelen´e plochy pˇrij´ımaˇce. Model piezokrastalu byl vytvoˇren podle uveden´ych rozmˇer˚u. (pˇrevzato od FKZ)
Zm´ınˇen´e cˇ tvercov´e struktury se sest´avaj´ı z dev´ıti jeˇstˇe menˇs´ıch cˇ tvercov´ych ploˇsek. Dohromady tedy jeden piezodisk obsahuje osmdes´at jedna mal´ych ploˇsek s d´elkou hrany 15
´ ´I GEOMETRIE A PO Cˇ ETN´I S´I T Eˇ ULTRAZVUKOV YCH ´ ˇ NI Cˇ U˚ 5. M ODELOV AN ME 0,4 mm. Na jednom cel´em piezokrystalu mˇeniˇce se tak nach´az´ı osm vys´ılaˇcu˚ produkuj´ıc´ıch ultrazvuk a tˇricet dva pˇrij´ımaˇcu˚ . Na obr´azc´ıch 5.3 je uk´az´ana struktura a vˇsechny potˇrebn´e rozmˇery piezokrystalu, podle kter´ych byla vytvoˇrena jeho geometrie.
5.3 Modelov´an´ı geometrie a s´ıtˇe K namodelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky je nejdˇr´ıve potˇreba vytvoˇrit re´alnou geometrii mˇeniˇce a n´aslednˇe na nˇem vygenerovat poˇcetn´ı s´ıt’ s uzlov´ymi body. V tˇechto bodech bude prob´ıhat v´ypoˇcet simulovan´e vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky mˇeniˇce. Z tohoto d˚uvodu potˇrebujeme zn´at souˇradnice tˇechto uzl˚u. Pro modelov´an´ı mˇeniˇce a vytvoˇren´ı s´ıtˇe byl zvolen program Gmsh. [6] Jedn´a se o tˇr´ıdimenzion´aln´ı gener´ator s´ıt´ı pro v´ypoˇcet metody koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u. O t´eto metodˇe pojedn´av´a v´ıce kapitola o v´ypoˇctu vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky. V programu lze geometrii vytv´aˇret dvˇema zp˚usoby. Prvn´ı moˇznost´ı je psan´ı definic, kter´ymi vytv´aˇr´ıme v prostoru jednotliv´e geometrick´e prvky (body, u´ seˇcky, povrchy ...) celku. Druh´a moˇznost spoˇc´ıv´a v pouˇzit´ı grafick´eho rozhran´ı programu za pomoc´ı pohybliv´eho pouˇzit´ı myˇsi a pˇr´ısluˇsn´ych tlaˇc´ıtek. 5.3.1 Vzorov´y pˇr´ıklad pro namodelov´an´ı geometrie a definici s´ıtˇe Popis modelov´an´ı jednoduch´e geometrie pomoc´ı pˇr´ıkaz˚u v programu Gmsh uv´ad´ım na jednoduˇssˇ´ım modelu. Je j´ım krychle s koul´ı uvnitˇr. Jsou zde nadefinov´any vnˇejˇs´ı povrch krychle a vnitˇrn´ı povrch koule pro vytvoˇren´ı s´ıtˇe na tˇechto ploch´ach. Na vygenerov´an´ı s´ıtˇe v prostoru mezi pl´asˇtˇem koule a krychle je potˇreba zase definovat dan´y objem, kde se s´ıt’ vytvoˇr´ı.
Parametry jednotliv´ych geometrick´ych prvk˚u se zapisuj´ı do editorov´eho okna jednoduˇse za sebou a jsou oddˇeleny stˇredn´ıkem. Editorov´e okno vyvol´ame tlaˇc´ıtkem Edit v ovl´adac´ım oknˇe. Nyn´ı n´asleduje popis jednotliv´ych pˇr´ıkaz˚u pouˇz´ıvan´ych pˇri tvorbˇe geometrie, kter´e byly vybr´any ze zdrojov´eho souboru dan´eho modelu. [6] Pro definov´an´ı bodu pouˇz´ıv´ame v´yraz Point s pˇr´ısluˇsn´ymi parametry ve tvaru Point(3) {0,1,0,0.1}. V kulat´ych z´avork´ach je vˇzdy uvedeno definiˇcn´ı cˇ´ıslo dan´eho prvku, ve sloˇzen´e z´avorce potom prvn´ı tˇri cˇ´ısla pˇredstavuj´ı souˇradnice bodu v prostoru. Posledn´ı parametr v z´avorce vpravo je voliteln´y (nen´ı povinn´y) a definuje charakteristickou s´ıt’ovou d´elku v tomto bodˇe. Charakteristick´a d´elka pˇredstavuje pr˚umˇernou line´arn´ı d´elku elementu s´ıtˇe.(ne vˇsechny elementy jsou stejnˇe velk´e). Zmˇenou tohoto parametru tedy urˇcujeme hustotu pozdˇeji vygenerovan´e s´ıtˇe. Z´apis Point(3) {0,1,0,0.1} tedy vytvoˇr´ı bod cˇ´ıslo 3 o souˇradnic´ıch X = 0, Y = 1 a Z = 0. Dalˇs´ım pouˇz´ıvan´ym geometrick´ym prvkem je spojnice mezi dvˇema body:vytvoˇr´ı pˇr´ıkazem Line (1) = {4, 7}, kde v kulat´e z´avorce je opˇet oznaˇcen´ı vznikl´e u´ seˇcky a ve sloˇzen´e z´avorce mus´ı b´yt uvedena cˇ´ısla spojovan´ych krajn´ıch bod˚u, kter´e byly definov´any dˇr´ıve. Uveden´y v´yraz tedy zobraz´ı v prostoru u´ seˇcku, kter´a spojuje krajn´ı body s oznaˇcen´ım 4 a 7. 16
´ ´I GEOMETRIE A PO Cˇ ETN´I S´I T Eˇ ULTRAZVUKOV YCH ´ ˇ NI Cˇ U˚ 5. M ODELOV AN ME Ke zhotoven´ı koule byl opakovanˇe pouˇzit pˇr´ıkaz Circle. Vytv´aˇr´ı obloukov´e kˇrivky slouˇz´ıc´ı ˇ ısla {12,9,15} ve sloˇzen´ych z´avork´ach v uveden´em poˇrad´ı pˇredstavuj´ı jako kostra koule. C´ oznaˇcen´ı poˇca´ teˇcn´ıho bodu, stˇredu obloukov´e kˇrivky a koncov´eho bodu kˇrivky.
Aby mohl b´yt vytvoˇren´y u´ tvar vyplnˇen 3D s´ıt´ı, je potˇreba u kostky i koule definovat jejich povrchy a objemy. Pro definov´an´ı povrch˚u se je nutn´e pouˇz´ıt pˇr´ıkazy: Line Loop(34) = {23,18,15}, Ruled Surface a Plane Surface(44) = 44. Prvn´ı pˇr´ıkaz vytvoˇr´ı orientovan´e smyˇcky, kter´e propoj´ı kostru objektu. Kostru v pˇr´ıpadˇe krychle tvoˇr´ı jej´ı hrany, v pˇr´ıpadˇe koule uvnitˇr jsou to obloukov´e kˇrivky. Parametry u pˇr´ıkazu pˇredstavuj´ı cˇ´ısla kˇrivek kostry, kter´e orientovan´a smyˇcka propojuje. Potˇrebujeme-li opaˇcnou orientaci smyˇcky, pˇrid´ame znam´enko m´ınus. Pˇr´ıkaz Plane Surface(44) = 44 uˇz potom vytvoˇr´ı rovinn´y povrch stˇen krychle. To stejn´e provede pˇr´ıkaz Ruled Surface(26) = 26 u koule. Ten m´a stejnou funkci, avˇsak pro zakˇriven´y povrch. Do sloˇzen´ych z´avorek tˇechto pˇr´ıkaz˚u se zad´av´a identifikaˇcn´ı cˇ´ıslo orientovan´e smyˇcky, kter´a propojila hranice dan´eho povrchu. V kulat´ych z´avork´ach najdeme opˇet oznaˇcen´ı povrchu samotn´eho. Zb´yv´a definice objemu. Jej´ı z´apis m´a v tomto pˇr´ıpadˇe tvar Volume(58) = {56,57}, kde vystupuj´ı jako parametry cˇ´ısla uˇz vytvoˇren´ych povrch˚u, jenˇz budou tvoˇrit hranice ˇ ıslo 56 znaˇc´ı povrch krychle, cˇ´ıslo 57 povrch koule. Objem takto napsan´y je objemu. C´ tedy nadefinov´an jako prostor mezi stˇenami krychle a povrchem koule. Pˇri spuˇstˇen´ı meshov´an´ı se pak s´ıt’ vygeneruje jen v pˇredepsan´em objemu nebo povrchu podle toho, zda je zvolena 3D nebo 2D s´ıt’.
Cel´y soubor pˇr´ıkaz˚u s parametry generuj´ıc´ı krychli s kouli pak vypad´a n´asledovnˇe (v kaˇzd´em odstavci je definov´an jeden druh geometrick´eho prvku): Point (1) = {0, 0, 0, 0.1}; Point (2) = {1, 0, 0, 0.1}; Point (3) = {0, 1, 0, 0.1}; Point (4) = {0, 0, 1, 0.1}; Point (5) = {1, 1, 1, 0.1}; Point (6) = {1, 1, 0, 0.1}; Point (7) = {0, 1, 1, 0.1}; Point (8) = {1, 0, 1, 0.1}; Point (9) = {0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.1}; Point (10) = {0.75, 0.5, 0.5, 0.1}; Point (11) = {0.25, 0.5, 0.5, 0.1}; Point (12) = {0.5, 0.25, 0.5, 0.1}; Point (13) = {0.5, 0.75, 0.5, 0.1}; Point (14) = {0.5, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1}; Point (15) = {0.5, 0.5, 0.75, 0.1}; Line (1) = {4, 7}; Line (2) = {7, 3}; Line (3) = {3, 1}; Line (4) = {1, 2}; Line (5) = {2, 6}; Line (6) = {6, 5}; Line (7) = {5, 8}; Line (8) = {8, 4}; Line (9) = {4, 1}; Line (10) = {3, 6}; Line (11) = {2, 8}; Line (12) = {5, 7}; Circle (13) = {12, 9, 15}; Circle (14) = {15, 9, 13}; Circle (15) = {13, 9, 14}; Circle (16) = {14, 9, 12}; Circle (17) = {12, 9, 11}; Circle (18) = {11, 9, 13}; Circle (19) = {13, 9, 10}; Circle (20) = {10, 9, 12}; Circle (21) = {15, 9, 10}; Circle (22) = {10, 9, 14}; Circle (23) = {14, 9, 11}; Circle (24) = {11, 9, 15}; Line Loop (26) = {21, -19, -14}; Ruled Surface (26) = {26}; Line Loop (28) = {19, 22, -15}; Ruled Surface (28) = {28}; Line Loop (30) = {22, 16, -20}; Ruled Surface (30) 17
´ ´I GEOMETRIE A PO Cˇ ETN´I S´I T Eˇ ULTRAZVUKOV YCH ´ ˇ NI Cˇ U˚ 5. M ODELOV AN ME = {30}; Line Loop (32) = {16, 17, -23}; Ruled Surface (32) = {32}; Line Loop (34) = {23, 18, 15}; Ruled Surface (34) = {34}; Line Loop (36) = {21, 20, 13}; Ruled Surface (36) = {36}; Line Loop (38) = {13, -24, -17} Ruled Surface (38) = {38}; Line Loop (40) = {24, 14, -18}; Ruled Surface (40) = {40}; Line Loop (44) = {7, 8, 1, -12}; Plane Surface (44) = {44}; Line Loop (46) = {9, 4, 11, 8}; Plane Surface (46) = {46}; Line Loop (48) = {11, -7, -6, -5}; Plane Surface (48) = {48}; Line Loop (50) = {6, 12, 2, 10}; Plane Surface (50) = {50}; Line Loop (52) = {2, 3, -9, 1}; Plane Surface (52) = {52}; Line Loop (54) = {4, 5, -10, 3}; Plane Surface (54) = {54};Physical Surface(1) = {36, 32, 34, 28, 30, 40, 26, 38}; Surface Loop(56) = {48,46,52,50,44,54}; Surface Loop(57) = {38,36,26,28,30,32,34,40}; Volume(58) = {56,57}; Physical Volume(101) = {58}; Physical Surface(2) = {48, 46, 54, 52, 50, 44}; Physical Surface(102) = {32, 28, 34, 30, 36, 26, 40, 38}; V posledn´ıch dvou ˇra´ dc´ıch se vyskytuj´ı z´apisy Physical Volume a Physical Surface. Tento druh pˇr´ıkaz˚u nen´ı uˇz potˇrebn´y z hlediska generov´an´ı s´ıtˇe. Je vˇsak nutn´y pro nadefinov´an´ı fyzik´aln´ıch okrajov´ych podm´ınek ˇreˇsen´e u´ lohy. O okrajov´ych podm´ınk´ach viz. Kapitola 6 V´ysledn´y model zapsan´y zdrojov´ym k´odem ukazuje obr´azek 5.4.
Obr´azek 5.4: Pˇr´ıklad namodelovan´e geometrie pomoc´ı uveden´ych zdrojov´ych pˇr´ıkaz˚u
Nakonec je potˇreba vytvoˇrit na modelu 3D s´ıt’, coˇz provedeme kliknut´ım do ovl´adac´ıho okna na Geometry. Otevˇre se nab´ıdka, ve kter´e vybereme moˇznost Mesh, a n´aslednˇe klikneme na tlaˇc´ıtko 3D. S´ıt’ se vytvoˇr´ı v nadefinovan´em objemu, coˇz je vidˇet na obr´azku 5.5. 5.3.2 Modelov´an´ı geometrie ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce Model piezoelektrick´eho krystalu byl vytvoˇren podle n´akres˚u poskytnut´ych lidmi z FKZ. Jeho geometrie je vˇsak pˇr´ıliˇs sloˇzitˇe strukturovan´a. Proto byl pro modelov´an´ı ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce pouˇzit program Autodesk Inventor. Jedn´a se o aplikaci na vytv´aˇren´ı 18
´ ´I GEOMETRIE A PO Cˇ ETN´I S´I T Eˇ ULTRAZVUKOV YCH ´ ˇ NI Cˇ U˚ 5. M ODELOV AN ME
Obr´azek 5.5: Model po vygenerov´an´ı 3D s´ıtˇe v rovinˇe XZ. S´ıt’ se vytvoˇrila jen v definovan´em objemu (koule je pr´azdn´a).
stroj´ırensk´ych konstrukc´ı a technick´ych v´ykres˚u. Tvorba modelu zde prob´ıh´a plnˇe v grafick´em rozhran´ı pomoc´ı ovl´adac´ıho panelu. Krystal byl tak namodelov´an pˇresnˇe podle zadan´ych rozmˇer˚u. Na obr´azku 5.6 je grafick´e prostˇred´ı Programu Autodesk Inventor s vytvoˇren´ym piezokrystalem (jeden piezodisk s kmitaj´ıc´ımi ploˇskami)
Obr´azek 5.6: Model cˇ a´ sti piezokrystalu v programu Autodesk Inventor
Pro vytvoˇren´ı s´ıtˇe se vˇsak uˇz byl n´aslednˇe pouˇzit program Gmsh, kam byla vytvoˇren´a geometrie importov´ana. Potom v samotn´em programu Gmsh je jeˇstˇe potˇreba mˇeniˇc uloˇzit jako soubor s pˇr´ıponou geo. Tak potˇrebn´emu dojde k pˇretransformov´an´ı zdrojov´eho k´odu do podoby, kter´e rozum´ıme, popsan´e na vzorov´em pˇr´ıkladu krychle s koul´ı. N´aslednˇe byla v programu Gmsh dodˇel´ana polokoule, kter´a definuje okoln´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı prostor mˇeniˇce. Fyzick´e objemy a povrch mˇeniˇce byly dodefinov´any pˇr´ıkazy stejn´ym zp˚usobem jako u vzoru. Pro potˇrebu modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky je s´ıt’ vyge19
´ ´I GEOMETRIE A PO Cˇ ETN´I S´I T Eˇ ULTRAZVUKOV YCH ´ ˇ NI Cˇ U˚ 5. M ODELOV AN ME nerov´ana na povrchu piezokrystalu a uvnitˇr polokoule. V samotn´em mˇeniˇci se s´ıt’ nevytvoˇrila, viz. obr´azek 5.7, kde jsou v t´eto oblasti vidˇet svˇetl´a m´ısta. Kaˇzdou vytvoˇrenou s´ıt’ mus´ıme n´aslednˇe optimalizovat (tlaˇc´ıtky mesh a optimize) za u´ cˇ elem odstranˇen´ı nevhodn´ych element˚u s´ıtˇe.
Obr´azek 5.7: Vygenerovan´a 3D s´ıt’ nad modelem piezokrystalu ve zvolen´e ohraniˇcen´e oblasti, svˇetlejˇs´ı oblasti dokazuj´ı, zˇ e s´ıt’ byla vytvoˇrena jen nad modelem.
