European joumal of ClinIral Nutrition (2009) 63, 499-504 M 2009 Mmiiian Pdiiimlirnited All iights reseived 0954.3007#9 $32.iKI . - ...- . .-. -
w.nature.cwVe+cn
ORICINAL ARTICLE
Relationship between long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids a t birth and motor function at 7 years of EC Bakker1, G ~ornstra', CE ~lanco%ndJSH vles4 'Department of Psychoiogy, Netherlnnds Oper? Ulriversity, Heerler~,The Netl?erlallrls; 'Maastricht Universlty and Nutlf-seorclz, Gronsveld, The Nethmlands; %eparhnetit of Pedinlricc, Universify Hosl)ltal Maastricht, Mansiricht, The Netherlatids and University Hospitril Maasb.lclil, Maastrfcht, Thc Netherlands 4 ~ e p a ~ ~ eoft Neurology, zt Background/Objectlves: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) rapidly accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) during the perinatal CNS growth spurt. This partlcularly concerns arachidonic acid (AA: 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenolc
acid (DHA: 22:6n-3), which are thought to piay important roles in CNS deveiopment and function. The aim of thls study was to investigate the relation between motor function at 7 years of age and the levels of AA and DHA in urnbilical venous plasma phospholipids, representing the prenatal availability of these fatty acids, and in plasma phospholipids sampled at age 7 years. Subjects/Methods: Motor function was assessed both quantitatively (the ability to perforrn a rnovement) and qualitatlvely (how the movement is perfomied) with the Maastricht Motor Test (MMT) in 306 chlldren, born at term, at 7 years of age as part of a follow-up study. Results: Backward stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed a significant] positive reiation between umbllical plasma DHA concentrations (but not plasma DHA levels at 7 years) and the MMT total and quality score, corrected for Lhe covariables gender, cognitive performance, gestational age and age at measurement (partial P =0.13, P= 0.01 and 0.14, P = 0.01, respectively). The contributions of DHA and AA (both at birth and at 7 years of age) to quantitative movement scores were not significant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that prenatal DHA availability, which can be lnfluenced by matemal dietary DHA intake during pregnancy, can have an effect on quality of movement in later life. European /ournal of Uinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 499-504; doi:l0.1038/sj.ejcn.l602971;published onllne 19 December 2007 Keywords: arachidonic acid; docosahexaenoic add; motor function; movement quality; Maastricht Motor Test LCPUFA
Introduction The central nervous systern (CNS)contains high ainounts of
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty aclds (LCPUFA), especially niachidonic acid (AA: 20:4n-6) and docosahexae~ioicacid (DHA: 22:6ri-3) (Sastry, 1985). These fatty acids can either be supplied by nutrition or syntliesized from their (essential) precursors Iinoleic acid (LA: l8:2n-6) or a-linolenic acld (ALA: 18:3n-3), respectively (Innis, 1991). During the last trimester of gestation and in the first postnatal year, the CNS iindergoes a growth spurt, so an adequate supply of LCPUFA Correspondence:Dr EC Bakker, Department of Prychology, Netherlands Open Un~enlty,PO Box 2960, 6401 DL Heeríen, The Netherlands. E-mail: esther.bakke&u.nl Recelved 30 june 2007; rwlsed 7 November 2007; accepted 12 November 2007; published online 19 December 2007
to the cliild during this perlod wil1 be Iniportant for optirnnl CNS clevelopineiit (Innis, 1991; Reisbick, 1996). Several studies have shown tlie importante af postiialal dietary LCPU1:A for tlle development of tein] iiifants (Makrides et lil., 1995; Blrcl-i et al., 1998; Willatts ct al., 1998), although the evldence is ciot uneqiiivocal (Auestad et nl., 2001; Simtner, 2001). It can be hypothesized that preiiatal LCPUFA supply also exerts ai1 influence on CNS development, berauce rapid CNS growth already starts pi-enatally. The absolute accretioii rates of the t?-3 fatty aclds are even greatcr in thc prenatal period compared with the postnatal period (Clandinin ct LI/., 1980a, b). Indeed, rnaternnl LCPUFA supplemeritntion cl~irlngpregnancy seems to enhance scveral aspccts of CNS futiction. Iielland ct 111. (2003) fouiid tliat supplementation wlth very long-chain 12-3 PUFAS during pregnancy and lactation lead
4D
Oud, Aqan en Bloemers, Wim. Fraude bij een web based Intelligentie test zonder toezicht. Gedrag & Organisatie (sept. 2009).
