PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI

TRANSLATION MAPPING OF THE ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS ABOVE, BEYOND, AND OVER IN JEANNE DUPRAU’S CITY OF EMBER INTO INDONESIAN AND THEIR EQUIVALENCE IN BACK TRANSLATION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By YANI PURWANINGSIH Student Number: 094214045

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2013


TRANSLATION MAPPING OF THE ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS ABOVE, BEYOND, AND OVER IN JEANNE DUPRAU’S CITY OF EMBER INTO INDONESIAN AND THEIR EQUIVALENCE IN BACK TRANSLATION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By YANI PURWANINGSIH Student Number: 094214045

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2013

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“Being happy doesn't mean that everything is perfect. It means that you've decided to look beyond the imperfections.” Gerard Way

“Language is the means of getting an idea from my brain into yours without surgery.” Mark Amidon

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I believe that this research report could never be accomplished without help from others. It would be my pleasure to address my sincere appreciation to all parties who were willing to give me their time and support during the writing process of my undergraduate thesis. First of all, my deepest gratitude goes to Allah SWT for the blessings upon me. I got many learning points during the long writing process before finally I came to this piece. I would like to address my special thanks for my advisor, Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum., who has guided me and helped me in finishing this study. I thank him very much for the time he has spent on giving me his thoughts, advice, and suggestion. I am also indebted a gratitude to my co-advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., for suggestion and willingness to do correction on my undergraduate thesis. I am likewise grateful to my Main Examiner, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for his observations and corrections during my thesis defense. Without their help, it would never come into being. I also thank all the lecturers in the English Letters Department for the time and energy they spent teaching, and for the love, patience, and motivation given to me during my study. I owe a great deal to my beloved husband for the incomparable love, support, and encouragement, and to my parents whose love, prayer, and patience were always gave me strength. A million thanks also go to my only little sister,

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Ulil, who was doing her undergraduate thesis at the same time with me. I thank her for being my motivation to finish this thesis sooner. I must give many thanks also for students of English Letters 2009, especially my close friends Richard, Vicka, Putri, and Vincentia “Vince” with whom I share most good and bad times. Lastly, I extend a million thanks for all parties who have supported me during my study in Sanata Dharma University whose names I cannot mention here, but I inscribe them in my heart.

Yani Purwaningsih

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iii MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xii ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation .............................................................................. 5 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 5 D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 8 A. Review of Related Studies ...................................................................... 8 B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................. 13 1. Prototype Theory ............................................................................... 13 2. Prepositional Meanings ...................................................................... 14 3. Types of Preposition in Bahasa Indonesia ......................................... 15 4. Theories of Equivalence ..................................................................... 16 5. Theories of Back Translation ............................................................. 17 C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 18 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ A. Area of Research ................................................................................... B. Object of the Study ............................................................................... C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. D. Research Procedure ............................................................................... 1. Types of Data ................................................................................... a. Objective Data ............................................................................. b. Affective Data ............................................................................. 2. Data Collection ................................................................................. a. Document Analysis ..................................................................... b. Survey ......................................................................................... 3. Population and Sample ..................................................................... 4. Data Validity .................................................................................... 5. Data Analysis ...................................................................................

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20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 26


CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 29 A. Translation Mapping of Prepositions above, beyond and over in Indonesian ........................................................................................ 30 1. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition above ......... 30 2. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition beyond ......... 33 3. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition over .......... 38 B. The Translation’s Equivalence of Prepositions above, beyond and over Seen through Back Translation Method ....................................... 48 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 59 APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 62 Appendix 1: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition above ...................................................... 62 Appendix 2: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition beyond ...................................................... 64 Appendix 3: Data Collection – The Group of Data with Preposition over .......................................................... 66 Appendix 4: The Translation Mapping of Preposition above ................... 74 Appendix 5: The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond ................. 75 Appendix 6: The Translation Mapping of Preposition over ..................... 76 Appendix 7: The Data for the Survey ....................................................... 79 Appendix 8: The Form of the Survey ....................................................... 80 Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 1 (R1) ... 82 Appendix 10: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 2 (R2) ... 84 Appendix 11: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 3 (R3) ... 86 Appendix 12: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 4 (R4) ... 88 Appendix 13: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 5 (R5) ... 90 Appendix 14: The Result of Back Translation from Five Respondents ..... 92

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above ................. 23 Table 2. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above ................. 27 Table 3. The Example of the Meanings of Preposition above ............................ 27 Table 4. The Example of the Translation Mapping of Preposition above .......... 28 Table 5. The Example of the Result of Back Translation ................................... 28 Table 6. The Group of Data with Preposition above ........................................... 30 Table 7. The Meanings of Preposition above ..................................................... 31 Table 8. The Translation Mapping of Preposition above .................................... 33 Table 9. The Group of Data with Preposition beyond ......................................... 33 Table 10. The Meanings of Preposition beyond .................................................. 36 Table 11. The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond ................................. 37 Table 12. The Group of Data with Preposition over ............................................. 38 Table 13. The Meanings of Preposition over ....................................................... 40 Table 14. The Translation Mapping of Preposition over ..................................... 47 Table 15. The Result of the Survey from Five Respondents ............................... 49

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over ................................................... 9 Figure 2. The Diagram of Source Triangulation .................................................. 25 Figure 3. The Diagram of Methodological Triangulation .................................... 26 Figure 4. The Pie Charts of Back Translation Equivalence ................................. 56

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ABSTRACT PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013. This study discusses the translation mapping of English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their equivalents when they are translated back into English. The writer has an expectation that the study will broaden readers’ knowledge and understanding of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in English and Indonesian, that further might strengthen their translation skills. There are two problems analyzed in this study. The first problem is how the mapping of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. It is analyzed to see how the translations and the meanings of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over are classified in Indonesian. The second problem is how the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using reverse translation method. In this study, the writer focused on the equivalence of preposition’s meaning and expression in both English and Indonesian. The study focused on the translation mapping and translation equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian and vice versa based on the existing theories on prepositions and some theories on translation studies. The data used in this study were divided into two categories, data in English as the first source text and Indonesian data as the target text. The methodologies applied in this study were a combination of field and library research. Field research was employed by giving a survey to certain respondents to translate using the reverse translation method. The writer also conducted a library research in order to get as much information as she needed for the study. Based on the study analysis, the following have been identified as the answers to each problem. First, the mapping of English prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian has resulted in the same relationships and expressions. Some theories on prepositions used in the study have been determined to be applicable in both English and Indonesian. This indicates that these two languages share similar characteristics and usages of prepositions. The second result is respondents translated some Indonesian translations of those three English prepositions back to English differently from its original text. Even though some of them are translated differently and even untranslated, the relationships, meanings and expressions they carry have remained the same. It has also been proven that there are similar patterns or concepts prepositions have both in English and Indonesian.

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ABSTRAK PURWANINGSIH, YANI. Translation Mapping of the English Prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian and their Equivalence in Back Translation. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013. Studi ini membahas mengenai pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above, beyond, dan over yang ditemukan di buku City of Ember karya Jeanne Duprau ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan sejauh mana ekuivalensi preposisi ini ketika mereka diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Penulis berharap studi ini dapat menambah pengetahuan dan pemahaman para pembaca maupun mahasiswa mengenai preposisi above, beyond, dan over, baik di Bahasa Indonesia maupun Bahasa Inggris, sehingga nantinya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mereka dalam menerjemah. Terdapat dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi tersebut dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Masalah kedua yaitu seberapa ekuivalen terjemahan dari preposisi ini ketika mereka diterjemahkan kembali ke Bahasa Inggris. Dalam studi ini, penulis memfokuskan ekuivalensi pada arti yang dibawa oleh preposisi tersebut, baik di Bahasa Indonesia maupun di Bahasa Inggris. Studi ini terfokus pada pemetaan terjemahan preposisi above, beyond, dan over dan ekuivalensinya dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan juga sebaliknya berdasarkan beberapa teori yang ada mengenai preposisi dan ilmu terjemahan. Data dibagi menjadi dua kategori, data dalam Bahasa Inggris sebagai teks sumber dan data dalam Bahasa Indonesia sebagai teks target. Metode yang digunakan adalah perpaduan studi pustaka dan riset lapangan. Riset lapangan dilakukan dengan cara melakukan survey terhadap beberapa responden untuk menerjemahkan menggunakan metode back translation. Penulis juga melakukan studi pustaka untuk mendapatkan informasi selengkap-lengkapnya yang dibutuhkan dalam studi ini. Berdasarkan hasil analisis studi ini, berikut adalah jawaban untuk tiap permasalahan yang dibahas. Pertama, pemetaan preposisi above, beyond, dan over dalam Bahasa Indonesia menghasilkan adanya hubungan dan ekpresi yang sama. Beberapa teori tentang preposisi yang digunakan dalam studi ini dapat diterapkan di kedua bahasa ini. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya karakteristik yang sama antar keduanya. Hasil yang kedua adalah responden menerjemahkan balik preposisi ini ke preposisi yang berbeda dari teks aslinya, bahkan ada beberapa yang tidak diterjemahkan, namun sebagian besar tetap memiliki hubungan dan arti yang sama dengan teks aslinya. Hal ini membuktikan adanya pola dan konsep yang sama antara Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study English prepositions such as at, of, after, up, beyond, over, in, from, by, behind, above, to, for, during, about, and on are function words that might not have any obvious meaning associated when they stand alone, but in fact, they still have their own dictionary meanings. According to Frank (1972: 171) in Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, the preposition has the function of connecting a noun or pronoun to another word, usually a noun, verb, or adjective. They function not only as connectors but also have a general grammatical function to indicate certain relationships between words or phrases in sentences such as temporal, tandem, backdrop, scalar, logical, quantity, and spatial relationships. Basically, the meaning of prepositions always shows spatial relation (cf. Brugman and Lakoff 1988, Cienki 1989, Herskovits 1982, 1986; Janda 1985; Vandeloise 1994). In English, each relationship might have several expressions or meanings. The spatial relationship, for example, includes the expressions of dimension or shape, distance, movement or direction, location, and position. In Bahasa Indonesia, from the definition in Sarikata Bahasa Indonesia Lengkap (2009), preposition or kata depan means a word that connects a noun with other words. According to Alwi et al. (1998: 288), Indonesian prepositions are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the

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back constituent. This shows that prepositions are quite important for indicating the relationships between elements they connect and the expressions or semantic meanings of phrases or sentences even though their existence is often less noticeable than other word categories. In the British National Corpus list of the 30 most commonly used words in English, 8 are prepositions (Leech, Rayson, & Wilson, 2001: 120). Since they have various expressions, however, a common problem, in this case for Indonesian students, lies in determining the correct meanings, the proper usages, and the translation of these English prepositions. An English preposition can often be translated into several different Indonesian prepositions. Translation is one way for people to know the others’ ideas or meanings from different countries in the world by changing the “foreign” language into the “native” language. There are some rules and strategies in translating so that the meanings and messages will be transferred properly. One way to assess whether a translation is good or not is by judging its equivalence, where the meaning carried in the Source Language (SL) should remain the same or similar after it is translated into Target Language (TL). An equivalent effect is defined as a similar effect on the Target Text (TT) receivers as the Source Text (ST) is considered to have on Source Text receivers (Newmark, 1988: 48). One common obstacle in the process of learning foreign languages, including translating, is derived from the differences between both languages. People often apply their mother tongue systems into the foreign languages systems they learn. They also unconsciously adjust the foreign language systems into their native language systems. Brown


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(1987: 153-154) states that the principal barrier in second language acquisition is the interference of the first language system on the second language system. Other than their highly idiomatic nature and polysemy, translating prepositions into the second or foreign language is often considered a difficult task for students. This is due to the different ways that the two languages treat prepositions. Gethin and Gunnemark (1996: 18) note in their book, The Art and Science of Learning Languages, "Prepositions are famous for being used in their own special and 'different' way in each language, and cause great difficulties to students all over the world." Following are some cases with the preposition over taken from Jeanne DuPrau’s fictional book, City of Ember, and the Indonesian edition. 1. ST: She passed a line of customers waiting to get into the vegetable market, their shopping bags draped over their arms. (DuPrau, 2003: 18) TT: Dia melewati antrean pelanggan yang ingin masuk ke toko sayuran, dengan keranjang belanja menggantung di lengan mereka. (DuPrau, 2009: 21) 2. ST: “I can leapfrog over the trash can!” (DuPrau, 2003: 19) TT: “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” (DuPrau, 2009: 21) 3. ST: Lina lived in Quillium Square, over the yarn shop run by her grandmother. (DuPrau, 2003: 21) TT: Lina tinggal di Alun-Alun Quillium, di atas toko benang yang dikelola oleh neneknya. (DuPrau, 2009: 24) The three examples above use the English preposition over that is translated into Indonesian differently in each case. The first over is translated into the simple Indonesian preposition di, the second over is translated into the


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Indonesian verb melewati, and the last over is translated into the complex Indonesian preposition di atas. Due to the writer’s curiosity, this study is conducted to classify the translations of prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember into Indonesian based on the existing theories about both English and Indonesian prepositions. Since prepositions are used in all kinds of texts, the work City of Ember was selected as the source of the data in part due to its vivid and clear, precise composition in English. The book is targeted mainly at children and teenagers, so the complexity of writing (the reading level) is lower than in adult fiction, which should simplify comparison of SL with TL and assessment of the TL. The mapping process in this study is limited to the scope of semantic category, meaning it uses only those prepositions’ lexical or dictionary meanings and focuses on finding their meanings when they are in the form of prepositional phrase only. Further, this study will also look at how English native speakers who are foreign learners of Indonesian back-translate those Indonesian prepositions as a result of mapping into their own language and will also evaluate whether their translations are equivalent to the original source text. In conceptualizing their equivalence, the writer refers to the existing theories about English prepositions. The theoretical benefits of this study are that it provides the meanings’ classification of prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. By knowing the problems and finding solutions, it will also develop the field of translation studies itself. In practice, this study will broaden people’s, especially students’,


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knowledge and understanding of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in English and Indonesian, which might further strengthen their translation skills. The writer also expects that the results of this study can be useful for other researchers to make further analysis dealing with fields of translation from other points of view.

B. Problem Formulation Based on the above background, the problems of this study are formulated as follows: 1. How are the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember mapped in Indonesian translation? 2. How is the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember seen using the back translation method?

C. Objectives of the Study In accordance with the problems formulated above, this study has the following objectives. The first objective is to see how the English prepositions above, beyond, and over are translated into Indonesian and how their meanings are classified based on existing theories about prepositions. The second objective of this study is to review the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using the back translation method.


