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PROCEEDINGS '
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TilON \ L SEMINAR
v YSTFR PROGRAM Or CTOGRAPFTY EDUCATION
Saturday, October I", 2016 Nan Tongga Balllroom, Baxko Hotell Padang, WetR SumaRera, Indonetisa
FOREWORD (The Rector o f Uni\rc.rsitas Negeri l'atlang) ?'he proceedings of the International Ser~~iriar of Cizograpl\y, blaster I'ro~ram of Geograpliy Etluc:ltion. Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Pada~ig,Indoncsla. is a serious effort and hard work to improvl: t'lc research ability of the students of Master Program (S?) of Geography I:tlucation Faculty of Social Scienc2, Universitas Negeri Padang, so the level VlII of the KKNI (the National Qualifications Framework of Indonc,;ia) c2.n bc achieved well. This seminar is the final stage of tl:e activities of the Study and Research of Geography ,n 2016 which were carried out in Belitung Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia on July 1 3 ' ~ ,3016 i ~ r t i lAugust I"', 20 16 that is hoped to build the research-based acaden~icatrnosphere conditions in the Master Program oPGeography Education, Faculty of Social Science, llrliversitas Negeri Padang, so that it will develop into i.xccllencc and high quality study program. The good performance indicators of a study program can be assessed and measured from different azpc!cts. namely: I . The productivity of high lcvel graduates 2. The completion of studies on timelaccording to schedule 3. The research-based academic learning 4. The commendable scientilic cornpeten-e ot'the gr2duates 5. The very small rate of failed or drop out students 6. The quality of student thesis at the level of VIII KICNI Such conditions cannot be achieved without the hard ~ o i and k good plnnning of the students and the kcturers as well as the managers Master Program ( 5 2 ) of Geography Education, Faculty of Social Science, UniyiersitasNegeri Padang. With the publication of the Proceedings of the International Seminar on the 2016 Geo~rnphyMaster Program (S2) Geography Education, it is expected tbat all students and lecturers, as well as other rclatetl parties will execut- the strategies teaching and learning process cfficientl)', effectively, independently and bssed cn research.
Padan:.
Ilniversitas Kegeri Padang- INI)OSESlr\
Sal~~r~la?.. October 01.2016
October 20 I6 The Rector,
FOREWORD (The Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Universitas Ncgcri 1'ad:lr~gr The Faculty of Social S c i e ~ ~ c cofs Uniicrsitns N e ~ e r iPadang i s tryin;: the best to be a I5culty t iat is active i r t :wived in creating the high cli~alityteaching force in accordance with the visiori : ~ n d mission of tht! Faculty Social Sciences of Universitas Negeri Padang. The current conditions o f the Faculty o f Soci:.l Sciences Ilni*.;cr.;itasNegeri Padang has its 1irnit:itionc; however. it ivill continue to take reaconable steps maintain r nrarfc: , _:ndthe quality of education of S t . S2. and S3 level so that the graduates will bc qualifitd nntl ablt. to comp.: in the world of work. 'Thc proceedings of the International Seminar of Geography 2016 with the theme "C;eospati:~l Rased Coas Ecc~iourismManagement for Geography Teaching Material Development". Master- Pro~ranl(S?) 01. Geograp T?d!~(-ation,Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Padang is the continuance o f the activitif:~orthe Study a Kexarch of Geography in 2016 held in Relitung Regency, B a n ~ k aBelitung lslantis Provinc-;., Indonesia on J L L3"l , 2016 until August I", 2016. It aims to build and create the graduates with hi~.hcompetency in !heir field accord.lnce with KKNI (the National Qualifications Framework of Indonesia). I t is hcrped that this activity can be conducted on an nngoing basis in order to provide good scientific r:ontributions the students and the community, as well as the lecturers, and the college. hl\, great appreciation for the Iiead of I Master- Program (S2) of Geography Education, Faculty of Social Science, U~ii\~ersitas Negeri ['adan;: a;ld the teal who have been working really hard, so that the students become accustonled to thc reso:lrch-l.as:tl acadeu atmosphere. ti,
r'ad;~n;:. October 2C The De
Prof. Dr. Syafri 4nwar, M.