Pˇri modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky mˇeniˇce je pouˇz´ıv´an pr´avˇe tento model, kde jsou jeˇstˇe dodefinov´any fyzick´e povrchy piezokrystalu a ob´alky, na kter´e budou aplikov´any okrajov´e podm´ınky, viz. kapitola 6. Ty jsou nutn´e pro ˇreˇsen´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky. S´ıt’ tak´e mus´ı b´yt mnohem hustˇs´ı, aby bylo modelov´an´ı v´ıce pˇresn´e. Hustota s´ıtˇe na obr´azku 5.7 byla zvolena kv˚uli pˇrehlednosti. U vˇsech vytvoˇren´ych s´ıt´ı potˇrebujeme zn´at souˇradnice uzl˚u pro modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky. Poˇzadovan´e informace z´ısk´ame, kdyˇz zvol´ıme v hlavn´ı nab´ıdce save mesh. Uloˇz´ı se t´ım samotn´a s´ıt’ (jako soubor msh). Vypsan´e souˇradnice uzl˚u i jejich celkov´y poˇcet pak najdeme v editorov´em oknˇe.
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Kapitola 6
Modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky 6.1 Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika a akustick´e pole Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristikou ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce se rozum´ı rozloˇzen´ı amplitud akustick´ych v´ychylek tlaku zp˚usoben´e ultrazvukov´ym pulzem (zdrojem) v prostoru. Jelikoˇz plat´ı, zˇ e kvadr´at tlakov´e v´ychylky je u´ mˇern´y intenzitˇe sˇ´ıˇr´ıc´ıho se pulzu, povaˇzujeme za charakteristiku tak´e intenzitu vlnˇen´ı z´avislou na vzd´alenosti od zdroje. Vztah mezi intenzitou a kvadr´atem tlakov´e v´ychylky je: I=
p02 , cρ
(6.1)
kde p0 je tlakov´a v´ychylka, c je rychlost sˇ´ıˇren´ı vlny a ρ je hustota prostˇred´ı, ve kter´em se vlna sˇ´ıˇr´ı. Jednotkou intenzity je W/m2 . (vztah pro intenzitu byl odvozen ze vzorc˚u uveden´ych v [4] kapitola 18) Modelujeme tak akustick´e pole vyzaˇrov´an´ı, a to bl´ızk´e a vzd´alen´e. Pro bl´ızk´e pole je charakteristick´e, zˇ e se zde v mal´e vzd´alenosti od zdroje projevuje interference a vlivem toho je pole nerovnomˇern´e. Akustick´e tlaky zde nab´yvaj´ı r˚uzn´ych skokov´ych hodnot. V dalek´em akustick´em poli doch´az´ı k divergenci svazku paprsk˚u, pˇriˇcemˇz k nejvˇetˇs´ım tlakov´ym v´ychylk´am doch´az´ı v ose mˇeniˇce, kde je intenzita vyzaˇrov´an´ı nejvyˇssˇ´ı. Se zvyˇsuj´ıc´ı se v´ychylkou od osy doch´az´ı k jej´ımu poklesu. Lokalizace hranice mezi vzd´alen´ym a bl´ızk´ym polem z´avis´ı na rozmˇeru mˇeniˇce R a vlnov´e d´elce λ ultrazvukov´e vlny. [7] Oznaˇc´ıme-li hranici bl´ızk´eho a vzd´alen´eho pole jako zH , m˚uzˇ eme pro ni napsat vztah: 2 λ R2 (6.2) zH = 1 − . λ 2R
6.2 Metoda koneˇcn´ych prvku˚ Pro namodelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky, nebo-li rozloˇzen´ı tlakov´e v´ychylky v prostoru, jsme potˇrebovali vyˇreˇsit vlnovou rovnici pro zadan´e okrajov´e podm´ınky. Metoda koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u (MKP) je metodou numerickou a pom´ah´a ˇreˇsit rovnice, kter´e by bylo obt´ızˇ n´e poˇc´ıtat analyticky. Budeme uvaˇzovat jen stacion´arn´ı ˇreˇsen´ı vlnov´e rovnice. Stacion´arn´ı ˇreˇsen´ı je takov´e, kter´e nez´avis´ı na cˇ ase – hovoˇr´ıme o cˇ asovˇe ust´alen´em ˇreˇsen´ı. M´ame-li obyˇcejnou vlnovou rovnici ve tvaru 1 ∂ 2 u0 − ∆u0 = 0, 2 2 c ∂t
(6.3) 21
´ ´I VYZA ROVAC ˇ ´I CHARAKTERISTIKY 6. M ODELOV AN kde u0 = u(r)eiωt je funkc´ı souˇradnic a pˇredstavuje vlnu s amplitudou u(r). Dosazen´ım za u0 do vlnov´e rovnice 6.3 a derivov´an´ım dostaneme rovnici: ω 2 u = 0, (6.4) ∆u + c kde ω/c pˇredstavuje velikost vlnov´eho vektoru ~k, spojenou s vlnovou d´elkou vztahem |~k| ≡ k = 2π/λ. Veliˇcina u m˚uzˇ e zastupovat v´ychylku tlaku, hustoty cˇ´ı teploty. Vztah 6.4 je nez´avisl´y na cˇ ase, jelikoˇz u je pouze funkc´ı souˇradnic; z´ıskan´a stacion´arn´ı rovnice se naz´yv´a Helmholtzova. Pro obecn´e okrajov´e podm´ınky ji lze ˇreˇsit analyticky jen s krajn´ımi obt´ızˇ emi nebo v˚ubec. V tuto chv´ıli nastupuje metoda koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u. Jej´ı princip spoˇc´ıv´a v pˇreveden´ı obt´ızˇ nˇe ˇreˇsiteln´e diferenci´aln´ı rovnice na soustavu mnoha line´arn´ıch rovnic algebraick´ych. Tuto soustavu nech´ame vyˇreˇsit programu Matlab, kter´y pouˇzije pro v´ypoˇcet jiˇz namodelovanou s´ıt’. Jak jiˇz bylo ˇreˇceno, je principem metody nahradit diferenci´aln´ı Helmholtzovu rovnici soustavou line´arn´ıch rovnic, a to ve tvaru Kij Φi = bi ,
(6.5)
kde Kij je matic´ı soustavy a Φi jsou nezn´am´e hodnoty na uzlech s´ıtˇe. Pˇribliˇznost metody koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u spoˇc´ıv´a v hled´an´ı hodnot nezn´am´e funkce u pouze v uzlov´ych bodech a zjednoduˇsuj´ıc´ım pˇredpokladu pr˚ubˇehu nezn´am´e funkce mezi tˇemito uzly (v naˇsem pˇr´ıpadˇe budeme uvaˇzovat pr˚ubˇeh line´arn´ı). Pro z´ısk´an´ı konkr´etn´ıho ˇreˇsen´ı Helmholtzovy rovnice je tˇreba zav´est hraniˇcn´ı a okrajov´e podm´ınky. V dalˇs´ım vyuˇzijeme podm´ınku Dirichletovu, kter´a na hranici nebo jej´ı cˇ a´ sti pˇredepisuje hledan´e funkci pˇr´ımo konkr´etn´ı hodnotu. Druh´ym z´akladn´ım typem okrajov´e podm´ınky je podm´ınka Neumannova typu, kdy je na hranici pˇredeps´ana hodnota derivace nezn´am´e funkce. Podm´ınku Neumannova typu nevyuˇzijeme. Kombinac´ı obou podm´ınek vznik´a okrajov´a podm´ınka sm´ısˇen´a, kter´a pˇredepisuje pouze vztah mezi funkc´ı a jej´ı derivac´ı na hranici, aniˇz by kteroukoliv z tˇechto hodnot stanovila pˇr´ımo. My vyuˇzijeme konkr´etnˇe sm´ısˇenou podm´ınku Robinova typu, kter´a zaruˇcuje propustnost hranice pro vlnˇen´ı postupuj´ıc´ı smˇerem ven ze zkouman´eho objemu. V hraniˇcn´ıch uzlech opatˇren´ych Dirichletovou podm´ınkou vlastnˇe hodnotu hledan´e funkce zn´ame a tak se tyto uzly pˇrevedou na pravou stranu rovnice, kde se pˇridaj´ı k cˇ´ısl˚um bi . Pro vyˇreˇsen´ı t´eto soustavy vzhledem k nezn´am´ym hodnot´am vnitˇrn´ıch uzl˚u s´ıtˇe je nutn´e zn´at koeficienty matice Kij . Je vˇsak dok´az´ano, zˇ e prvky matice Kij jsou po volbˇe konkr´etn´ıho diferenci´aln´ıho oper´atoru zkouman´e rovnic d´any pouze geometri´ı s´ıtˇe, kter´a je jiˇz vygenerov´ana nez´avisle. Program Matlab spoˇc´ıt´a koeficienty matice z tzv. momentov´ych integr´al˚u, ve kter´ych vystupuj´ı pouze souˇradnice vrchol˚u s´ıtˇe. Tyto souˇradnice uzl˚u byly vygenerov´any programem Gmsh. Skript programu pro ˇreˇsen´ı soustavy pracuje n´asledovnˇe: 1) Nejprve poˇc´ıt´a momentov´e integr´aly, kde pouˇz´ıv´a souˇradnice uzl˚u. 2) Potom poˇc´ıt´a prvky matice Kij . 3) Zahrne okrajov´e podm´ınky. 4) Vyˇreˇs´ı soustavu rovnic a vygeneruje v´ysledn´e hodnoty v uzlech s´ıtˇe. 22
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6.3 Modelov´an´ı bl´ızk´eho pole ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce Pˇri modelov´an´ı byla pouˇzita geometrie mˇeniˇce v souladu s obr´azkem 6.1, vytvoˇren´a v programu Autodesk Inventor a importov´ana do programu Gmsh, kde byla dotvoˇrena elipsovit´a ob´alka uzav´ıraj´ıc´ı zkouman´y objem. Zdrojov´y k´od t´eto geometrie je uveden v pˇr´ıloze. Jedn´a se konkr´etnˇe o mˇeniˇc typu TAS, jehoˇz popis byl dod´an z Nˇemecka. Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika byla modelov´ana pro frekvenci 1MHz, coˇz odpov´ıd´a vlnov´e d´elce pˇri sˇ´ıˇren´ı ve vodˇe 1,5 mm. Obvykle se modeluje s´ıt’ s sˇesti elementy na jednu vlnovou d´elku. Charakteristick´a d´elka s´ıtˇe se tedy pro namodelov´an´ı nastavila na jednu sˇestinu vlnov´e d´elky, coˇz je 0.24 mm.
Obr´azek 6.1: Geometrie mˇeniˇce pouˇz´ıvan´a pro modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky
Jak jiˇz bylo uvedeno, pro modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky mˇeniˇce byl pouˇzit program Matlab, kter´y ˇreˇs´ı diferenci´aln´ı rovnici pro sˇ´ıˇren´ı vlnˇen´ı na z´akladˇe metody koneˇcn´ych prvk˚u. Aby program mohl rozloˇzen´ı akustick´eho pole spoˇc´ıtat, musely se mu zadat souˇradnice uzl˚u s´ıtˇe a okrajov´e podm´ınky. Souˇradnice uzl˚u byly z´ısk´any jako v´ystup programu Gmsh jiˇz popsan´ym zp˚usobem (konec kapitoly 5) Okrajov´e podm´ınky urˇcuj´ı vlastnosti modelu a z´aroveˇn tvoˇr´ı podm´ınky pro rˇeˇsen´ı soustavy line´arn´ıch rovnic, jiˇz Matlab poˇc´ıt´a. Na model mˇeniˇce byly aplikov´any 2 druhy okrajov´ych podm´ınek. Na povrch mˇeniˇce byla zadefinov´ana tzv. Dirichletova podm´ınka, kter´a mˇela dvˇe formy: na centr´aln´ım cˇ tvereˇcku centr´aln´ıho cˇ tverce byla zadefinov´ana jednotkov´a velikost hledan´e v´ychylky akustick´eho pole. V souladu s pr˚uvodn´ı dokumentac´ı mˇeniˇce je t´ımto zp˚usobem mˇeniˇc aktivov´an. Na ostatn´ıch cˇ a´ stech mˇeniˇce byla rovnˇezˇ pouˇzita Dirichletova podm´ınka, tentokr´at s nulovou hodnotou. Fyzik´alnˇe tato podminka pˇredstavuje povrch, od kter´eho se vˇsechno vlnˇen´ı tot´alnˇe odr´azˇ´ı. Pro ob´alku obklopuj´ıc´ı mˇeniˇc byla pouˇzita Robinova podm´ınka, umoˇznˇ uj´ıc´ı ultrazvukov´emu poli opustit modelovan´y objem. Po zad´an´ı tˇechto parametr˚u byl spuˇstˇen v´ypoˇcet. V´ystupem procedury, kter´a hlavnˇe spoˇc´ıvala v poˇc´ıt´an´ı vyprodukovan´e soustavy line´arn´ıch rovnic, jsou funkˇcn´ı hodnoty 23
´ ´I VYZA ROVAC ˇ ´I CHARAKTERISTIKY 6. M ODELOV AN v uzlech s´ıtˇe. Tyto hodnoty pˇredstavuj´ı velikost intenzity ultrazvukov´eho vlnˇen´ı v dan´em bodˇe prostoru a vytv´aˇr´ı tak model vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky. V´ysledek spoˇc´ıtan´e charakteristiky akustick´eho pole mˇeniˇce je reprezentov´an 3D grafem, kter´y byl seˇrez´an v rovin´ach r˚uznˇe vzd´alen´ych od tˇela piezokrystalu. Na obr´azc´ıch jsou uk´azan´e rovinn´e ˇrezy namodelovan´eho akustick´eho pole. Kaˇzd´y ˇrez ukazuje z´avislost intenzity ultrazvuku na prostorov´ych souˇradnic´ıch. Intenzita je v grafu ud´av´ana v n´asobc´ıch buzen´ı mˇeniˇce (jej´ı cˇ tverec je u´ mˇern´y intenzitˇe v jednotk´ach W/m2 ) a prostorov´e souˇradnice maj´ı jednotku 1 mm. Generov´an´ı s´ıtˇe a hlavn´ı cˇ a´ st v´ypoˇctu byly prov´adˇeny ve vˇsech pˇr´ıpadech na notebooku DELL Studio 1730 s dvouj´adrov´ym procesorem 2×2, 4 GHz a 3 GB pamˇeti. Poˇcet rovnic soustav, kter´e jsme byli schopni vyˇreˇsit (potaˇzmo poˇcet vytvoˇren´ych uzl˚u s´ıtˇe, pokud zanedb´ame pˇresuny uzl˚u s Robinovou podm´ınkou) kol´ısal m´ırnˇe podle sloˇzitosti modelu kolem hodnoty 50 000. Model vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky mˇeniˇce TAS je uveden na n´asleduj´ıc´ıch obr´azc´ıch 6.2 aˇz 6.6
Obr´azek 6.2: Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika TASu v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 0,5 mm od tˇela mˇeniˇce. V t´eto mal´e vzd´alenosti od bud´ıc´ı ploˇsky je pole minim´alnˇe ovlivnˇeno okoln´ım tˇelem mˇeniˇce.
24
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Obr´azek 6.3: Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika TASu v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 1 mm od tˇela mˇeniˇce. S nar˚ustaj´ıc´ı vzd´alenost´ı od mˇeniˇce se v r´amci vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky zaˇc´ın´a zvedat podklad zp˚usoben´y interferenc´ı na struktuˇre mˇeniˇce.
Obr´azek 6.4: Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika TASu v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 3 mm od tˇela mˇeniˇce. V t´eto vzd´alenosti je jiˇz pˇr´ıspˇevek interferenc´ı od tˇela mˇeniˇce podstatn´y – t´ımto zp˚usobem vznik´a sloˇzit´y pr˚ubˇeh bl´ızk´eho pole.
25
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Obr´azek 6.5: Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika TASu v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 0,2 mm od z´akladny mˇeniˇce. Tato rovina ˇrezu se nach´az´ı v u´ rovni kostek, vyˇrezan´ych na mˇeniˇci. V souladu se s´ıt´ı, kter´a uvnitˇr tˇela mˇeniˇc nebyla generov´ana vykazuje simulovan´e ultrazvukov´e pole uvnitˇr mˇeniˇce nulov´e hodnoty. Patrn´a je struktura z´aˇrez˚u mezi jednotliv´ymi kostkami mˇeniˇce, kam ultrazvukov´e pole pronik´a.
Obr´azek 6.6: Vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristika TASu v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 0,1 mm pod z´akladnou mˇeniˇce. Vid´ıme, zˇ e do t´eto roviny nem´a ultrazvukov´e pole sˇanci proniknout jinak, neˇz kolem tˇela mˇeniˇce. Tomu odpov´ıd´a pr˚ubˇeh intenzity nav´ysˇen´y v bodech, kter´e jsou bl´ızˇ e aktivn´ı cˇ a´ sti mˇeniˇce (hrany mˇeniˇce oproti jeho roh˚um).