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D. Definition of Terms There are some terms that the writer wants to define in order to avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding or differences in understanding certain terms in this study. Translation Mapping. Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan, in The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic, stated that the conceptual mappings in the translation of English prepositions into Arabic fall into three categories that allow the identification of the semantic mapping of the English preposition in and its correspondence Arabic prepositions that later can be invoked to characterize the meaning of the English preposition in. (2009: 604605) Derived from the definition above, the term translation mapping in this study refers to the classification of the translations of prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian and their relationships as well as the meanings they express in certain contexts that are analyzed based on certain existing theories about both Indonesian and English prepositions. Prepositional Phrase. Mark Lester in Grammar in the Classroom stated that Prepositional Phrase is a group of related words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun, noun phrase or pronoun that functions as the object of the preposition. It usually functions as an adjective, if it modifies a noun, or an adverb when it modifies an adjective or an adverb. (1990: 105-108)


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Translation. According to Eugene Nida and Charles Taber in their book The Theory and Practice of Translation, “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the language message, first in the terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” Equivalence. From the definition of translation above, “the term equivalence is clearly the main point. In other words, the main problem of translation is to find target language equivalent. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for translation”. (Baker, 1992: 5-6). Equivalent effect is defined as similar effect on the Target Text receivers as the Source Text is considered to have on Source Text receivers (Newmark, 1988: 48). Back Translation. According to Harkness and Glusberg, in their study of Questionnaires in Translation, back translation is considered a translation assessment tool/procedure instead of a translation method. It involves the translation of a text, which itself is a translation, back into the original/source language and it is most commonly used and recommended as a way to assess translation work (Werner and Campbell, 1970). They also suggest back translation can be used for translator assessment. According to Mildred L. Larson in Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, back translation is a way to check translation quality by having someone else who is truly bilingual in the source and target languages to take the translation and to write out the meaning he/she gets from it back into the source language (1984: 490)


CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is a review of related studies previously by other writers. It explains the topic of the studies and which parts are relevant or even different to the topic of this study. The second part is a review of related theories that are relevant to the present study. It consists of the theories used in analyzing the matters discussed and how they suit this study. The last part is the theoretical framework. It deals with the contribution of the theories in solving the problems of the study. A. Review of Related Studies 1. Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: The Case of over by Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2001) The first related study is Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: The Case of over by Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2001: 746), provides sophisticated visual representations and creates a “semantic network” both textually and visually for the preposition “over” as follows:

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Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over (Tyler and Evans, 2001: 746)

Based on the diagrams of the prototypes of the preposition over illustrated in figure 1 above, the spatial relationship is established by at least entities, one is the center of attention and likely to be movable, and the other is the background and referenced to the first. Langacker (1987) stated that these two entities are the object that is located, termed the trajector (TR), and the object that serves as a reference point, the landmark (LM). The expressions these two entities carry including covering, examining, repetition, trajectory, on-the other-side of, completion, and over and above Essentially, this paper provides several criteria for ordering and ranking linguistic evidence and thereby improves the reliability of judgments and


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conclusions. To the extent practical, the present study will attempt to integrate some of the findings and methodology exhibited in this paper, particularly including a mix of different formats which aid both in performing analysis and presenting the results intelligibly to readers. It is also relevant to the present study in the way it expands the information about the prepositions over and provides the map of the meanings that preposition has. In this study, however, the object is only English preposition over, while the objects of the current study are English prepositions above, beyond, and over. If Tyler and Evans focus on the polysemy networks of preposition over, the present study discusses and analyzes further how the prepositions above, beyond, and over are translated and mapped into Indonesian. 2. The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic by Imran Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan (2009) The research discusses the translation classification of the English preposition in in Arabic. The writer classifies it into three semantic mapping categories based on the four domains or relationships it has (spatial, temporal, area, and state). The writer follows certain theories in mapping the four domains of the source language and then finds the usage of them in the target language. The three semantic mapping categories are Same Domain Mapping (SDM), Zero Domain Mapping (ZDM), and Different Domain Mapping (DDM). The data the writer uses are derived from 75 Iraqi students aged 15-17 years old who are attending an Iraqi secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.


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In the conclusion, the writer points out that cross-linguistically, prepositions are a part of English and Arabic language constituents that exert influence on both languages. Therefore, using translation as a method might draw attention to the manipulation of language and to the fact that translation to Arabic may be mapped differently. In this research, the method of the study the writer used is similar to the current study. It also has relevancy in the context of translating foreign prepositions into native prepositions and in the way it involves some respondents as one part of the methods the writer uses in conducting the study. While the object of this research is the preposition in and the research mentions that the differences in both languages that sometimes lead to errors in translation, the writer of the current study will only translate the English prepositions above, beyond, and over, map, and analyze them based on certain theories. The final mapping result of this study is also different from the current study. This study maps the translation of the preposition in based on the relationships it has, while the present study maps the translation of the prepositions above, beyond, and over based on their meanings in certain contexts. 3. Back Translation as Means of Giving Translators a Voice by Uldis Ozolins (2009) This study presents an overview of various aspects and challenges faced in back translation (“blind” translation of the target language text back into the source language to compare the target translation‟s fidelity with the original source), both from a theoretical perspective and based on a specific medical translation project that involved forward and back translation of detailed medical


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surveys. The author presents common objections to the common methodology and practice of back translation and attempts to demonstrate positive aspects that had not been addressed in previous studies. Aside from issues specific to the medical field, the author lists several aspects that are simultaneously benefits and complications of back translation, namely inevitable shifts in meaning due to differing grammatical and conceptual frameworks in different languages. Specifically mentioned are differences related to tense, number, gender, “scales of intensity” (differing gradations with regard to severity, probability, etc.), fundamental differences in phrasing (e.g., placement of noun modifiers), and cases where idiomatic usage in either language requires the addition or omission of words absent in the other (e.g., some languages lack an equivalent to English “some”). This study is about Back Translation, which is also part of the present study. It is relevant to the current study primarily because it provides examples of issues that must be considered when performing and assessing back translations and judging equivalence between source and target texts. However, the object of both studies is quite different. The object in this study is related to medical field, while the current study has the objects from linguistic field, the English prepositions above, beyond, and over.


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B. Review of Related Theories 1. Prototype Theory – a theory on spatial relationship of preposition Geeraerts (1989 and 1990) stated that prototypical categories in general cannot be defined by means of a single set of criteria and sufficient attributes. Based on this theory, words, in this case preposition as one type of function words; do not have any obvious meaning when they stand alone, even though they have their dictionary meanings. The meaning of prepositions only can be seen after they appear with other words in certain contexts. In line with Geeraets, Taylor stated that senses of the prepositions of English cannot be captured in one or more core definitions consisting of a set of necessary and sufficient attributes (cf. Taylor 1988: 300-301) as they are prototypically structured polysemous lexical categories. Taylor mentioned that prepositions cannot be described by their polysemous senses and meanings alone because those might be different in different contexts. Further, Geeraerts (2007: 168) points out the four hypotheses which concern prototype: • Physiological, the sense is about something that is physically experienced. • Referential, deals with the attributes or senses shared by the elements (words) that precede or follow the preposition. • Statistical, related to the frequency of preposition‟s senses and also requires our ability to categorize. For example, despite the great exposure of a temporal sense caused by high frequency, we still perceive spatial relationship as the prototype of prepositions.


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• Psychological (mental representation). In analyzing the meanings of preposition above, beyond, and over, prototype theory allows a flexible category by ruling out the classic approach which supports necessary and sufficient conditions. The category of prepositions may be fuzzily organized by human perceptions about the locative sense, which is prototypical (physical), and the metaphorical (psychological) senses. The writer will classify the meanings and senses of prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian based on from their meanings when they are formed with other words that in certain contexts possible to be different. This writer will also consider the other words‟ meanings that structure in the contexts. 2. Prepositional Meanings Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language mention the references of the prepositions above, beyond, and over (1985: 666) and determine their meanings seen from the relation of the semantic categories to their usual syntactic functions (1985: 673). In the case of preposition above, its reference is relative position (vertical position). It also can be an intensifying preposition with the meaning „more than.‟ References for the preposition beyond are orientation (on the far side of) and exception (except (for)), while the preposition over has various references and senses such as relative position (vertical position), relative destination, passage (with verbs of motion, it expresses movement towards and then away from a place), orientation (on the far side of), resultative (the state of having reached the


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destination), static pervasive, motion pervasive, accompanying circumstances, „more than,‟ duration, and subject matter (on the object of). Similar to the first theory by Geeraerts, the present study also uses this theory to determine the meanings of the prepositions above, beyond, and over carry in all data by looking at the words structured them. 3. Types of Prepositions in Bahasa Indonesia a. According to Alwi, et.al (1998: 288), in Indonesian there are two main types of preposition, Simple Preposition (Kata Depan Sejati) and Complex Preposition (Kata Depan Majemuk). Indonesian prepositions are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent. i. Simple prepositions They are di, ke, and dari. These three simple prepositions are used to relate words and show the relationships between words they connect. Semantically, prepositions in Indonesian have some common meanings, they are: 1. Place: di, ke, dari, sampai, antara 2. Allocation: bagi, untuk, buat, guna 3. Cause: karena, sebab, lantaran 4. Participation or manner: dengan, sambil, beserta, bersama 5. Participant: oleh 6. Time: pada, hingga, sampai, sejak 7. Situation: tentang, mengenai 8. Possession: dari (Alwi, dkk, 1998: 295) ii. Complex Prepositions They are di atas, ke sana, dari sana, etc. They are simple prepositions followed by an adverb of place.


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b. According to Ramlan (1987: 63-71), the preposition ke is used to indicate the direction or movement to a targeted location while the preposition di shows a stative location. According to Muslich (2010), the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located, the preposition ke shows the spatial relationship of direction into a location or position, and the preposition dari also has a spatial relationship that shows the source direction or location and sometimes possession. Based on these types and classification of Indonesian prepositions, the back translation of English prepositions above, beyond, and over in City of Ember can be determined by the meanings or senses they have which are structured from other words they connect. 4. Theories of Equivalence

According to Nida and Taber, there are two types of equivalence, namely formal and dynamic equivalent - they attempt to produce on their readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. (cf. Nida's dynamic eq.). Formal equivalence – “a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. It focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content.” It focuses on the message in the TL that has a similar structure (word level) to its ST, which contributes a strong influence in determining its accuracy. In Koller's framework of equivalence, formal equivalence is described in the situation when SL and TL words have similar orthographic or phonological features (Koller in Hatim, 2001: 28)


17

Dynamic equivalence – “a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TL audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience.” If formal equivalence focuses on the structure in order to seek the closest message or translation of a text, dynamic equivalence focuses on finding the TT message and effect on the TT readers as similar as in the ST. It is not only about the accuracy of conveying the ST message but also the naturalness of the TT. To assess the back translation equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, Nida's and Taber‟s formal equivalence is more suitable since it sees the accuracy of a translation from the structure of the TT that should be as close as possible to the ST. 5. Theories of Back Translation In a study of Questionnaires in Translation by Janet A. Harkness and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg (1998), they point out that back translation is considered a translation assessment tool/procedure instead of a translation method. It involves the translation of a text, which itself is a translation, back into the original/source language and it is most commonly used and recommended as a way to assess translation work (Werner and Campbell (1970). According to Harkness and Glusberg, back translation functions as a way to compare/contrast and assess the back translation with the source text so that the quality of a translation can be revealed. They provide the steps or methods of back translation, which are:


18

a. A source text in one language (Source Language Text One, SLT1) is translated into another language (Target Language Text, TLT). b. The TLT is translated back into the language of SLT1 by a second translator, unfamiliar with the SLT1 and uninformed that there is an SLT1. This second translation, the back translation, is SLT2. c. SLT1 is compared to SLT2. d. On the basis of differences or similarities between SLT1 and SLT2, conclusions are drawn about the equivalence of TLT to SLT1. The more identical SLT1 and SLT2 are, the greater the equivalence between the TLT and the SLT1 is considered to be. It implies that the quality of the translation is good. In the case of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, to assess whether their back translations are equivalent or not, it is necessary to look at their meanings or messages they carry both in the original source texts and their back translations.

C. Theoretical Framework This study aims at answering the problems that have been stated previously. In this part, the application of the theories on the study will be explained. Theories on spatial relationships, the meanings of preposition, and theories on types of Indonesian preposition are applicable to answer the first problem question. There are four theories of preposition applied in this study. They are the Prototype Theory by Geeraets (1989), Prepositional Meanings in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Randolph Quirk, Sidney


19

Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik, and theories on Type of Indonesian Preposition by Alwi, and Ramlan. Prototype Theory and Prepositional Meanings in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language are applied to determine the meanings and expressions the prepositions above, beyond, and over carry, while theories on Type of Indonesian Preposition by Alwi, and Ramlan are bases for the writer to compare the meanings of the prepositions above, beyond, and over after they are translated into Indonesian. The second question deals with the effects of the translation equivalence of English prepositions above, beyond, and over which have been translated into Indonesian back to the original language. The Theory of Equivalence by Nida and Taber (1992) and Theory of Back Translation by Janet A. Harkness and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg (1998) are applicable to assess the back translations' equivalence since the definition of equivalence and back translation are required as the basic understanding of the topic being discussed in this study.


CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Areas of Research In the field of translation studies, the current study applies the research area of text analysis and translation which focuses on classifying and analyzing the prepositions above, beyond, and over in the City of Ember as the source text and their translations in Indonesian. These Indonesian translations will later be translated back into English by some chosen respondents to find out whether or not they exhibit good equivalence with their original texts.

B. Object of the Study The objects analyzed in this study are the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in the Kindle (E-book) version of Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember which was published in 2003 by Random House Children’s Books and their Indonesian version which was translated by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani and published by Mizan Fantasi in 2009. Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember is a work of science fiction that is very powerful because it taps into one of humans’ biggest fears, darkness. It is written in 18 chapters and it was first published in 2003. The writer of the book portrays a dying and isolated city surrounded by darkness. The two young characters, Lina Mayfleet and Doon Harrow, are trying to save their lives and the people of Ember by finding a way to leave their undergrounded city that is breaking down. 20


21

C. Method of the Study The methods used in this study were both field and library research. Library research was required to get all information through books and websites about the focus of the study, including the theories relevant to the study. As part of the library research, the writer read not only both the English and Indonesian versions of City of Ember, but also a number of related studies and theories. The knowledge gained from this process provided a strong foundation to construct the survey to support the results of the study. The field research was employed in the form of a survey using the back translation method to determine the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over, which were translated into Indonesian, with their original texts. The respondents of this study were foreign students from speaking English countries (specifically USA, Australia, and England), who have good comprehension of Indonesian. The data in this study were primary data, meaning no data were taken from other studies. The writer collected the data consisting of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over and their translations only from the work of City of Ember written by Jeanne DuPrau and its Indonesian version.

D. Research Procedure 1. Types of Data The data in this study were divided into two groups:


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a. Objective Data The objective data were taken from Kindle (E-book) version of Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember and its Indonesian translation. The original work was published in 2003 by Random House Children’s Books. The work of fiction is 270 pages long. The Indonesian version of City of Ember was translated by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani and published by Mizan Fantasi in 2009 and is 312 pages long. The data consisted of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in the form of prepositional phrases found in City of Ember. The total number of the data points from this work was 108, which were divided into 13 data points with the preposition above, 14 data points with the preposition beyond, and 81 data points with the preposition over. All of these data points are in the form of prepositional phrases only. b. Affective Data The affective data were the information gained from the respondents through a questionnaire (Sutopo, 2002: 20). They were collected to determine the equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over with their original texts. In order to get the affective data, the writer conducted a survey with five respondents. The purpose of the survey was to collect the back translation data. The respondents were five native English speakers who learn and comprehend both English and Indonesian so that the back translations they performed were considered qualified. They came from different backgrounds, ages, and nationalities. They were coded as R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5. R1 was a student and


23

also a teacher from the USA; R2 was a student from the USA; R3 was a British student; R4 was an Australian student; and R5 was a student from the USA. They were asked to translate 20 data points chosen from Indonesian back into English. 2. Data Collection In the study, data were collected in two methods; document analysis and field survey via questionnaire. a. Document Analysis In collecting data for this study, the writer started with reading activity. The materials in this reading process were the E-book version of Jeanne DuPrau’s fiction, City of Ember, and the Indonesian translation of City of Ember. First, all data containing prepositions above, beyond, and over in the source text were highlighted. The writer searched for their Indonesian translations and highlighted them as well. The writer then identified the highlighted data that were related to the topic in the study (prepositions that form prepositional phrase only) and classified them into three different groups of prepositions. Next, the writer typed all data and gave a number to each data point. For example, the data from the group with preposition above would be presented like in the table below. Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

At least then she Setidaknya dia dapat 1/TT/Abv/1/14 could have stayed tinggal di atas tanah, above ground, with dengan ruang yang space and people luas dan orang-orang around her. di sekelilingnya Table 1. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above

1/ST/Abv/1/12


24

In the numbering assigned to datum 1/ST/Abv/1/12, ‘1’ means the first data of all, ‘ST’ means it was data from the Source Text, ‘Abv’ referred to above, meaning it was data with the preposition above, and the other ‘1’ there means the first data from the group with the preposition above, while ‘12’ is the page where the data was taken from. The numbering for datum 1/TT/Abv/1/14 has the same explanation, except for the ‘TT’ there, which means Target Text. b. Survey The following method in collecting the data was field survey. After all data both in English and Indonesian were collected and mapped, the writer conducted a survey with some English native speakers as the respondents and asked them to translate the 20 selected Indonesian data points back into English. The results of the survey, based on the theory applied, were used to look at the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over to their originals through the reverse translation method. 3. Population and Sample The populations of this study were the prepositions above, beyond, and over at the prepositional phrase level found in the Indonesian translation of City of Ember by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani. The total population size is 108 data points. Next, 20 samples were purposively selected from the population for analysis. They were chosen not based on the amount of data but to represent each form of those English prepositions’ translations. This sample selection is called internal sampling (Sutopo, 2002: 55) because qualitative research is concerned with emphasizing deep and complete information rather than the amount of data.