Original Article
Industrial Health 2009, 47, 8 6 8 8
Comparative Sensitivity of Outcome Variables of a Software-based Behavioral Sleep Resistance Task Olivier MAIRESSE1*, Daniel NEU2, Yves ROSSEEL3, Frederik VAN ACKER1, Raymond CLUYDTS4 and Peter THEUNS1 'Research Methods & Psychometncs, Vrije Universiteit Bmssei, Faculty of Economic. Social and Political Sciences and Solvtiy Business School, Research group MOBI-Mobility and Automotive Technology, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 'University Hospita1 Brugmann. Sleep Laboratory, Université Libre de Bmxeiles, Bussels, Belgium 3Department of Data-Anaiysis, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium jDepartment of Cognitive and Biologica1 Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Received April 9, 2008 atid accepted Octoher 14, 2008
Abstract: Unintentional sleep and performance impairment due to extended wakefulness are often the cause of traffic and work accidents. Therefore, large-scale screening instruments assessing the ability to resist falling asleep during monotonous tasks are needed. The current widespread computer use in industrial and home settings offers the possibility to use software-based
Wat met te laag opgeleiden in Vlaanderen? Een prospectieve studie met inbreng van fit, werkuitkomsten, en werkplekleren John Tavemier~'.~ & Joris Van Ruysseveldt'
' Open Universiteit Nederland, Contact: Open Universiteit Nederland Faculteit Psychologie Postbus 2960
NL-640 1 DL Heerlen
++ 31-45-576 2354
[email protected]
Aantal woorden: 2.363 (tekst)
Koninklijke Militaire School
Bevordert een intrinsieke arbeidsoriëntatie de bevlogenheid en arbeidstevredenheid?
Joris Van Ruysseveldt, Hans De Witte en Peter Smulders
Geaccepteerd door Gedrag&Organisatie
Samenvatting
Economic and Industrial Democracy
Perceived Job (1n)Security as Predictor of Emotional Exhaustion, Turnover Intentions, and Organizational Commitment. The Moderating Role of Extrinsic Work Orientation.
l
Journal:
1
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Manuscript ID: Manuscript Type: , ,
] Economic and Industrial Democracy draft Original Article
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Keyword:
Job ~nsecurity,Job content, Psychology, Econornic change
Abstract:
This article attends to perceived job (in)security and its impact on ernotional exhaustion, turnover intentions, and organizational comrnitment. These important work outcornes were explored both separately and in relation to employees' extrinsic work orientation. Using a research model based upon the Job Demands-Recources model, a large (N = 4.589) and heterogeneous sample of Dutch workers was tested. As hypothesized, the perception of future job (in)security dernonstrated to be a potent predictor of processes that influenced the work outcornes. Finally, individuals' extrinsic work orientation rnoderated the relation between perceived job (in)security and ernotional exhaustion, but not turnover intentions and organizational cornmitrnent. These findings lead to essential theoretica1 and practica1 recornrnendations. Key terrns: Job Dernands-Resources model, Ernployrnent, Work orientations, Work outcornes
I
Bevordert een intrinsieke arbeidsoriëntatie de bevlogenheid en arbeidstevredenheid?
Joris Van Ruysseveldt, Hans De Witte en Peter Smulders
Geaccepteerd door Gedrag&Organisatie
Samenvatting Speelt een intrinsieke arbeidsoriëntatie een rol als persoonlijke hulpbron in de relatie tussen werkeisen en hulpbronnen enerzijds en arbeidstevredenheid en bevlogenheid anderzijds? Dit is onderzocht in een omvangrijke, representatieve steekproef van de Nederlandse beroepsbevolking
(N = 4009). Op grond van veronderstellingen afgeleid uit het Job Demands-Resources model
European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology
The Boosting Impact of Intrinsic Work Values on Job Resources in the Realm of the Job Demands-Resources Model
Keywords:
Job Demands-Resources Model, Personal Resources, Intrinsic Work Values, Ernotional Exhaustion, Work Engagement
URL: http:llrnc.manuscriptcentral.comlpewo Email:
[email protected]
Een verkennende studie
Joris Van Ruysseveldt en J o h Taverniers Geaccepteerd door Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken
Samenvatting
Ongeveer 10%van de Vlaamse beroepsbevolking beoordeelt zichzelf als te laag opgeleid voor het werk dat men doet. In deze verkennende studie wordt de werksituatie van deze groep vergeleken met die van de juist en de te hoog opgeleiden. Zoals verondersteld op basis van het P-E fitmodel en het JD-R model ervaren de te laag opgeleiden een significant hoger niveau van werkdruk en werkthuis-interferentie, en daarmee samenhangend, een significant hoger niveau van psychische ~ i ~ r m n ~ i c l hT~~i rafm n o ~ l i i k h d in e nh ~ wmk t h l i i k ~ nniet in &fit
het strewverhnoende effect van
Levenslang leren en opleiding
Wat met werkplekleren? Een studie naar arbeidstevredenheid van t e Laag versus goed geschoolde werknemers met i nbreng van werkdruk en werkplekleren Bedrijven en overheidsinstanties investeren steeds meer in de verdere ontwikkeling van hun werkkrachten. Leren neemt dan ook een alsmaar belangrijkere plaats in op de werkvloer van een toestand van opeenvolgende -
reorgailisaties en snel wijzigende
moderne organisaties. De primaire doelstelling daarbij is vooral technologieCn kunilen
om als organisatie beter gewapend te zijn tegen geglobaliseerde er via werkplekleren voor zorgen . - dat de werknemers %ij' blijven. is hiilrieil inakelingen. Een goed voorbeeld hiervan is het plan Vlaanderen in nier o111 het kwa1ific;itieniveau van te laag opgeleicle werkneniers te Actie (ViA), waarmee de Vlaamse regering er naar streeft om Lereli en voor her tegen 2020 door te stoten naar de absolute top van de Europese werk wordt da:irdoor vrij algemeen hescliouwd als een stimuleregio's. Van de vijf voorgestelde hefbomen om deze ambitieuze rend a s ~ e c tva11 de werkbelevine doelstelling te bereiken, hebben er drie direct of indirect te en ais een essentieel element van
competitie en de zich snel opvolgende technologische ontwik-
G .