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Kapitola 7
Experiment´aln´ı mˇerˇ en´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky Experiment´aln´ı mˇeˇren´ı probˇehlo na u´ stavu biomedic´ınsk´eho inˇzen´yrstv´ı, fakulty elektrotechniky a komunikaˇcn´ıch technologi´ı Vysok´eho uˇcen´ı technick´eho v Brnˇe. C´ılem bylo zmˇeˇrit bl´ızk´e a vzd´alen´e akustick´e pole vytv´aˇren´e ultrazvukov´ym piezoelektrick´ym mˇeniˇcem.
7.1 Popis mˇerˇ en´ı akustick´eho pole Z´akladem mˇerˇ´ıc´ı aparatury byla ultrazvukov´a vana s vibraˇcnˇe izolovan´ymi stˇenami naplnˇen´a vodou, v n´ızˇ se zaznamen´avalo akustick´e pole. Rozmˇery vany byly 64 × 34 × 40cm. Jako zdroj akustick´ych pulz˚u slouˇzila v naˇsem pˇr´ıpadˇe ultrazvukov´a fokusovan´a sonda typu FPA s vyzaˇrovac´ı plochou o velikosti 22 × 12 mm. Nejvˇetˇs´ı tlak na t´eto ploˇse byl generov´an uvnitˇr oblasti 5 mm od rohu delˇs´ı hrany a 2 mm od rohu hrany kratˇs´ı. Pˇred mˇeˇren´ım se fokusace sondy nastavila na 25 cm a vlnov´a frekvence na na hodnotu 1,7 MHz. Z´amˇern´ym nastaven´ım fokusace na vzd´alenost 25 cm fakticky doˇslo k potlaˇcen´ı fokusaˇcn´ıho chov´an´ı a sonda se chovala jako ploˇsn´y zdroj vlnˇen´ı. Tento zdroj byl pˇri mˇeˇren´ı ponoˇren ve vodˇe 3,5 cm pod hladinou. Dalˇs´ı souˇca´ st´ı mˇeˇr´ıc´ıho zaˇr´ızen´ı slouˇz´ıc´ı k detekci ultrazvukov´ych pulz˚u byl jehlov´y hydrof´on typu MH 28-5 od firmy FORCE, napojen´y na posuvn´y syst´em ovl´adan´y poˇc´ıtaˇcem. Hydrof´on, um´ıstˇen´y v ultrazvukov´e vanˇe vˇzdy v urˇcit´e vzd´alenosti od sondy, zaznamen´aval v´ychylky akustick´eho tlaku ve vodˇe. Detektor byl pˇripojen´y pˇres zesilovaˇc a osciloskop, kde doch´azelo k modifikaci sign´alu, k poˇc´ıtaˇci. Program, vytvoˇren´y speci´alnˇe pro tento druh mˇeˇren´ı t´ymem UBMI, vˇzdy zaznamen´aval nejvˇetˇs´ı tlakovou v´ychylku detekovanou hydrof´onem v z´avislosti na jeho um´ıstˇen´ı. Na obr´azku 7.1 je vidˇet cˇ a´ st mˇeˇr´ıc´ı aparatury. Shora uveden´ym zp˚usobem byla zmˇeˇrena z´avislost velikosti v´ychylky akustick´eho tlaku na poloze detektoru vzhledem ke zdroji. Mˇeˇren´ı prob´ıhalo po geometrick´em nastaven´ı cel´eho syst´emu v ose sondy, kde by mˇel zdroj vyzaˇrovat s nejvˇetˇs´ı intenzitou. Akustick´e pole se zaznamen´avalo v rozmez´ı od jednoho do patn´acti centimetr˚u od sondy. Namˇeˇrenou z´avislost je ukazuje obr´azek 7.2. V grafu lze rozliˇsit bl´ızk´e a vzd´alen´e akustick´e pole. Pr˚ubˇeh kˇrivky naznaˇcuje v bl´ızkosti sondy oscilace velikost´ı akustick´eho tlaku. Tento jevy je zp˚usobem interferenc´ı, a jsou pro pro bl´ızk´e pole typick´e. V prav´e cˇ a´ sti grafu, pˇredstavuj´ıc´ı pole vzd´alen´e, je kˇrivka ust´alen´a a postupnˇe kles´a. Podle vztahu (6.2) by pro vzd´alen´e pole mˇeniˇce s line´arn´ım rozmˇerem 22 mm mˇela platit hranice pˇribliˇznˇe zh = 80 mm. Tento u´ daj je plnˇe v souladu s experiment´alnˇe zjiˇstˇenou z´avislost´ı. 27
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Obr´azek 7.1: Ultrazvukov´a vana se sondou vytv´aˇrej´ıc´ı ultrazvuk (vpravo) a jehlov´ym hydrof´onem na posuvn´em rameni (vlevo)
Obr´azek 7.2: Z´avislost velikosti akustick´e v´ychylky tlaku na jej´ı vzd´alenosti od ultrazvukov´e sondy. Od vzd´alenosti 8 cm od mˇeniˇce pozorujeme vzd´alen´e pole ultrazvuku.
7.2 Model vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky ultrazvukov´e sondy Jak se uk´azalo, jsou v souˇcasn´e dobˇe intenzity buzen´e mˇeniˇci TAS pˇr´ıliˇs n´ızk´e pro zachycen´ı hydrof´onem – i pˇri pouˇzit´ı zesilovaˇcu˚ z˚ust´avaj´ı sign´aly na u´ rovni elektronick´eho sˇumu. Z tohoto d˚uvodu bylo rozhodnuto pro praktick´e mˇeˇren´ı vyuˇz´ıt sondu medic´ınsk´eho ultrazvuku System5 a vyhotovit pro ni tak´e druh´y model v programu gmsh. Konkr´etn´ı zvolen´a geometrie modelu piezodesky je na obr´azku 7.3. Modelov´an´ı akustick´eho pole sondy je prostorovˇe limitov´ano vlnovou d´elkou pouˇzit´eho ultrazvuku a odpov´ıdaj´ıc´ı charakteristickou d´elkou s´ıtˇe: pˇri zvˇetˇsov´an´ı zkouman´eho objemu poˇcet uzl˚u s´ıtˇe prudce nar˚ust´a. Pro nastavenou frekvenci 1,7 MHz m´a ultrazvuk vlnovou d´elku 0,87 mm a jelikoˇz pro urˇcitou pˇresnost poˇzadujeme, aby na jednu vlnovou d´elku pˇripadlo 6 element˚u s´ıtˇe, charakteristick´a d´elka by mˇela b´yt nastavena na pˇribliˇznˇe 0,15 mm. V tabulce 7.1 jsou uvedeny charakteristick´e d´elky a j´ım odpov´ıdaj´ıc´ı poˇcty uzl˚u 28
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Obr´azek 7.3: Geometrie kmitaj´ıc´ı desky sondy pˇripraven´ı v programu Gmsh
s´ıt´ı vygenerovan´ych pro shora vyobrazenou geometrii sondy. Je zde vidˇet exponenci´aln´ı n´ar˚ust poˇctu uzl˚u se zkracuj´ıc´ı se d´elkou elementu s´ıtˇe, coˇz dokl´ad´a i graf na obr´azku 7.4.
Tabulka 7.1: Z´avislost poˇctu vygenerovan´ych uzl˚u na charakteristick´e d´elce s´ıtˇe. Jsou zde uveden´e i pˇr´ısluˇsn´e doby trv´an´ı generov´an´ı s´ıtˇe a jej´ı optimalizace. Optimalizaci s´ıtˇe nejkratˇs´ı uvedenou charakteristickou d´elkou nebyla dokonˇcena z d˚uvodu nedostatku poˇc´ıtaˇcov´e pamˇeti.
Vzhledem k velk´emu poˇctu vygenerovan´ych uzl˚u pˇri mal´e charakteristick´e d´elce bylo rozhodnuto zv´ysˇit charakteristickou d´elku na 0,22 mm a simulovan´y objem pak zasahoval do vzd´alenosti 3 mm od stˇredu buzen´e piezodesky. Tento u´ daj dokresluje vysokou v´ypoˇcetn´ı n´aroˇcnost (zda zp˚usobenou velkou plochou buzen´e oblasti - v ˇra´ du deseti vlnov´ych d´elek v jednom rozmˇeru) a z´aroveˇn praktick´e obt´ızˇ e, se kter´ymi se lze pˇri ovˇeˇrov´an´ı model˚u setkat: charakteristiku ultrazvukov´eho pole jsme mˇeˇrili aˇz od jednoho centimetru vzd´alenosti od mˇeniˇce, aby nedoˇslo aby nedoˇslo k poˇskozen´ı hydrof´onu. Model vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky sondy byl zhotoven stejn´ym zp˚usobem jako v pˇredchoz´ı 29
´ ´I M Eˇ REN ˇ ´I VYZA ROVAC ˇ ´I CHARAKTERISTIKY 7. E XPERIMENT ALN
Obr´azek 7.4: Graf z´avislost poˇctu uzl˚u vygenerovan´e s´ıtˇe na charakteristick´e d´elce elementu.
kapitole u mˇeniˇce TAS. Zhotoven´y 3D model vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky je reprezentov´an na obr´azc´ıch 7.5 aˇz 7.8 jednotliv´ymi ˇrezy, r˚uznˇe vzd´alen´ymi od zdroje (piezodesky), kde je pomoc´ı barevn´e sˇk´aly zobrazeno rozloˇzen´ı intenzity v prostoru akustick´eho pole obdobnˇe jako na obr´azc´ıch pˇredchoz´ı kapitoly a prostorov´e souˇradnice jsou ud´av´any znovu v milimetrech.
Obr´azek 7.5: Rozloˇzen´ı intenzity pole v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 0,2 mm od piezodesky. Rovina ˇrezu proch´az´ı piezodeskou, ve kter´e se spr´avnˇe ultrazvukov´a pole neˇs´ıˇr´ı.
30
´ ´I M Eˇ REN ˇ ´I VYZA ROVAC ˇ ´I CHARAKTERISTIKY 7. E XPERIMENT ALN
Obr´azek 7.6: Rozloˇzen´ı intenzity pole v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 0,5 mm od piezodesky. Rovina ˇrezu leˇz´ı tˇesnˇe nad aktivn´ı horn´ı stˇenou sondy - ultrazvukov´e pole je tvoˇreno prakticky ide´aln´ı vlnoplochou.
Obr´azek 7.7: Rozloˇzen´ı intenzity pole v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 1 mm od piezodesky. S nar˚ustaj´ıc´ı vzd´alenost´ı od piezodesky se dost´av´ame do oblasti bl´ızk´eho pole – pozorujeme interferenˇcn´ı artefakty.
31
´ ´I M Eˇ REN ˇ ´I VYZA ROVAC ˇ ´I CHARAKTERISTIKY 7. E XPERIMENT ALN
Obr´azek 7.8: Rozloˇzen´ı intenzity pole v rovinˇe vzd´alen´e 2 mm od piezodesky. V t´eto vzd´alenosti od sondy se jiˇz zaˇc´ın´a projevovat elipsoid´aln´ı tvar zkouman´eho objemu – oˇrez tvaru sondy je zp˚usoben nepˇr´ıtomnost´ı uzl˚u vnˇe diamantovˇe tvarovan´e oblasti.
32
Kapitola 8
Z´avˇer C´ılem bakal´arˇsk´e pr´ace bylo modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce s moˇznost´ı jej´ıho vyuˇzit´ı v budoucnosti pro konkr´etn´ı potˇreby ultrazvukov´e tomoˇ ıˇren´ı vln bylo pops´ano v r´amci mechaniky kontinua prostˇrednictv´ım spoleˇcn´ych grafie. S´ fyzik´aln´ıch rovnic. Vzhledem ke sloˇzitosti geometrie ultrazvukov´eho mˇeniˇce byla tato geometrie modelov´ana numericky v programu Autodesk Inventor. N´aslednˇe byla zpracov´ana programem Gmsh poskytovan´em pod GPL licenc´ı; tˇezˇ iˇstˇe pr´ace programu leˇz´ı v generov´an´ı 3D s´ıtˇe na zvolen´e oblasti. Diskretizovan´a Helmholtzova rovnice byla ˇreˇsena v oblasti polokoule, v jej´ızˇ stˇredu se nal´ezal studovan´y mˇeniˇc. Na mˇeniˇc byla aplikov´ana Dirichletova a na povrch koule Robinova okrajov´a podm´ınka. Vlastn´ı v´ypoˇcet probˇehl pomoc´ı procedur proR gramov´eho prostˇred´ı MatLab . V´ystupem je diskr´etn´ı poˇcet hodnot tlaku v jednotliv´ych uzlech s´ıtˇe. Byl tak´e proveden v´yzkum namˇeˇren´eho akustick´eho pole v okol´ı re´aln´eho ultrazvukov´eho zdroje. Celkem byly vyvinuty a nasimulov´any dva modely: jeden pro mˇeniˇc TAS ultrazvukov´eho tomografu, a druh´y pro sondu medic´ınsk´eho ultrazvuku System5. V´ysledn´e modely pˇr´ısluˇsn´ych zdroj˚u jsou uvedeny na obr´azc´ıch v kapitole 6 a 7.
33
Literatura ˇ anik M.: Mechamika ve fyzice, Akademia, Praha, 2001. [1] Horsk´y J.,Novotn´y J.,Stef´ [2] http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/˜john/teaching/fluidmechanics/ 2003-2004/visco/index.html. [3] Kvasnica J., Havr´anek A., Luk´acˇ P., Spruˇsil B.: Mechanika, Akademia, 2.vyd´an´ı, Praha 2004, 256–258. [4] Halliday D., Resnick R., Walker J.: Fyzika. VUT Brno: nakladatelstv´ı VUTIUM, 2000, kapitola 18. [5] Angelson B.A.J.:Ultrasound Imaging, Volume I, Emantec 2000. [6] http://www.geuz.org/gmsh/ [7] http://acs.feld.cvut.cz/old/uak/ulohy/uloha3-ult.pdf.
34
Kapitola 9
Pˇr´ılohy 9.1
Mˇeniˇc (TAS) pro ultrazvukovou tomografii
Obr´azek 9.1: Ultrazvukov´y mˇeniˇc pro tomografii
9.2
Zdrojov´y k´od geometrie TASu
Na n´asleduj´ıc´ı stranu byl pˇriloˇzen zdrojov´y k´od geometrie cˇ a´ sti TASu ve zhuˇsten´e podobˇe. Tato geometrie byla pouˇzita pro modelov´an´ı vyzaˇrovac´ı charakteristiky.