25

4. Data Validity In order to guarantee the data validity, especially in the second problem, triangulation techniques were done in this study. According to Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Dasar Teori dan Terapannya dalam Penelitian proposed by Sutopo (2002: 78), the triangulation techniques applied in this study were source triangulation and methodological triangulation. Source triangulation is a technique having or involving more than one respondent to analyze, assess, or collect the same qualitative data. This was done by presenting samples of the data chosen in a survey form and distributing them to five respondents. They were asked to translate the data into Indonesian. The survey involved participants from different backgrounds, though they all are native speakers of English who have studied Indonesian. The fact that data translated by different respondents produced different results led the writer to attempt to find out the reasons for the differences. The following diagram describes the application of source triangulation.

R1, United States, Student, Teacher R2, United States, Student Sources

R3, Britain, Student R4, Australia, Student R5, United States, Student Figure 2. The Diagram of Source Triangulation


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Methodological triangulation is a technique in qualitative research that uses more than one method in collecting, assessing, or analyzing the same data. The two methods applied in this study were survey and content analysis. In the first method, the writer conducted a survey done by five respondents to find out the equivalence of Indonesian prepositions in English. In the second method, the writer compared and analyzed the results of the survey using some existing theories about English prepositions. The following diagram explains the application of methodological triangulation in this study.

Document Analysis Methods Survey Figure 3. The Diagram of Methodological Triangulation

5. Data Analysis The data analysis was conducted on both the English and Indonesian versions of Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember. To answer the first problem, the writer read the English version of the work and identified all the prepositional phrases with the prepositions above, beyond, and over found in the E-book. Similar steps were also done for the target text of City of Ember. The writer read the book and mapped all the translations of the English data with the prepositions above, beyond, and over from the source text. This process of mapping required some additional activities such as dividing the data into three groups – groups of data with the prepositions above, beyond, and over, and identifying the


27

relationships and expressions each preposition carries in each data point. In identifying the meanings of the preposition, it required looking at two other elements following and preceding it. They are presented in the form of tables. The writer then identified what categories determine the translations or why they are translated such a way based on the existing theories on Indonesian prepositions, before they are mapped and put into the table of translation mapping. Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

1/ST/Abv/1/12

At least then she could have stayed above ground, with space and people around her.

1/TT/Abv/1/14

Setidaknya dia dapat tinggal di atas tanah, dengan ruang yang luas dan orang-orang di sekelilingnya.

2/ST/Abv/2/17

On the street level were shops; above the shops were the apartments where people lived.

2/TT/Abv/2/19

Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal.

Table 2. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above

Before going to the final mapping, the writer analyzed the meaning each preposition carries. It is analyzed based on the other elements or words that structure the sentence or phrase and also based on some existing theories on preposition. Below is the example of the table of the meanings of preposition above. Number of Data

1/ST/Abv/1/12

Object precede the preposition Stayed

2/ST/Abv/2/17

The

Preposition

above

Object follow the preposition Ground

On top of

above

The shops

On top of

apartments Table 3. The Example of the Meanings of Preposition above

Meaning


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The example of final mapping table of prepositions above, in Indonesian is presented in the form of the following table. English Preposition Above

Indonesian Translation

Number of Data

Di atas

Indonesian Word Class

1/TT/Abv/1/14

Preposition

Table 4. The Example of the Translation Mapping of Preposition above

In order to answer the second problem, the writer conducted a survey by giving a form containing 20 selected Indonesian data points to five native English respondents and asked them to translate the data back into English. The writer then collected the survey forms, put them in the table, examined the results, and discussed whether the equivalence is the same or different based on the theories used. As the writer mentioned above, before analyzing the equivalence of back translations that have been collected, the writer first put them in the form of table as follows. Number of

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

Above Beyond

Over

36/TT/Ovr/9/38 Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

-

-

5

32/TT/Ovr/5/21 Over

Over

Over

Over

Beyond -

1

4

-

-

Data

5/TT/Abv/5/51

Above Above Above Above Above

5

Table 5. The Example of the Result of Back Translation


CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The analysis in this study is divided into two main sections. Some tables preceded by their explanation are required in the first section and one single table that is directly followed by the discussion is required in the second section. The first section is mapping of the translation of English data contain prepositions above, beyond, and over in Indonesian. It is divided into three sub sections or groups, translation mapping of preposition above, preposition beyond, and preposition over. Each sub section contains three tables preceded by the description or explanation of what each table is about. The data are specified only in the form of prepositional phrases which are taken from Jeanne DuPrau‘s fictional work City of Ember. The total populations of the data are 108, including 13 data points with the preposition above, 14 with the preposition beyond, and 81 data points with the preposition over. The second section, as the writer mentioned above in one way of collecting the data, is conducting a survey completed by some English native speakers who have studied Indonesian. They are asked to translate 20 selected Indonesian data points back into English. From the results of the survey, the writer focuses on analyzing prepositions they choose and the meanings and messages these prepositions carry in each data point. The writer collects these

29


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translated data from respondents, puts them into a table, and examines their equivalence to their original source texts. A. Translation Mapping of Prepositions above, beyond and over in Indonesian Based on the data collection of the study the writer mentioned previously, in the mapping process, the writer divides all the populations of data found into three groups – data containing the preposition above, beyond, and over from the source text and their Indonesian translations. The writer then identifies the relationships and expressions those prepositions carry in each data point, both in source and target text. The identification of their relationships and expressions is based on two existing theories on prepositions, a prototype theory from Geeraerts and a theory of prepositional meanings by Quirk et al. The specific translation of the prepositions is what the writer calls mapping, which are also presented in the form of tables. 1. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition above There are 13 data points with the preposition above found in the fictional work City of Ember and all of them are translated into the same word in Indonesian, di atas. In the table below, the writer puts one example of datum with preposition above both in ST and TT. Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

Above

1/ST/Abv/1 /12

At least then she could have stayed above ground, with space and people around her.

1/TT/Abv/1 /14

Setidaknya dia dapat tinggal di atas tanah, dengan ruang yang luas dan orang-orang di sekelilingnya.

Table 6. The Group of Data with Preposition above


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The meaning of prepositions in English cannot be captured in one or more core definitions consisting of a set of necessary and sufficient attributes (cf. Taylor 1988: 300-301), as they are prototypically structured polysemous lexical categories. Based on Geeraerts‘ prototype theory (2007: 168), there are four hypotheses which concern prototype, one of them being referential. It deals with the attributes or senses shared by the elements (words) that precede or follow the preposition. The reference for preposition above according to Quirk et al. (1985: 666) is relative position. In those 13 data points, the preposition above expresses the relative position vertically (vertical position) of two objects, one being that represented by its complement. Combining both theories, the meanings of these 13 data points with the preposition above are presented in the table below. Number of Data

Preposition

1/ST/Abv/1/12

Object precede the preposition Stayed

2/ST/Abv/2/17

The apartments

above

3/ST/Abv/3/26

Shelves

above

4/ST/Abv/4/44

Storerooms

above

5/ST/Abv/5/45

above

6/ST/Abv/6/90

tons of earth and rock and buildings The shelf

7/ST/Abv/7/115

a foot

above

above

above

Object follow the preposition Ground

Meaning

On top (vertical position) The shops On top (vertical position) The refrigerator On top (vertical position) That On top (vertical position) Him On top (vertical position) The coatrack On top (vertical position) his upstretched On top (vertical hand position)

of

of

of

of

of

of

of


Number of Data

8/ST/Abv/8/136

Object precede the preposition The space

Preposition

above

9/ST/Abv/9/167

Shelves full of bottles of seeds

above

10/ST/Abv/10/239

Space

above

11/ST/Abv/11/240

Appeared

above

12/ST/Abv/12/242

Ten feet

above

13/ST/Abv/13/255

the silver circle

above

Object follow the preposition The buildings

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Meaning

On top (vertical position) The table On top (vertical position) Her On top (vertical position) It On top (vertical position) Their heads On top (vertical position) the highest On top branch of the (vertical tall plant. position)

of

of

of

of

of

of

Table 7. The Meanings of Preposition above

In Indonesian, According to Alwi, et.al (1998: 288), Prepositions are divided into two main types, Simple Preposition (Kata Depan Sejati) and Complex Preposition (Kata Depan Majemuk). They are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent. Di- is a simple preposition that indicates place, while di atas is a complex preposition that is formed of a simple preposition and an adverb of place. According to Ramlan (1987: 63-71), the preposition di shows a stative location, while according to Muslich (2010), the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located. Based on the theories of preposition from both sides, English and Indonesian, prepositions above and di atas in those 13 data share similar


33

relationships and meanings. They both express spatial relationships and indicate a place, vertical position, and location. From 13 data points with the preposition above found in the fictional work City of Ember, all of them are translated into the same word in Indonesian, di atas. Since all of the data are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, in the translation mapping of preposition above below, the writer just present one of them. English Preposition

Di atas

Above

Number of Data


1/TT/Abv/1/14

Indonesian Word Class Preposition

Table 8. The Translation Mapping of Preposition above

2. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition beyond Data with preposition beyond found in the work City of Ember are 14. They are translated into several different words in Indonesian. In the table of the group of data with preposition beyond below, the writer only presents some of them that represent each case of the translation. Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

Beyond

15/ST/Byn/ 2/25

She had stood at the edge of the trash heaps and gazed into the darkness beyond the city—the Unknown Regions. Maybe from there it would be possible to see beyond the city, into the Unknown Regions.

15/TT/Byn/ 2/28

Dia telah berdiri di tepian tempat pembuangan sampah dan memandang ke kegelapan di luar kota—Daerah Tak Diketahui. Mungkin dari sana dia akan bisa melihat ke luar area kota, ke Daerah Tak Diketahui.

16/ST/Byn/ 3/36

16/TT/Byn/ 3/40


Preposition Beyond

Number of Data 20/ST/Byn/ 7/62

Source Text Out beyond the trash heaps, a figure appeared.

Number of Data 20/TT/Byn/7 /71

21/ST/Byn/ 8/94

The chewed bits were beyond saving—they were almost a paste.

21/TT/Byn/8 /104

23/ST/Byn/ 10/244

But a few steps farther along, she found she could stand up straight again, and a few steps beyond that she turned a corner,… Down the slope was a tumble of dark, rounded shapes, and then another slope rose beyond that. A few feet beyond their shoes was a sheer, dizzying drop.

23/TT/Byn/1 0/270

25/ST/Byn/ 12/253

26/ST/Byn/ 13/268

25/TT/Byn/1 2/280

26/TT/Byn/1 3/299

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Target Text Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. Potongan-potongan yang dikunyah tak dapat diselamatkan— potongan itu sudah seperti gumpalan lem.* Namun, beberapa langkah di depan, Lina ternyata bisa kembali berdiri tegak, dan beberapa langkah sesudahnya dia melewati sebuah sudut,… Di bawah lereng terdapat wujudwujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan.

Table 9. The Group of Data with Preposition beyond

To find out the meaning and relationship the preposition beyond carries in those 14 data points, it is necessary to see other words that structure them. Quirk et al. mention the references of the preposition beyond (1985: 666) and determine its meanings seen from the relation of the semantic categories to their usual syntactic functions (1985: 673). References for the preposition beyond are orientation (on the far side of) and exception (except (for)). Geeraerts and Taylor have stated in their Prototype Theory that prepositions cannot be described by


35

their polysemous senses and meanings alone because those might be different in different contexts. Geeraerts points out four hypotheses which concern prototype: physiological, referential, statistical, and psychological. Combining these two theories, the meanings of 14 data with preposition beyond above, are presented in the following table. Number of Data

Object precede the preposition

Preposition

Object follow the preposition

14/ST/Byn/1/25

The darkness

Beyond

Ember

15/ST/Byn/2/25

The darkness

Beyond

The city

17/ST/Byn/4/36

Beyond

Harken Square

18/ST/Byn/5/36

The lighted windows of the buildings Nothing

Beyond

Them

27/ST/Byn/14/269

Immense

Beyond

The edges

Beyond

The trash

darkness 19/ST/Byn/6/58

Nothing

heaps 25/ST/Byn/12/253

Rose

Beyond

That

26/ST/Byn/13/268

A few feet

Beyond

Their shoes

16/ST/Byn/3/36

To see

Beyond

The city

20/ST/Byn/7/62

Out

Beyond

The trash heaps

Meaning

Location, outside of (referential) Location, outside of (referential) Location, outside of (referential) Location outside of (physiological sense) Location, outside of (referential) Location, on the other side of (referential) Location, On top of (referential) Position, in front of (physiological sense) Direction, outside of (physiological sense) The source direction, from the other side of (referential)


Number of Data

21/ST/Byn/8/94

Object precede the preposition The chewed

Preposition

Beyond

Object follow the preposition Saving

bits 22/ST/Byn/9/174

Out

Beyond

Ember

23/ST/Byn/10/244

A few steps

Beyond

That

24/ST/Byn/11/252

a land vast and spacious

Beyond

Any of their dreams

36

Meaning

Out of reach from (psychological sense) Movement/ direction to the outside of (referential) After (psychological sense) Far from (psychological sense)

Table 10. The Meanings of Preposition beyond

While in Indonesian, based on Alwi, et.al (1998: 288), Prepositions are divided into two main types, Simple Preposition (Kata Depan Sejati) and Complex Preposition (Kata Depan Majemuk). They are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent. Di-, ke-, and dari- are simple prepositions that indicate place, while ke luar, di luar, dari balik, di atas, and di depan are complex prepositions that are formed of simple prepositions and adverb of places. According to Ramlan (1987: 63-71), the preposition di shows a stative location and the preposition ke- shows the direction or movement to a targeted location, while according to Muslich (2010) the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located. The preposition ke shows the spatial relationship of direction into a location or position, and the preposition dari also has spatial relationship that shows the source direction or location and sometimes possession.