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maken met vorming, educatie en ontwikkeling: het investeren in
'good joh design'. Een voorbeeld 1lierv:in is het Job Dernands-Re'De Lerende Vlaming', het doorvoeren van innoverende projecten, sources moclel. Onderzoek bin'lit en internationale competitiviteit. Met VIA zet de Vlaamse rege- nen d'' "l("iel dat werkgerelateerd leren een esring dus zwaar in op 'werkplekleren' voor de verdere ontwikkeling sentiële hulpbron is die negatieve effecten v:in tal van werkeisen van haar ,human capital: zoals te hoge werkdruk - buffert Echter, kan men er van u i t gaan dat meer werkplekleren of (y,, RLiysseveldt, Taverniers, M
-
leren in, door, en tijdens het werk
- sowieso goed is voor iedere
Snlulda"
2009)
werknemer? Dit verslag geeft een overzicht van de belangrijkste ~ ~ recellt ~onderzoek ~ heeft ~ bevindingen en formuleert een antwoord vanuit het perspectief aangetoond dat comPetentieontwikkeling in bepaalde ornstandigpositieve effecteil ressorteert. Zo vonden Pciulsson, IvergSrd, en Hunt (2005) dat weinig beslissingsautonomie en een gebrek a:tn controlemogelijkheden over de eigen 1eer;ictiviteiten kunnen leiden tot con~peteritiestress.Analoge bevindingen kw:imen uit onderzoek na;tr het toon:iangevencle I k mands-Controi model (K~irasek,1979). Hier bleek
van de 'educatie-job fit; of de match tussen educatie en vereiste heden niet competenties voor de functie.
Situering \Verkpleklesen is niet rneer weg te denken in een dynamisch en geglobaliseerd economisch bestel. In
116
OVERaWERK Tijdschnfi van het Steunpunt WSE
/ Uitgeverij Acco
2/2009
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Onderzoeksnotitie: De voorspelling van werkstress in Nederland en Vlaanderen Joris Van Ruysseveldt, John Tavemiers en Peter Smulders* --
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W e passen een onderzoeksmodel ter verklaring van werkstress, gebaseerd op het job Demands-Resources (JD-R)model, toe op vier omvangrijke steekproeven uit de Nederlandse (2002 en 2004) en Vlaamse (2004 en 2007) beroepsbevolking. Het doel is om - aan de hand van de vergelijking van de analyseresultatenop de vier datasets te bepalen in welke mate de gevonden hoofd- en interactie-effecten contextonafhankelijk zijn en dus generaliseerbaar over meetjaar en gebied. De resultaten laten zien dat steeds dezelfde significante hoofdeffecten in de datasets gevonden worden. Werkeisen hebben dus een I positief, en hulpbronnen een negatief hoofdeffect op werkstress, zowel in de twee meetjaren als in de twee gebieden Nederland en Vlaanderen. Maar er is geen empirische 1 steun gevonden voor het optreden van contextonafhankelijke interactie-effecten. De interacties zijn dus wel afhankelijk van meetjaar en gebied. De implicatie voor de interventiepraktijk is dat men niet als vanzelfsprekend mag aannemen dat de hulpbronnen het efíect van hoge werkeisen op werkstress dempen. In het terugdringen van stressproblemen 1I is dus de meeste winst te verwachten van een neerwaartse bijstelling van de werkdruk
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ìfl Psychology Press
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009, 18 ( l ) , 8 - 38
Taylor &Francis Gmup
Procedural and interpersonal fairness moderate the relationship between outcome fairness and acceptance of merit pay Marius van Dijke Open University, Heerle~z,T l ~ eNetherlarz~is
David de Cremer Tilburg University, Tilburg, Tlze Netlzerlnncls
Arjan E. R. Bos Erasuizus Universitv Rotterdam, Rotterdum, nnd Open University, Heerlen, Tlze Netlzerla~cls
Pierre Schefferlie Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
An organizational field study (N= 257) investigated employees' acceptance of a new merit pay system as involving an assessment of whether merit pay can make their earnings more fair, compared to their earnings in the current, seniority-based pay system. We expected that improvement of unfair earnings, and consequently acceptance of merit pay, is considered likely when existing procedures that produce these earnings are unfair, because merit pay improves such procedures. We also expected improvement of unfair earnings, and increased merit pay acceptance, to be likely when employees anticipate fair performance evaluation in a new system, as indicated by fair interpersonal treatment by their supervisor. Results showed that procedural and interpersonal fairness in the existing pay system indeed moderated the relationship between fairness of current outcomes and merit pay acceptance as predicted. Implications for the introduction of merit pay in orgailizations and for our understanding of the different roles of procedural and interpersonal fairness in outcome evaluations are discussed.