35
Zdrojový kód geometrie TASu pro modelování vyzařovací charakteristiky
Point(1) = {2.39691415989748, 8.587137564204101, 0, 1}; Point(2) = {8.19691415989748, 8.587137564204131, 0, 1}; Point(3) = {8.196914159897499, 2.78713756420413, 0, 1}; Point(4) = {2.3969141598975, 2.7871375642041, 0, 1}; Point(5) = {2.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(6) = {2.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(7) = {3.19691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(8) = {3.19691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(9) = {3.29691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(10) = {3.29691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(11) = {3.69691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(12) = {3.69691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(13) = {3.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(14) = {3.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(15) = {4.19691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(16) = {4.19691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(17) = {2.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(18) = {2.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(19) = {3.19691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(20) = {3.19691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(21) = {3.29691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(22) = {3.29691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(23) = {3.69691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(24) = {3.69691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(25) = {3.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(26) = {3.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(27) = {4.19691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(28) = {4.19691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(29) = {2.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(30) = {2.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(31) = {3.19691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(32) = {3.19691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(33) = {3.29691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(34) = {3.29691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(35) = {3.69691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(36) = {3.69691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(37) = {3.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(38) = {3.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(39) = {4.19691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(40) = {4.19691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(41) = {4.59691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(42) = {4.59691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(43) = {4.99691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(44) = {4.99691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(45) = {5.09691415989749,
3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(46) = {5.09691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(47) = {5.49691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(48) = {5.49691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(49) = {5.59691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(50) = {5.59691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(51) = {5.99691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(52) = {5.99691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(53) = {4.59691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(54) = {4.59691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(55) = {4.99691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(56) = {4.99691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(57) = {5.09691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(58) = {5.09691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(59) = {5.49691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(60) = {5.49691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(61) = {5.59691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(62) = {5.59691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(63) = {5.99691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(64) = {5.99691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(65) = {4.59691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(66) = {4.59691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(67) = {4.99691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(68) = {-
4.99691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(69) = {-5.09691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(70) = {-5.09691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(71) = {-5.49691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(72) = {-5.49691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(73) = {-5.59691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(74) = {-5.59691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(75) = {-5.99691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(76) = {-5.99691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(77) = {-6.39691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(78) = {-6.39691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(79) = {-6.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(80) = {-6.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(81) = {-6.89691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(82) = {-6.89691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(83) = {-7.29691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(84) = {-7.29691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(85) = {-7.39691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(86) = {-7.39691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(87) = {-7.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(88) = {-7.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(89) = {-6.39691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(90) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(91) = {-6.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(92) = {-6.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(93) = {-6.89691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(94) = {-6.89691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(95) = {-7.29691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(96) = {-7.29691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(97) = {-7.39691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(98) = {-7.39691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(99) = {-7.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(100) = {-7.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(101) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(102) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(103) = {6.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(104) = {6.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(105) = {6.89691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(106) = {6.89691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(107) = {7.29691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(108) = {7.29691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(109) = {7.39691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(110) = {7.39691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(111) = {7.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(112) = {7.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(113) = {2.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(114) = {2.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(115) = {3.19691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(116) = {3.19691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(117) = {3.29691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(118) = {3.29691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(119) = {3.69691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(120) = {3.69691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(121) = {3.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(122) = {3.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(123) = {4.19691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(124) = {4.19691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(125) = {2.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(126) = {2.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(127) = {3.19691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(128) = {3.19691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(129) = {3.29691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(130) = {3.29691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(131) = {3.69691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(132) = {3.69691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(133) = {3.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(134) = {3.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(135) = {4.19691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(136) = {4.19691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(137) = {2.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(138) = {2.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(139) = {3.19691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(140) = {3.19691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(141) = {3.29691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(142) = {3.29691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(143) = {3.69691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(144) = {3.69691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(145) = {3.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(146) = {3.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(147) = {4.19691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(148) = {4.19691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(149) = {4.59691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(150) = {4.59691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(151) = {4.99691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(152) = {4.99691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(153) = {5.09691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(154) = {5.09691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(155) = {5.49691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(156) = {5.49691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(157) = {5.59691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(158) = {5.59691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(159) = {5.99691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(160) = {5.99691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(161) = {4.59691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(162) = {4.59691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(163) = {4.99691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(164) = {4.99691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(165) = {5.09691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(166) = {5.09691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(167) = {5.49691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(168) = {5.49691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(169) = {5.59691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(170) = {5.59691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(171) = {5.99691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(172) = {5.99691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(173) = {4.59691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(174) = {4.59691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(175) = {4.99691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(176) = {4.99691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(177) = {5.09691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(178) = {-5.09691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(179) = {-5.49691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(180) = {-5.49691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(181) = {-5.59691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(182) = {-5.59691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(183) = {-5.99691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(184) = {-5.99691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(185) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(186) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(187) = {-6.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(188) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(189) = {-6.89691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(190) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(191) = {-7.29691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(192) = {-7.29691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(193) = {-7.39691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(194) = {-7.39691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(195) = {-7.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(196) = {-7.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(197) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(198) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(199) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(200) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(201) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(202) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(203) = {-7.29691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(204) = {-7.29691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(205) = {-7.39691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(206) = {-7.39691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(207) = {-7.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(208) = {-7.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(209) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(210) = {-6.39691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(211) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(212) = {-6.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(213) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(214) = {-6.89691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(215) = {-7.29691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(216) = {7.29691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(217) = {7.39691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(218) = {7.39691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(219) = {7.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(220) = {7.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(221) = {2.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(222) = {2.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(223) = {3.19691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(224) = {3.19691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(225) = {3.29691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(226) = {3.29691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(227) = {3.69691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(228) = {3.69691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(229) = {3.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(230) = {3.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(231) = {4.19691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(232) = {4.19691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(233) = {2.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(234) = {2.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(235) = {3.19691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(236) = {3.19691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(237) = {3.29691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(238) = {3.29691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(239) = {3.69691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(240) = {3.69691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(241) = {3.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(242) = {3.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(243) = {4.19691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(244) = {4.19691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(245) = {2.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(246) = {2.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(247) = {3.19691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(248) = {3.19691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(249) = {3.29691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(250) = {3.29691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(251) = {3.69691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(252) = {3.69691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(253) = {3.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(254) = {3.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(255) = {4.19691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(256) = {4.19691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(257) = {4.59691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(258) = {4.59691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(259) = {4.99691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(260) = {4.99691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(261) = {5.09691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(262) = {5.09691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(263) = {5.49691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(264) = {5.49691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(265) = {5.59691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(266) = {5.59691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(267) = {5.99691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(268) = {5.99691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(269) = {4.59691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(270) = {4.59691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(271) = {4.99691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(272) = {4.99691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(273) = {5.09691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(274) = {5.09691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(275) = {5.49691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(276) = {5.49691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(277) = {5.59691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(278) = {5.59691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(279) = {5.99691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(280) = {5.99691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(281) = {4.59691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(282) = {4.59691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(283) = {4.99691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(284) = {4.99691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(285) = {5.09691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(286) = {5.09691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(287) = {5.49691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(288) = {5.49691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(289) = {5.59691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(290) = {5.59691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(291) = {-5.99691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(292) = {-5.99691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(293) = {-6.39691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(294) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(295) = {-6.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(296) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(297) = {-6.89691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(298) = {-6.89691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(299) = {-7.29691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(300) = {-7.29691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(301) = {-7.39691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(302) = {-7.39691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(303) = {-7.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(304) = {-7.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(305) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(306) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(307) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(308) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(309) = {-6.89691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(310) = {-6.89691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(311) = {-7.29691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(312) = {-7.29691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(313) = {-7.39691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(314) = {-7.39691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(315) = {-7.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(316) = {-7.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(317) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(318) = {-6.39691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(319) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(320) = {-6.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(321) = {-6.89691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(322) = {-6.89691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(323) = {-7.29691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(324) = {-7.29691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(325) = {-7.39691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(326) = {-7.39691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(327) = {-7.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0, 1}; Point(328) = {-7.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0, 1};
