Slim bouwen: welke energietechnieken maken het verschil?

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Slim bouwen: welke energietechnieken maken het verschil? Leuven, woensdag 6 april 2011 ©3E |

• Evolution of energy consumption in buildings • Challenges • Key technologies for new and renovated buildings • • • • • •

©3E |

Building envelope Heating Cooling Domestic hot water Solar energy Electricity grid

2011

Slim Bouwen - welke energietechnieken maken het verschil

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http://www.majhost.com/gallery/Puinkabouter/Boekentoren/pano_3.jpg

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RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCK ANNO 2005

200000 180000 160000 140000 120000

Number of houses

100000 aantal 80000 60000 40000 20000

OPEN

65 - 105 m²

<45 m²

45 - 64 m²

> 125 m²

105 - 124 m²

65 - 105 m²

<45 m²

45 - 64 m²

> 125 m²

105 - 124 m²

45 - 64 m²

Year of construction

<45 m²

<1945 1946-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005

65 - 105 m²

bouwjaar

105 - 124 m² > 125 m² <45 m² 45 - 64 m² 65 - 105 m² 105 - 124 m² > 125 m²

0

FLAT

GESLOTEN

HALFOPEN

Type – Floor area

woningtype - woonoppervlakte

Figuur 1: Aantal en verdeling van de woningen in het woningenpark voor situatiejaar 2005

Source: 3E and PHL, 2008 - Scenarios to achieve the CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 in the Belgian building stock, study for Isoterra

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ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY CONSTRUCTION YEAR <1945

‘46-’70

’71-’80

’81-’91

’91-’95

’96-’01

’01-’05

118 GJ

• • • •

No insulation Single glazing High infiltration Old heating systems

56 GJ K70 (Wallonia) K55 (Flanders)

Θinside = 15.7 – 0.00435 (Um.AT)

• • • •

Medium insulation U1.x glazing Medium infiltration New heating systems

Sources: 3E and PHL, 2008 - Scenarios to achieve the CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 in the Belgian building stock, study for Isoterra Hens H., Verdonck B., 1997 - Wonen, verwarmen: energie en emissies, CO2 project Electrabel ©3E | 2011 Slim Bouwen - welke energietechnieken maken het verschil

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TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS BY CONSTR. YEAR

1M

275k

<1945

‘46-’70

’71-’80

’81-’91

’91-’95

’96-’01

’01-’05


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TOTAL CO2-EMISSION BY CONSTRUCTION YEAR (2005) Number of buildings Total = 27.9 Mton

8.4 Mton

Consumption per building Consumption per category

1.1 Mton

<1945

‘46-’70

’71-’80

’81-’91

’91-’95

’96-’01

’01-’05


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EVOLUTION OF CO2 EMISSION 27.9 Mton 25.2 Mton

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Same bottom-up approach for different moments in time Climate corrected! Source: 3E and PHL, 2008 - Scenarios to achieve the CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 in the Belgian building stock, study for Isoterra

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EVOLUTION OF CO2 EMISSION 27.9 Mton

BAU

25.2 Mton

+14%

-20% 20 Mton 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

47% more dwellings in 2020 compared to 1990! BAU: 14% more CO2 emission in 2020 than in 1990 Source: 3E and PHL, 2008 - Scenarios to achieve the CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 in the Belgian building stock, study for Isoterra

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BAU

25.2 Mton

new = passive ren = E70

20 Mton 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

All new buildings as passive buildings AND all renovations to E70 is NOT enough! Source: 3E and PHL, 2008 - Scenarios to achieve the CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 in the Belgian building stock, study for Isoterra

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BAU BAU +50% renovation

25.2 Mton

20 Mton 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

BAU: 11% of buildings renovated between 2005  2011 Increasing renovation rates by 50% is not enough! Source: 3E and PHL, 2008 - Scenarios to achieve the CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 in the Belgian building stock, study for Isoterra

