PROGRAM STUDI AGRIBISNIS FAKULTAS PERTANIAN, UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

PROGRAM STUDI AGRIBISNIS FAKULTAS PERTANIAN, UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

BAHAN AJAR Mata Kuliah

: Gender dan Pembangunan

Semester

: VI

Pertemuan Ke

: 2

Pokok Bahasan

: Konsep Dasar Gender

Dosen

: Prof. Rudi Febriamansyah Vonny Indah Mutiara, SP, MEM 1

AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR

POKOK BAHASAN: Konsep Dasar Gender

Sub bahasan 1. 2. 3. 4.

Which is Gender? Why Gender? Gender-blind development Mechanisms that maintain gender inequality

2


POKOK BAHASAN: Konsepsi Dasar Gender

Statements About Women and Men (Which is Gender ?) 1. Women give birth to babies, men don’t. 2. Little girls are gentle, boys are tough. 3. In one case, when a child brought up as a girl learned that he was actually a boy, his school marks improved dramatically. 4. Among rural agricultural workers, women are paid 40-60% of the male wage. 5. Women can breastfeed babies, men can bottle feed them.

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6. Most construction workers are men. 7. In Ancient Egypt, men stayed at home and did the weaving. Women handled family business. Women inherited property and men did not. 8. Men’s voices break at puberty, women’s do not. 9. In one study of 224 societies, there were 5 in which men did all the cooking, and 36 in which women did all the house building. 10. According to UN statistics, women do 67% of the world’s work, yet their earnings for it amount to only 10% of the world’s income. 4



why ‘gender’? •

Fakta bahwa ada perbedaan pengaruh/dampak “pembangunan” terhadap pria dan wanita

•

Hubungan gender berpengaruh terhadap hasil pembangunan 5



Gender-blind development (pembangunan yang buta gender) •

Wanita yang sering diabaikan dalam proses pembangunan

•

Data dari kepala keluarga (pria)

•

Asumsi ‘Barat’ or kelas menengah kota tetang peran wanita dalam kehidupan pedesaan

•

‘Housewifization’  ibu rumah tangga 6



What is Gender Issues and Analysis? Gender issues and analysis is concerned with: DIFFERENCES : perbedaan IMBALANCES and INEQUALITY: ketidakseimbangan, ketidaksetaraan MECHANISMS: mekanisme 7

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Household Collection Time for Environmental Products by Season and Year

Hours per week spent on domestic tasks excluding childcare Men Women Commonwealth (Phil) 18 Chawama (Zimbabwe) 20 Angyalfod (Budapest) 14 Cisne Dos (Ecuador)

3 2 4 5

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Unemployment Rates, Women & Men

In state law: How Marital Authority is Represented in Civil Codes in Some Latin American Countries Chile The husband is the administrator and representative of the conjugal property under the community property regime. Ecuador Unless agreed otherwise in the marriage contract, the husband administers the conjugal property. El Salvador The husband administers his wife's assets if she is a minor. Guatemala The husband administers the property under both the community property and the property of conjugal partnership regimes.

Source: UNDP, Hanoi, 2002

Domestic Violence A study conducted by the Cambodian Women’s Crisis Center in 8 villages surrounding Phnom Penh: • 56% of female respondents were abused physically by their partners/spouses • 15% of female respondents were abused sexually by their partners/spouses (Ong, 1999)



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Mechanisms that maintain gender inequality (Mekanisme yang membentuk ketidakadilan gender) Dengan menggunakan pemahaman biologis (biological explanations) untuk mengatur pembagian kerja (division of labor) dimana perempuan itu “lemah” dan laki-laki itu “kuat”. Sehingga, wanita harus menanggung beban sebagai pekerja rumah tangga yang dibayar ataupun tidak dibayar. Bahkan sering didefinisikan sebagai lowly, unskilled or extensions of ‘household work’

•

Dengan menggunakan norma agama dan kepercayaan (religious norms and beliefs ) untuk mengatur peran-peran tertentu yang berbeda antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Meletakkan perempuan dibawah kewenangan suami (male religious leaders)

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Dengan menggunakan adat, budaya atau tradisi yang meletakan hirarki antara laki-laki dan perempuan, sehingga menjustifikasi kepemimpinan pada laki-laki dalam politik dan kemasyarakatan. 17

Gender equality • Gender equality requires equal enjoyment by women and men of socially-valued goods, opportunities, resources and rewards. • Gender equality does not mean that men and women become the same, but that their opportunities and life chances are equal • gender equality cannot be achieved without the empowerment of women • equal treatment of women and men is insufficient as a strategy for gender equality

PROGRAM STUDI AGRIBISNIS FAKULTAS PERTANIAN, UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

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