Point(329) = {8.19691415989748, 8.587137564204131, -0.1, 1}; Point(330) = {8.196914159897499, 2.78713756420413, -0.1, 1}; Point(331) = {2.3969141598975, 2.7871375642041, -0.1, 1}; Point(332) = {2.39691415989748, 8.587137564204101, -0.1, 1}; Point(333) = {2.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(334) = {2.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(335) = {3.19691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(336) = {3.19691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(337) = {3.29691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(338) = {3.29691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(339) = {3.69691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(340) = {3.69691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(341) = {3.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(342) = {3.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(343) = {4.19691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(344) = {4.19691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(345) = {2.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(346) = {2.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(347) = {3.19691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(348) = {3.19691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(349) = {3.29691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(350) = {3.29691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(351) = {3.69691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(352) = {3.69691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(353) = {3.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(354) = {3.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(355) = {4.19691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(356) = {4.19691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(357) = {2.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(358) = {2.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(359) = {3.19691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(360) = {3.19691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(361) = {3.29691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(362) = {3.29691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(363) = {3.69691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(364) = {3.69691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(365) = {3.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(366) = {3.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(367) = {4.19691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(368) = {4.19691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(369) = {4.59691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(370) = {4.59691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(371) = {4.99691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(372) = {4.99691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(373) = {5.09691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(374) = {5.09691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(375) = {5.49691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(376) = {5.49691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(377) = {5.59691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(378) = {5.59691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(379) = {5.99691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(380) = {5.99691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(381) = {4.59691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(382) = {4.59691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(383) = {4.99691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(384) = {4.99691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(385) = {5.09691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(386) = {5.09691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(387) = {5.49691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(388) = {5.49691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(389) = {5.59691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(390) = {5.59691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(391) = {5.99691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(392) = {5.99691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(393) = {4.59691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(394) = {4.59691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(395) = {4.99691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(396) = {4.99691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(397) = {5.09691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(398) = {-5.09691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(399) = {-5.49691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(400) = {-5.49691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(401) = {-5.59691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(402) = {-5.59691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(403) = {-5.99691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(404) = {-5.99691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(405) = {-6.39691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(406) = {-6.39691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(407) = {-6.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(408) = {-6.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(409) = {-6.89691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(410) = {-6.89691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(411) = {-7.29691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(412) = {-7.29691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(413) = {-7.39691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(414) = {-7.39691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(415) = {-7.79691415989749, 3.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(416) = {-7.79691415989749, 3.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(417) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(418) = {-6.39691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(419) = {-6.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(420) = {-6.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(421) = {-6.89691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(422) = {-6.89691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(423) = {-7.29691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(424) = {-7.29691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(425) = {-7.39691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(426) = {-7.39691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(427) = {-7.79691415989749, 3.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(428) = {-7.79691415989749, 4.08713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(429) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(430) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(431) = {-6.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(432) = {-6.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(433) = {-6.89691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(434) = {-6.89691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(435) = {-7.29691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(436) = {7.29691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(437) = {7.39691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(438) = {7.39691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(439) = {7.79691415989749, 4.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(440) = {7.79691415989749, 4.58713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(441) = {2.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(442) = {2.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(443) = {3.19691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(444) = {3.19691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(445) = {3.29691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(446) = {3.29691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(447) = {3.69691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(448) = {3.69691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(449) = {3.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(450) = {3.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(451) = {4.19691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(452) = {4.19691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(453) = {2.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(454) = {2.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(455) = {3.19691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(456) = {3.19691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(457) = {3.29691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(458) = {3.29691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(459) = {3.69691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(460) = {3.69691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(461) = {3.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(462) = {3.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(463) = {4.19691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(464) = {4.19691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(465) = {2.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(466) = {2.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(467) = {3.19691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(468) = {3.19691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(469) = {3.29691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(470) = {3.29691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(471) = {3.69691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(472) = {3.69691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(473) = {3.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(474) = {3.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(475) = {4.19691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(476) = {4.19691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(477) = {4.59691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(478) = {4.59691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(479) = {4.99691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(480) = {4.99691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(481) = {5.09691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(482) = {5.09691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(483) = {5.49691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(484) = {5.49691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(485) = {5.59691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(486) = {5.59691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(487) = {5.99691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(488) = {5.99691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(489) = {4.59691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(490) = {4.59691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(491) = {4.99691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(492) = {4.99691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(493) = {5.09691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(494) = {5.09691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(495) = {5.49691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(496) = {5.49691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(497) = {5.59691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(498) = {5.59691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(499) = {5.99691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(500) = {5.99691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(501) = {4.59691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(502) = {4.59691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(503) = {4.99691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(504) = {4.99691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(505) = {-5.09691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(506) = {-5.09691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(507) = {-5.49691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(508) = {-5.49691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(509) = {-5.59691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(510) = {-5.59691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(511) = {-5.99691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(512) = {-5.99691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(513) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(514) = {-6.39691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(515) = {-6.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(516) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(517) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(518) = {-6.89691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(519) = {-7.29691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(520) = {-7.29691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(521) = {-7.39691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(522) = {-7.39691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(523) = {-7.79691415989749, 4.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(524) = {-7.79691415989749, 5.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(525) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(526) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(527) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(528) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(529) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(530) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(531) = {-7.29691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(532) = {-7.29691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(533) = {-7.39691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(534) = {-7.39691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(535) = {-7.79691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(536) = {-7.79691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(537) = {-6.39691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(538) = {-6.39691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(539) = {-6.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(540) = {-6.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(541) = {-6.89691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(542) = {-6.89691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(543) = {7.29691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(544) = {7.29691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(545) = {7.39691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(546) = {7.39691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(547) = {7.79691415989749, 5.98713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(548) = {7.79691415989749, 6.38713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(549) = {2.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(550) = {2.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(551) = {3.19691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(552) = {3.19691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(553) = {3.29691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(554) = {3.29691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(555) = {3.69691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(556) = {3.69691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(557) = {3.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(558) = {3.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(559) = {4.19691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(560) = {4.19691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(561) = {2.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(562) = {2.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(563) = {3.19691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(564) = {3.19691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(565) = {3.29691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(566) = {3.29691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(567) = {3.69691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(568) = {3.69691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(569) = {3.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(570) = {3.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(571) = {4.19691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(572) = {4.19691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(573) = {2.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(574) = {2.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(575) = {3.19691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(576) = {3.19691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(577) = {3.29691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(578) = {3.29691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(579) = {3.69691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(580) = {3.69691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(581) = {3.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(582) = {3.