Universitas Negeri Padang- INDONESIA Sntuyday, October 01,2016
FOREWORD (The Ilcad of 1M:istcr I'rogram of Geography Education, Faculty of Soci;ll Science, Universitas Ncgeri Padang)
The proceedings of the International Seminar on Geokgraphy 2016 Master Program (S?) of Geozraph!. Education. Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Padarlg with the theme "Geospatial Based Coastal Ecotourisrn Management for Geography Teaching Material Development" is organized in order to provide complete information about the results of the activities of the Study and Ressarch of Geography 2016 held in Belitung Regeqcy, Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia on July 23"'. 2016 until August I", 2016. The descriptions in these proceedings are the findings related to of maritime ecotourism, coastal conservation, damage to the coastal environment, and sustainability education in coastal areas and islands which were examined in the perspective of the x i e n c e of Geography, so it can be used by the lecturers in developins course materials and improving the qualily of student thesis. The support and participation of all parties to continue to develop the qr~alityof academic-based research in the Master Program (S2) of Geography Education, Faculty of Social Science, L1niversitas Negeri Padnnz is expected, so that the graduates produced by the hlaster Program (S2) of Geographb Education, Faculty of Socia: Science, Universitas Negeri Padang are in accordance with the standard quality set by the Government, the Rector and the Dean, as well as by the study pro,oram. My great appreciation for the Committee of International Seminar of Geoyaphy who have worked reslly hard for the perfect execution of this seminar. Finally, it is admitted that this work. is not perfect yet. If there arc: errors or deficiencies found, criticism and suggestiolis from all parties are welcomed for the improvement of this work.
Padang, October 20 16 The Head of Master Program of Gec)grapty Fducation,
Dr. Dedi FIcbmon, M P
Unibersiras %egeri Padang- li\'DO\ESI.\ Saturda!. October 01,2016
SPEAKER OF GEO('.lXAl'EIY INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR MASTER PROGR.\iVI O F C;EOGl
Guest Speaker
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S u s ~J'udjiast~iti
Mi:ntt.ri Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik lndonesia
Speaker -Kevrote --
Safiah lii, Yusmah Muhammad Yusoff, Ph.1) 0 Deputy Dean (Undergraduate), Faculty of ?.KT
Main Speaker Prof. Dr. Syafri Anwar, M.Pd Dtan, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia Senior Lecturer of Master Program ('S-2) Geography Education, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Pada Victor PH Nikijuluw, ?h.D Marine Program Director, Conservation International (CI) Indonesia-Arlington Virginia, America Dr. Genius Urnar, S-Sos, M.Si Deputy Mayor Pariaman, Indonesia Guest Lecturer at Limkokwing Univ,:rs~ty and UniKL Kuala L.umpur, Malaysia Danic.1 A. Friess, Ph.D United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland * Department of Geography, National University of S~nsapore.I Arts Link, Singapore 117570 Dr. Asnil, SE, M.Si D?rektorat Jenderal bin:^ Keuangan Ilaerah Kernenterian Dalam Ne~neri,REPURILIK INDONESIA Guest Lecturer (Economic, Financial, M:inagernent dan Fiscal Decertralization) Dr. Dedi Hermon, M P Lecturer of Geography Departernent and Master Program of Geography Education, Fatuity of Social Scien Univcrsitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia
Companion Speaker Dra. Yurni Suasti, iM.Si (cflnrl.Dr) Head of Geography Department, Unive-sitas Negeri Padang, lndonesia Nofrion, S.Pd, M.Si (cand. Dr) Lecture of Geography Department, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia Rahrni Novalita, S.Pd, M.Pd (cnnrl. Dr) Lecturer of Geography Education Lrniversitas Alrnuslim, Indonesia Dr. Khairani, M.Pd Lecturer of Master Program of Geography Education, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia Jamnris, S.Pd, M M (canri. Dr) Studcnt of Doktor Program, Universitas Negeri Pac'ang, lndonesia Surnanti, S.Pd, M.Pd (ctmd. Dr) Studcnt of Doctor Program, Universitas Negeri Pac'ang. lndonesia Drs. Surtani, M.Pd Lecturer of Geography Department, Uriversitas Negeri Padang. lndonesia