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There are two data points with the preposition above that are translated into tak dapat (21/TT/Byn/8/104) and sesudah (23/TT/Byn/10/270). Seen from what Alwi and Ramlan state about Indonesian prepositions, both tak dapat and sesudah are not included in their theories but based on the theories of preposition from both sides, English and Indonesian, the translations of preposition beyond into ke luar, di luar, dari balik, tak dapat, sesudah, di atas, and di depan in those 14 data points shared similar relationships and meanings. They both express spatial relationships, orientation, and indicate a place or location, movement, and source direction. Prepositional phrases with the preposition beyond found in the work City of Ember form 14 data points. They are translated into several different words in Indonesian such as ke luar (3 data), di luar (6 data), dari balik (1 datum), tak dapat (1 datum), sesudah (1 datum), di atas (1 datum), and di depan (1 datum). In the table of translation mapping of preposition beyond below, when preposition above is translated into same word in several data, the writer only presents one of them. English Preposition

Beyond


Number of Data


Ke luar

16/TT/Byn/3/40

Preposition

Di luar

14/TT/Byn/1/28

Preposition

Dari balik

20/TT/Byn/7/71

Preposition

Tak dapat

21/TT/Byn/8/104

Modal

Sesudah

23/TT/Byn/10/270

Preposition

Di atas

25/TT/Byn/12/280

Preposition

Di depan

26/TT/Byn/13/299

Preposition

Table 11. The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond


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3. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition over The total number of the data with preposition over found in the fiction City of Ember are 81 and are translated into several different classes of word, suffix –i, and in some cases they are not translated. Below is the table of the group of data with preposition over and each case of its translation is represented by one data only in the table. Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

Over

28/ST/Ovr/ 1/4

When the lights were on, they cast a yellowish glow over the streets;…

28/TT/Ovr/ 1/4

29/ST/Ovr/ 2/6

… to cast the shadow of your head over the page you were writing on. She leapt over cracks and potholes. ―I can leapfrog over the trash can!‖

29/TT/Ovr/ 2/7

33/ST/Ovr/ 6/21

Lina lived in Quillium Square, over the yarn shop run by her grandmother.

33/TT/Ovr/ 6/24

34/ST/Ovr/ 7/29

Now here was Mrs. Polster again, looming over Lina and pronouncing her message.

34/TT/Ovr/ 7/33

47/ST/Ovr/ 20/85

Fear had settled over the city.

47/TT/Ovr/ 22/95

Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… …membuat bayangan kepalamu muncul di lembar yang sedang kau tulis. Dia melompati celah dan lubang jalan. ―Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!‖ Lina tinggal di Alun-Alun Quillium, di atas toko benang yang dikelola oleh neneknya. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota.

30/ST/Ovr/ 3/18 32/ST/Ovr/ 5/19

30/TT/Ovr/ 3/20 32/TT/Ovr/ 5/21


39

Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

Over

72/ST/Ovr/ 45/182

He lay on his stomach next to the rock and inched forward until his head hung out over the edge of the path. She unfolded it, and Doon looked over her shoulder.

72/TT/Ovr/ 48/200

91/ST/Ovr/ 64/220

There was a crash—someone must have fallen over the toppled chair or table.

91/TT/Ovr/ 68/243

105/ST/Ovr /78/264

A city with trouble, where people argued over solutions.

105/TT/Ov r/82/293

106/ST/Ovr /79/265

Poppy went to sleep, but Lina and Doon sat looking out over the land.

106/TT/Ov r/83/295

Dia tengkurap ke dekat batu dan beringsut ke depan hingga kepalanya menjulur ke luar pinggiran jalan setapak. Dia membuka lipatannya, dan Doon mengintip dari belakang bahunya. Ada suara benturan—pasti ada yang jatuh tersandung kursi atau meja yang terjungkal. Sebuah kota dengan masalah, di mana orang-orang berdebat mencari solusi. Poppy tertidur, Lina dan Doon duduk sambil melihat ke arah dataran.

76/ST/Ovr/ 49/184

76/TT/Ovr/ 52/203

Table 12. The Group of Data with Preposition over

The meanings and relationships of the preposition over in those data are various. To identify them, it is necessary to see other words that structure them. As Geeraerts and Taylor have stated in their Prototype Theory, prepositions cannot be described by their polysemous senses and meanings alone because those might be different in different contexts. According to Quirk et al. (1985: 666), the preposition over has various references and senses such as relative position (vertical position), relative destination, passage (with verbs of motion, it expresses movement towards and then away from a place), orientation, resultative (the state of having reached the


40

destination), static pervasive, motion pervasive, accompanying circumstances, ‗more than,‘ duration, and subject matter (on the object of, concerning, about). The meanings and senses of preposition over based on Prototype theory and Quirk are classified as in the table below.

Number of Data


Preposition


28/ST/Ovr/1/4

Glow

Over

The street

29/ST/Ovr/2/6

The shadow of your head

Over

The page

37/ST/Ovr/10/39

Looking out

Over

The whole city

Pervasive

41/ST/Ovr/14/59

Washed

Over

Her

Pervasive

42/ST/Ovr/15/66

Various clever people

Over

The course of Ember‘s history

Pervasive

45/ST/Ovr/18/77

Came

Over

Her

Pervasive

47/ST/Ovr/20/85

Had settled

Over

The city

Pervasive

48/ST/Ovr/21/98

Came

Over

Her face

Pervasive, covering

Came

Over

His face

Pervasive

Swept

Over

Her

Passed

Over

Doon‘s face

All

Over

The table

All

Over

The city

Pervasive

Swept

Over

The silver hills

Pervasive, orientation

Washed

Over

The land

Pervasive

30/ST/Ovr/3/18

Leapt

Over

Cracks and potholes

32/ST/Ovr/5/19

Leapfrog

Over

The trash can

Passage, resultative Passage (movement)

57/ST/Ovr/30/12 9

Stepped

Over

The rope

56/ST/Ovr/29/12 5 60/ST/Ovr/33/13 9 61/ST/Ovr/34/15 8 83/ST/Ovr/56/20 2 85/ST/Ovr/58/20 4 103/ST/Ovr/76/2 62 100/ST/Ovr/73/2 56

Meaning Pervasive (Along-above) Pervasive (Covering)

Pervasive (covering) Pervasive (covering) Pervasive (covering)

Passage


Number of Data


Preposition

Object follow the preposition Their convoluted surface The narrow ridge of her grandmother‘s body

Meaning

71/ST/Ovr/44/18 1

A finger

Over

58/ST/Ovr/31/13 7

Her hands

Over

Himself

Over

The rock

Passage

Dropped

Over

He ledge

Passage

Came down

Over

His eyes

Passage

Out

Over

The water

Passage

Roamed

Over

The greencoated slopes

Passage

31/ST/Ovr/4/18

Draped

Over

Their arms

33/ST/Ovr/6/21

Quillium Square

Over

The yarn shop

34/ST/Ovr/7/29

Looming

Over

Lina

40/ST/Ovr/13/49

Two-bedroom apartment

Over

36/ST/Ovr/9/34

Bent

Over

38/ST/Ovr11/46

His hands

Over

His ears

43/ST/Ovr/16/68

Drew together

Over

Her eyes

44/ST/Ovr/17/76

Bent

Over

The pencils

46/ST/Ovr/19/77

Hovered

Over

The pencils

49/ST/Ovr/22/99

A hand

Over

Her heart

51/ST/Ovr/24/10 3

His fingers

Over

What we‘ve written

74/ST/Ovr/47/18 3 77/ST/Ovr/50/18 9 88/ST/Ovr/61/21 8 94/ST/Ovr/67/23 6 102/ST/Ovr/75/2 57

His father‘s shop The book of The City of Ember

41

Passage Passage, Relative position (above)

Relative position (above) Relative position (above) Relative position (around, near) Relative position (above) Relative position (above) Relative position (Covering) Relative position (above) Relative position (above) Relative position (above) Relative position (around) Relative position (above)


Number of Data


Preposition


52/ST/Ovr/25/10 6

The piece of paper

Over

The pasteddown scraps

54/ST/Ovr/27/11 2

The plain sheet of paper

Over

The Instructions

59/ST/Ovr/32/13 8

Part of the blanket

Over

Her lap

Dipping

Over

Sideways

Higher

Over

His eyes

Rubbed a hand

Over

His chin

It

Over

Their heads

Draped

Over

The back of a chair

Slung

Over

His shoulder

Fallen

Over

the toppled chair or table

High

Over

Their heads

Spread out

Over

Their heads

Arched

Over

Them

Out

Over

His hands

62/ST/Ovr/35/16 0 63/ST/Ovr/36/16 4 64/ST/Ovr/37/16 4 78/ST/Ovr/51/19 4 82/ST/Ovr/55/20 2 84/ST/Ovr/57/20 3 91/ST/Ovr/64/22 0 97/ST/Ovr/70/25 1 99/ST/Ovr/72/25 4 101/ST/Ovr/74/2 56 107/ST/Ovr/80/2 67

42

Meaning Relative position (Covering, above) Relative position (Covering, above) Relative position (Covering), relative destination Relative position Relative position (above) Relative position (around) Relative position (above) Relative position Relative position Relative position Relative position (above) Relative position (above) Relative position (above) Relative position, pervasive


Number of Data


Preposition


55/ST/Ovr/28/11 8

Written

Over

The years

Duration

39/ST/Ovr/12/46

All

Over

The room

Duration

50/ST/Ovr/23/10 3

Looks

Over

Our shoulders

Orientation

35/ST/Ovr/8/30

Watching

Over

Us

Orientation

Pored

Over

It

Orientation

Glanced

Over

Her shoulder

Orientation

Hovered

Over

Puzzled

Over

Bent

Over

The document

Orientation

Crouched

Over

The page

Orientation

Bending

Over

The glued down fragments

Orientation

Looked

Over

Her shoulder

Orientation

Dawdled

Over

His breakfast

Orientation

Looking out

Over

The square

Orientation

Towered

Over

Her

Orientation

The blind

Over

The window

Orientation

A shadow

Over

the thrill of going to the new city

Orientation

Knocking

Over

Her chair

Orientation

Knocked

Over

The table

Orientation

Peered out

Over

the swarm of people

Orientation

Watching

Over

Us

Orientation

Driven

Over

It

Orientation

Out

Over

The hills

Orientation

53/ST/Ovr/26/10 7 65/ST/Ovr/38/16 5 66/ST/Ovr/39/16 8 67/ST/Ovr/40/16 9 68/ST/Ovr/41/17 3 69/ST/Ovr/42/17 4 70/ST/Ovr/43/17 5 76/ST/Ovr/49/18 4 79/ST/Ovr/52/19 6 80/ST/Ovr/53/19 9 81/ST/Ovr/54/19 9 86/ST/Ovr/59/20 6 87/ST/Ovr/60/20 9 89/ST/Ovr/62/21 9 90/ST/Ovr/63/21 9 92/ST/Ovr/65/22 0 96/ST/Ovr/69/25 1 98/ST/Ovr/71/25 1 104/ST/Ovr/77/2 64

The colored pencils The patchwork of scraps

Meaning

Orientation Orientation

43


Number of Data 106/ST/Ovr/79/2 65 108/ST/Ovr/81/2 69 72/ST/Ovr/45/18 2 73/ST/Ovr/46/18 2 75/ST/Ovr/48/18 3 93/ST/Ovr/66/23 5 95/ST/Ovr/68/24 3 105/ST/Ovr/78/2 64


Preposition


44

Meaning

Out

Over

The land

Orientation, pervasive

Looking

Over

The edge

Orientation

Out

Over

The edge of the path

Her head

Over

The edge

Dangle

Over

The edge

Hanging

Over

The edge

Foot

Over

The edge of the boat

Argued

Over

Solutions

Excess (pass, more than) Excess (pass, more than) Excess (more than) Excess (pass, more then) Excess (pass, more then) On the object of, concerning, about

Table 13. The Meanings of Preposition over

Based on the map of the preposition over in Indonesian, there are some cases in which they are translated into different classes of word, and some of them are even untranslated. However, they still carry the same meanings with their source texts. 39 of 81 data with preposition over are translated into several different Indonesian prepositions, sepanjang, di, melalui, ke atas, ke luar, di atas, di dekat, ke, selama, ke arah, segenap, dari, and dari belakang. As Alwi, et.al (1998: 288) mention, the Indonesian prepositions di-, ke-, and dari- are simple prepositions that indicates place, while ke luar, di luar, dari balik, di atas, and di depan are complex prepositions that are formed of simple prepositions and adverb of places. According to Ramlan (1987: 63-71), the preposition di shows a stative location, preposition ke- shows the direction or movement to a targeted location, while according to Muslich (2010) the preposition di expresses the spatial


45

relationship of place or location where the object is located. The preposition ke shows the spatial relationship of direction into a location or position, and preposition dari also has spatial relationship that shows the source direction or location and sometimes possession. There are some words that are not included in the types of preposition mentioned by Alwi and Ramlan, sepanjang, melalui, selama, and segenap, but when they are applied in the data, they carry similar meanings to their source texts. There are 18 prepositions over which are translated into verbs, melewati, menaungi, meliputi, menutupi, memandangi, memandang, menekuni, menekuri, tersandung, mengamati, mendekati, mencari, and melihat. In Bahasa Indonesia, according to James Neil Sneddon in Indonesian Reference Grammar, memandang, mencari and melihat are simple transitive verbs that have verb bases but have no affixes other than one of the voice affixes men- if active and di- if passive (1990: 68). As transitive verbs, they express actions toward or over the objects followed the verbs. He also stated that melewati, menaungi, meliputi, menutupi, memandangi, menekuni, menekuri, mengamati, and mendekati are transitive verbs with suffix –i that have the most common function to indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or place to which the action is directed (1990: 84). The verb tersandung, according to Sneddon, is also a transitive verb that behaves like intransitive verbs except it explicitly states that the subject undergoes something unintended, the action often occurring suddenly and unexpectedly (1990: 114). The meanings all these verbs have including movement, passage excess (pass/more than), relative position (location) above,


46

covering, orientation, concerning or about. This means that even though they change from prepositions in English into verbs in Indonesian, the meanings and expression they carry remained the same. There are 8 prepositions over which are translated into Indonesian suffix –i. Similar to the case in which the English preposition over translated into Indonesian verbs, when it is translated into Indonesian suffix –i that is attached to a verb, it will form a transitive verb that requires an object. Further, it shows a meaning that the following object is a location of the action (Snodder, 1990: 84). Based on the mapping of the preposition over into Indonesian above, there are 16 data points in which the prepositions are untranslated. Though the English prepositions in these data were untranslated, the relationships and the meanings of these data are still the same with their source texts. They can be determined by analyzing the words that structure the whole sentences. The translations mapping of preposition over in Indonesian are sepanjang (2 data), di (9 data), melewati (7 data), menaungi (1 datum), -i (8 data), menutupi (1 datum), memandang (1 datum), menekuni (1 datum), menekuri (2 data), tersandung (1 datum), mengamati (1 datum), mendekati (1 datum), melalui (2 data), ke atas (2 data), ke luar (2 data), di atas (11 data), di dekat (1 datum), ke (4 data), selama (1 datum), ke arah (2 data), mencari (1 datum), segenap (1 data), dari (1 datum), dari belakang (1 datum), and melihat (1 datum). From 81 data, the preposition over is not translated in 16 of them. Like in the case of two other prepositions, above and beyond, when preposition over is translated into the same Indonesian word in several data, only one of them is presented in the table.