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(583) = {4.19691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(584) = {4.19691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(585) = {4.59691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(586) = {4.59691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(587) = {4.99691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(588) = {4.99691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(589) = {5.09691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(590) = {5.09691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(591) = {5.49691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(592) = {5.49691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(593) = {5.59691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(594) = {5.59691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(595) = {5.99691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(596) = {5.99691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(597) = {4.59691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(598) = {4.59691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(599) = {4.99691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(600) = {4.99691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(601) = {5.09691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(602) = {5.09691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(603) = {5.49691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(604) = {5.49691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(605) = {5.59691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(606) = {5.59691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(607) = {5.99691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(608) = {5.99691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(609) = {4.59691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(610) = {4.59691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(611) = {4.99691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(612) = {-4.99691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(613) = {-5.09691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(614) = {-5.09691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(615) = {-5.49691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(616) = {-5.49691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(617) = {-5.59691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(618) = {-5.59691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(619) = {-5.99691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(620) = {-5.99691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(621) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(622) = {-6.39691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(623) = {-6.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(624) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(625) = {-6.89691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(626) = {-6.89691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(627) = {-7.29691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(628) = {-7.29691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(629) = {-7.39691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(630) = {-7.39691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(631) = {-7.79691415989749, 6.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(632) = {-7.79691415989749, 7.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(633) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(634) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(635) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(636) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(637) = {-6.89691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(638) = {-6.89691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(639) = {-7.29691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(640) = {-7.29691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(641) = {-7.39691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(642) = {-7.39691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(643) = {-7.79691415989749, 7.28713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(644) = {-7.79691415989749, 7.68713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(645) = {-6.39691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(646) = {-6.39691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(647) = {-6.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(648) = {-6.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(649) = {-6.89691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(650) = {6.89691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(651) = {7.29691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(652) = {7.29691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(653) = {7.39691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(654) = {7.39691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(655) = {7.79691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(656) = {7.79691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(657) = {6.89691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(658) = {7.29691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(659) = {7.29691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(660) = {7.29691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(661) = {7.29691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(662) = {6.89691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(663) = {6.89691415989749, 5.88713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(664) = {6.89691415989749, 5.48713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(665) = {6.89691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(666) = {7.29691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(667) = {7.29691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(668) = {7.29691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Point(669) = {7.29691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(670) = {6.89691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(671) = {6.89691415989749, 8.18713756420412, 0.3, 1}; Point(672) = {6.89691415989749, 7.78713756420412, 0.3, 1};
Line(1) = {1, 2}; Line(2) = {2, 3}; Line(3) = {3, 4}; Line(4) = {4, 1}; Line(5) = {5, 6}; Line(6) = {7, 5}; Line(7) = {8, 7}; Line(8) = {6, 8}; Line(9) = {9, 10}; Line(10) = {11, 9}; Line(11) = {12, 11}; Line(12) = {10, 12}; Line(13) = {13, 14}; Line(14) = {15, 13}; Line(15) = {16, 15}; Line(16) = {14, 16}; Line(17) = {17, 18}; Line(18) = {19, 17}; Line(19) = {20, 19}; Line(20) = {18, 20}; Line(21) = {21, 22}; Line(22) = {23, 21}; Line(23) = {24, 23}; Line(24) = {22, 24}; Line(25) = {25, 26}; Line(26) = {27, 25}; Line(27) = {28, 27}; Line(28) = {26, 28}; Line(29) = {29, 30}; Line(30) = {31, 29}; Line(31) = {32, 31}; Line(32) = {30, 32}; Line(33) = {33, 34}; Line(34) = {35, 33}; Line(35) = {36, 35}; Line(36) = {34, 36}; Line(37) = {37, 38}; Line(38) = {39, 37}; Line(39) = {40, 39}; Line(40) = {38, 40}; Line(41) = {41, 42}; Line(42) = {43, 41}; Line(43) = {44, 43}; Line(44) = {42, 44}; Line(45) = {45, 46}; Line(46) = {47, 45}; Line(47) = {48, 47}; Line(48) = {46, 48}; Line(49) = {49, 50}; Line(50) = {51, 49}; Line(51) = {52, 51}; Line(52) = {50, 52}; Line(53) = {53, 54}; Line(54) = {55, 53}; Line(55) = {56, 55}; Line(56) = {54, 56}; Line(57) = {57, 58}; Line(58) = {59, 57}; Line(59) = {60, 59}; Line(60) = {58, 60};
Line(61) = {61, 62}; Line(62) = {63, 61}; Line(63) = {64, 63}; Line(64) = {62, 64}; Line(65) = {65, 66}; Line(66) = {67, 65}; Line(67) = {68, 67}; Line(68) = {66, 68}; Line(69) = {69, 70}; Line(70) = {71, 69}; Line(71) = {72, 71}; Line(72) = {70, 72}; Line(73) = {73, 74}; Line(74) = {75, 73}; Line(75) = {76, 75}; Line(76) = {74, 76}; Line(77) = {77, 78}; Line(78) = {79, 77}; Line(79) = {80, 79}; Line(80) = {78, 80}; Line(81) = {81, 82}; Line(82) = {83, 81}; Line(83) = {84, 83}; Line(84) = {82, 84}; Line(85) = {85, 86}; Line(86) = {87, 85}; Line(87) = {88, 87}; Line(88) = {86, 88}; Line(89) = {89, 90}; Line(90) = {91, 89}; Line(91) = {92, 91}; Line(92) = {90, 92}; Line(93) = {93, 94}; Line(94) = {95, 93}; Line(95) = {96, 95}; Line(96) = {94, 96}; Line(97) = {97, 98}; Line(98) = {99, 97}; Line(99) = {100, 99}; Line(100) = {98, 100}; Line(101) = {101, 102}; Line(102) = {103, 101}; Line(103) = {104, 103}; Line(104) = {102, 104}; Line(105) = {105, 106}; Line(106) = {107, 105}; Line(107) = {108, 107}; Line(108) = {106, 108}; Line(109) = {109, 110}; Line(110) = {111, 109}; Line(111) = {112, 111}; Line(112) = {110, 112}; Line(113) = {113, 114}; Line(114) = {115, 113}; Line(115) = {116, 115}; Line(116) = {114, 116}; Line(117) = {117, 118}; Line(118) = {119, 117}; Line(119) = {120, 119}; Line(120) = {118, 120}; Line(121) = {121, 122}; Line(122) = {123, 121}; Line(123) = {124, 123}; Line(124) = {122, 124}; Line(125) = {125, 126}; Line(126) = {127, 125}; Line(127) = {128, 127}; Line(128) = {126, 128}; Line(129) = {129, 130}; Line(130) = {131, 129}; Line(131) = {132, 131}; Line(132) = {130, 132}; Line(133) = {133, 134}; Line(134) = {135, 133}; Line(135) = {136, 135}; Line(136) = {134, 136};
Line(137) = {137, 138}; Line(138) = {139, 137}; Line(139) = {140, 139}; Line(140) = {138, 140}; Line(141) = {141, 142}; Line(142) = {143, 141}; Line(143) = {144, 143}; Line(144) = {142, 144}; Line(145) = {145, 146}; Line(146) = {147, 145}; Line(147) = {148, 147}; Line(148) = {146, 148}; Line(149) = {149, 150}; Line(150) = {151, 149}; Line(151) = {152, 151}; Line(152) = {150, 152}; Line(153) = {153, 154}; Line(154) = {155, 153}; Line(155) = {156, 155}; Line(156) = {154, 156}; Line(157) = {157, 158}; Line(158) = {159, 157}; Line(159) = {160, 159}; Line(160) = {158, 160}; Line(161) = {161, 162}; Line(162) = {163, 161}; Line(163) = {164, 163}; Line(164) = {162, 164}; Line(165) = {165, 166}; Line(166) = {167, 165}; Line(167) = {168, 167}; Line(168) = {166, 168}; Line(169) = {169, 170}; Line(170) = {171, 169}; Line(171) = {172, 171}; Line(172) = {170, 172}; Line(173) = {173, 174}; Line(174) = {175, 173}; Line(175) = {176, 175}; Line(176) = {174, 176}; Line(177) = {177, 178}; Line(178) = {179, 177}; Line(179) = {180, 179}; Line(180) = {178, 180}; Line(181) = {181, 182}; Line(182) = {183, 181}; Line(183) = {184, 183}; Line(184) = {182, 184}; Line(185) = {185, 186}; Line(186) = {187, 185}; Line(187) = {188, 187}; Line(188) = {186, 188}; Line(189) = {189, 190}; Line(190) = {191, 189}; Line(191) = {192, 191}; Line(192) = {190, 192}; Line(193) = {193, 194}; Line(194) = {195, 193}; Line(195) = {196, 195}; Line(196) = {194, 196}; Line(197) = {197, 198}; Line(198) = {199, 197}; Line(199) = {200, 199}; Line(200) = {198, 200}; Line(201) = {201, 202}; Line(202) = {203, 201}; Line(203) = {204, 203}; Line(204) = {202, 204}; Line(205) = {205, 206}; Line(206) = {207, 205}; Line(207) = {208, 207}; Line(208) = {206, 208}; Line(209) = {209, 210}; Line(210) = {211, 209}; Line(211) = {212, 211}; Line(212) = {210, 212};
Line(213) = {213, 214}; Line(214) = {215, 213}; Line(215) = {216, 215}; Line(216) = {214, 216}; Line(217) = {217, 218}; Line(218) = {219, 217}; Line(219) = {220, 219}; Line(220) = {218, 220}; Line(221) = {221, 222}; Line(222) = {223, 221}; Line(223) = {224, 223}; Line(224) = {222, 224}; Line(225) = {225, 226}; Line(226) = {227, 225}; Line(227) = {228, 227}; Line(228) = {226, 228}; Line(229) = {229, 230}; Line(230) = {231, 229}; Line(231) = {232, 231}; Line(232) = {230, 232}; Line(233) = {233, 234}; Line(234) = {235, 233}; Line(235) = {236, 235}; Line(236) = {234, 236}; Line(237) = {237, 238}; Line(238) = {239, 237}; Line(239) = {240, 239}; Line(240) = {238, 240}; Line(241) = {241, 242}; Line(242) = {243, 241}; Line(243) = {244, 243}; Line(244) = {242, 244}; Line(245) = {245, 246}; Line(246) = {247, 245}; Line(247) = {248, 247}; Line(248) = {246, 248}; Line(249) = {249, 250}; Line(250) = {251, 249}; Line(251) = {252, 251}; Line(252) = {250, 252}; Line(253) = {253, 254}; Line(254) = {255, 253}; Line(255) = {256, 255}; Line(256) = {254, 256}; Line(257) = {257, 258}; Line(258) = {259, 257}; Line(259) = {260, 259}; Line(260) = {258, 260}; Line(261) = {261, 262}; Line(262) = {263, 261}; Line(263) = {264, 263}; Line(264) = {262, 264}; Line(265) = {265, 266}; Line(266) = {267, 265}; Line(267) = {268, 267}; Line(268) = {266, 268}; Line(269) = {269, 270}; Line(270) = {271, 269}; Line(271) = {272, 271}; Line(272) = {270, 272}; Line(273) = {273, 274}; Line(274) = {275, 273}; Line(275) = {276, 275}; Line(276) = {274, 276}; Line(277) = {277, 278}; Line(278) = {279, 277}; Line(279) = {280, 279}; Line(280) = {278, 280}; Line(281) = {281, 282}; Line(282) = {283, 281}; Line(283) = {284, 283}; Line(284) = {282, 284}; Line(285) = {285, 286}; Line(286) = {287, 285}; Line(287) = {288, 287}; Line(288) = {286, 288};
Line(289) = {289, 290}; Line(290) = {291, 289}; Line(291) = {292, 291}; Line(292) = {290, 292}; Line(293) = {293, 294}; Line(294) = {295, 293}; Line(295) = {296, 295}; Line(296) = {294, 296}; Line(297) = {297, 298}; Line(298) = {299, 297}; Line(299) = {300, 299}; Line(300) = {298, 300}; Line(301) = {301, 302}; Line(302) = {303, 301}; Line(303) = {304, 303}; Line(304) = {302, 304}; Line(305) = {305, 306}; Line(306) = {307, 305}; Line(307) = {308, 307}; Line(308) = {306, 308}; Line(309) = {309, 310}; Line(310) = {311, 309}; Line(311) = {312, 311}; Line(312) = {310, 312}; Line(313) = {313, 314}; Line(314) = {315, 313}; Line(315) = {316, 315}; Line(316) = {314, 316}; Line(317) = {317, 318}; Line(318) = {319, 317}; Line(319) = {320, 319}; Line(320) = {318, 320}; Line(321) = {321, 322}; Line(322) = {323, 321}; Line(323) = {324, 323}; Line(324) = {322, 324}; Line(325) = {325, 326}; Line(326) = {327, 325}; Line(327) = {328, 327}; Line(328) = {326, 328}; Line(329) = {329, 330}; Line(330) = {3, 330}; Line(331) = {2, 329}; Line(332) = {330, 331}; Line(333) = {4, 331}; Line(334) = {331, 332}; Line(335) = {1, 332}; Line(336) = {332, 329}; Line(337) = {333, 334}; Line(338) = {5, 334}; Line(339) = {6, 333}; Line(340) = {334, 335}; Line(341) = {7, 335}; Line(342) = {335, 336}; Line(343) = {8, 336}; Line(344) = {336, 333}; Line(345) = {337, 338}; Line(346) = {9, 338}; Line(347) = {10, 337}; Line(348) = {338, 339}; Line(349) = {11, 339}; Line(350) = {339, 340}; Line(351) = {12, 340}; Line(352) = {340, 337}; Line(353) = {341, 342}; Line(354) = {13, 342}; Line(355) = {14, 341}; Line(356) = {342, 343}; Line(357) = {15, 343}; Line(358) = {343, 344}; Line(359) = {16, 344}; Line(360) = {344, 341}; Line(361) = {345, 346}; Line(362) = {17, 346}; Line(363) = {18, 345}; Line(364) = {346, 347};
Line(365) = {19, 347}; Line(366) = {347, 348}; Line(367) = {20, 348}; Line(368) = {348, 345}; Line(369) = {349, 350}; Line(370) = {21, 350}; Line(371) = {22, 349}; Line(372) = {350, 351}; Line(373) = {23, 351}; Line(374) = {351, 352}; Line(375) = {24, 352}; Line(376) = {352, 349}; Line(377) = {353, 354}; Line(378) = {25, 354}; Line(379) = {26, 353}; Line(380) = {354, 355}; Line(381) = {27, 355}; Line(382) = {355, 356}; Line(383) = {28, 356}; Line(384) = {356, 353}; Line(385) = {357, 358}; Line(386) = {29, 358}; Line(387) = {30, 357}; Line(388) = {358, 359}; Line(389) = {31, 359}; Line(390) = {359, 360}; Line(391) = {32, 360}; Line(392) = {360, 357}; Line(393) = {361, 362}; Line(394) = {33, 362}; Line(395) = {34, 361}; Line(396) = {362, 363}; Line(397) = {35, 363}; Line(398) = {363, 364}; Line(399) = {36, 364}; Line(400) = {364, 361}; Line(401) = {365, 366}; Line(402) = {37, 366}; Line(403) = {38, 365}; Line(404) = {366, 367}; Line(405) = {39, 367}; Line(406) = {367, 368}; Line(407) = {40, 368}; Line(408) = {368, 365}; Line(409) = {369, 370}; Line(410) = {41, 370}; Line(411) = {42, 369}; Line(412) = {370, 371}; Line(413) = {43, 371}; Line(414) = {371, 372}; Line(415) = {44, 372}; Line(416) = {372, 369}; Line(417) = {373, 374}; Line(418) = {45, 374}; Line(419) = {46, 373}; Line(420) = {374, 375}; Line(421) = {47, 375}; Line(422) = {375, 376}; Line(423) = {48, 376}; Line(424) = {376, 373}; Line(425) = {377, 378}; Line(426) = {49, 378}; Line(427) = {50, 377}; Line(428) = {378, 379}; Line(429) = {51, 379}; Line(430) = {379, 380}; Line(431) = {52, 380}; Line(432) = {380, 377}; Line(433) = {381, 382}; Line(434) = {53, 382}; Line(435) = {54, 381}; Line(436) = {382, 383}; Line(437) = {55, 383}; Line(438) = {383, 384}; Line(439) = {56, 384}; Line(440) = {384, 381};
Line(441) = {385, 386}; Line(442) = {57, 386}; Line(443) = {58, 385}; Line(444) = {386, 387}; Line(445) = {59, 387}; Line(446) = {387, 388}; Line(447) = {60, 388}; Line(448) = {388, 385}; Line(449) = {389, 390}; Line(450) = {61, 390}; Line(451) = {62, 389}; Line(452) = {390, 391}; Line(453) = {63, 391}; Line(454) = {391, 392}; Line(455) = {64, 392}; Line(456) = {392, 389}; Line(457) = {393, 394}; Line(458) = {65, 394}; Line(459) = {66, 393}; Line(460) = {394, 395}; Line(461) = {67, 395}; Line(462) = {395, 396}; Line(463) = {68, 396}; Line(464) = {396, 393}; Line(465) = {397, 398}; Line(466) = {69, 398}; Line(467) = {70, 397}; Line(468) = {398, 399}; Line(469) = {71, 399}; Line(470) = {399, 400}; Line(471) = {72, 400}; Line(472) = {400, 397}; Line(473) = {401, 402}; Line(474) = {73, 402}; Line(475) = {74, 401}; Line(476) = {402, 403}; Line(477) = {75, 403}; Line(478) = {403, 404}; Line(479) = {76, 404}; Line(480) = {404, 401}; Line(481) = {405, 406}; Line(482) = {77, 406}; Line(483) = {78, 405}; Line(484) = {406, 407}; Line(485) = {79, 407}; Line(486) = {407, 408}; Line(487) = {80, 408}; Line(488) = {408, 405}; Line(489) = {409, 410}; Line(490) = {81, 410}; Line(491) = {82, 409}; Line(492) = {410, 411}; Line(493) = {83, 411}; Line(494) = {411, 412}; Line(495) = {84, 412}; Line(496) = {412, 409}; Line(497) = {413, 414}; Line(498) = {85, 414}; Line(499) = {86, 413}; Line(500) = {414, 415}; Line(501) = {87, 415}; Line(502) = {415, 416}; Line(503) = {88, 416}; Line(504) = {416, 413}; Line(505) = {417, 418}; Line(506) = {89, 418}; Line(507) = {90, 417}; Line(508) = {418, 419}; Line(509) = {91, 419}; Line(510) = {419, 420}; Line(511) = {92, 420}; Line(512) = {420, 417}; Line(513) = {421, 422}; Line(514) = {93, 422}; Line(515) = {94, 421}; Line(516) = {422, 423};
Line(517) = {95, 423}; Line(518) = {423, 424}; Line(519) = {96, 424}; Line(520) = {424, 421}; Line(521) = {425, 426}; Line(522) = {97, 426}; Line(523) = {98, 425}; Line(524) = {426, 427}; Line(525) = {99, 427}; Line(526) = {427, 428}; Line(527) = {100, 428}; Line(528) = {428, 425}; Line(529) = {429, 430}; Line(530) = {101, 430}; Line(531) = {102, 429}; Line(532) = {430, 431}; Line(533) = {103, 431}; Line(534) = {431, 432}; Line(535) = {104, 432}; Line(536) = {432, 429}; Line(537) = {433, 434}; Line(538) = {105, 434}; Line(539) = {106, 433}; Line(540) = {434, 435}; Line(541) = {107, 435}; Line(542) = {435, 436}; Line(543) = {108, 436}; Line(544) = {436, 433}; Line(545) = {437, 438}; Line(546) = {109, 438}; Line(547) = {110, 437}; Line(548) = {438, 439}; Line(549) = {111, 439}; Line(550) = {439, 440}; Line(551) = {112, 440}; Line(552) = {440, 437}; Line(553) = {441, 442}; Line(554) = {113, 442}; Line(555) = {114, 441}; Line(556) = {442, 443}; Line(557) = {115, 443}; Line(558) = {443, 444}; Line(559) = {116, 444}; Line(560) = {444, 441}; Line(561) = {445, 446}; Line(562) = {117, 446}; Line(563) = {118, 445}; Line(564) = {446, 447}; Line(565) = {119, 447}; Line(566) = {447, 448}; Line(567) = {120, 448}; Line(568) = {448, 445}; Line(569) = {449, 450}; Line(570) = {121, 450}; Line(571) = {122, 449}; Line(572) = {450, 451}; Line(573) = {123, 451}; Line(574) = {451, 452}; Line(575) = {124, 452}; Line(576) = {452, 449}; Line(577) = {453, 454}; Line(578) = {125, 454}; Line(579) = {126, 453}; Line(580) = {454, 455}; Line(581) = {127, 455}; Line(582) = {455, 456}; Line(583) = {128, 456}; Line(584) = {456, 453}; Line(585) = {457, 458}; Line(586) = {129, 458}; Line(587) = {130, 457}; Line(588) = {458, 459}; Line(589) = {131, 459}; Line(590) = {459, 460}; Line(591) = {132, 460}; Line(592) = {460, 457};