vii [Jniversitas Negeri Psdang- INDONESIA Sat~irday,October 01,2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS THE FIRST EDITION ('XIENCE -- FOR EDUCATIOF)
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Author Safiah Muhammad Yusofff Syafri Anwar
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Geospatial Based Coastal Ecotourism Manqement for Geography Te;iching Material Development of Disaster Readiness of SSB (The Disaster Ready Scho,~ls)in The Coastal Area of Padang City, Indonesia (a study in the red zone area) l z , a l Resources Conservation in Indonesia: 1s:;ues. Policies. and K A i c t o r I'l-l Nikijului Directions Coastal Ecotourism Develo~mentof Pariaman Daniel A. F r i e s in The klanagen~entof Asnil Coastal Budgets Stock Changes Based Dedi Hermor Coas~alTourism in Belitung Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province,
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Comnetence Geography Teachers in Preparation Lesson Planning Geo~raphy/ Environmental Concerning Character Based (Study in SMAN 3 and SMA I Pemhangunan Laboratory UNP P a d a n g D ) Task: Enhancing The Quality of Geography Learning Baied on I Lesson Study The Vodel of Education for The Society with Tourism Awareness (Case Study The Management of Tourism Object Danau Tarusan. Agam District) The Sustainability Education Responsive Environmental Pollution in Tourism Development in Belitung Regzncy, Indonesia Contribution of Teachers competence, Role of Parents, School CIulture, I Interpersonal Communication Toward Behavior of Student at Senior High
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Yurni Suasti
Nofrion
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Rahmi Novz~iita
Jarnaris
Bithi Arifa-- ---. Erianjoni
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Ahyuni and
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Olivia Oktol-ie --
Alexander Syarn to hleet Asean Econort..ic Community (MEA) Analisys Multitemporal Changing hlangrove's Area Bangka Belitung's Island Province, Indonesia Tourism Based Geography Subject iearning to Form Behavior at Public High Schools in Belitung Regency, Bangka Ilelitung Islands Province, Indonesia Coastal and Marine Pollution Estimated Carbon Absorption and Economic Benefits in Community Forest (HKm) Land Management Tluough Vivo in The Upstream Watersheds (DAS) of Renggung River, Central Lombok Regency, Indonesia Rosdianto Analysis of Fishing Boat Rental Business at Kenyamukan H:~mlet, District of North Sangatta, Regency o r East Kutai Analysis of Socio-Economic Gro\*.tli of Coast;tl Society in Belitun.; ( Iskarni---. I Re~ency, Bangka Belitung. Islands Province,Indonesia .PA. - ----- - .
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viii Ilnivcrsitas Negeri Padang- ISI)OSESI,\ Saturday, October 01,2016
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Mot~ic)r~g Regency Mitig.~tionPolicy o f Flood Disaster in Punspi Penuli Town Province Indonesia The t stimation o f Mangroves Area and Density o f M a n q o v e s Changes Use the R1:mote Sensing Data at Northheast.Province of Aceh, Indonesia ! l a l \ s i s o f Potential Region Expansion in Renah Indojati Pesisir Selatan 1 Rege~tcy, -. Indonesia 1 Strattgy for T h e Prevention of Forest and Idand Firr.s in Relitung Regency, II S a n e k a Belitung Islands Province, Indencsia - --! Alterzi,~tive Policies in the Development of Coastal Tourism in B:litirng Regency, Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia T h e Developmznt o f Facilities and Infrastructure to Support Touris111in Belitung Regency, Rangka Belitung Province, Indonesia Behavior T o u a r d s Floods =Belitung Province, Indonesia --- ..- --
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Febriandi Oktarina. D Amallia A n g ~ r a i n i
I
Shinta Anggia
Obtavia
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Tommy Adam
\hlasie Management in Air Dingin Watersheed Using Community Based
I
Desi Eka Putri