English Preposition

Over


Number of Data

47


Sepanjang

28/TT/Ovr/1/4

Preposition

Di

29/TT/Ovr/2/7

Preposition

Melewati

32/TT/Ovr/5/21

Verb

Menaungi

45/TT/Ovr/18/77

Verb

-i

30/TT/Ovr/3/20

Suffix

Menutupi

54/TT/Ovr/27/117

Verb

Memandang

84/TT/Ovr/57/221

Verb

Menekuni

70/TT/Ovr/43/187

Verb

Menekuri

71/TT/Ovr/44/190

Verb

Tersandung

95/TT/Ovr/68/243

Verb

Mengamati

73/TT/Ovr/46/192

Verb

Mendekati

92/TT/Ovr/65/242

Verb

Melalui

68/TT/Ovr/41/182

Preposition

Ke atas

61/TT/Ovr/34/152

Preposition

Ke luar

75/TT/Ovr/48/200

Preposition

Di atas

36/TT/Ovr/9/38

Preposition

Di dekat

34/TT/Ovr/7/33

Preposition

Ke

51/TT/Ovr/24/109

Preposition

Selama

57/TT/Ovr/30/130

Preposition

Ke arah

96/TT/Ovr/69/244

Preposition

Mencari

109/TT/Ovr/82/293

Verb

Segenap

49/TT/Ovr/22/95

Preposition

Dari

52/TT/Ovr/25/114

Preposition

Dari belakang

79/TT/Ovr/52/203

Preposition

Melihat

69/TT/Ovr/42/185

Verb

Table 14. The Translation Mapping of Preposition over


B.

48

The Translation’s Equivalence of Prepositions above, beyond, and over Seen through Back Translation Method In this second section of analyzing data, the writer analyzes the back

translation done by five respondents as to whether or not they are equivalent to their originals. The writer focuses on analyzing the prepositions they chose and the meanings in the whole contexts. The survey was conducted in middle of June 2013. Respondents were asked to translate 20 Indonesian data that were chosen from the map into their native language (back translation) in order to see their equivalence to the original texts. The data used in the survey were chosen based on internal sampling by Sutopo (2002: 55). They were purposively selected not based on the amount of data but to represent each form of the translation of the English prepositions above, beyond and over. To assess or determine the equivalence, the writer follows Nida‘s and Taber‘s Formal Equivalence Theory. According to Nida's and Taber's theory, Formal Equivalence in a translation is when a target text represents the closest meaning and same value to its source text at the level of word or phrase. It focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. The equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over seen through back translation method also focuses on the equal value of the relationships and expressions. The table below shows the results of the back translation done by five respondents. The number of the preposition chosen by the respondents on each datum is classified to the column of each preposition.


Number of Data

36/TT/Ovr/9/38

32/TT/Ovr/5/21

5/TT/Abv/5/51

51/TT/Ovr/24/109

14/TT/Byn/1/28

111/TT/Ovr/84/298

39/TT/Ovr/12/53

18/TT/Byn/5/41

96/TT/Ovr/69/244

Data from the Source Text She bent over The Book of the City of Ember and read a few sentences: ―I can leapfrog over the trash can!‖ So that meant he was fifty feet underground, with tons of earth and rock and buildings above him. Captain Fleery straightened up again and clapped a hand over her heart.

―Beyond Ember, darkness goes forever in directions.‖ Red juice ran over his hands.

the on all out

All over the room, greasy-looking cans and tools littered the floor.

She could see nothing beyond them but blackness. Lina approached it cautiously and peered out over the swarm of people assembling in Harken Square.

Data from the Target Text Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya: ―Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!‖ Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. ―Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.‖ Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di AlunAlun Harken.

49

The Prepositions Chosen by Respondents in Back Translation Above

Beyond

Over

-

-

5

-

1

4

5

-

-

1

-

3

-

5

-

-

-

4

-

1

2

-

5

-

-

-

4


Number of Data

49/TT/Ovr/22/95 20/TT/Byn/7/71

50/TT/Ovr/23/108

25/TT/Byn/12/280

57/TT/Ovr/30/130

2/TT/Abv/2/19

34/TT/Ovr/7/33

26/TT/Byn/13/299

107/TT/Ovr/80/291

9/TT/Abv/9/184

Data from the Source Text Fear had settled over the city. Out beyond the trash heaps, a figure appeared. A look of puzzlement came over her face. Down the slope was a tumble of dark, rounded shapes, and then another slope rose beyond that. These were the books of Ember, written over the years by its citizens. On the street level were shops; above the shops were the apartments where people lived. Now here was Mrs. Polster again, looming over Lina and pronouncing her message.

A few feet beyond their shoes was a sheer, dizzying drop. My eyes swept over the silver hills, … Above the table were shelves full of bottles of seeds, and boxes of string, wire, and various kinds of powders.

The Prepositions Chosen by Respondents in Back Translation

Data from the Target Text Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. Di bawah lereng terdapat wujudwujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orangorang tinggal. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacammacam serbuk.

50

Above

Beyond

Over

1

-

3

-

4

-

-

-

5

3

1

1

-

-

5

3

1

1

-

-

4

-

5

-

1

-

4

3

-

1


Number of Data

Data from the Source Text

Data from the Target Text

The Prepositions Chosen by Respondents in Back Translation Above

28/TT/Ovr/1/4

When the lights were on, they cast a yellowish glow over the streets; …

51

Beyond

Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan; … Table 15. The Result of the Survey from Five Respondents

Over

5

In the first datum, 36/TT/Ovr/9/38, five respondents back translated the preposition di atas into over, which is the same as its original It shows that Indonesian preposition di atas is back translated equivalently to its source text. In the second datum, 32/TT/Ovr/5/21, four of five respondents back translated the Indonesian verb melewati into the preposition over, which is equivalent to its source text. One respondent (R5) back translated it differently into the preposition beyond. It is not equivalent since the senses of prepositions over and beyond are different when they are applied in the data. The preposition over in ―I can leapfrog over the trash can‖ carries the meaning or sense of movement (above-across) or passage, while beyond has a meaning of ‗more than‘ when it is put in the same sentence. In the third case, datum number 5/TT/Abv/5/51, the preposition above in the source text is translated into Indonesian preposition di atas. It is then translated back into the English preposition above by all five respondents. This means the back translation of preposition over in this third data is equivalent to its original text.


52

In datum number 51/TT/Ovr/24/109, three of five respondents back translated Indonesian preposition ke into over. This is equivalent to the original text. One of the respondents (R4) back translated it into above, which is also equivalent to its original text since both over and above there have a similar meaning, showing relative position (around/above). R5, however, does not put any preposition required into this number of data. This is then considered nonequivalent. Datum number 14/TT/Byn/1/28. All five respondents back translated Indonesian preposition di luar into beyond. This is exactly the same as or equivalent to its original text. In datum number 111/TT/Ovr/84/298, the preposition used in the original text is over. Four respondents translated it back into the same preposition, while one of them back translated it into an unrequired preposition. This means that four respondents translated it equivalently, while one of them did not. In the seventh datum, 39/TT/Ovr/12/53, the source preposition used is over. Only two respondents (R3, R5) translated it back into the same preposition. One of the respondents (R4) translated it into beyond, meaning ‗outside of.‘ This is different than the meaning of the preposition over expressed in the context (pervasive). The other two respondents (R1, R2) translated it into prepositions that are not required in this study. This shows that only two respondents translated it back equivalently, while three of them did not. In datum number 18/TT/Byn/5/41, the preposition beyond from the source text is translated into the Indonesian preposition ke luar. According to the


53

results of the survey, it was then back translated into the same preposition as its original by all respondents. Datum number 96/TT/Ovr/69/244 uses the English preposition over, which is translated into ke arah in Indonesian. In its back translation, four of five respondents translated it back into preposition over, equivalent to its original text. One of the respondents (R5) translated it back into a preposition that is not required in this study and is considered not equivalent. In datum number 49/TT/Ovr/22/95, the original preposition used in the source text is over. After it is translated into the Indonesian preposition segenap, only three of five respondents (R1, R4, R5) translated it back into preposition over. R2 translated it into above and is considered not equivalent since the meaning of preposition over and above are different when they are applied in this data. The preposition over in ―Fear had settled over the city‖ has a pervasive meaning, while above carries the meaning of relative position. R3 leaves the data untranslated, and it is considered not equivalent as well. Datum number 20/TT/Byn/7/71 has the preposition beyond, which is translated into the Indonesian preposition dari balik. From the results of the survey, its back translations from four respondents (R1, R2, R3, R4) are equivalent to its original, while one respondent (R5) translates it into a different preposition used in this study and it is considered not equivalent. Datum number 50/TT/Ovr/23/108 contains the preposition over, which is translated into the Indonesian preposition di. From the results of the survey done by five respondents, all of them translated it back into the same preposition,


54

meaning the back translations of preposition over in this data are equivalent to its original. In case of datum number 25/TT/Byn/12/280, the original preposition used in the source text is beyond. Only one of five respondents (R1) translated it back into the same preposition. Three of them translated it into above. This preposition, in fact, has a similar meaning to beyond when it is applied in the same context. Both beyond and above carry the meaning of a location (on top of). These three translations with preposition above are then considered equivalent to the original preposition over in the source text. A respondent also translated it back differently into over, which also expresses a similar meaning to the preposition beyond, a relative position (above). This different preposition to its original is also considered equivalent. In datum number 57/TT/Ovr/30/130, the preposition over from the source text is translated into the Indonesian preposition selama. Five respondents who were asked to back translate it into English chose the same preposition as its original, over. All five respondents back translated the preposition in this datum equivalently. Datum number 2/TT/Abv/2/19 is back translated by five respondents into three different prepositions. Three respondents (R1, R2, R4) back translated it into the same preposition as its source, above. One of the respondents (R3) translated it into beyond, while another one translated it into over. In this context, both prepositions beyond and over have similar senses as the preposition above,


55

showing a relative position or location (above/on top of). Since the senses they carry are the same to its original, they are considered equivalent. Datum number 34/TT/Ovr/7/33 contains the preposition over, which is translated into the Indonesian preposition di dekat. On back translation, four of five respondents (R1, R2, R3, R4) translated it back into over, equivalent to its original. One respondent (R5) translated it into a different preposition that is not required in this study and is considered not equivalent to the original text. The preposition beyond in datum number 26/TT/Byn/13/299 is translated into the preposition di depan in Indonesian. Its back translation by all five respondents is beyond, equivalent to its original text. In datum number 107/TT/Ovr/80/291, the preposition over from the source text is not translated in its Indonesian target text. Nevertheless, four of five respondents (R1, R3, R4, R5) translated it back into over, equivalent to its original text. R2 back translated this datum and chose the preposition above, which is a different expression than the preposition over. The preposition over in this datum has the meaning of pervasive or orientation, while the preposition above expresses relative position. This back translation from R2 is then considered not equivalent to the original text. Data number 9/TT/Abv/9/184 contain the preposition above, which is translated into the preposition di atas in Indonesian. R2, R3, and R4 back translated them equivalently to its original, while R1 translated it into over. Both prepositions above and over in this datum express relative position (above, on top of), meaning these four back translation are equivalent to its original text. R5 back


56

translated the preposition over into a different preposition that is not required in this study, so it is considered not equivalent. The last datum number 28/TT/Ovr/1/4 contains the English preposition over, which is translated into sepanjang in Indonesian. All five respondents back translated it into over, equivalent to its original text. Overall, the percentage of the equivalence of these three prepositions seen through back translation method can be visualized in the pie charts below.

Preposition above

6.7 %

18. 4%

4%

93. 3%

Preposition over

Preposition beyond

96 %

81. 6%

Figure 4. The Pie Charts of Back Translation Equivalence

Equivalent Translation

Not Equivalent Translation

The pie charts illustrate the results of the study in terms of the percentage of equivalence of the three prepositions as seen from the back translation method, with green representing equivalence and red representing non-equivalence. As can be seen, preposition above was translated equivalently in 93.3% of cases, with the numbers for preposition beyond being 96% and preposition over 81.6%.


CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

In the mapping of English prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian, the translations of each preposition group are different from one another. The preposition above was only translated into the same Indonesian preposition di atas with the same relationships and meanings in all data. The prepositions above and over were translated into various different Indonesian words as well as their meanings. In some cases, preposition over were not even translated. Nevertheless, they express the same relationships and meanings as their source texts. It shows their polysemy, meaning they have different meanings when applied in different contexts. This also shows that these two languages, English and Indonesian, share similar characteristics and usages of prepositions. It proves that there is a concept or pattern that prepositions have in both English and Indonesian. The back translation method the writer chose to see the equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over to the original texts shows that most of these translations are equivalent. Some of the prepositions were back translated differently from their original texts but still have the same relationships and meanings. This proves that some English prepositions are synonymous. They are different words, in this case different prepositions, but share the same or similar meanings and are able to substitute one another.

57


58

Based on the analysis results on the equivalence of prepositions above, beyond, and over as seen from back translation method, it can be concluded that the preposition over, which has more various meanings, is more likely to be translated unequivalently. The prepositions above and beyond have less specific meanings and in fact are translated more equivalently to their original texts. Preposition above was translated equivalently in 93.3% of cases, with the numbers for preposition beyond being 96% and preposition over 81.6%. This study ended up with a researchable idea that needs to be studied further. In general, this study proves that aside from their polysemous characteristic, the English prepositions above, beyond, and over are also synonymous, that different prepositions applied with different elements in different contexts are can have exactly the same relationships and expressions or meanings.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alwi, Hasan et al. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta : Balai Pustaka, 1998. Brown, H.D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1987. Brugman, C. and G. Lakoff. “Cognitive Topology and Lexical Networks,” in: S. L. Small et al. (eds.). Lexical ambiguity resolution: Perspectives from Psycholinguistics, Neuropsychology, and Artificial Intelligence. San Mateo: Morgan Kaufmann, 1988. Catford, John C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965. Cienki, A. “Spatial Cognition and the Semantics of Prepositions in English, Polish, and Russian,” in the series Slavistische Beiträge Vol. 237. Munich: Sagner Verlag, 1989. Geeraerts, D. “Prototypicality as a Prototypical Notion” in Communication and Cognition, Vol. 22.2, 1989. Geeraerts, D. “The Lexicographical Treatment of Prototypical Polysemy,” in S.L. Tsohatzidis (ed.) Meanings and Prototypes: Studies in Linguistic Categorization. London: Routledge, 1990. Gethin, A. and Gunnemark, E.V. The Art and Science of Learning Languages. Oxford: Intellect, 1996. Harkness, J. and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg. 1998. “Questionnaires in Translation.” ZUMA-Nachrichten Spezial, January 1998. http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic506406.files/znspez3_04_Harkne ss_Glusberg.pdf. Accessed October 31, 2012. Hatim, B. and Munday, J. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. New York: Routledge, 2004. Herskovits, A. “Space and the Prepositions in English: Regularities and Irregularities in a Complex Domain. Ph.D.” Dissertation, Stanford University, 1982. Herskovits, A. Language and Spatial Cognition: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Prepositions in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Ho-Abdullah, I. and Amna Hasan. “The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic.” European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2009.

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Hunter College Reading/Writing Center, City University of New York. GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS: Prepositions: Definition and Usage. http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/reading-writing/on-line/prep-def.html, retrieved Sept. 7, 2012. Janda, L. A. “The meaning of Russian verbal prefixes: Semantics and grammar,” in M. S. Flier and A.Timberlake (eds). The Scope of Slavic Aspect. Columbus: Slavica, 1985. Landau, B. and Jackendoff, R. “‟What‟ and „where‟ in spatial language and spatial cognition.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 1993. Langacker, R. W. Foundations of cognitive grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987. Larson, Mildred L. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, 2nd edition. Lanham: University Press of America, 1998. Leech, G., Rayson, P. and Wilson, A. Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English: Based on the British National Corpus. London: Longman, 2001. Koller, W. in Hatim, B. Teaching and Researching Translation. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. McGuire, S. Translation Studies. London: Menthuen, 1980. Nida, E. and Taber, C. The Theory and Practice of Translation, 4th impression. Leiden: Brill, 2003. Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1988. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman, 1985. Schäffner, C. and Adab, B. (eds.). Developing Translation Competence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. Snider, Todd. 2010. The Semantics of Prepositions: An exploration into the Uses of "at" and "to." Dietrich College Honors Theses Paper 61 at Carnegie Mellon University. http://repository.cmu.edu/hsshonors/61. Accessed September 14, 2012. Taylor, J. R. “Contrasting Prepositional Categories: English and Italian,” in B. Rudzka-Ostyn (ed.) Topics in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988.