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BAU

25.2 Mton

new = passive ren = E70 Ren + 50% 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Required: • drastic improvement of energy performance (new & renovations) • drastic increase of renovation rates Source: 3E and PHL, 2008 - Scenarios to achieve the CO2 emission reduction target for 2020 in the Belgian building stock, study for Isoterra

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CHALLENGES <1945

‘46-’70

’71-’80

’81-’91

’91-’95

’96-’01

’01-’05

2010

2020

118 GJ

56 GJ

Which technologies can we use to achieve these challenges? 0 GJ

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BUILDING ENVELOPE

• Insulation and air tightness to passive house standard • From passive to active: multi-functional façades • Daylight • Solar protection • Photovoltaics • Solar thermal • Integration of ventilation, heating/cooling, energy storage, ...

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MULTIFUNCTIONAL GLAZING SYSTEMS

Source: www.glassx.ch

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EFFICIENT FACADE RENOVATION

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• • • •

Existing massive wall is transformed in heat emission surface Ventilation systems integrated in the façade Inhabitants can stay in their appartments during renovation Heat demand reduction from 184  10 kWh/m²y

Source: IEA ECBCS Annex 50: Prefab Modules for Retrofit, Dieselweg Graz

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EMBODIED ENERGY

Low energy buildings can have embodied energy contribution of more than 50% to total consumption

But: energy payback time of passive +/- 2yr compared to standard construction  embodied energy should not hinder us from building low–e or passive

Source: Verbeeck, G., & Hens, H. (2010). Life cycle inventory of buildings: A contribution analysis. Building and Environment, 45(4), 964-967.

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• Heating demands will be drastically lower • Fossil fuels have doubtful future for building heating  the era of the chimney is nearing it’s end Adapted concepts required for individual and collective systems, based on • heat pumps (all types, incl. air-source) • solar thermal systems (but need for thermal storage) • biomass for collective systems, preferentially as CHP ©3E |

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http://www.desktops-wallpapers.com/landscapes.html

HEATING

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COOLING

• Get rid of the taboo: total energy consumption counts • Daily demand shows large correlation with availability of solar energy • solar protection • solar cooling • Geo-cooling is very efficient for large scale applications: SPF up to 20

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COOLING – EXISTING BUILDINGS

Source: 3E, 2008 - Natural and renewable cooling in existing buildings, study for VEA.

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DOMESTIC HOT WATER

• Increasing importance • Can become much more important than heating • Heat recovery: an untapped potential? • Cheap • Simple • Up to 40% savings • Many practical restrictions • Solar thermal ©3E |

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SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy, both photovoltaic (PV) and thermal, will play a KEY ROLE in the coming decades

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SOLAR HEATING / DOMESTIC HOT WATER Solar collectors

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HEAT

Thermal storage


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HEAT

PV

Heat pump

2011

ELECTR.

Thermal storage HEAT

Thermal storage


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HEAT

Thermal storage

PV

ELECTR.

Heat pump

HEAT

Thermal storage

PV

ELECTR.

Heat pump

HEAT

Thermal storage

Electricity grid 23% losses

Smart grid ?

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HEAT PV

ELECTR.

Thermal storage

Heat pump

(Smart) electricity grid

PVT-collectors

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HEAT PV

ELECTR.

Thermal storage

Heat pump

(Smart) electricity grid

Solar thermal heat pumps

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BREAK EVEN BORDER PV 2010

Reference : PVTP 2005, W. Sinke

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SUMMARY

We need to 1. Increase energy performance of new + renovations 2. Increase the rate of renovations Towards NZEB for new AND heavy renovations: • Envelope according to passive performance criteria • We shall use solar energy to produce • Electricity • Heat (direct) • Heat (via heat pumps)

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SUMMARY /2

For majority of our buildings: there’s enough sun hitting the building façade to provide all heating needs on a monthly basis Unsolved issue: storage • Thermal : densifying the storage capacity • Electricity: smart grid? We have no time to wait for the ‘ideal’ storage  use everything we can to go as far as possible today

THANK YOU

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Slim bouwen: welke energietechnieken maken het verschil?

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