Correspondence should be addressed to Marius van Dijke, Department of Psychology, Open University, PO Box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands. E-mail: Marius.vanDijkeilc OU .n1
O 2008 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business http://www.psypress.comjejwop
DOI: 10.1080/13594320701856699
Fairness, Trust, Power, and Self-esteem RUNNING HEAD: POWER, FAIRNESS, AND SELF-ESTEEM
How Power and Trust Explain Procedural Fairness Effects on Self-Esteem
Gerben Langendijk & Maríus van Dijke Open University of The Netherlands
David De Cremer Rotterdam School of Management
Correspondence to Gerben Langendijk, Departrnent of Psychology, Open University, P.O. box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, the Netherlands, Tel: *3 1-45-5762738, E-mail:
Gerben.Lanaendijk@,OU.n1
1
1
Procedural Justice, Outcome Fairness, and Uncertainty
Running Head: PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS, OUTCOME FAIRNESS, AND UNCERTAINTY
When Do Procedural Fairness and Outcome Fairness Interact to Influence Employees' Work Attitudes and Behaviors?: The Moderating Effect of Uncertainty
David De Cremer
Joel Brockner
Ariel Fishrnan
Erasmus University
Colurnbia University
Yeshiva University
Woody van Olfen
David M. Mayer
Marius van Dijke Open University
Erasrnus University
University of Centra1 Florida
Notes. The first two authors contributed equally to this research; their order of authorship is arbitrary. The present research was supported by a fellowship of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, Grant No. 016.005.019), awarded to David De Cremer. We thank Associate Editor Jing Zhou and two anonyrnous reviewers for their helpful comrnents on an earlier version of the manuscript. Please address correspondence to David De Cremer, Rotterdam School of Management, Centre of Behavioral Ethics, Department Business-Society Management, Erasmus University, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Email:
[email protected]., or to Joel Brockner, Columbia Business School, 7 15 Uris Hall, New York, NY, 10027, e-mail:
[email protected].
Community Ment Health J DO1 10. 1007/s10597-009-91 95-6
ORIGINAL PAPER
Identifying Persons at Risk for PTSD After Trauma with TSQ in The Netherlands A. M. M. Dekkers M. Olff G. W. B. Naring
Received: 1 4 July 20081 Accepted: 16 April 2009 O The Author(s) 2009. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract in The Netherlands about 80% of the population experience a traumatic event while about 14% develop post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considering this high prevalence the prevention or early treatment of posttraumatic stress is important from a health as well as costbenefit perspective. The aim of this study was to examine whether we could identify subjects at risk of developing PTSD. We included 100 Dutch victims of different civil traumas that contacted the Victim Support Foundation. The trauma screening questionnaire (TSQ), was used as a screening tool. The results show that a cut-off score of 7 on the TSQ correctly identified most subjects with PTSD. We found a moderate positive correlation between PTSD and the severity of complaints. We als0 found a significant relationship between the TSQ and depression symptoms. This study indicates that the Dutch version of the TSQ is a useful instrument for identifying future cases of PTSD. Keywords Screening
Post traumatic stress disorder . Trauma
Introduction In The Netherlands about 80% of the population experience a traumatic event while about 14% develop post A. M. M. Dekkers . G. W. B. Naring (B) Department of Clinical Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen. The Netherlands e-mail:
[email protected] M. Olff Center for Psychological Trauma, Amsterdam Medica1 Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Puhlished online: 25 April 2009
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Olff and de Vries 2004, Nov.). The core symptoms of PTSD are persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, numbing of genera1 responsiveness and persistent symptoms of increased arousal. These symptoms are associated with clinically significant distress and impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning (American Psychiatric Association 2000). PTSD is a chronic and disabling disorder (Olff and de Vries 2004, Nov.). The national comorbidity study (NSC; Kessler et al. 1995) reported an average recovery period of 36 months for people who had professional treatment and 64 months for people without such help. Patients with PTSD often suffer from comorbid disorders such as depression, other anxiety disorders, and alcohol and drugs abuse (Brewin et al. 20()0; Breslau 7001; Foa et al. 2006; Kessler et al. 1995; Norris et al. 2002; Zayfert et al. 2002). PTSD is also associated with increased health care cost to the society (Walker et al. 3003). Considering the high prevalence early detection of subjects at risk may help to prevent PTSD through early interventions (Sijbrandy et al. 2007). The screening instruments for identifying victims at risk for PTSD that have been developed, were mostly based on risk factors. However, as risk factors are not consistent across studies and may be sample-dependent, Brewin et al. (2000) argued that individual symptoms might be a more effective tool for screening. In his study, Brewin ( 2 0 5 ) reviewed 14 screening instruments for PTSD and concluded that the overall efficiency of al1 screening instruments was good. The 10-item TSQ (Brewin et al. 2002) performed particularly well. In the present study, the Dutch version of the TSQ was validated. In order to assess the specificity of the instrument, we not only assessed how well the TSQ predicted PTSD, but also how well it
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i j SUCICII Psychology Soc Psvehol. 39, 223-236 (2009)
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piibIi\hrd online 5 March 2008 in Wiley InterScience (~\v\+ iiiterscirnce wiley ~ o m DO1 ) 10 1002/ejsp 501