Line(593) = {461, 462}; Line(594) = {133, 462}; Line(595) = {134, 461}; Line(596) = {462, 463}; Line(597) = {135, 463}; Line(598) = {463, 464}; Line(599) = {136, 464}; Line(600) = {464, 461}; Line(601) = {465, 466}; Line(602) = {137, 466}; Line(603) = {138, 465}; Line(604) = {466, 467}; Line(605) = {139, 467}; Line(606) = {467, 468}; Line(607) = {140, 468}; Line(608) = {468, 465}; Line(609) = {469, 470}; Line(610) = {141, 470}; Line(611) = {142, 469}; Line(612) = {470, 471}; Line(613) = {143, 471}; Line(614) = {471, 472}; Line(615) = {144, 472}; Line(616) = {472, 469}; Line(617) = {473, 474}; Line(618) = {145, 474}; Line(619) = {146, 473}; Line(620) = {474, 475}; Line(621) = {147, 475}; Line(622) = {475, 476}; Line(623) = {148, 476}; Line(624) = {476, 473}; Line(625) = {477, 478}; Line(626) = {149, 478}; Line(627) = {150, 477}; Line(628) = {478, 479}; Line(629) = {151, 479}; Line(630) = {479, 480}; Line(631) = {152, 480}; Line(632) = {480, 477}; Line(633) = {481, 482}; Line(634) = {153, 482}; Line(635) = {154, 481}; Line(636) = {482, 483}; Line(637) = {155, 483}; Line(638) = {483, 484}; Line(639) = {156, 484}; Line(640) = {484, 481}; Line(641) = {485, 486}; Line(642) = {157, 486}; Line(643) = {158, 485}; Line(644) = {486, 487}; Line(645) = {159, 487}; Line(646) = {487, 488}; Line(647) = {160, 488}; Line(648) = {488, 485}; Line(649) = {489, 490}; Line(650) = {161, 490}; Line(651) = {162, 489}; Line(652) = {490, 491}; Line(653) = {163, 491}; Line(654) = {491, 492}; Line(655) = {164, 492}; Line(656) = {492, 489}; Line(657) = {493, 494}; Line(658) = {165, 494}; Line(659) = {166, 493}; Line(660) = {494, 495}; Line(661) = {167, 495}; Line(662) = {495, 496}; Line(663) = {168, 496}; Line(664) = {496, 493}; Line(665) = {497, 498}; Line(666) = {169, 498}; Line(667) = {170, 497}; Line(668) = {498, 499};
Line(669) = {171, 499}; Line(670) = {499, 500}; Line(671) = {172, 500}; Line(672) = {500, 497}; Line(673) = {501, 502}; Line(674) = {173, 502}; Line(675) = {174, 501}; Line(676) = {502, 503}; Line(677) = {175, 503}; Line(678) = {503, 504}; Line(679) = {176, 504}; Line(680) = {504, 501}; Line(681) = {505, 506}; Line(682) = {177, 506}; Line(683) = {178, 505}; Line(684) = {506, 507}; Line(685) = {179, 507}; Line(686) = {507, 508}; Line(687) = {180, 508}; Line(688) = {508, 505}; Line(689) = {509, 510}; Line(690) = {181, 510}; Line(691) = {182, 509}; Line(692) = {510, 511}; Line(693) = {183, 511}; Line(694) = {511, 512}; Line(695) = {184, 512}; Line(696) = {512, 509}; Line(697) = {513, 514}; Line(698) = {185, 514}; Line(699) = {186, 513}; Line(700) = {514, 515}; Line(701) = {187, 515}; Line(702) = {515, 516}; Line(703) = {188, 516}; Line(704) = {516, 513}; Line(705) = {517, 518}; Line(706) = {189, 518}; Line(707) = {190, 517}; Line(708) = {518, 519}; Line(709) = {191, 519}; Line(710) = {519, 520}; Line(711) = {192, 520}; Line(712) = {520, 517}; Line(713) = {521, 522}; Line(714) = {193, 522}; Line(715) = {194, 521}; Line(716) = {522, 523}; Line(717) = {195, 523}; Line(718) = {523, 524}; Line(719) = {196, 524}; Line(720) = {524, 521}; Line(721) = {525, 526}; Line(722) = {197, 526}; Line(723) = {198, 525}; Line(724) = {526, 527}; Line(725) = {199, 527}; Line(726) = {527, 528}; Line(727) = {200, 528}; Line(728) = {528, 525}; Line(729) = {529, 530}; Line(730) = {201, 530}; Line(731) = {202, 529}; Line(732) = {530, 531}; Line(733) = {203, 531}; Line(734) = {531, 532}; Line(735) = {204, 532}; Line(736) = {532, 529}; Line(737) = {533, 534}; Line(738) = {205, 534}; Line(739) = {206, 533}; Line(740) = {534, 535}; Line(741) = {207, 535}; Line(742) = {535, 536}; Line(743) = {208, 536}; Line(744) = {536, 533};
Line(745) = {537, 538}; Line(746) = {209, 538}; Line(747) = {210, 537}; Line(748) = {538, 539}; Line(749) = {211, 539}; Line(750) = {539, 540}; Line(751) = {212, 540}; Line(752) = {540, 537}; Line(753) = {541, 542}; Line(754) = {213, 542}; Line(755) = {214, 541}; Line(756) = {542, 543}; Line(757) = {215, 543}; Line(758) = {543, 544}; Line(759) = {216, 544}; Line(760) = {544, 541}; Line(761) = {545, 546}; Line(762) = {217, 546}; Line(763) = {218, 545}; Line(764) = {546, 547}; Line(765) = {219, 547}; Line(766) = {547, 548}; Line(767) = {220, 548}; Line(768) = {548, 545}; Line(769) = {549, 550}; Line(770) = {221, 550}; Line(771) = {222, 549}; Line(772) = {550, 551}; Line(773) = {223, 551}; Line(774) = {551, 552}; Line(775) = {224, 552}; Line(776) = {552, 549}; Line(777) = {553, 554}; Line(778) = {225, 554}; Line(779) = {226, 553}; Line(780) = {554, 555}; Line(781) = {227, 555}; Line(782) = {555, 556}; Line(783) = {228, 556}; Line(784) = {556, 553}; Line(785) = {557, 558}; Line(786) = {229, 558}; Line(787) = {230, 557}; Line(788) = {558, 559}; Line(789) = {231, 559}; Line(790) = {559, 560}; Line(791) = {232, 560}; Line(792) = {560, 557}; Line(793) = {561, 562}; Line(794) = {233, 562}; Line(795) = {234, 561}; Line(796) = {562, 563}; Line(797) = {235, 563}; Line(798) = {563, 564}; Line(799) = {236, 564}; Line(800) = {564, 561}; Line(801) = {565, 566}; Line(802) = {237, 566}; Line(803) = {238, 565}; Line(804) = {566, 567}; Line(805) = {239, 567}; Line(806) = {567, 568}; Line(807) = {240, 568}; Line(808) = {568, 565}; Line(809) = {569, 570}; Line(810) = {241, 570}; Line(811) = {242, 569}; Line(812) = {570, 571}; Line(813) = {243, 571}; Line(814) = {571, 572}; Line(815) = {244, 572}; Line(816) = {572, 569}; Line(817) = {573, 574}; Line(818) = {245, 574}; Line(819) = {246, 573}; Line(820) = {574, 575};
Line(821) = {247, 575}; Line(822) = {575, 576}; Line(823) = {248, 576}; Line(824) = {576, 573}; Line(825) = {577, 578}; Line(826) = {249, 578}; Line(827) = {250, 577}; Line(828) = {578, 579}; Line(829) = {251, 579}; Line(830) = {579, 580}; Line(831) = {252, 580}; Line(832) = {580, 577}; Line(833) = {581, 582}; Line(834) = {253, 582}; Line(835) = {254, 581}; Line(836) = {582, 583}; Line(837) = {255, 583}; Line(838) = {583, 584}; Line(839) = {256, 584}; Line(840) = {584, 581}; Line(841) = {585, 586}; Line(842) = {257, 586}; Line(843) = {258, 585}; Line(844) = {586, 587}; Line(845) = {259, 587}; Line(846) = {587, 588}; Line(847) = {260, 588}; Line(848) = {588, 585}; Line(849) = {589, 590}; Line(850) = {261, 590}; Line(851) = {262, 589}; Line(852) = {590, 591}; Line(853) = {263, 591}; Line(854) = {591, 592}; Line(855) = {264, 592}; Line(856) = {592, 589}; Line(857) = {593, 594}; Line(858) = {265, 594}; Line(859) = {266, 593}; Line(860) = {594, 595}; Line(861) = {267, 595}; Line(862) = {595, 596}; Line(863) = {268, 596}; Line(864) = {596, 593}; Line(865) = {597, 598}; Line(866) = {269, 598}; Line(867) = {270, 597}; Line(868) = {598, 599}; Line(869) = {271, 599}; Line(870) = {599, 600}; Line(871) = {272, 600}; Line(872) = {600, 597}; Line(873) = {601, 602}; Line(874) = {273, 602}; Line(875) = {274, 601}; Line(876) = {602, 603}; Line(877) = {275, 603}; Line(878) = {603, 604}; Line(879) = {276, 604}; Line(880) = {604, 601}; Line(881) = {605, 606}; Line(882) = {277, 606}; Line(883) = {278, 605}; Line(884) = {606, 607}; Line(885) = {279, 607}; Line(886) = {607, 608}; Line(887) = {280, 608}; Line(888) = {608, 605}; Line(889) = {609, 610}; Line(890) = {281, 610}; Line(891) = {282, 609}; Line(892) = {610, 611}; Line(893) = {283, 611}; Line(894) = {611, 612}; Line(895) = {284, 612}; Line(896) = {612, 609};
Line(897) = {613, 614}; Line(898) = {285, 614}; Line(899) = {286, 613}; Line(900) = {614, 615}; Line(901) = {287, 615}; Line(902) = {615, 616}; Line(903) = {288, 616}; Line(904) = {616, 613}; Line(905) = {617, 618}; Line(906) = {289, 618}; Line(907) = {290, 617}; Line(908) = {618, 619}; Line(909) = {291, 619}; Line(910) = {619, 620}; Line(911) = {292, 620}; Line(912) = {620, 617}; Line(913) = {621, 622}; Line(914) = {293, 622}; Line(915) = {294, 621}; Line(916) = {622, 623}; Line(917) = {295, 623}; Line(918) = {623, 624}; Line(919) = {296, 624}; Line(920) = {624, 621}; Line(921) = {625, 626}; Line(922) = {297, 626}; Line(923) = {298, 625}; Line(924) = {626, 627}; Line(925) = {299, 627}; Line(926) = {627, 628}; Line(927) = {300, 628}; Line(928) = {628, 625}; Line(929) = {629, 630}; Line(930) = {301, 630}; Line(931) = {302, 629}; Line(932) = {630, 631}; Line(933) = {303, 631}; Line(934) = {631, 632}; Line(935) = {304, 632}; Line(936) = {632, 629}; Line(937) = {633, 634}; Line(938) = {305, 634}; Line(939) = {306, 633}; Line(940) = {634, 635}; Line(941) = {307, 635}; Line(942) = {635, 636}; Line(943) = {308, 636}; Line(944) = {636, 633}; Line(945) = {637, 638}; Line(946) = {309, 638}; Line(947) = {310, 637}; Line(948) = {638, 639}; Line(949) = {311, 639}; Line(950) = {639, 640}; Line(951) = {312, 640}; Line(952) = {640, 637}; Line(953) = {641, 642}; Line(954) = {313, 642}; Line(955) = {314, 641}; Line(956) = {642, 643}; Line(957) = {315, 643}; Line(958) = {643, 644}; Line(959) = {316, 644}; Line(960) = {644, 641}; Line(961) = {645, 646}; Line(962) = {317, 646}; Line(963) = {318, 645}; Line(964) = {646, 647}; Line(965) = {319, 647}; Line(966) = {647, 648}; Line(967) = {320, 648}; Line(968) = {648, 645}; Line(969) = {649, 650}; Line(970) = {321, 650}; Line(971) = {322, 649}; Line(972) = {650, 651};
Line(973) = {323, 651}; Line(974) = {651, 652}; Line(975) = {324, 652}; Line(976) = {652, 649}; Line(977) = {653, 654}; Line(978) = {325, 654}; Line(979) = {326, 653}; Line(980) = {654, 655}; Line(981) = {327, 655}; Line(982) = {655, 656}; Line(983) = {328, 656}; Line(984) = {656, 653}; Line(985) = {657, 658}; Line(986) = {659, 660}; Line(987) = {661, 662}; Line(988) = {663, 664}; Line(989) = {665, 666}; Line(990) = {667, 668}; Line(991) = {669, 670}; Line(992) = {671, 672}; Line Loop(1) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 7, 6, 9, 12, 11, 10, 13, 16, 15, 14, 17, 20, 19, 18, 21, 24, 23, 22, 25, 28, 27, 26, 29, 32, 31, 30, 33, 36, 35, 34, 37, 40, 39, 38, 41, 44, 43, 42, 45, 48, 47, 46, 49, 52, 51, 50, 53, 56, 55, 54, 57, 60, 59, 58, 61, 64, 63, 62, 65, 68, 67, 66, 69, 72, 71, 70, 73, 76, 75, 74, 77, 80, 79, 78, 81, 84, 83, 82, 85, 88, 87, 86, 89, 92, 91, 90, 93, 96, 95, 94, 97, 100, 99, 98, 101, 104, 103, 102, 105, 108, 107, 106, 109, 112, 111, 110, 113, 116, 115, 114, 117, 120, 119, 118, 121, 124, 123, 122, 125, 128, 127, 126, 129, 132, 131, 130, 133, 136, 135, 134, 137, 140, 139, 138, 141, 144, 143, 142, 145, 148, 147, 146, 149, 152, 151, 150, 153, 156, 155, 154, 157, 160, 159, 158, 161, 164, 163, 162, 165, 168, 167, 166, 169, 172, 171, 170, 173, 176, 175, 174, 177, 180, 179, 178, 181, 184, 183, 182, 185, 188, 187, 186, 189, 192, 191, 190, 193, 196, 195, 194, 197, 200, 199, 198, 201, 204, 203, 202, 205, 208, 207, 206, 209, 212, 211, 210, 213, 216, 215, 214, 217, 220, 219, 218, 221, 224, 223, 222, 225, 228, 227, 226, 229, 232, 231, 230, 233, 236, 235, 234, 237, 240, 239, 238, 241, 244, 243, 242, 245, 248, 247, 246, 249, 252, 251, 250, 253, 256, 255, 254, 257, 260, 259, 258, 261, 264, 263, 262, 265, 268, 267, 266, 269, 272, 271, 270, 273, 276, 275, 274, 277, 280, 279, 278, 281, 284, 283, 282, 285, 288, 287, 286, 289, 292, 291, 290, 293, 296, 295, 294, 297, 300, 299, 298, 301, 304, 303, 302, 305, 308, 307, 306, 309, 312, 311, 310, 313, 316, 315, 314, 317, 320, 319, 318, 321, 324, 323, 322, 325, 328, 327, 326}; Plane Surface(1) = {1}; Line Loop(2) = {329, -330, -2, 331}; Plane Surface(2) = {2};
Line Loop(3) = {332, -333, -3, 330}; Plane Surface(3) = {3}; Line Loop(4) = {334, -335, -4, 333}; Plane Surface(4) = {4}; Line Loop(5) = {336, -331, -1, 335}; Plane Surface(5) = {5}; Line Loop(6) = {329, 332, 334, 336}; Plane Surface(6) = {6}; Line Loop(7) = {337, -338, 5, 339}; Plane Surface(7) = {7}; Line Loop(8) = {340, -341, 6, 338}; Plane Surface(8) = {8}; Line Loop(9) = {342, -343, 7, 341}; Plane Surface(9) = {9}; Line Loop(10) = {344, -339, 8, 343}; Plane Surface(10) = {10}; Line Loop(11) = {337, 340, 342, 344}; Plane Surface(11) = {11}; Line Loop(12) = {345, -346, 9, 347}; Plane Surface(12) = {12}; Line Loop(13) = {348, -349, 10, 346}; Plane Surface(13) = {13}; Line Loop(14) = {350, -351, 11, 349}; Plane Surface(14) = {14}; Line Loop(15) = {352, -347, 12, 351}; Plane Surface(15) = {15}; Line Loop(16) = {345, 348, 350, 352}; Plane Surface(16) = {16}; Line Loop(17) = {353, -354, 13, 355}; Plane Surface(17) = {17}; Line Loop(18) = {356, -357, 14, 354}; Plane Surface(18) = {18}; Line Loop(19) = {358, -359, 15, 357}; Plane Surface(19) = {19}; Line Loop(20) = {360, -355, 16, 359}; Plane Surface(20) = {20}; Line Loop(21) = {353, 356, 358, 360}; Plane Surface(21) = {21}; Line Loop(22) = {361, -362, 17, 363}; Plane Surface(22) = {22}; Line Loop(23) = {364, -365, 18, 362}; Plane Surface(23) = {23}; Line Loop(24) = {366, -367, 19, 365}; Plane Surface(24) = {24}; Line Loop(25) = {368, -363, 20, 367}; Plane Surface(25) = {25}; Line Loop(26) = {361, 364, 366, 368}; Plane Surface(26) = {26}; Line Loop(27) = {369, -370, 21, 371}; Plane Surface(27) = {27}; Line Loop(28) = {372, -373, 22, 370}; Plane Surface(28) = {28}; Line Loop(29) = {374, -375, 23, 373}; Plane Surface(29) = {29}; Line Loop(30) = {376, -371, 24, 375}; Plane Surface(30) = {30}; Line Loop(31) = {369, 372, 374, 376}; Plane Surface(31) = {31}; Line Loop(32) = {377, -378, 25, 379}; Plane Surface(32) = {32}; Line Loop(33) = {380, -381, 26, 378}; Plane Surface(33) = {33}; Line Loop(34) = {382, -383, 27, 381}; Plane Surface(34) = {34}; Line Loop(35) = {384, -379, 28, 383}; Plane Surface(35) = {35}; Line Loop(36) = {377, 380, 382, 384}; Plane Surface(36) = {36}; Line Loop(37) = {385, -386, 29, 387}; Plane Surface(37) = {37}; Line Loop(38) = {388, -389, 30, 386}; Plane Surface(38) = {38}; Line Loop(39) = {390, -391, 31, 389}; Plane Surface(39) = {39}; Line Loop(40) = {392, -387, 32, 391}; Plane Surface(40) = {40};
Line Loop(41) = {385, 388, 390, 392}; Plane Surface(41) = {41}; Line Loop(42) = {393, 394, 33, 395}; Plane Surface(42) = {42}; Line Loop(43) = {396, 397, 34, 394}; Plane Surface(43) = {43}; Line Loop(44) = {398, 399, 35, 397}; Plane Surface(44) = {44}; Line Loop(45) = {400, 395, 36, 399}; Plane Surface(45) = {45}; Line Loop(46) = {393, 396, 398, 400}; Plane Surface(46) = {46}; Line Loop(47) = {401, 402, 37, 403}; Plane Surface(47) = {47}; Line Loop(48) = {404, 405, 38, 402}; Plane Surface(48) = {48}; Line Loop(49) = {406, 407, 39, 405}; Plane Surface(49) = {49}; Line Loop(50) = {408, 403, 40, 407}; Plane Surface(50) = {50}; Line Loop(51) = {401, 404, 406, 408}; Plane Surface(51) = {51}; Line Loop(52) = {409, 410, 41, 411}; Plane Surface(52) = {52}; Line Loop(53) = {412, 413, 42, 410}; Plane Surface(53) = {53}; Line Loop(54) = {414, 415, 43, 413}; Plane Surface(54) = {54}; Line Loop(55) = {416, 411, 44, 415}; Plane Surface(55) = {55}; Line Loop(56) = {409, 412, 414, 416}; Plane Surface(56) = {56}; Line Loop(57) = {417, 418, 45, 419}; Plane Surface(57) = {57}; Line Loop(58) = {420, 421, 46, 418}; Plane Surface(58) = {58}; Line Loop(59) = {422, 423, 47, 421}; Plane Surface(59) = {59}; Line Loop(60) = {424, 419, 48, 423}; Plane Surface(60) = {60}; Line Loop(61) = {417, 420, 422, 424}; Plane Surface(61) = {61}; Line Loop(62) = {425, 426, 49, 427}; Plane Surface(62) = {62}; Line Loop(63) = {428, 429, 50, 426}; Plane Surface(63) = {63}; Line Loop(64) = {430, 431, 51, 429}; Plane Surface(64) = {64}; Line Loop(65) = {432, 427, 52, 431}; Plane Surface(65) = {65};
Line Loop(66) = {425, 428, 430, 432}; Plane Surface(66) = {66}; Line Loop(67) = {433, -434, 53, 435}; Plane Surface(67) = {67}; Line Loop(68) = {436, -437, 54, 434}; Plane Surface(68) = {68}; Line Loop(69) = {438, -439, 55, 437}; Plane Surface(69) = {69}; Line Loop(70) = {440, -435, 56, 439}; Plane Surface(70) = {70}; Line Loop(71) = {433, 436, 438, 440}; Plane Surface(71) = {71}; Line Loop(72) = {441, -442, 57, 443}; Plane Surface(72) = {72}; Line Loop(73) = {444, -445, 58, 442}; Plane Surface(73) = {73}; Line Loop(74) = {446, -447, 59, 445}; Plane Surface(74) = {74}; Line Loop(75) = {448, -443, 60, 447}; Plane Surface(75) = {75}; Line Loop(76) = {441, 444, 446, 448}; Plane Surface(76) = {76}; Line Loop(77) = {449, -450, 61, 451}; Plane Surface(77) = {77}; Line Loop(78) = {452, -453, 62, 450}; Plane Surface(78) = {78}; Line Loop(79) = {454, -455, 63, 453}; Plane Surface(79) = {79}; Line Loop(80) = {456, -451, 64, 455}; Plane Surface(80) = {80}; Line Loop(81) = {449, 452, 454, 456}; Plane Surface(81) = {81}; Line Loop(82) = {457, -458, 65, 459}; Plane Surface(82) = {82}; Line Loop(83) = {460, -461, 66, 458}; Plane Surface(83) = {83}; Line Loop(84) = {462, -463, 67, 461}; Plane Surface(84) = {84}; Line Loop(85) = {464, -459, 68, 463}; Plane Surface(85) = {85}; Line Loop(86) = {457, 460, 462, 464}; Plane Surface(86) = {86}; Line Loop(87) = {465, -466, 69, 467}; Plane Surface(87) = {87}; Line Loop(88) = {468, -469, 70, 466}; Plane Surface(88) = {88}; Line Loop(89) = {470, -471, 71, 469}; Plane Surface(89) = {89}; Line Loop(90) = {472, -467, 72, 471}; Plane Surface(90) = {90};
Line Loop(91) = {465, 468, 470, 472}; Plane Surface(91) = {91}; Line Loop(92) = {473, -474, 73, 475}; Plane Surface(92) = {92}; Line Loop(93) = {476, -477, 74, 474}; Plane Surface(93) = {93}; Line Loop(94) = {478, -479, 75, 477}; Plane Surface(94) = {94}; Line Loop(95) = {480, -475, 76, 479}; Plane Surface(95) = {95}; Line Loop(96) = {473, 476, 478, 480}; Plane Surface(96) = {96}; Line Loop(97) = {481, -482, 77, 483}; Plane Surface(97) = {97}; Line Loop(98) = {484, -485, 78, 482}; Plane Surface(98) = {98}; Line Loop(99) = {486, -487, 79, 485}; Plane Surface(99) = {99}; Line Loop(100) = {488, -483, 80, 487}; Plane Surface(100) = {100}; Line Loop(101) = {481, 484, 486, 488}; Plane Surface(101) = {101}; Line Loop(102) = {489, -490, 81, 491}; Plane Surface(102) = {102}; Line Loop(103) = {492, -493, 82, 490}; Plane Surface(103) = {103}; Line Loop(104) = {494, -495, 83, 493}; Plane Surface(104) = {104}; Line Loop(105) = {496, -491, 84, 495}; Plane Surface(105) = {105}; Line Loop(106) = {489, 492, 494, 496}; Plane Surface(106) = {106}; Line Loop(107) = {497, -498, 85, 499}; Plane Surface(107) = {107}; Line Loop(108) = {500, -501, 86, 498}; Plane Surface(108) = {108}; Line Loop(109) = {502, -503, 87, 501}; Plane Surface(109) = {109}; Line Loop(110) = {504, -499, 88, 503}; Plane Surface(110) = {110}; Line Loop(111) = {497, 500, 502, 504}; Plane Surface(111) = {111}; Line Loop(112) = {505, -506, 89, 507}; Plane Surface(112) = {112}; Line Loop(113) = {508, -509, 90, 506}; Plane Surface(113) = {113}; Line Loop(114) = {510, -511, 91, 509}; Plane Surface(114) = {114}; Line Loop(115) = {512, -507, 92, 511}; Plane Surface(115) = {115};
Line Loop(116) = {505, 508, 510, 512}; Plane Surface(116) = {116}; Line Loop(117) = {513, -514, 93, 515}; Plane Surface(117) = {117}; Line Loop(118) = {516, -517, 94, 514}; Plane Surface(118) = {118}; Line Loop(119) = {518, -519, 95, 517}; Plane Surface(119) = {119}; Line Loop(120) = {520, -515, 96, 519}; Plane Surface(120) = {120}; Line Loop(121) = {513, 516, 518, 520}; Plane Surface(121) = {121}; Line Loop(122) = {521, -522, 97, 523}; Plane Surface(122) = {122}; Line Loop(123) = {524, -525, 98, 522}; Plane Surface(123) = {123}; Line Loop(124) = {526, -527, 99, 525}; Plane Surface(124) = {124}; Line Loop(125) = {528, -523, 100, 527}; Plane Surface(125) = {125}; Line Loop(126) = {521, 524, 526, 528}; Plane Surface(126) = {126}; Line Loop(127) = {529, -530, 101, 531}; Plane Surface(127) = {127}; Line Loop(128) = {532, -533, 102, 530}; Plane Surface(128) = {128}; Line Loop(129) = {534, -535, 103, 533}; Plane Surface(129) = {129}; Line Loop(130) = {536, -531, 104, 535}; Plane Surface(130) = {130}; Line Loop(131) = {529, 532, 534, 536}; Plane Surface(131) = {131}; Line Loop(132) = {537, -538, 105, 539}; Plane Surface(132) = {132}; Line Loop(133) = {540, -541, 106, 538}; Plane Surface(133) = {133}; Line Loop(134) = {542, -543, 107, 541}; Plane Surface(134) = {134}; Line Loop(135) = {544, -539, 108, 543}; Plane Surface(135) = {135}; Line Loop(136) = {537, 540, 542, 544}; Plane Surface(136) = {136}; Line Loop(137) = {545, -546, 109, 547}; Plane Surface(137) = {137}; Line Loop(138) = {548, -549, 110, 546}; Plane Surface(138) = {138}; Line Loop(139) = {550, -551, 111, 549}; Plane Surface(139) = {139}; Line Loop(140) = {552, -547, 112, 551}; Plane Surface(140) = {140};