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Tyler, Andrea and Evans, Vyvyan. “Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: The Case of over. Language,” Vol. 77, No. 4, 2001. Linguistic Society of America. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3086846. Accessed September 19, 2012. Watson, M. et al. Sept. 25, 2004. [Web forum comment]. What is a back translation?. ProZ, http://www.proz.com/forum/translation_theory_and_practice/25047what_is_a_backtranslation.html. Accessed Sept. 20, 2012. Vandeloise C. “Methodology and analyses of the preposition in.” Cognitive Linguistics 5(2), 1994. Wilujeng, Ayu. Sarikata Bahasa Indonesia Lengkap. Surabaya: Sinar Terang, 2009.


APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Data Collection - The Group of Data with Preposition above The group of data with prepositions above found in the source text of City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau with their Indonesian translations by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani (13) Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

1/ST/Abv/1/ 12

At least then she could have stayed above ground, with space and people around her. On the street level were shops; above the shops were the apartments where people lived. Above the refrigerator were shelves holding more pots and jars, more spoons and knives,…

1/TT/Abv/1/ 14

4/ST/Abv/4/ 44

Above that were the storerooms, which occupied a layer at least twenty feet high.

4/TT/Abv/4/ 51

5/ST/Abv/5/ 45

So that meant he was fifty feet underground, with tons of earth and rock and buildings above him. The shelf above the coatrack was just as crammed as the space below,… If he’d had something to stand on, he could have reached it and tried to open it, but it was about a foot above his upstretched hand.

5/TT/Abv/5/ 51

Setidaknya dia dapat tinggal di atas tanah, dengan ruang yang luas dan orang-orang di sekelilingnya. Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal. Di atas lemari es terdapat rak-rak yang menampung tekoteko dan kendi-kendi, ada pisau dan sendok lagi,… Di atasnya, adalah lokasi ruang-ruang penyimpanan, yang mengisi satu lapis lantai setidaknya setinggi enam meter. Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. Rak di atas tumpukan mantel sama sesaknya dengan ruang di bawah,.. Jika ada sesuatu yang bisa dipijaknya, dia pasti bisa mencapai pintudan membukanya, tapi jarak pintu itu kirakira tiga puluh senti di atas kepalanya.

2/ST/Abv/2/ 17

3/ST/Abv/3/ 26

Above

6/ST/Abv/6/ 90

7/ST/Abv/7/ 115

62

2/TT/Abv/2/ 19

3/TT/Abv/3/ 29

6/TT/Abv/6/ 100

7/TT/Abv/7/ 128


Preposition

Above

63

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

8/ST/Abv/8/ 136

…Lina colored in the space above the buildings, her pencil moving back and forth in short lines,…

8/TT/Abv/8/ 151

9/ST/Abv/9/ 167

Above the table were shelves full of bottles of seeds, and boxes of string, wire, and various kinds of powders. The darkness was still complete, but Lina sensed space above and around her. Then a light flared up, and Doon’s shadowed face appeared above it. The ceiling was smooth and only about ten feet above their heads.

9/TT/Abv/9/ 184

Surely, when she had first sat down, the silver circle was just above the highest branch of the tall plant.

13/TT/Abv/1 3/282

…Lina mewarnai ruang di atas gedunggedungnya, pensilnya bergerak maju mundur membentuk garis-garis pendek,… Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacam-macam serbuk. Keadaan masih gelap gulita, tapi Lina merasakan ruang di atas dan sekelilingnya. Lalu sebuah cahaya menyala, dan wajah Doon yang berbayang muncul di atasnya. Langit-langit tampak halus dan hanyasekitar tiga meter di atas kepala mereka. Jelas, saat Lina pertama kali duduk, lingkaran perak itu berada persis di atas dahan tertinggi tanaman yang tinggi.

10/ST/Abv/1 0/239

11/ST/Abv/1 1/240

12/ST/Abv/1 2/242

13/ST/Abv/1 3/255

10/TT/Abv/1 0/264

11/TT/Abv/1 1/265

12/TT/Abv/1 2/268


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Appendix 2: Data Collection - The Group of Data with Preposition beyond The group of data with prepositions beyond found in the source text of City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau with their Indonesian translations by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani (14) Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

14/ST/Byn/1 /25

“Beyond Ember, the darkness goes on forever in all directions.” She had stood at the edge of the trash heaps and gazed into the darkness beyond the city—the Unknown Regions.

14/TT/Byn/1 /28

Maybe from there it would be possible to see beyond the city, into the Unknown Regions. Beyond Harken Square, the lighted windows of the buildings made checkered lines,…

16/TT/Byn/3 /40

18/ST/Byn/5 /36

She could see nothing beyond them but blackness.

18/TT/Byn/5 /41

19/ST/Byn/6 /58

Beyond the trash heaps there was nothing at all—that is, only the vast Unknown Regions,…

19/TT/Byn/6 /66

20/ST/Byn/7 /62

Out beyond the trash heaps, a figure appeared. The chewed bits were beyond saving—they were almost a paste.

20/TT/Byn/7 /71

“Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.” Dia telah berdiri di tepian tempat pembuangan sampah dan memandang ke kegelapan di luar kota—Daerah Tak Diketahui. Mungkin dari sana dia akan bisa melihat ke luar area kota, ke Daerah Tak Diketahui. Di luar Alun-Alun Harken, jendelajendela berlampu dari gedung-gedung menghasilkan garisgaris petak catur,… Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. Di luar tumpukan sampah tak ada apaapa sama sekali— hanya sebuah Daerah Tak Diketahui yang luas,… Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. Potongan-potongan yang dikunyah tak dapat diselamatkan— potongan itu sudah seperti gumpalan lem.*

15/ST/Byn/2 /25

16/ST/Byn/3 /36

17/ST/Byn/4 /36

Beyond

21/ST/Byn/8 /94

15/TT/Byn/2 /28

17/TT/Byn/4 /41

21/TT/Byn/8 /104


Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text “Mungkin ini mengarah ke sebuah terowongan panjang yang mengarah ke luar Kota Ember,… Namun, beberapa langkah di depan, Lina ternyata bisa kembali berdiri tegak, dan beberapa langkah sesudahnya dia melewati sebuah sudut,… …sebuah lahan luas dan lapang di luar bayangan mereka, penuh dengan udara yang tampaknya bergerak,… Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud-wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. Persis di luar batas, tampak kegelapan yang luar biasa.

22/ST/Byn /9/174

“Maybe it leads to a long tunnel that goes way out beyond Ember,…

22/TT/Byn /9/192

23/ST/Byn /10/244

But a few steps farther along, she found she could stand up straight again, and a few steps beyond that she turned a corner,…

23/TT/Byn /10/270

24/ST/Byn /11/252

…a land vast and spacious beyond any of their dreams, filled with air that seemed to move,…

24/TT/Byn /11/280

25/ST/Byn /12/253

Down the slope was a tumble of dark, rounded shapes, and then another slope rose beyond that. A few feet beyond their shoes was a sheer, dizzying drop.

25/TT/Byn /12/280

Just beyond the edges was the immense darkness.

27/TT/Byn /14/299

Beyond

26/ST/Byn /13/268

27/ST/Byn /14/269

65

26/TT/Byn /13/299


66

Appendix 3: Data Collection - The Group of Data with Preposition over The group of data with prepositions over found in the source text of City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau with their Indonesian translations by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani (81) Preposition

Over

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

28/ST/Ovr/1 /4

When the lights were on, they cast a yellowish glow over the streets;…

28/TT/Ovr/1 /4

29/ST/Ovr/2 /6

29/TT/Ovr/2 /7

30/ST/Ovr/3 /18 31/ST/Ovr/4 /18

… to cast the shadow of your head over the page you were writing on. She leapt over cracks and potholes. She passed a line of customers waiting to get into the vegetable market, their shopping bags draped over their arms.

32/ST/Ovr/5 /19

“I can leapfrog over the trash can!”

32/TT/Ovr/5 /21

33/ST/Ovr/6 /21

Lina lived in Quillium Square, over the yarn shop run by her grandmother. Now here was Mrs. Polster again, looming over Lina and pronouncing her message.

33/TT/Ovr/6 /24

“Do you think an Invisible Being is watching over us all the time?” She bent over The Book of the City of Ember and read a few sentences:

35/TT/Ovr/8 /34

Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… …membuat bayangan kepalamu muncul di lembar yang sedang kau tulis. Dia melompati celah dan lubang jalan. Dia melewati antrean pelanggan yang ingin masuk ke toko sayuran, dengan keranjang belanja menggantung di tangan mereka. “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” Lina tinggal di AlunAlun Quillium, di atas toko benang yang dikelola oleh neneknya. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. “Apakah menurutmu Kekuatan Tak Kasat Mata mengawasi kita sepanjang waktu?” Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya:

34/ST/Ovr/7 /29

35/ST/Ovr/8 /30

36/ST/Ovr/9 /34

30/TT/Ovr/3 /20 31/TT/Ovr/4 /21

34/TT/Ovr/7 /33

36/TT/Ovr/9 /38


Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

37/ST/Ovr/1 0/39

…and for a second he wondered what it would be like to be up there, looking out over the whole city, laughing and waving.

37/TT/Ovr/1 0/43

38/ST/Ovr11 /46

Doon clapped his hands over his ears and stepped forward. All over the room, greasy-looking cans and tools littered the floor.

38/TT/Ovr/1 1/53

40/ST/Ovr/1 3/49

He lived with his father in a twobedroom apartment over his father’s shop in Greengate Square,..

40/TT/Ovr/1 3/56

41/ST/Ovr/1 4/59

Warm, furry-smelling air washed over her, and all her love for this place came rushing back.

41/TT/Ovr/1 5/67

42/ST/Ovr/1 5/66

Over the course of Ember’s history, various clever people had tried to invent a movable light, but all of them had failed.

42/TT/Ovr/1 7/75

43/ST/Ovr/1 6/68

Her dark eyebrows drew together over her eyes. Once more the man lifted the lid and Lina bent over the pencils.

43/TT/Ovr/1 8/77

“I’ll take two,” she said, and a faint, dazzly feeling came over her at the thought of what she was doing.

45/TT/Ovr/2 0/86

…dan sesaat Doon ingin tahu bagaimana rasanya berada di atas sana, memandang seluruh kota sambil tertawa dan melambai-lambai. Doon menutup kedua telinganya dan melangkah maju. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai. Dia tinggal bersama ayahnya di sebuah apartemen dengan dua kamar tidur di atas toko ayahnya di Alun-Alun Greengate… Bau udara merebak hangat dan lembut, dan seluruh kerinduannya untuk tempat ini kembali menerpa dirinya. Sepanjang sejarah Kota Ember, banyak orang pandai telah mencoba untuk menciptakan sebuah cahaya yang dapat bergerak, tetapi upaya mereka semua menemui kegagalan. Alis matanya yang gelap bertaut menaungi matanya. Sekali lagi pria itu membuka tutup kotak dan Lina membungkuk di atas pensil-pensil itu. “Saya ambil dua,” ujarnya, dan sedikit rasa takjub melanda dirinya saat memikirkan apa yang tengah dia lakukan.

39/ST/Ovr/1 2/46

Over

67

44/ST/Ovr/1 7/76

45/ST/Ovr/1 8/77

39/TT/Ovr/1 2/53

44/TT/Ovr/1 9/85


Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text Tangan Lina mengambang di atas pensil-pensil tersebut. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. Dia menganggap kami terlambat jika kami hanya datang dua menit lewat dari pukul delapan, dan dia selalu mengintip dari belakang saat kami menulis. …dan dia akan menunjuk-nunjuk tulisan kami sambil berkata,… Lina kembali menyelipkan selembar kertas itu menutupi potonganpotongan kertas yang telah dilem. Dengan kedua siku terbuka dan dagu bersandar di tangan, dia memandangi kertas itu. Dia meletakkan lembaran kertas kosong di atas kertas Instruksi dan menaruh kotak itu di atasnya. Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahuntahun oleh warganya. Sebuah tatapan terkejut muncul di wajahnya.

46/ST/Ovr/1 9/77

Lina’s hand hovered over the pencils.

46/TT/Ovr/2 1/86

47/ST/Ovr/2 0/85 48/ST/Ovr/2 1/98 49/ST/Ovr/2 2/99

Fear had settled over the city. A look of puzzlement came over her face. Captain Fleery straightened up again and clapped a hand over her heart.

47/TT/Ovr/2 2/95 48/TT/Ovr/2 3/108 49/TT/Ovr/2 4/109

50/ST/Ovr/2 3/103

He counts us late if we come in even two minutes after eight, and he looks over our shoulders as we’re writing,…

50/TT/Ovr/2 5/114

51/ST/Ovr/2 4/103

…and he runs his finger over what we’ve written and says,… Lina slid the piece of paper back over the pasted-down scraps.

51/TT/Ovr/2 6/114

With her elbows on either side of it and her chin resting in her hands, she pored over it. She placed the plain sheet of paper over the Instructions and put the box on top.

53/TT/Ovr/2 8/118

These were the books of Ember, written over the years by its citizens. A look of surprise came over his face.

55/TT/Ovr/3 0/130

Over 52/ST/Ovr/2 5/106

53/ST/Ovr/2 6/107

54/ST/Ovr/2 7/112

55/ST/Ovr/2 8/118

56/ST/Ovr/2 9/125

68

52/TT/Ovr/2 7/117

54/TT/Ovr/2 9/123

56/TT/Ovr/3 1/139


Preposition

69

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

57/ST/Ovr/3 0/129

A long leg stepped over the rope, and the person it belonged to turned and walked away. Carefully she moved her hands over the narrow ridge of her grandmother’s body until she came to her shoulders. Lina tucked one foot underneath her and pulled part of the blanket over her lap.

57/TT/Ovr/3 2/143

Sebuah kaki panjang melangkah melewati tali, dan orang itu membelok dan berjalan menjauh. Dengan hati-hati dia menggerakan tangannya ke atas tubuh neneknya sampai ke pundak.

She squeezed her grandmother’s shoulders gently, and as she stood up a wave of terrible loneliness swept over her. A look of horror passed over Doon’s face. It was that way he walked, sort of dipping over sideways,… As they spoke, interrupting each other to make sure they got in all the details, the guard’s eyebrows gradually lifted higher and higher over his eyes.

60/TT/Ovr/3 6/154

Barton Snode leaned heavily against the wall and rubbed a hand over his chin. Lina glanced over her shoulder. She had felt it in Looper’s shop as she hovered over the colored pencils.

64/TT/Ovr/4 0/180

58/ST/Ovr/3 1/137

59/ST/Ovr/3 2/138

60/ST/Ovr/3 3/139

Over

61/ST/Ovr/3 4/158 62/ST/Ovr/3 5/160

63/ST/Ovr/3 6/164

64/ST/Ovr/3 7/164

65/ST/Ovr/3 8/165 66/ST/Ovr/3 9/168

58/TT/Ovr/3 4/152

59/TT/Ovr/3 5/152

61/TT/Ovr/3 7/174 62/TT/Ovr/3 8/176

63/TT/Ovr/3 9/180

65/TT/Ovr/4 1/182 66/TT/Ovr/4 2/185

Lina melipat satu kaki ke bawah tubuhnya, dan menarik sebagian selimut ke pangkuannya. Lina meremas bahu neneknya dengan lembut, dan sat dia berdiri gelombang kesepian menerpanya. Tatapan ketakutan terpancar di wajah Doon. Itu adalah cara dia berjalan, agak miring ke samping,… Saat mereka bicara, sambil saling menyela untuk memastikan mereka menceritakan semua detailnya, alis si penjaga perlahan terangkat semakin tinggi. Barton Snade bersandar ke tembok dan mengusap-usap dagunya. Lina melirik melalui bahunya. Dia pernah merasakannya di dalam toko Looper saat dia tergoda melihat aneka pensil warna.