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"Could this happen to me?": Threat-related state orientation increas position identification with victims of random, "senseless" violen1 MARTIJN VAN ZOMEREN'" AND HEIN F. M. LODEWIJKX* VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ' o p e n University, Breda, The Netherlands
fit'o ?.t-pprirrierzrs e.x-arnined the role of tl~rrnt-relatedactiorr-state orientntion in how obsenlers become psychologicc i r r l > c i [rvitlz ~ l i~ictimsof iliolence. ODservirzg incidents of mridom, ".senseless" violerzce is uniqitely threc~terzing abspr.rprrs becau,re they violate just wol-ld Deliefs nnd clppear like they could htrppen to clriyorie. Because stron; fhreilr-rz-lcltedstate-orier~tedindividuuls are less efective in clown-regillating such threats f o the self; they ,shouldperce strz>ngpr self-concernecl position itlentijîcation (i.e., "this corllti happen ro me") when cor2fror~tedwitlz r-aizdc usenseli~,ss"i~iolence.In contrast, rio such effects should occur .for observers' person identìjîcation (i.e., their 0th concer7~c~rl enzpathy for the vicrinz). The results of two experiments supported these ideas arzd ruled out poterzi teni
hy do observers son~etimesidentify with strangers who befall a violent fate? For exan~ple,observers may intend to jc st marches against the occurrence of random, "senseless" violence (Lodewijkx, Kerstens, & Van Zomeren, 200 erits of random. "senseless" violence are threatening to observers because they involve situations where the vict not be blamed for his or her violent fate. Unlike situations in which victim blaming is possible, incidents of rando less" violence appear like they could happen to anyone (including oneself; Lemer, Miller. & Holmes, 1976), a l-it a violation of just world beliefs (because something bad happens undeservedly to a good person; e.g., Lern 980). Incidents of random, "senseless" violence thus uniquely implicate observers in events because observers cani ame the victim for his or her fate to protect theirj~istworld beliefs, and hence need to cope with this potential threat to 1 Recent theory and research on this issue (Lodewijkx, De Kwaadsteniet, & Nijstad, 2005; Lodewijkx, Wildsch tad, Savenije, & Smit, 700 1 ; Van Zomeren & Lodewijkx, 2005,3008; for a sociological perspective see Van den Brit 1 ) hiix proposed that two distinct, yet related, psychological mechanisms help observers cope with being confront iris of random, "senseless" violence. The first mechanisrn is based in a concern for thepositiorz of the victim t1 may fiiid oneself in (which is referred to as self-concerned positiorz icler~t$cation),whereas the second mechanism d in ;i rorican for the .crifJ'eriilg of the victim as a person (referred to as other-concemed person i~IelrritiJicatiorz). \ rate this line of thought with a different line of theory and research suggesting that individuals diflel- in their ability regulate threats to the self (e.g., Kuhl, 1994a, 2000, 2001: see also Lazarus, 1991). Specifically, Kuhl (2000, 20C Posed individual differences in tlzreat-i-eltlteclírctiorl-stlrte orirntntion. State-onented individuals typically engage effective self-regulation in response to threatening situations than action-oriented individuals (see also Kuhl & Koo j. Iiidred, action-oriented individuals flexibly disengage from situational threats, whereas state-oriented iridividu: qi>cindrnc'r to: hlartijn \an Zomeren, Departmrnr of Soci:rl Psychology (FPP),V U Univrrsiiy. Vnn der Boechor
S.'right i 2008 John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd.
Receiivd 31 Joniriir? 201 ~v Acce/~teilI4 J ~ r n i ~ a301
Ei~ropeanJourt~alof Social Psychology Eur J. Soc. Psychol. 39, 255-269 (2009) Published online 5 Msrch 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wi1ey.com) DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.506
Sanctions and moral judgments: The moderating efi sanction severity and trust in authl LAETITIA B. MULDER'*, PETER VERBOON* AND DAVID DE CREMER' 'center for Justice and Social Decision Making, Tilburg U n i v ~ Tilburg, The Netherlands * ~ a c u lof t ~Psychology, Study centre Rotterdam, Dutch Open University, The Netherlands
Abstract In order to irztiírce people to follo~v rules, slí~zctiorzsare often introducecl. In tkis paper we arpue jbr the inpor ,studyirrg the yosititle injîuence of snnctioriing systems o?z people's moral convictions regnrding the rule ncli~o, the scznction ~ 7 t z c of f studyin,pfictors that moderate this injluence. In three experinierlts we tested the injl~lerzceo f . sei~eritynr~dshowed that severe .sanctiorls evoke stronger moral judgments with regard to rule-breclking behn. stronger social disr~pprovaltowards rule-breakers thnn mild sunctions. This ivw particularly the case when authorities is high mther than lowt 1rnplication.s o f tliese jìndings are ílisc~tssed.Also, a framework is proF ~~nderstcznd the possible circumstances thut determine whether sal~ctionseither increase or decrease ntoral Copyright 3008 Jnhn Wiley & Sorls, Ltd.
c)
Many social situations are regulated by rules and punishments. For example, fines are imposed for exceec rriaximum speed level to encourage safe driving behavior and imposed for free riding in public transport to ent people to pay their fee. Punishments are thus a means to induce people to do what is considered morally "right." E rconomic point of view, sanctions on undesired behavior deter people from performing undesired behavior and en( desired behavior simply because such a sanction makes the undesired behavior less attractive. Various exper studies have indeed shown that sanctioning systems can successfully increase pro-social behavior (Caldwell, 197 Loukopoulos, Fujii, & Garling, 2002; Fehr & Gachter, 3002: McCusker & Carnevale. 1995; Van Vugt & De Cremei Wit & Wilke, 1990; Yámagishi, 1986, 1992). However, field research has shown that mora1 norms more strongly in normative behavior than forma1 sanctions (e.g., Paternoster & Simpson, 1996: e.g., Wenzel, 2004). The researct current paper attempts to shed light on the influence of sanction severity on moral norms regarding the sanc behavior.