Line Loop(141) = {545, 548, 550, 552}; Plane Surface(141) = {141}; Line Loop(142) = {553, 554, 113, 555}; Plane Surface(142) = {142}; Line Loop(143) = {556, 557, 114, 554}; Plane Surface(143) = {143}; Line Loop(144) = {558, 559, 115, 557}; Plane Surface(144) = {144}; Line Loop(145) = {560, 555, 116, 559}; Plane Surface(145) = {145}; Line Loop(146) = {553, 556, 558, 560}; Plane Surface(146) = {146}; Line Loop(147) = {561, 562, 117, 563}; Plane Surface(147) = {147}; Line Loop(148) = {564, 565, 118, 562}; Plane Surface(148) = {148}; Line Loop(149) = {566, 567, 119, 565}; Plane Surface(149) = {149}; Line Loop(150) = {568, 563, 120, 567}; Plane Surface(150) = {150}; Line Loop(151) = {561, 564, 566, 568}; Plane Surface(151) = {151}; Line Loop(152) = {569, 570, 121, 571}; Plane Surface(152) = {152}; Line Loop(153) = {572, 573, 122, 570}; Plane Surface(153) = {153}; Line Loop(154) = {574, 575, 123, 573}; Plane Surface(154) = {154}; Line Loop(155) = {576, 571, 124, 575}; Plane Surface(155) = {155}; Line Loop(156) = {569, 572, 574, 576}; Plane Surface(156) = {156}; Line Loop(157) = {577, 578, 125, 579}; Plane Surface(157) = {157}; Line Loop(158) = {580, 581, 126, 578}; Plane Surface(158) = {158}; Line Loop(159) = {582, 583, 127, 581}; Plane Surface(159) = {159};
Line Loop(160) = {584, 579, 128, 583}; Plane Surface(160) = {160}; Line Loop(161) = {577, 580, 582, 584}; Plane Surface(161) = {161}; Line Loop(162) = {585, 586, 129, 587}; Plane Surface(162) = {162}; Line Loop(163) = {588, 589, 130, 586}; Plane Surface(163) = {163}; Line Loop(164) = {590, 591, 131, 589}; Plane Surface(164) = {164}; Line Loop(165) = {592, 587, 132, 591}; Plane Surface(165) = {165}; Line Loop(166) = {585, 588, 590, 592}; Plane Surface(166) = {166}; Line Loop(167) = {593, 594, 133, 595}; Plane Surface(167) = {167}; Line Loop(168) = {596, 597, 134, 594}; Plane Surface(168) = {168}; Line Loop(169) = {598, 599, 135, 597}; Plane Surface(169) = {169}; Line Loop(170) = {600, 595, 136, 599}; Plane Surface(170) = {170}; Line Loop(171) = {593, 596, 598, 600}; Plane Surface(171) = {171}; Line Loop(172) = {601, 602, 137, 603}; Plane Surface(172) = {172}; Line Loop(173) = {604, 605, 138, 602}; Plane Surface(173) = {173}; Line Loop(174) = {606, 607, 139, 605}; Plane Surface(174) = {174}; Line Loop(175) = {608, 603, 140, 607}; Plane Surface(175) = {175}; Line Loop(176) = {601, 604, 606, 608}; Plane Surface(176) = {176}; Line Loop(177) = {609, 610, 141, 611}; Plane Surface(177) = {177}; Line Loop(178) = {612, 613, 142, 610}; Plane Surface(178) = {178}; Line Loop(179) = {614, 615, 143, 613}; Plane Surface(179) = {179}; Line Loop(180) = {616, 611, 144, 615}; Plane Surface(180) = {180}; Line Loop(181) = {609, 612, 614, 616}; Plane Surface(181) = {181}; Line Loop(182) = {617, 618, 145, 619}; Plane Surface(182) = {182}; Line Loop(183) = {620, 621, 146, 618}; Plane Surface(183) = {183}; Line Loop(184) = {622, 623, 147, 621}; Plane Surface(184) = {184};
Line Loop(185) = {624, -619, 148, 623}; Plane Surface(185) = {185}; Line Loop(186) = {617, 620, 622, 624}; Plane Surface(186) = {186}; Line Loop(187) = {625, -626, 149, 627}; Plane Surface(187) = {187}; Line Loop(188) = {628, -629, 150, 626}; Plane Surface(188) = {188}; Line Loop(189) = {630, -631, 151, 629}; Plane Surface(189) = {189}; Line Loop(190) = {632, -627, 152, 631}; Plane Surface(190) = {190}; Line Loop(191) = {625, 628, 630, 632}; Plane Surface(191) = {191}; Line Loop(192) = {633, -634, 153, 635}; Plane Surface(192) = {192}; Line Loop(193) = {636, -637, 154, 634}; Plane Surface(193) = {193}; Line Loop(194) = {638, -639, 155, 637}; Plane Surface(194) = {194}; Line Loop(195) = {640, -635, 156, 639}; Plane Surface(195) = {195}; Line Loop(196) = {633, 636, 638, 640}; Plane Surface(196) = {196}; Line Loop(197) = {641, -642, 157, 643}; Plane Surface(197) = {197}; Line Loop(198) = {644, -645, 158, 642}; Plane Surface(198) = {198}; Line Loop(199) = {646, -647, 159, 645}; Plane Surface(199) = {199}; Line Loop(200) = {648, -643, 160, 647}; Plane Surface(200) = {200}; Line Loop(201) = {641, 644, 646, 648}; Plane Surface(201) = {201}; Line Loop(202) = {649, -650, 161, 651}; Plane Surface(202) = {202}; Line Loop(203) = {652, -653, 162, 650}; Plane Surface(203) = {203}; Line Loop(204) = {654, -655, 163, 653}; Plane Surface(204) = {204}; Line Loop(205) = {656, -651, 164, 655}; Plane Surface(205) = {205}; Line Loop(206) = {649, 652, 654, 656}; Plane Surface(206) = {206}; Line Loop(207) = {657, -658, 165, 659}; Plane Surface(207) = {207}; Line Loop(208) = {660, -661, 166, 658}; Plane Surface(208) = {208}; Line Loop(209) = {662, -663, 167, 661}; Plane Surface(209) = {209};
Line Loop(210) = {664, -659, 168, 663}; Plane Surface(210) = {210}; Line Loop(211) = {657, 660, 662, 664}; Plane Surface(211) = {211}; Line Loop(212) = {665, -666, 169, 667}; Plane Surface(212) = {212}; Line Loop(213) = {668, -669, 170, 666}; Plane Surface(213) = {213}; Line Loop(214) = {670, -671, 171, 669}; Plane Surface(214) = {214}; Line Loop(215) = {672, -667, 172, 671}; Plane Surface(215) = {215}; Line Loop(216) = {665, 668, 670, 672}; Plane Surface(216) = {216}; Line Loop(217) = {673, -674, 173, 675}; Plane Surface(217) = {217}; Line Loop(218) = {676, -677, 174, 674}; Plane Surface(218) = {218}; Line Loop(219) = {678, -679, 175, 677}; Plane Surface(219) = {219}; Line Loop(220) = {680, -675, 176, 679}; Plane Surface(220) = {220}; Line Loop(221) = {673, 676, 678, 680}; Plane Surface(221) = {221}; Line Loop(222) = {681, -682, 177, 683}; Plane Surface(222) = {222}; Line Loop(223) = {684, -685, 178, 682}; Plane Surface(223) = {223}; Line Loop(224) = {686, -687, 179, 685}; Plane Surface(224) = {224}; Line Loop(225) = {688, -683, 180, 687}; Plane Surface(225) = {225}; Line Loop(226) = {681, 684, 686, 688}; Plane Surface(226) = {226}; Line Loop(227) = {689, -690, 181, 691}; Plane Surface(227) = {227}; Line Loop(228) = {692, -693, 182, 690}; Plane Surface(228) = {228}; Line Loop(229) = {694, -695, 183, 693}; Plane Surface(229) = {229}; Line Loop(230) = {696, -691, 184, 695}; Plane Surface(230) = {230}; Line Loop(231) = {689, 692, 694, 696}; Plane Surface(231) = {231}; Line Loop(232) = {697, -698, 185, 699}; Plane Surface(232) = {232}; Line Loop(233) = {700, -701, 186, 698}; Plane Surface(233) = {233}; Line Loop(234) = {702, -703, 187, 701}; Plane Surface(234) = {234};
Line Loop(235) = {704, 699, 188, 703}; Plane Surface(235) = {235}; Line Loop(236) = {697, 700, 702, 704}; Plane Surface(236) = {236}; Line Loop(237) = {705, 706, 189, 707}; Plane Surface(237) = {237}; Line Loop(238) = {708, 709, 190, 706}; Plane Surface(238) = {238}; Line Loop(239) = {710, 711, 191, 709}; Plane Surface(239) = {239}; Line Loop(240) = {712, 707, 192, 711}; Plane Surface(240) = {240}; Line Loop(241) = {705, 708, 710, 712}; Plane Surface(241) = {241}; Line Loop(242) = {713, 714, 193, 715}; Plane Surface(242) = {242}; Line Loop(243) = {716, 717, 194, 714}; Plane Surface(243) = {243}; Line Loop(244) = {718, 719, 195, 717}; Plane Surface(244) = {244}; Line Loop(245) = {720, 715, 196, 719}; Plane Surface(245) = {245}; Line Loop(246) = {713, 716, 718, 720}; Plane Surface(246) = {246}; Line Loop(247) = {721, 722, 197, 723}; Plane Surface(247) = {247}; Line Loop(248) = {724, 725, 198, 722}; Plane Surface(248) = {248}; Line Loop(249) = {726, 727, 199, 725}; Plane Surface(249) = {249}; Line Loop(250) = {728, 723, 200, 727}; Plane Surface(250) = {250}; Line Loop(251) = {721, 724, 726, 728}; Plane Surface(251) = {251}; Line Loop(252) = {729, 730, 201, 731}; Plane Surface(252) = {252}; Line Loop(253) = {732, 733, 202, 730}; Plane Surface(253) = {253};
Line Loop(254) = {734, 735, 203, 733}; Plane Surface(254) = {254}; Line Loop(255) = {736, 731, 204, 735}; Plane Surface(255) = {255}; Line Loop(256) = {729, 732, 734, 736}; Plane Surface(256) = {256}; Line Loop(257) = {737, 738, 205, 739}; Plane Surface(257) = {257}; Line Loop(258) = {740, 741, 206, 738}; Plane Surface(258) = {258}; Line Loop(259) = {742, 743, 207, 741}; Plane Surface(259) = {259}; Line Loop(260) = {744, 739, 208, 743}; Plane Surface(260) = {260}; Line Loop(261) = {737, 740, 742, 744}; Plane Surface(261) = {261}; Line Loop(262) = {745, 746, 209, 747}; Plane Surface(262) = {262}; Line Loop(263) = {748, 749, 210, 746}; Plane Surface(263) = {263}; Line Loop(264) = {750, 751, 211, 749}; Plane Surface(264) = {264}; Line Loop(265) = {752, 747, 212, 751}; Plane Surface(265) = {265}; Line Loop(266) = {745, 748, 750, 752}; Plane Surface(266) = {266}; Line Loop(267) = {753, 754, 213, 755}; Plane Surface(267) = {267}; Line Loop(268) = {756, 757, 214, 754}; Plane Surface(268) = {268}; Line Loop(269) = {758, 759, 215, 757}; Plane Surface(269) = {269}; Line Loop(270) = {760, 755, 216, 759}; Plane Surface(270) = {270}; Line Loop(271) = {753, 756, 758, 760}; Plane Surface(271) = {271}; Line Loop(272) = {761, 762, 217, 763}; Plane Surface(272) = {272}; Line Loop(273) = {764, 765, 218, 762}; Plane Surface(273) = {273}; Line Loop(274) = {766, 767, 219, 765}; Plane Surface(274) = {274}; Line Loop(275) = {768, 763, 220, 767}; Plane Surface(275) = {275}; Line Loop(276) = {761, 764, 766, 768}; Plane Surface(276) = {276}; Line Loop(277) = {769, 770, 221, 771}; Plane Surface(277) = {277}; Line Loop(278) = {772, 773, 222, 770}; Plane Surface(278) = {278};
Line Loop(279) = {774, -775, 223, 773}; Plane Surface(279) = {279}; Line Loop(280) = {776, -771, 224, 775}; Plane Surface(280) = {280}; Line Loop(281) = {769, 772, 774, 776}; Plane Surface(281) = {281}; Line Loop(282) = {777, -778, 225, 779}; Plane Surface(282) = {282}; Line Loop(283) = {780, -781, 226, 778}; Plane Surface(283) = {283}; Line Loop(284) = {782, -783, 227, 781}; Plane Surface(284) = {284}; Line Loop(285) = {784, -779, 228, 783}; Plane Surface(285) = {285}; Line Loop(286) = {777, 780, 782, 784}; Plane Surface(286) = {286}; Line Loop(287) = {785, -786, 229, 787}; Plane Surface(287) = {287}; Line Loop(288) = {788, -789, 230, 786}; Plane Surface(288) = {288}; Line Loop(289) = {790, -791, 231, 789}; Plane Surface(289) = {289}; Line Loop(290) = {792, -787, 232, 791}; Plane Surface(290) = {290}; Line Loop(291) = {785, 788, 790, 792}; Plane Surface(291) = {291}; Line Loop(292) = {793, -794, 233, 795}; Plane Surface(292) = {292}; Line Loop(293) = {796, -797, 234, 794}; Plane Surface(293) = {293}; Line Loop(294) = {798, -799, 235, 797}; Plane Surface(294) = {294}; Line Loop(295) = {800, -795, 236, 799}; Plane Surface(295) = {295}; Line Loop(296) = {793, 796, 798, 800}; Plane Surface(296) = {296}; Line Loop(297) = {801, -802, 237, 803}; Plane Surface(297) = {297}; Line Loop(298) = {804, -805, 238, 802}; Plane Surface(298) = {298}; Line Loop(299) = {806, -807, 239, 805}; Plane Surface(299) = {299}; Line Loop(300) = {808, -803, 240, 807}; Plane Surface(300) = {300}; Line Loop(301) = {801, 804, 806, 808}; Plane Surface(301) = {301}; Line Loop(302) = {809, -810, 241, 811}; Plane Surface(302) = {302}; Line Loop(303) = {812, -813, 242, 810}; Plane Surface(303) = {303};
Line Loop(304) = {814, -815, 243, 813}; Plane Surface(304) = {304}; Line Loop(305) = {816, -811, 244, 815}; Plane Surface(305) = {305}; Line Loop(306) = {809, 812, 814, 816}; Plane Surface(306) = {306}; Line Loop(307) = {817, -818, 245, 819}; Plane Surface(307) = {307}; Line Loop(308) = {820, -821, 246, 818}; Plane Surface(308) = {308}; Line Loop(309) = {822, -823, 247, 821}; Plane Surface(309) = {309}; Line Loop(310) = {824, -819, 248, 823}; Plane Surface(310) = {310}; Line Loop(311) = {817, 820, 822, 824}; Plane Surface(311) = {311}; Line Loop(312) = {825, -826, 249, 827}; Plane Surface(312) = {312}; Line Loop(313) = {828, -829, 250, 826}; Plane Surface(313) = {313}; Line Loop(314) = {830, -831, 251, 829}; Plane Surface(314) = {314}; Line Loop(315) = {832, -827, 252, 831}; Plane Surface(315) = {315}; Line Loop(316) = {825, 828, 830, 832}; Plane Surface(316) = {316}; Line Loop(317) = {833, -834, 253, 835}; Plane Surface(317) = {317}; Line Loop(318) = {836, -837, 254, 834}; Plane Surface(318) = {318}; Line Loop(319) = {838, -839, 255, 837}; Plane Surface(319) = {319}; Line Loop(320) = {840, -835, 256, 839}; Plane Surface(320) = {320}; Line Loop(321) = {833, 836, 838, 840}; Plane Surface(321) = {321}; Line Loop(322) = {841, -842, 257, 843}; Plane Surface(322) = {322}; Line Loop(323) = {844, -845, 258, 842}; Plane Surface(323) = {323}; Line Loop(324) = {846, -847, 259, 845}; Plane Surface(324) = {324}; Line Loop(325) = {848, -843, 260, 847}; Plane Surface(325) = {325}; Line Loop(326) = {841, 844, 846, 848}; Plane Surface(326) = {326}; Line Loop(327) = {849, -850, 261, 851}; Plane Surface(327) = {327}; Line Loop(328) = {852, -853, 262, 850}; Plane Surface(328) = {328};
Line Loop(329) = {854, 855, 263, 853}; Plane Surface(329) = {329}; Line Loop(330) = {856, 851, 264, 855}; Plane Surface(330) = {330}; Line Loop(331) = {849, 852, 854, 856}; Plane Surface(331) = {331}; Line Loop(332) = {857, 858, 265, 859}; Plane Surface(332) = {332}; Line Loop(333) = {860, 861, 266, 858}; Plane Surface(333) = {333}; Line Loop(334) = {862, 863, 267, 861}; Plane Surface(334) = {334}; Line Loop(335) = {864, 859, 268, 863}; Plane Surface(335) = {335}; Line Loop(336) = {857, 860, 862, 864}; Plane Surface(336) = {336}; Line Loop(337) = {865, 866, 269, 867}; Plane Surface(337) = {337}; Line Loop(338) = {868, 869, 270, 866}; Plane Surface(338) = {338}; Line Loop(339) = {870, 871, 271, 869}; Plane Surface(339) = {339}; Line Loop(340) = {872, 867, 272, 871}; Plane Surface(340) = {340}; Line Loop(341) = {865, 868, 870, 872}; Plane Surface(341) = {341}; Line Loop(342) = {873, 874, 273, 875}; Plane Surface(342) = {342}; Line Loop(343) = {876, 877, 274, 874}; Plane Surface(343) = {343}; Line Loop(344) = {878, 879, 275, 877}; Plane Surface(344) = {344}; Line Loop(345) = {880, 875, 276, 879}; Plane Surface(345) = {345}; Line Loop(346) = {873, 876, 878, 880}; Plane Surface(346) = {346}; Line Loop(347) = {881, 882, 277, 883}; Plane Surface(347) = {347};
Line Loop(348) = {884, 885, 278, 882}; Plane Surface(348) = {348}; Line Loop(349) = {886, 887, 279, 885}; Plane Surface(349) = {349}; Line Loop(350) = {888, 883, 280, 887}; Plane Surface(350) = {350}; Line Loop(351) = {881, 884, 886, 888}; Plane Surface(351) = {351}; Line Loop(352) = {889, 890, 281, 891}; Plane Surface(352) = {352}; Line Loop(353) = {892, 893, 282, 890}; Plane Surface(353) = {353}; Line Loop(354) = {894, 895, 283, 893}; Plane Surface(354) = {354}; Line Loop(355) = {896, 891, 284, 895}; Plane Surface(355) = {355}; Line Loop(356) = {889, 892, 894, 896}; Plane Surface(356) = {356}; Line Loop(357) = {897, 898, 285, 899}; Plane Surface(357) = {357}; Line Loop(358) = {900, 901, 286, 898}; Plane Surface(358) = {358}; Line Loop(359) = {902, 903, 287, 901}; Plane Surface(359) = {359}; Line Loop(360) = {904, 899, 288, 903}; Plane Surface(360) = {360}; Line Loop(361) = {897, 900, 902, 904}; Plane Surface(361) = {361}; Line Loop(362) = {905, 906, 289, 907}; Plane Surface(362) = {362}; Line Loop(363) = {908, 909, 290, 906}; Plane Surface(363) = {363}; Line Loop(364) = {910, 911, 291, 909}; Plane Surface(364) = {364}; Line Loop(365) = {912, 907, 292, 911}; Plane Surface(365) = {365}; Line Loop(366) = {905, 908, 910, 912}; Plane Surface(366) = {366}; Line Loop(367) = {913, 914, 293, 915}; Plane Surface(367) = {367}; Line Loop(368) = {916, 917, 294, 914}; Plane Surface(368) = {368}; Line Loop(369) = {918, 919, 295, 917}; Plane Surface(369) = {369}; Line Loop(370) = {920, 915, 296, 919}; Plane Surface(370) = {370}; Line Loop(371) = {913, 916, 918, 920}; Plane Surface(371) = {371}; Line Loop(372) = {921, 922, 297, 923}; Plane Surface(372) = {372};
Line Loop(373) = {924, -925, 298, 922}; Plane Surface(373) = {373}; Line Loop(374) = {926, -927, 299, 925}; Plane Surface(374) = {374}; Line Loop(375) = {928, -923, 300, 927}; Plane Surface(375) = {375}; Line Loop(376) = {921, 924, 926, 928}; Plane Surface(376) = {376}; Line Loop(377) = {929, -930, 301, 931}; Plane Surface(377) = {377}; Line Loop(378) = {932, -933, 302, 930}; Plane Surface(378) = {378}; Line Loop(379) = {934, -935, 303, 933}; Plane Surface(379) = {379}; Line Loop(380) = {936, -931, 304, 935}; Plane Surface(380) = {380}; Line Loop(381) = {929, 932, 934, 936}; Plane Surface(381) = {381}; Line Loop(382) = {937, -938, 305, 939}; Plane Surface(382) = {382}; Line Loop(383) = {940, -941, 306, 938}; Plane Surface(383) = {383}; Line Loop(384) = {942, -943, 307, 941}; Plane Surface(384) = {384}; Line Loop(385) = {944, -939, 308, 943}; Plane Surface(385) = {385}; Line Loop(386) = {937, 940, 942, 944}; Plane Surface(386) = {386}; Line Loop(387) = {945, -946, 309, 947}; Plane Surface(387) = {387}; Line Loop(388) = {948, -949, 310, 946}; Plane Surface(388) = {388}; Line Loop(389) = {950, -951, 311, 949}; Plane Surface(389) = {389}; Line Loop(390) = {952, -947, 312, 951}; Plane Surface(390) = {390}; Line Loop(391) = {945, 948, 950, 952}; Plane Surface(391) = {391}; Line Loop(392) = {953, -954, 313, 955}; Plane Surface(392) = {392}; Line Loop(393) = {956, -957, 314, 954}; Plane Surface(393) = {393}; Line Loop(394) = {958, -959, 315, 957}; Plane Surface(394) = {394}; Line Loop(395) = {960, -955, 316, 959}; Plane Surface(395) = {395}; Line Loop(396) = {953, 956, 958, 960}; Plane Surface(396) = {396}; Line Loop(397) = {961, -962, 317, 963}; Plane Surface(397) = {397};
Line Loop(398) = {964, -965, 318, 962}; Plane Surface(398) = {398}; Line Loop(399) = {966, -967, 319, 965}; Plane Surface(399) = {399}; Line Loop(400) = {968, -963, 320, 967}; Plane Surface(400) = {400}; Line Loop(401) = {961, 964, 966, 968}; Plane Surface(401) = {401}; Line Loop(402) = {969, -970, 321, 971}; Plane Surface(402) = {402}; Line Loop(403) = {972, -973, 322, 970}; Plane Surface(403) = {403}; Line Loop(404) = {974, -975, 323, 973}; Plane Surface(404) = {404}; Line Loop(405) = {976, -971, 324, 975}; Plane Surface(405) = {405}; Line Loop(406) = {969, 972, 974, 976}; Plane Surface(406) = {406}; Line Loop(407) = {977, -978, 325, 979}; Plane Surface(407) = {407}; Line Loop(408) = {980, -981, 326, 978}; Plane Surface(408) = {408}; Line Loop(409) = {982, -983, 327, 981}; Plane Surface(409) = {409}; Line Loop(410) = {984, -979, 328, 983}; Plane Surface(410) = {410}; Line Loop(411) = {977, 980, 982, 984}; Plane Surface(411) = {411}; Surface Loop(1) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411}; Physical Surface(1) ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247,
248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411} ;
Physical Surface(3) = {211};
Point(673) = {-5.3,5.7,-0.2, 1}; Point(674) = {-2.3, 8.7, -0.2, 1}; Point(675) = {-2.3, 2.7, -0.2, 1}; Point(676) = {-8.3, 2.7, 0.2,1}; Point(677) = {-8.3, 8.7, -0.2, 1}; Circle(993) = {677, 673, 674}; Circle(994) = {674, 673, 675}; Circle(995) = {675, 673, 676}; Circle(996) = {676, 673, 677}; Line Loop(997) = {993, 994, 995, 996}; Plane Surface(998) = {997}; Point(678) = {-5.3,5.7, 4.042640687,1}; Circle(999) = {676, 673, 678}; Circle(1000) = {678, 673, 674}; Circle(1001) = {677, 673, 678}; Circle(1002) = {678, 673, 675};
Line Loop(1003) = {1000, -993, 1001}; Ruled Surface(1004) = {1003}; Line Loop(1005) = {1000, 994, -1002}; Ruled Surface(1006) = {1005}; Line Loop(1007) = {1002, 995, 999}; Ruled Surface(1008) = {1007}; Line Loop(1009) = {996, 1001, -999}; Ruled Surface(1010) = {1009}; Surface Loop(2)={1004,1006,1008,101 0,998}; Physical Surface(2) = {1004,1006,1008,1010,998}; Volume(58) = {1,2}; Physical Volume(101) = {58};