Firman Relitung Province, Indonesia rutcrial Structuring o f Land-Based Quality of W a ~ e r s h e d(DAS) in Belitung D e u i Wulandari Kegoncy Indonesia An ;lnalysis o f the Tourism Developrnent of Tanjrrng Kelayang Reach Toul-ist Destination Area in Belitung Reyency T h e Strategi to Improve The Economy of Coastal Community in I3elirung I Nadila Putri Regency Bangka Belitunq Province Indonesia in Belitung Regency, Indonesia Rahma Fitria Belitvng Regency (Case: Sijuk Rudi Siswanto end Tanjung Pandann District) the Sustainability of En\ironrnental Disaster-Based Education in Faizun hlasyinh Belitung Regency, Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia Hasibuan t\yicultural Policy Directions Paddy Field in Bayang, Pesisir Selatan District, Andri Yanto Province of West Sumatra, lndonesia .Analysis of Education Needs Life Skills for Disability in Undeveloped Areas Amelia Silviani (Ca5e: Sungai Pagu, Solok Selatan District, Province of West Sumatra, Indonesia) Sustainability Education .Assessment ABK Viewed From The Condition Physical Arsida Nur Chcracteristics of Regional, Social, and Economic Community in Underdeveloped Area Ranah Pasaman Barat District, Indonesia The Effectiveness of Teaching and Learning Proces:; of Geography Subjec:t at SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Pandan, Belitung Resency, Bangka Belitung Pro\,ince, Indonesia Thc Impacts of Tourism on the Development of Education in Belitung Regency, I Bahagia Sukma
I-
I Application
of Learning Geography - . - Base on Tour and Care to Environmental at Negeri, Bangka ~ e l i t u Province, n~ Indonesia Development of Tourism Potential Based on Geography by C lrriculum Analysis of Senior High School to I~crea5ethe l'ourism Attraction in Belitirng of Bangka Beliturs Province, -Indonesia --
llniversitas N e ~ c rPadangi INDONESI,\ Saturday, Octoher 01.2016
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Erivirotilmerlt Learning to Build L
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The Study of Pedagogic Competence of Geography Theacher at SRIA Ncgeri 1 Rini Fitria Belitling Re~encylndonesia -Tiara Suci Ramadl~ani Using Technology Computer as A Media in Geography at SMA Negeri I T a n j r ~ n gPandan Belitung Residence. Indonesia Use of Model Discovery Learning to Enhance Independence and Learning Nani Amelia Outcomes of Students of Class X. I in SMAN 5 Bul.;ittinggi, lndonesia The Implementation of Geography Subject of Disciission Forum of Particular Wahyuni Hanidi Subject Teachers (MGMP) in Belitung Pegency. Indonesia --The Application of Scientific Learning Vodei Project Based Learning at SMA Yeni Andriani Beliti~ng,Indonesia Self--1Tficacy Improvement and Results of Learning IPS Through Inquiry Yenita Witri Anis Method at SMP State in Class VIII. 1 3 Sungai Pua, District Agam. Indoqesia A Study of Learning Difficulties in Geography Subject Faced by ~ t u d z a t Yusri Nawita SMA Negeri 2 Tanjung Pandan, Eelitung Re,gency, Indonesia Application of a Field Study to Improve Learnins Outcomes XI Geo~jraphy Dewi Yulia Fuhi Class Students in SMA 4 Pariaman, - Indonesia ( Rini Lesmana Make a Match Learning Model in Leavinv 3 Geogl-aphy An Analyze Devices Based Learning Geog-aphy Tour at SMA in Bclitun? I Erniwati
254
257 260 265 269 272 276 279
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and Effect of Coastal Area
using Geographic Information System ole-of culture School in Improving- Performance of Teacher in School (Case Stud) in SM.4N 1 Baso) Gunung Padang Panjang Sari Paganti Re~encvof Pesisir Selatan -Application Learning Model Science Environnient Technology and Society (SETS) to Increase students Creativity and Achievement of Y IPS 4 SMAN 2 Sijunjung Improvement The Outcome of Learning Geography LJsing Active Learnin : Method Through Quiz Team Type At X.1 ShlA N 1 P:linan Water Quality and Quantity of PAM Governmental Tebing Tinggi District of Siulah Mukai Kerinci, Jambi Implementation of A~ricultureTechno-Ecological Model with School Field of Climate (SLI) to ~ d d r e s Climate s Change in. Lima Kaum Tanah Datar Distr.ct Improvement Learning Activities of Geography by u s i i ~Cooperative Learning Through Students Teams Acliievcment Division (ST.41)) at Class XI1 Srna F'gri in PaJan e