Sanctions and Moral Norms Recently, both psychologists and economists argued that sanctions can have countelprodiictive effects (Fehr & Falk. Frey & Oberholzer-Gee, 1997: Gneezy 8~Rustichini, 2000: Mulder, Van Dijk, De Cremer. & Wilke, 2 0 0 6 ~Tenbïu ; L~Iessick. 1999). In fact. sunctions may exert negative effects on psychological mechanisms unclerlying behavic exainple, Gneezy and Rustichini's research i 2000) suggests that the installation of a sanctioning systein can create tt Corrsspoiidence to: Lasfitia B. Milliier. Centre of JuST. Tilburg Univeriiry. P.O. B a \ 90153. 5000 LE Tilburo. The Netherlands E-mail: l.b.n~uldrr(~uvt.~il
Receivrd 15 FeDrucrn Copyright ( _ 7008 John ?Vilev & Sons. I td
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DISCUSSIE
................................................................................................................................
t u u r d o e t niets. mensen we ................................................................................................................................
Cultuur en lichaam i n de gezondheidszorg ................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ Samenvattitig Rob v a n Dijk schreef i n 2004 een k r i t i s c h a r t i k e l o v e r h e t ................................................................................................................................
g e b r u i k v a n h e t s t a t i s c h c u l t u u r b e g r i p i n de gezondheidszorg. Volgens
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hem komt d i t b e g r i p d e beleidsmakers misschien goed uit, v o o r d e p r a k -
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t i j k v a n d e i n t e r c u l t u r e l e h u l p v e r l e n i n g i s h e t e c h t e r r o n d u i t problema-
................................................................................................................................ tisch. B e t e r zou h e t z i j n om u i t t e gaan van een dynamisch c u l t u u r b e ................................................................................................................................ g r i p . I n deze b i j d r a g e o n d e r s c h r i j v e n we Van Dijks k r i t i e k o p h e t ................................................................................................................................ s t a t i s c h e c u l t u u r b e g r i p maar we l a t e n t e g e l i j k z i e n waarom z i j n a l t e r n a ................................................................................................................................ t i e f geen soelaas b i e d t . Zowel h e t s t a t i s c h e a l s h e t dynamische c u l t u u r ................................................................................................................................ b e g r i p geven een klassieke, v e r k e e r d e v o o r s t e l l i n g van hoe c u l t u u r en
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i n d i v i d u zich t o t e l k a a r verhouden. W i j p r e s e n t e r e n een h e e l a n d e r p e r ................................................................................................................................ s p e c t i e f o p d i e verhouding, waarin wordt a f g e r e k e n d met h e t i d e e van ................................................................................................................................ c u l t u u r a l s k r a c h t o f factor. Consequent s t a a n handelende mensen cen................................................................................................................................ t r a a l , a l s belichaamde i n d i v i d u e n d i e met e l k a a r dwingend vormgeven ................................................................................................................................ aan gedragspatronen. We bespreken d e consequenties v a n d i t perspec-________^---_____--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t i e f v o o r onze o p s t e l l i n g t e n aanzien van a n d e r e n é n onszelf.
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Procedural justice as a t001to affirm power relationships with subordinates DAVID DE CREMER A N D MARIUS VAN DIJKE
The issue of social justice is a dominating theme in our daily lives. In fact, concerns about the value of justice in our social lives go back to ancient moral philosophers such as Plato and Socrates (Rawls 1971).Indeed, the concept of social justice is related to hurnanitarian and ethica1 standards that describe how we should act and treat others (e.g., Miller 2001). Social justice can take many forms (e.g., fair distributions of outcomes, respecthl treatment, fair cornmunication of decisions and so forth), but in the past two decades considerable attention has been devoted to the issue of procedural justice. This focus in attention was primarily motivated by Lind and Tyler's (1988: 1)influential book in which they argued that fairness judgments (and related responses) are influenced more strongly by procedures than by outcomes, as such emphasizing the importance of procedures as a core element of social justice. Procedural justice can be defined as the fairness of procedures enacted by an authority when making allocation decisions (i.e. granting voice or not, being accurate and consistent in evaluations and so forth; see Leventhal 1980 for an overview of different procedural rules) and the respecthl treatment associated with it (De Cremer et al. 2004). To date, an impressive amount of literature exists pointing out the importance of procedural justice in promoting a wide variety of psychological outcomes relevant to the functioning of our social lives (see De Cremer and Tyler 2005; Greenberg and Colquitt 2005; Van den Bos and Lind 2002, for overviews). For instance, when people believe they are being fairly treated by authorities such as organizational managers or judges, they are more willing to accept decisions, obey laws, and exert extra effort to achieve organization goals (i.e. organization citizenship behavior; Moorman 1991). The belief that one has been treated unfairly prompts negative effect, antisocial behaviors such as revenge and theft (for recent meta-analyses, see Cohen-Charash and Spector