Preposition

70

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

67/ST/Ovr/4 0/169

She puzzled over the patchwork of scraps for a long time,..

67/TT/Ovr/4 3/187

68/ST/Ovr/4 1/173

They bent over the document again.

68/TT/Ovr/4 4/190

69/ST/Ovr/4 2/174

Once again they crouched over the page, their heads close together.

69/TT/Ovr/4 5/191

70/ST/Ovr/4 3/175

They were bending again over the glueddown fragments…

70/TT/Ovr/4 6/192

71/ST/Ovr/4 4/181

He ran a finger over their convoluted surface.

71/TT/Ovr/4 7/200

72/ST/Ovr/4 5/182

He lay on his stomach next to the rock and inched forward until his head hung out over the edge of the path.

72/TT/Ovr/4 8/200

73/ST/Ovr/4 6/182

She lay down and pulled herself forward until her head was over the edge. … and he eased himself carefully over the rocks, feeling for the first rung with his foot.

73/TT/Ovr/4 9/200

75/ST/Ovr/4 8/183

Lina inched backward, just as Doon had, letting one foot dangle over the edge…

75/TT/Ovr/5 1/201

76/ST/Ovr/4 9/184

She unfolded it, and Doon looked over her shoulder.

76/TT/Ovr/5 2/203

Clary cukup lama menekuni sobekansobekan kertas yang ditambal,… Mereka membungkuk menekuri dokumen kembali. Sekali lagi mereka membungkuk menekuri halaman kertas tersebut, kepala mereka berdekatan. Mereka kembali membungkuk mengamati sobekansobekan kertas yang direkatkan… Satu jarinya menelusuri permukaan yang berlekuk-lekuk. Dia tengkurap ke dekat batu dan beringsut ke depan hingga kepalanya menjulur ke luar pinggiran jalan setapak. Dia berbaring tengkurap dan beringsut ke depan sampai kepalanya melewati bantaran. …dan perlahan-lahan dia menuruni bebatuan, sambil merasakan anak tangga pertama dengan kakinya. Lina beringsut ke belakang, seperti yang dilakukan Doon, sambil membiarkan satu kakinya terulur melewati tepian,… Dia membuka lipatannya, dan Doon mengintip dari belakang bahunya.

Over

74/ST/Ovr/4 7/183

74/TT/Ovr/5 0/201


Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

77/ST/Ovr/5 0/189

…and the flaming stick dropped over the ledge and into the river. …though the ceiling was low—they could see it just over their heads.

77/TT/Ovr/5 3/208

79/ST/Ovr/5 2/196

Doon dawdled over his breakfast of carrot sticks and mashed turnips,…

79/TT/Ovr/5 5/217

80/ST/Ovr/5 3/199

For a few minutes he stood by the window, looking out over the square…

80/TT/Ovr/5 6/220

81/ST/Ovr/5 4/199

The guard towered over her, and she twisted her head sideways…

81/TT/Ovr/5 7/221

82/ST/Ovr/5 5/202

She never left her stockings draped over the back of a chair,…

82/TT/Ovr/5 8/223

83/ST/Ovr/5 6/202

…or her sewing spread out all over the table. He had a bulging pillowcase slung over his shoulder.

83/TT/Ovr/5 9/223

They have signs up about us all over the city!” …the only light came from beneath the blind over the window. …that it cast a shadow over the thrill of going to the new city.

85/TT/Ovr/6 1/225

…dan batang menyala itu jatuh ke langkan lalu masuk ke sungai. …meskipun langitlangitnya rendah— mereka bisa melihatnya persis di atas kepala mereka. Doon pelan-pelan menyantap sarapannya yang terdiri dari batangan wortel dan lobak yang ditumbuk,… Selama beberapa menit Doon berdiri terpaku di dekat jendela, sambil melihat ke luar alunalun… Si penjaga menunduk memandangnya, dan wanita itu memalingkan wajahnya ke samping,… Dia tak pernah meninggalkan stoking terjuntai di bagian belakang kursi,… …atau jahitannya tergeletak di atas meja. Dia membawa sarung bantal menggembung yang diselempangkan di bahunya. Mereka memasang pengumuman tentang kita di seluruh kota!” …satu-satunya sumber cahaya hanya berasal dari balik kerai jendela. …sehingga pikiran itu memberati keasyikan pergi ke kota baru.

78/ST/Ovr/5 1/194

Over

71

84/ST/Ovr/5 7/203

85/ST/Ovr/5 8/204 86/ST/Ovr/5 9/206

87/ST/Ovr/6 0/209

78/TT/Ovr/5 4/215

84/TT/Ovr/6 0/225

86/TT/Ovr/6 2/228

87/TT/Ovr/6 3/231


Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

88/ST/Ovr/6 1/218

His eyebrows came down over his eyes, making them into dark slits. She leapt up, knocking over her chair. With her arm, she made a wide swipe and knocked over the table next to the chair as well. There was a crash— someone must have fallen over the toppled chair or table. Lina approached it cautiously and peered out over the swarm of people assembling in Harken Square.

88/TT/Ovr/6 5/242

Alisnya menurun mendekati matanya hingga tampak seperti irisan yang gelap. Lina melompat, menjatuhkan kursi.

…Doon, who lay on his stomach with his head hanging over the edge… They heaved the boat up and stretched sideways to swing it out over the water.

93/TT/Ovr/7 0/261

95/ST/Ovr/6 8/243

Holding a candle, she put one foot over the edge of the boat…

95/TT/Ovr/7 2/270

96/ST/Ovr/6 9/251

It makes me feel as if they’re watching over us.”

96/TT/Ovr/7 3/278

97/ST/Ovr/7 0/251

The ceiling was high over their heads.

97/TT/Ovr/7 4/278

98/ST/Ovr/7 1/251

In some places, the ground beneath their feet was rutted in parallel grooves, as if a wheeled cart of some kind had been driven over it.

98/TT/Ovr/7 5/278

89/ST/Ovr/6 2/219 90/ST/Ovr/6 3/219

Over

72

91/ST/Ovr/6 4/220

92/ST/Ovr/6 5/220

93/ST/Ovr/6 6/235

94/ST/Ovr/6 7/236

89/TT/Ovr/6 6/243 90/TT/Ovr/6 7/243

91/TT/Ovr/6 8/243

92/TT/Ovr/6 9/244

94/TT/Ovr/7 1/261

Diayunkannya lengannya lebarlebar, sehingga menjatuhkan meja di samping kursi juga. Ada suara benturan— pasti ada yang jatuh tersandung kursi atau meja yang terjungkal. Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di AlunAlun Harken. Doon, yang tengkurap dengan kepala terjulur melewati tepi… Mereka mengerek sampan dan menariknya ke samping untuk mengayunkannya ke atas air. Sambil membawa lilin, Lina melangkahkan kakinya melewati pinggiran sampan… Itu membuatku merasa seolah-olah mereka sedang mengamati kita. Langit-langit menjulang di atas kepala mereka. Di beberapa tempat, tanah di bawah kaki mereka terdapat jejak berupa jalur-jalur sejajar, seolah-olah sejenis gerobak telah ditarik lewat.


Preposition

Number of Data

Source Text

Number of Data

Target Text

99/ST/Ovr/ 72/254

…and leaves that spread out over their heads. The color seeped out of the sky and washed over the land. The sky arched over them, higher than they could have imagined,…

99/TT/Ovr/7 6/281

102/ST/Ov r/75/257

They roamed over the green-coated slopes, running,…

102/TT/Ovr/ 79/285

103/ST/Ov r/76/262

My eyes swept over the silver hills,…

103/TT/Ovr/ 80/291

104/ST/Ov r/77/264

They sat looking out over the hills,…

104/TT/Ovr/ 81/293

105/ST/Ov r/78/264

A city with trouble, where people argued over solutions.

105/TT/Ovr/ 82/293

106/ST/Ov r/79/265

Poppy went to sleep, but Lina and Doon sat looking out over the land. Red juice ran out over his hands.

106/TT/Ovr/ 83/295

Doon crouched on his hands and knees, looking over the edge.

108/TT/Ovr/ 85/300

…dan dedaunan yang tersebar di atas kepala mereka. Warnanya terpancar ke langit dan menyapu dataran. Langit melengkung di atas mereka, jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang pernah mereka bayangkan,… Mereka berjalan melewati lerenglereng berlapis hijau,… Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… Mereka duduk memandangi perbukitan,… Sebuah kota dengan masalah, di mana orang-orang berdebat mencari solusi. Poppy tertidur, Lina dan Doon duduk sambil melihat ke arah dataran. Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. Doon membungkuk bertumpu pada tangan dan lututnya, melihat melalui bibir jurang.

100/ST/Ov r/73/256 101/ST/Ov r/74/256

Over

73

107/ST/Ov r/80/267 108/ST/Ov r/81/269

100/TT/Ovr/ 77/283 101/TT/Ovr/ 78/283

107/TT/Ovr/ 84/298


74

Appendix 4: The translation mapping of preposition above found in the source text of City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau into Indonesian (13) English Preposition

Above


Number of Data


Di atas

1/TT/Abv/1/14

Preposition

Di atas

2/TT/Abv/2/19

Preposition

Di atas

3/TT/Abv/3/29

Preposition

Di atas

4/TT/Abv/4/51

Preposition

Di atas

5/TT/Abv/5/51

Preposition

Di atas

6/TT/Abv/6/100

Preposition

Di atas

7/TT/Abv/7/128

Preposition

Di atas

8/TT/Abv/8/151

Preposition

Di atas

9/TT/Abv/9/184

Preposition

Di atas

10/TT/Abv/10/264

Preposition

Di atas

11/TT/Abv/11/265

Preposition

Di atas

12/TT/Abv/12/268

Preposition

Di atas

13/TT/Abv/13/282

Preposition


75

Appendix 5: The translation mapping of Preposition beyond found in the source text of City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau into Indonesian (14) English Preposition


Number of Data


Ke luar

14/TT/Byn/1/28

Preposition

Di luar

15/TT/Byn/2/28

Preposition

Ke luar

16/TT/Byn/3/40

Preposition

Di luar

17/TT/Byn/4/41

Preposition

Ke luar

18/TT/Byn/5/41

Preposition

Di luar

19/TT/Byn/6/66

Preposition

Dari balik

20/TT/Byn/7/71

Preposition

Tak dapat

21/TT/Byn/8/104

Modal

Ke luar

22/TT/Byn/9/192

Preposition

Sesudah

23/TT/Byn/10/270

Preposition

Di luar

24/TT/Byn/11/280

Preposition

Di atas

25/TT/Byn/12/280

Preposition

Di depan

26/TT/Byn/13/299

Preposition

Di luar

27/TT/Byn/14/299

Preposition

Beyond


76

Appendix 6: The translation mapping of preposition over found in the source text of City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau into Indonesian (81) English Preposition

Over


Number of Data


Sepanjang

28/TT/Ovr/1/4

Preposition

Di

29/TT/Ovr/2/7

Preposition

-i

30/TT/Ovr/3/20

Suffix

Di

31/TT/Ovr/4/21

Preposition

Melewati

32/TT/Ovr/5/21

Verb

Di atas

33/TT/Ovr/6/24

Preposition

Di dekat

34/TT/Ovr/7/33

Preposition

-i

35/TT/Ovr/8/34

Suffix

Di atas

36/TT/Ovr/9/38

Preposition

-

37/TT/Ovr/10/43

-

-

38/TT/Ovr/11/53

-

Di

39/TT/Ovr/12/53

Preposition

Di atas

40/TT/Ovr/13/56

Preposition

-

41/TT/Ovr/15/67

-

Sepanjang

42/TT/Ovr/17/75

Preposition

Menaungi

43/TT/Ovr/18/77

Verb

Di atas

44/TT/Ovr/19/85

Preposition

-

45/TT/Ovr/20/86

-

Di atas

46/TT/Ovr/21/86

Preposition

Segenap

47/TT/Ovr/22/95

Preposition

Di

48/TT/Ovr/23/108

Preposition

Ke

49/TT/Ovr/24/109

Preposition

Dari

50/TT/Ovr/25/114

Preposition

-

51/TT/Ovr/26/114

-

Menutupi

52/TT/Ovr/27/117

Verb

-i

53/TT/Ovr/28/118

Suffix

Di atas

54/TT/Ovr/29/123

Preposition


English Preposition

Over


Number of Data

77


Selama

55/TT/Ovr/30/130

Preposition

Di

56/TT/Ovr/31/139

Preposition

Melewati

57/TT/Ovr/32/143

Verb

Ke atas

58/TT/Ovr/34/152

Preposition

Ke

59/TT/Ovr/35/152

Preposition

-

60/TT/Ovr/36/154

-

Di

61/TT/Ovr/37/174

Preposition

Ke

62/TT/Ovr/38/176

Preposition

-

63/TT/Ovr/39/180

-

-

64/TT/Ovr/40/180

-

Melalui

65/TT/Ovr/41/182

Preposition

Melihat

66/TT/Ovr/42/185

Verb

Menekuni

67/TT/Ovr/43/187

Verb

Menekuri

68/TT/Ovr/44/190

Verb

Menekuri

69/TT/Ovr/45/191

Verb

Mengamati

70/TT/Ovr/46/192

Verb

-i

71/TT/Ovr/47/200

Suffix

Ke luar

72/TT/Ovr/48/200

Preposition

Melewati

73/TT/Ovr/49/200

Verb

-i

74/TT/Ovr/50/201

Suffix

Melewati

75/TT/Ovr/51/201

Verb

Dari belakang

76/TT/Ovr/52/203

Preposition

Ke

77/TT/Ovr/53/208

Preposition

Di atas

78/TT/Ovr/54/215

Preposition

-

79/TT/Ovr/55/217

-

Ke luar

80/TT/Ovr/56/220

Preposition

Memandang

81/TT/Ovr/57/221

Verb

Di

82/TT/Ovr/58/223

Preposition

Di atas

83/TT/Ovr/59/223

Preposition


English Preposition

Over

78


Number of Data


Di

84/TT/Ovr/60/225

Preposition

Di

85/TT/Ovr/61/225

Preposition

-

86/TT/Ovr/62/228

-

-

87/TT/Ovr/63/231

-

Mendekati

88/TT/Ovr/65/242

Verb

-

89/TT/Ovr/66/243

-

-

90/TT/Ovr/67/243

-

Tersandung

91/TT/Ovr/68/243

Verb

Ke arah

92/TT/Ovr/69/244

Preposition

Melewati

93/TT/Ovr/70/261

Verb

Ke atas

94/TT/Ovr/71/261

Preposition

Melewati

95/TT/Ovr/72/270

Verb

-i

96/TT/Ovr/73/278

Suffix

Di atas

97/TT/Ovr/74/278

Preposition

-

98/TT/Ovr/75/278

-

Di atas

99/TT/Ovr/76/281

Preposition

-

100/TT/Ovr/77/283

-

Di atas

101/TT/Ovr/78/283

Preposition

Melewati

102/TT/Ovr/79/285

Verb

-

103/TT/Ovr/80/291

-

-i

104/TT/Ovr/81/293

Suffix

Mencari

105/TT/Ovr/82/293

Verb

Ke arah

106/TT/Ovr/83/295

Preposition

-i

107/TT/Ovr/84/298

Suffix

Melalui

108/TT/Ovr/85/300

Preposition


Appendix 7: The data for the survey chosen from the source text of City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau (20) NUMBER OF DATA

SOURCE TEXT

2/ST/Abv/2/17

On the street level were shops; above the shops were the apartments where people lived.