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Universitas Negeri Padang- INDONESIA Saturday, October Ol.2016
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Ccwperative Learning Model .l'ro!!sh St~!cit:~?t Tearn ,lcllkvem.-nt nivirio!? Type at Class XI IS2 S M A Muhalnndiah 3Pail:ln~~ - -- --..-2 Inip~.ovenientof Learning G e o ~ r a p h y sing Discc,vc~-yLcarning 7 hrough Number Flead Together ( N I W T!pe at Clrt~sRIIPA.1 SMA 2 Pad.~ng Improved Student Learning Outcome In Cirognphy Using Discussion Toward Students at Class XI1 IPS.2 SMAN 7 Pad>": Learning Activity ofGeo!;rapliy Using Learning Model Trough Make A Match Toward Student at Class X MIA.5 SbIA 2 N Padang Irnpr-oving The Quality o f Learning Geography Academic Through 1-rvisian by The Principal In Senior ttieli school in Delitung kesencY Seasonal Variation of Ecosystem Health in Jakarta Bay Waters
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Area Characteristics Dentifikasi Karts for Ecotourisni Development Mzitua Hilia District Agam -Evaluation of Curriculum 3013 and Education Unit Level Curriculum (SBC) in Lraming Geography at Senior High School of Pldang The 4pplication of Make a Match Learning Mode' Tonard Learning Outcomes of Geography at Class XI S34.4 Adabiah 2 Padang Devclo~rnentN a ~ a r Relv i on Local Wisdom in Tuo Nan Luhak
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B e l ~ j a r Siswa melalui Penerapan Cooperative Learning Tipe CO-OP C13-OP pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agarna Islam di KeIas IV Semester Juli-Desemher 2015 SDN 24 Suncai ~ r r n r l uKabupaten Padang Pariaman Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Co-9p CoOp tiapat Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agarna Islam di Icelas VI Semester Juli-Desernber 2015 SDN 10 Sungai Limau Kecarnatan Pariaman Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation dalam Meninzkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa pada V a t a Pelajaran llmu Pengetahuan A l a n di K,:las VI Semester Juli-Desember 2013 SDN 18 Sungai I.inisu Kecarnatan S u n p i Limau - - - - - --.-- --- -- --- --- .-- .--.- - -. xii llniversitas Nqeri Padang- 1NDOSESI:i Saturday, October 01,2016
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Seasonal Variation of Ecosystem Health in Jakarta Bay Waters Widya Prarikeslan and Rahmnnelli Geography Dcpartment. llniversitas Ncgcri Patlang. l~idoncsia
Abstract A study on seasonal variation of ecosystem health in Jakarta Bay \i7atersvras performed using the Ecc~s.>,stt.rn Ilealth Index Method. Physical, chemical and biological of data were used in this stutly and clilorcrphyll-a was taken as the , and Secchi dcpth were added as additional indicators. In this stuc!y. t i e valuc basic indicator. DO, n i ~ a t e phosphate of Ecosystem Health Index (EMI). The results of the study indicate that EI!T in rainy season. first tran
Introduction Population density of the city each year is increasing, which is followed by increasing the num1,cr of good development residential and industrial. The resider~tial and industrial drain the waste into rivers th IC flow into Jakarta Bay. Waste from the river so much that there is contamination i l - I the Ray of Jakarta, which lead to health conditions of ecosystems in Jakarta Bay being polluted. Jakarta bay located at 6" 12 'latitude and 106 " 48'BT, bordered by Tang-rang to the west, Bogor in tile ;outh and Bekasi to the east, while in the north it is bordered by thc Java Sea, The bay of Jakarta is one of the coastal areas with a population of very dense and it is very important waters, both ecologically and economically. These waters are ecclogically important because sustain marine l!fe in [he Java Sea and got serious threat through the whole of human activity wastes in Jakarta and surrounding areas via r-vers that go into it (Figure 1). Currently, the fertility of the waters of Jakarta Bay is i-itermpted by a phytoplzinktor~bloom that can also affect the growth of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll-a concentrarion in rhe Bay of Jakarta (LAP1 ITB, 2001). It is necessary for the monitoring and manatrement to achievc ecosystem ?le:!lth in the waters of Jakarta Bay.