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SCHIZOPHRENIA
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Schizophrenia Research xx (2008) xxx-xxx
Social cognition and neurocognition as independent domains in psychosis I. Janssen a, I. Myin-Germeys S. van Hooren a*b31,D. Versmissen R. Mengelers ', J. van Os a*c9d,L. Krabbendam a
a.d,
J. a Campo d,
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsj~ckolog)!Süuth Limhup Merrtal Healtlr Research aizd Gaclring Nehvork, EURON, ~Maast~iclzt U~iiversity,PO BOX 6161, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlanrli b Deparhnertt of' Psychalop, Open Universip of'the iVetherlands, PO BOX 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, The Nerlrerlands C Divisiort of'Ps>ichologicalAfedici~le, Inslitule of psych ia!^, De Crespi<~~t>i Park, Denmark Hill, Lündo~lSE5 8AE UK d ~IlondriaonZoiggroep, Section Social Cognition, Heerlerz, The net her land^ Received 21 November 2007; received in revised form 26 February 2008; accepted 29 February 2008
Abstract Patients with psychosis display alterations iii social cognition as wel1 as in the realm of neurocogiiition. It is unclear, however, to what degree these cognitive domains represent two separate dimensions of liability or the pleiotropic expression of a single deficit. The purpose of the present sh~dywas to investigate (i) to what extent alterations in social cognition represent an independent area of wlnerability to psychosis, separate from neurocognitive deficits and (ii) whether social cognition is one construct or can be divided int0 several subcomponents. Five social cognition and three neurocognitive tasks were completed by 186 participants with different levels of vulnerability for psychosis: 44 patients with psychotic disorder; 47 subjects at familial risk; 41 subjects at psychometric risk and 54 control subjects. The social cognition t a k s covered important basic subcomponents of social cognition, i.e. mentalisation (or theory of mind), data gathering bias (jumping to conclusions), source monitoring and attibution style. Neurocognitive tasks assessed speed of information processing, inhibition, cognitive shiíting and strategy-driven retrieval from semantic niemory. The results of factor analysis suggested that neurocognition and social cognition are hvo separate areas of vulnerabiliíy in psycliosis. Furthermorc, the social cognition mcasures lacked significant overlap, suggesting a multidimensional construct. Cognitive liabilities to psychosis are manifold, and include key processes underlying basic person-environment interactions in daily life, independent of cognition quantified by neuropsychological tests. O 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. Ke.vn~ords:Social cognitiori; Neurocognition; Psychosis; Factor analysis
1. Introduction - -- --
*
Comesponding author. Department ofPsychiatry and h'europsycholoby, Maastricht University, PO BOX 61 6 (VIJV), 6200 hlD Maastrichf The Nethcrlands. Tel.: t3 1 43 3688682; fax: t31 43 3688689. E-r~iailaddwss:
[email protected]~~irnaa.nl ( L . Krabbendam). Joined first authorship.
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0920-99646 - see front matter c3 2008 Publishcd by Elsevier B.V. doi: 10.1016:j.schres.2008.0?.022 . . .. . . .. . ...
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Individuals with psychosis not only display neurocognitive deficits, hut also expenenCealterations in the processing of social information. Alterations in areas of ~ocial c o ~ i t i o n ,including processing of enlotion% social perception, mentalisation and social knowledge,
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Heeft een Depressieve Sollicitant Minder Kans op een Baan? Effecten van een Depressief Verleden op Persoonsbeoordeling, Emotionele Reacties en Aanname-lntentie Anouk Schippers, Arjan E. R. Bos, Eva Derous en Edwin van Hooft
T. S., neaia: of an and & Van
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De Invloed van Temporele en Sociale Vergelijkingen op het Psychologisch Welbevinden van Verpleeghuisbewoners
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Marijke van der Ree-'t Jong, Arjan E. R. Bos en Birgit Mayer
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Marijke van der Ree-'t Jong', Arjan E. R. Bos ','& Birgit Mayer'
' Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam 'Open Universiteit Nederland
Correspondentie:, Dr. Arjan Bos, Instituut voor Psychologie, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Postbus 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam Tel: oio-408g53zr Fax: 010-408gwg, Email:
[email protected]
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The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia: A Validation Study With Patients Exhibiting Early-Onset Dementia R u s i u n Leontjevas, M.Sc., S u s a n v a n Hooren, Ph.D., A n s Mulders, M.D.