5/ST/Abv/5/45

So that meant he was fifty feet underground, with tons of earth and rock and buildings above him.

9/ST/Abv/9/167

Above the table were shelves full of bottles of seeds, and boxes of string, wire, and various kinds of powders.

14/ST/Byn/1/25

“Beyond Ember, the darkness goes on forever in all directions.”

18/ST/Byn/5/36

She could see nothing beyond them but blackness. Out beyond the trash heaps, a figure appeared.

20/ST/Byn/7/62 25/ST/Byn/12/253

Down the slope was a tumble of dark, rounded shapes, and then another slope rose beyond that.

26/ST/Byn/13/268

A few feet beyond their shoes was a sheer, dizzying drop.

28/ST/Ovr/1/4

When the lights were on, they cast a yellowish glow over the streets;… “I can leapfrog over the trash can!”

32/ST/Ovr/5/19 34/ST/Ovr/7/29

39/ST/Ovr/12/46

Now here was Mrs. Polster again, looming over Lina and pronouncing her message. She bent over The Book of the City of Ember and read a few sentences: All over the room, greasy-looking cans and tools littered the floor.

47/ST/Ovr/20/85

Fear had settled over the city.

48/ST/Ovr/21/98

A look of puzzlement came over her face.

49/ST/Ovr/22/99

Captain Fleery straightened up again and clapped a hand over her heart. These were the books of Ember, written over the years by its citizens. Lina approached it cautiously and peered out over the swarm of people assembling in Harken Square.

36/ST/Ovr/9/34

55/ST/Ovr/28/118 92/ST/Ovr/65/220 103/ST/Ovr/76/262

My eyes swept over the silver hills,…

107/ST/Ovr/80/267

Red juice ran out over his hands.

79


80

Appendix 8: The Form of the Survey Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to take this survey. The data collected will be used for my bachelor’s thesis on the English prepositions above, beyond, and over at Sanata Dharma University. Before starting the survey, please fill out the following information. I will use a coding method in analyzing the data, so that your name will not be used in my thesis directly. First name: Country of origin: Status (student, professional, etc.): Total time spent in Indonesia: Please translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English, using one of the prepositions above, beyond, or over for the section highlighted in bold and italics. Note that some of these sections do not necessarily use prepositions in Indonesian (e.g., verb melewati, or suffix –i in verb mengaliri) but can be translated into English using above, beyond, or over. Number 18 is methaporical and can also be translated with one of those prepositions. If you prefer, feel free to type and submit the translations directly via e-mail to [email protected]. 1.

Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. “Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.” ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di Alun-Alun Harken. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. ………………………………………………………………………………………………


81

12. Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud-wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 17. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacammacam serbuk. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you very much for your time and effort! Regards, Vina


82

Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 1 (R1) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to take this survey. The data collected will be used for my bachelor’s thesis on the English prepositions above, beyond, and over at Sanata Dharma University. Before starting the survey, please fill out the following information. I will use a coding method in analyzing the data, so that your name will not be used in my thesis directly. First name: Kasey Country of origin: America Status (student, professional, etc.): Student and Teacher Total time spent in Indonesia: 29 months Please translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English, using one of the prepositions above, beyond, or over for the section highlighted in bold and italics. Note that some of these sections do not necessarily use prepositions in Indonesian (e.g., verb melewati, or suffix –i in verb mengaliri) but can be translated into English using above, beyond, or over. Number 18 is methaporical and can also be translated with one of those prepositions. If you prefer, feel free to type and submit the translations directly via e-mail to [email protected]. 1.

Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya. Lina bent over Buku Kota Ember and read a couple of sentences. 2. “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” I can frog jump over the trash can! 3. Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. If that is the meaning, he is 15 meters under the ground, with tons of earth and buidlings above him. 4. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. Captain Fleery raised his body back up and slapped his hand over his chest. 5. “Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.” Beyond Kota Ember, the darkness won’t go away at any angle. 6. Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. The red liquid (blood) flowed over his/the/her/its hand. 7. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai. In all the rooms, the oily props (?) and all the tools are scattered over the floor. 8. Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. Lina was not able to see beyond the area, only darkness. 9. Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di Alun-Alun Harken. Lina came closer with caution, and peaked over the masses that gathered at the Harken town square. 10. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota.


11. 12. 13.

14. 15.

16.

17. 18. 19.

20.

The feeling of fright covered over the whole city. Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. Beyond the pile of trash appeared the form of a man. Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. Confusion came over her face. Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud-wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. Under the slope there were dark and round forms, and after there was a steeper slope beyond it. Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. These are the books of Kota Ember, written over the years by the people. Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal. On the edge of the street there are shops, above the shops are apartments where people live. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. Now Lina comes back with Bu Polster who is now standing over Lina and pronouncing her message. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. A few meters beyond their feet is sheer ravine which is dizzying. Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… My eyes sweep the silver hills. (My eyes are looking over the silver hills). Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacam-macam serbuk. Over the table there were raks with bottles filled with germs, a box of string, wire, and a variety of powder. Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… When on, those lamps radiate yellow rays over the street.

Thank you very much for your time and effort! Regards, Vina

83


84

Appendix 10: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 2 (R2) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to take this survey. The data collected will be used for my bachelor’s thesis on the English prepositions above, beyond, and over at Sanata Dharma University. Before starting the survey, please fill out the following information. I will use a coding method in analyzing the data, so that your name will not be used in my thesis directly. First name: matthew Country of origin: USA Status (student, professional, etc.): student Total time spent in Indonesia: 2 years Please translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English, using one of the prepositions above, beyond, or over for the section highlighted in bold and italics. Note that some of these sections do not necessarily use prepositions in Indonesian (e.g., verb melewati, or suffix –i in verb mengaliri) but can be translated into English using above, beyond, or over. Number 18 is methaporical and can also be translated with one of those prepositions. If you prefer, feel free to type and submit the translations directly via e-mail to [email protected]. 1.

Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya. Lina leaned over the book a read a few sentences 2. “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” I can leapfrog over the trash 3. Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. So she is 15 feet below the ground with dirt and building above it 4. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. Captain fleery stod back up and clasped his hands over his chest 5. “Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.” Beyond the city of Ember here is darkness in all directions 6. Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. Red liquid running down his hand 7. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai. throughout the room the cans looked greasy and there was a number of equipment scattered on the floor 8. Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. Lina could not see beyond that area theat was darkness 9. Lina .mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di Alun-Alun Harken. Lina approached carefully and peered over the crows that assembled at harkin square 10. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. The taste of fear is above the city 11. Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia.


12. 13.

14. 15.

16.

17. 18. 19.

20.

From beyond a pile of garbage someone appeared Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. Confusion over her face Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud-wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. Under the slopes are dark and fat beings and above it others climb Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. These are books from ember written over years by the citizens Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal. On the side of the road are shops, above the shops are places where people live Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. Now Lina is back with ms Polster who is standing over Lina and reading a message Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. A few meters beyond their feet is a cliff that makes you dizzy Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… My eyes looked above the colored hills Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacam-macam serbuk. Above the table are shelves with bottles seed boxes, strings, wire, and an assortment of powder. Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… When lit the lamps give a yellow light over the street


85


86

Appendix 11: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 3 (R3) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to take this survey. The data collected will be used for my bachelor’s thesis on the English prepositions above, beyond, and over at Sanata Dharma University. Before starting the survey, please fill out the following information. I will use a coding method in analyzing the data, so that your name will not be used in my thesis directly. First name: Joshua Zukas Country of origin: Britain Status (student, professional, etc.): Student Total time spent in Indonesia: 3 months Please translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English, using one of the prepositions above, beyond, or over for the section highlighted in bold and italics. Note that some of these sections do not necessarily use prepositions in Indonesian (e.g., verb melewati, or suffix –i in verb mengaliri) but can be translated into English using above, beyond, or over. Number 18 is methaporical and can also be translated with one of those prepositions. If you prefer, feel free to type and submit the translations directly via e-mail to [email protected]. 1.

Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya. Lina bent over the Buku Kota Embar and read some sentences. 2. “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” I can leap frog over the rubbish bin. 3. Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. So that means he is now 15 meters below ground, underneath tons of rock, and a building above. 4. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. Captain Fleery returned to enforcing his body and put his hands over his chest 5. “Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.” Beyond Kota Embar, the darkness hadn’t stopped in each corner 6. Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. Red fluid flooded over his hand 7. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai. (All) over the room, cans of oil and a pieces of equipment were scattered on the floor. 8. Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. Lina could see nothing beyond that area other than darkness 9. Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di Alun-Alun Harken. Lina approached with care, and peeked over at the masses gathering in Alun-Alun Harken 10. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. ??? 11. Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. Beyond the scrap heap an image of a man appeared


87

12. Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. The image of confusion appeared over his face 13. Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud-wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. Below the slopes are dark rounded forms, and then there are other ramps above them. 14. Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. These are Kota Embar books, written over the years by citizens. 15. Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal. At the edge of the street are shops, beyone the shops are apartments where people live. 16. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. Now Lina is going back together with Mr. Polstor, that is stood over Lina and reciting passages. 17. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. A few meters beyond their feet was a dizzying cliff. 18. Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… My eyes swept over the sliver hills 19. Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacam-macam serbuk. Above the table there are shelves of bottles seed boxes, strings, wire, and an assortment of powder. 20. Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… When lit, the lights emit a yellowish light over the street Thank you very much for your time and effort! Regards, Vina


88

Appendix 12: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 4 (R4) First name: Edwina Country of origin: Australia Status (student, professional, etc.): Student Total time spent in Indonesia: 2.5 months Based on my understanding of bahasa Indonesia, I found it made more sense to translate some of the sentences using words other than ‘above’, ‘beyond’ or ‘over’. In these cases I have written my preferred translation in blue. I have also written a second translation using ‘above’, ‘beyond’ or ‘over’ in red. However, the meanings are quite different. 1. Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya. Lina bent over the Book of the City of Ember and read a few sentences. 2. “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” "I can leapfrog over the trash!" 3. Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. So that means she is now fifteen feet underground with tons of rocks, earth, and buildings above her. 4. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. Captain Fleery lifted his body and clapped his hands above his chest. 5. “Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.” Beyond the City of Ember, the darkness is endless in every direction. 6. Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. Red liquid flowed over his hands. 7. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai. Beyond the room, oil cans and equipment appeared scattered on the floor. 8. Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. Lina could not see anything beyond that place except for darkness. 9. Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di Alun-Alun Harken. Lina approached cautiously and peered over the crowd that gathered in Harken Square. 10. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. Fear covered over city. 11. Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. Beyond a pile of garbage, a human figure appeared. 12. Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. Confusion spread over her face. 13. Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud-wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. Beneath the slopes, dark and round forms can be found, and then there is another climb over it. 14. Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. These are the books of the City of Ember, written over the years by its citizens. 15. Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal. On the roadside there are shops; above the shops there are apartments where people live.


89

16. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. Now Lina had returned together with Mrs Polster, who was standing over Lina and pronouncing her message. 17. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. A few meters beyond their feet appeared a dizzying steep ravine. 18. Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… My eyes swept over silver hills. 19. Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacammacam serbuk. Above the table were shelves containing bottles of seeds, boxes of string, wire, and an assortment of powder. 20. Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… When lit, the lamps emit a yellowish light over the street.


90

Appendix 13: The Result of Back Translation from Respondent 5 (R5) Dear respondent, Thank you for agreeing to take this survey. The data collected will be used for my bachelor’s thesis on the English prepositions above, beyond, and over at Sanata Dharma University. Before starting the survey, please fill out the following information. I will use a coding method in analyzing the data, so that your name will not be used in my thesis directly. First name: Megan Country of origin: United States of America Status (student, professional, etc.): Student Total time spent in Indonesia: About 10 months Please translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English, using one of the prepositions above, beyond, or over for the section highlighted in bold and italics. Note that some of these sections do not necessarily use prepositions in Indonesian (e.g., verb melewati, or suffix –i in verb mengaliri) but can be translated into English using above, beyond, or over. Number 18 is methaporical and can also be translated with one of those prepositions. If you prefer, feel free to type and submit the translations directly via e-mail to [email protected]. 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8.

Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya. …Lina bent over the book Ember City and read a few sentences. ………………………… “Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah!” ……I can leapfrog beyond* the trash area! ……*beyond is actually a little strange here, I would say past……………………………………………………………… Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atasnya. …So that means it's now fifteen meters below ground with tons of rock, soil, and construction above* it…*above is a little strange here too, I would say on top of Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. …Captain Flerry straightened back up and clapped his hands to his chest………………………… … above, beyond, or over do not fit here.……………………………………………… “Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.” ……Beyond* the Ember City, the darkness is endless everywhere. Or Beyond* the Ember City, the darkness extends to every corner ………………………… ……*outside is a better choice…………………………………………………… Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. …The red liquid runs over* his hands ……*I'd say 'runs down his hands instead. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai. ……All over the room, oily cans and some equipment were strewn across the floor…………………………………… Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. …Lina could see nothing beyond that area except for


9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

14.

15.

16.

17. 18. 19.

20.

darkness.………………………………………………………… Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di Alun-Alun Harken. …Linda cautiously came closer, and looked into the crowd gathered in Harken Square.…… above, beyond, or over do not fit here.………………………………………………………………… Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. …A sense of fear covers over* the entire city. …………………………… …*Sounds more natural to just say 'A sense of fear covers the entire city.' ……… Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. …From behind a pile of garbage, a human figure appeared. …… above, beyond, or over do not fit here.………………………………………………………………………………………… Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. …There was confusion all over his face. Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud-wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atasnya. …… Under the slopes were dark, round forms, and then were are other hills above* it.………………………………………………………………………………………… Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. …The Ember City books were written over several years by its citizens………………………………………………………………………… Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang-orang tinggal. …On the side of the road there are shops, and over (or on top of) the shops are apartments where people live.……… …………………………… Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. Now Lina is coming back together with Mrs. Polster, who is standing near Lina and reciting her message. above, beyond, or over do not fit Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. …A few meters beyond their feet... in front of is more natural here Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… …My eyes swept over the silver hills……………… Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacam-macam serbuk. …… On top of the table are shelves of bottles seed boxes, strings, wire, and an assortment of powder.…… ………… ……… above, beyond, or over do not fit. Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan;… … When lit, those lamps emit a yellowish light over the entire street.


91


Appendix 14: The Result of Back Translation from Five Respondents Number of Data

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

36/TT/Ovr/9/38

Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

32/TT/Ovr/5/21

Over

Over

Over

Over

Beyond

5/TT/Abv/5/51

Above

Above

Above

Above

Above

49/TT/Ovr/22/109

Over

Over

Over

Above

14/TT/Byn/1/28

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

107/TT/Ovr/80/298

Over

-

Over

Over

Over

-

Over

Beyond

Over Beyond

39/TT/Ovr/12/53

-

18/TT/Byn/5/41

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

92/TT/Ovr/65/244

Over

Over

Over

Over

47/TT/Ovr/20/95

Over

Above

-

Over

20/TT/Byn/7/71

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

48/TT/Ovr/21/108

Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

25/TT/Byn/12/280

Beyond

Above

Above

Over

Above

55/TT/Ovr/28/130

Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

2/TT/Abv/2/19

Above

Above

Beyond

Above

Over

34/TT/Ovr/7/33

Over

Over

Over

Over

26/TT/Byn/13/299

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

Beyond

103/TT/Ovr/76/291

Over

Above

Over

Over

Over

9/TT/Abv/9/184

Over

Above

Above

Above

28/TT/Ovr/1/4

Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

92

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