Figure 1 Regional Researches (Damar, 2003). Sury:lso (1995) stated that the seasonal variations ar~dmass transport water salinity higher than the Pacific Ocean enough to play a role in affecting the waters of Jakarta bay hydrological conditions, whereas the content and distribution patterns of nutrients is more influenced by the dissolution process that comes from the land tr:rnsported by river. In general, the pollution in Jakarta bay waters is strongly influenced by the rivers that flow into .'&arta bay. Through the process dynamics of beach pollution will spread into riverbalks. Rainfall strongly influcnccs the river flow (LAPI ITB, 2001). High rainfall will result in the waste supply from the mainland city of Jakarta and surrounding areas are more and more (Razak, H. 2003). D a m x (2003 Rr 2004) stated that the conccntratior of nutrients are not only come from three major ri18ers but alongside from the coastlines, there are many othe- rivers that flow into Jakarta bay receiving wastes result of i n d u h a l activity and the activity of the communily resulting in high concentrations of nutrients in ttle bay of Jakarta.
Universitas Negerl Padang- INDONESIA Saturday, October 01,2016
At ifin (2004) states that [he cotlcent~.a!ionoI'rlut~-icutsis affected by [he \ensons. Al\\:ly hiyh ll!1trient concentration nelr the rivcr and decre:.~scstowards thc crpcn sea. Thc high conccnt~atioilof nutrients caus-5 t h e plankton thnt thrives. 'I'he ecological indicators presented hcrein do not reprcscnt all thc envirunmental variables that might br lnonitored wi:hin the Bay and its watersheds. Rather, they represent a recommeridcd corc set o f parameter.; rhar should be measured over time to support a long-tcrm resource management .lnd decision-making proces:. These core indicators will help in evaluating and colnmunicating information about the state of lhc B;ly and its uatcr5heds and will facilitate a more coordinated approach to long-term monitoring. Wirhout an effective monitoring 'iystcm of key indicator measurements, there is no way of k n o w i ~ gwhether various plms, policies and manaeemcnl activities are ha\-ing their desired effects (Kleinschmidt. 2003). Ecosystem An ecosystem is a functional unit of any s i x that is composed of parts of living (biotic) and living (al~iotic).which intcract (Nybakken, 1992). This interaction is strcrngly influenced by the current turhulence, transfzr organic to inorganic materials by photosynthesis and instead o i organic matter to inorganic by the decomposition process. Thc components of overall ecosystem functioning is based on a sequence of sctivitics involving encrgy and energy transfer. Energy from the sun is captured hycomponent ototrofik that gre-n plants (producers). The enc:rpy captured is sfored in chemical bonds of organic substances of plants, which are foods that encourage continuous nnssage of corr~ponentsof heterotrophic (consumers) of the system. Organisms ITeterotrophic through all forms of life to anolher, gets its energy by eating plants ototrofik calledor plant-eating organisms. The settiny ototrof and order levels of heterotrophic as it's called tro3hic strucmre, whlle each successive Icvel of consumer 1:allcd thz levels o!' trophic (Nybakken, 1992). These component the basic organizational structur for the recommended indicators. Management c:~ten,oriesare selected to represent key overarching goals or management questions that need to be addressed 1:cosystem characteristics provide a basic structur;: for organi-.ing the indicators according to key ecosystem functions and attributes. Finally the core indicators thtmselves identify the specific attrihts the will be measurr:d. Core indicators are tuther described using a set of very soecific mehics (Kleinschmidt,2003). Ecosystem Characteristics The recent Heinz Center Report as well as a number of other existing indicator framenrorks in the literature suggest using a set of ecosystem characteristics (e-g. habitat quality, hydrology, cct) to organize and catsgoriz: ecological indicators. There have also been referreti to as Essential Ecosystem Characteristics in the literature. There characteristics are typically reflective of physical, cht:mical, and biological hnctions and in some cases 3lso include consaderation of human ( K l e i n ~ ~ h m i d2003). t, Chemical and physical conditions serve as indicator:. of basic processes tiat influence ecosystem functions. Water quality is a key factor affecting aquatic ecosystem fi~nctions.Water quality parameters such as water :emperature and dissolved oxygen represent key ecosystem building blocks. A lack of dissolved oxygen for example clrl signal s~ problems and can adversely impact species and species diversity. Sediment quality and transport nrc : ~ l important physical and chemical characteristics that affect ecosystem functions, both interms of long-term biolofiical cxposure to toxin contaminants and in terms of the mo\,ement of sediments througlr the system, particularly from tllc upper watersheds to the bay. Hydrology/hydrodyn3mics are key physical processes that drive various eccsyste-s through the dclivery and distribution of energy an11nutrients. Biological conditions represent the ultimate respcnse indicators refecting broader ccolo!