Objective: To investigate some tjctlidity measures of Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scnb (MADRS) and Col-nel2 Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) in patients with early-onset dementia (EOD). Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: Nursing home. Participants: A sample of 63 inpatknts utith EOD. Measuremenîs: Partic-ipants were assessed for the presence of clinical depression tlsing the Provisional Dignostic Criteria for Depression in Alzheimer Diseuse. Careglt~erswere administered the MALIRS and CSDD, and two subscales from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPO. Results: Depressedpntierzts had higher scores o n 6 of the 10 IMADRS items and on 3 of tbe 19 CSDD items than nonúepressedpatients. Receiver operating charactwistic curve analysis reztealed a larger area u&er the curve for MADRS (0.87) than for CSDD (0.76), the dzsference uuzs significant (p = 0.044). A CSDD optima1 cutflscore of "5/@yieliied a sensitizlity of 0.833 and a speczpcitj~of 0.567. A MADRS czrtoff score of -19/201'yielded the highest szrm of sensitivity (0.750) and specqicity (0.843). A MADRS score of "14/15" with almost the same sz6m of sensitivip and speczyicity had a higher sum of sensitivity and a negative preditive valzre than "19/20."Roth scales correlated u~itl:,the NPI suDscales depression/dysphoria (iFL4DRS: r, = 0.70; CSDD: r, = 0.62) and apatJ..y/indz~erence (MADRS: r, = 0.59; CSDD: r, = 0.50). Conclusion: m e MADRS and CSDD performed wel1 in distinguishi?zg depressed from nondepressed EOD patimts and shouled good congruent z~alidity.î ñ e sc~zlesmay be zlsed to w e s s depressive symptoms in EOD. í 7 ~ eMADRS intensity grades may be ztsed for development or refinement of depression scales in (early onset) dementia. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 1756-64)
Key Words: Early-onset dementia, depression, MADRS, CSDD
Received February 22, 2008; revised August H, 200ö; accepted August 10, 2008. From the Department of Psychology, Open I;nivemity of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherhands (RL, SH); Depurtment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EIJKON, Maastricht Cniversity, ïlie Netheflan& (SH); 2nd SVVE De Archipel, Eindhoven, Radhoud liniversity Nijmegen, The Neiheriands (AM). Send conespondence and reprint requests to Susan van Hooren, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Open University of the Nethertands, PO Box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands. r-mail:
[email protected] Q 2008 Americnn Association for Geriatnc Psychiatry
56
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17:1, January 2Oû9
AM J AUHEIMERS DIS OTHER DEMEN OnlineFirst, published o n April 3,2009 as doi:10.1177/1533317509333905
Apathy and Depressive M O Oin~ Nursing Home Patients With Early-Onset Dementia
American Journal of i l l ~ h e i m e r ' s Disease & Other Dementias" Volume 000 Number «O 'I; 2009 Sage Month Publications 2 m 9 1-8 1 0 . 1 ii711533317509331905 http://ajadd.sagepub.corn hosted at
http://online.sagepub.iom
Ruslan Leontjevas, MSc, Susan van Hooren, PhD, Wim Waterink, PhD, and Ans Mulders, MD The study explored whether apathy and depressive mood symptoms (DMS) are related to cognitive and functional features of dementia in 63 nursing home (NH) residents with early-onset dementia (EOD). Al1 EOD residents from one NH (n = 41) and a random sample from another NH were assessed for depressive symptoms (Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]),apathy ( N e u r ~ p s ~ c h i a t rInventory ic [NPI]), global cognitive functions (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), activities of daily living (ADL, Minimum Data Set-Resident Assessment Instrument [MDS-RAI]), and overall dementia severity
Introduction Noncognitive n e u r ~ p s ~ c h i a t r disturbances, ic such as depression and apathy, which occur in up to 90% of patients with dementia" can be seen as central components of dementia, regardless of cause or stage.4 These provide clues to the underlyingpathophysiological processes of dementia, are key determinants of differential diagnosis and p r ~ ~ n o s iand s , ~are of great importance in patient care. In this regard, acquiring insight into noncognitive disturbances is especially important for dealing with patients with early-onset dementia (EOD, onset before 65 years of age). Earlyonset dementia shows a wider differential diagnosis From the Department of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen (RL, SvH, WW); Radboud University Nijmegen Medical CentTe, Nijmegen (RL, m);Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht (SvH); and SWE De Archipel, Eindhoven (AM), The Netherlands. 'ïhe authors reported no conflicts of interest. Address correspondente to: Susan van Hooren, Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, PO Box 2960,6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands; e-mail: susan.vanhoorenOou.nl.
(Global Detenoration Scale [GDS]). DMS were not associated with apathy and dementia severity. Regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, the type of dementia, and DMS revealed that dementia severity measures accounted, respectively, for 14% (ADL), 13% (GDS), and 9% (MMSE) of the variance in apathy. . In line with previous research in older patients, the higher apathy scores were associated with more cognitive and functional problems in EOD. Keywords: early-onset dementia; apathy; depressive mood; depressive symptoms
in comparison to late-onset dementia' (LOD), noncognitive psychiatric disturbances are highly frequent in EOD,",~and these disturbances may interfere with or delay EOD d i a g n o ~ i s . ~ ' ~ Apathy is the most common noncognitive disturbance in dement ia'^^.^^; it is badly tolerated and experienced dramatically by caregivers-even worse than cognitive deterioration." Apathy in dementia is defíned as the absence or lack of motivation, feelings, emotion, interest or concern not due to mood disorder, altered level of consciousness, or cognitive impairment.I2 Loss of interest or motivation can be a conspicuous symptom of depression.l3 In this regard, patients with a high level of apathy are likely to meet criteria for the diagnosis of depression even when dysphoric symptoms are absent.I4 NevertheIess> apathy a mere symptom of depression because various studies show apathy to be a discrete cpdrome in dementia.''-" A recent large longitudinal study by Starkstein e t al" among 247 patients with Alzheimer's dicease (AD) demonstrated that apathy at baseline was a predictor of depression 1 to 2 years later hut that depression was neither necessav nor sufficient t0 produce a ~ a t h ~ . The distinction between apathy and depression is