~ical conditions. Information on habitats, particularly the existence and quality of particular habitat types can serve as an indication of basic biological impacts and the capacity of an area to support particular species and communities. Thcsc iridicators are c!osely related to landscape condition indicators that reflect land cover and use. information on species assemblages and relative abundance, particulal-ly data on native and non-naqivespncies occurrence, distri!,utionl and abundance serve as important measures of how speci'ic biota are fairing aqd can be useful in ass1:ssing ecological changz over time. Species abundance can also be important from a hunlan use perspective, partrcclarly in lerms of commercial and recrcational fisheries. Data on species assemblaycs sees beyond a single spccics focus and provides a more holistic characterization of ecoqystem healrh anti change, part.cularly in terms of species d versity. Productivity, boyh production capacity and net primary production is an important measure of ecosystem functioning. Measures of production capacity, such as xotal chlorophyll per unit arca can provide 3 cirect measure of the energy-capturing capacity of terrestried ccosysterns. Measures of net primary production provid: :I direct measure of the amount of energy and carbon that has been brought into an ecosystem (Iilcinschn~idr.2003 1. Health ecosystem Health Ecosystem is the state of the ecosystem where rnultiple changes that allow sornc better and sornc othrrs may be worse. Healthy ecosystems characterized by their structure and function of ecosystems, species and population structure coveling while the function is crmposed of material and energy r o w s from these ccosysrems (Cclates.B, et.al, 2002). According to Costanza (1992) in (Bocscl~and Paul, 2001)thcre are three components of c,cosystem health can be calculated that vlgor, organization and resilience (VOR). Vig~)ris the proc!uctivity ol'the eco:ystem, .Universitas Negeri Padang- INDOhT,SIA Saturday, October 01,2016
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SCIIINCE FOR ED1 !(':4'I IOU orgnriizatiaris are the dit'ferences and sinlrlar~iiesofthc yiecies. C'onipleu can bu seen rn thy 11-opic.;.n-'~il:rciilrs~~ce is the ability of ecosysterns to sustain and tight atzainst all kinds of pressure. So the health o f the ,:zosystern b y Cosranza (1992) in (Boesch and Paul. 2001 1 is n In estuary increased -rroductivity resulting from e..ltropliication. resdting in larval very fazt. Larval very qu~cklytriggcretl by hurnan act~vitieson land that drain the Tvaitc into [lie riv~:r, to produce an environment with a concentt.a~ionnutrient excecding the threshold q ~ ~ a l i tstantl:~l-CIS y that have been set so that tlie health of ecosvstelns in cstuar). becomes worse ( B o ~ s c h DF , and Paul JF. 2001 ,), Ry reviewing the health of ecosystems indirectly we have rnungul;ur water quality. The imbalance in the environment due to human popul:~tjonpressures and fluctuating economic condltrons increase the vulnerability of communities to disasters. Environrncntal degradation caused by human act.vities altme i t leack to ;I reduced ability of people when thc danger tu~ncdinto a disaster. Possible dangers arising from narur;rl processcs turn into disasters higher when human ctlvities ex:~cerbarethe environment (Marfai in Intliyanto. 70 I ?).
Method Enter wide range of chemicals from human activities pose a very serious impact on the health condition of the ecosystem, so that managers and national environrncntal and internationally should provide protecti )n t.) irnpro.vc thc health of the ecosystem by forming the program as-a program that can monitor the health o ~ ' e ~ o s ~ ~ s t ~arnony :rns, others; " Predicting ecosystem health in the Great Lakes" supported by the government of Canada and the USA (Shear, 1996) in (Xu, et.a1,2005), " Progani ecosystem monitoring health in the long term " (Nohle anJ Ilirzo, 19951 in (Xu, et.al.2005) and others. Index ecosystem health 01-ecosystem health Index (EHI) is obtained by averaging the data of measurements in the waters 01. Jak:~rtabay are grouped per season. \\'anted sub-EHI and the lo:d factor for each indicator, then all sub-EHI snmnied. Priced EHI wc can assess the condition of the health of eccsystems in t!ic Bay o f Jakarta. The methodology developed ccosvstem health indices of ecosystem health ::ss-ssrnent. In determining ecosystem liealth index or Ecosystem Hualth Index (EHII used indicators of physics, chemistry and biology. Indicators were selected namely Dissolvc Oxygcn (DO'I, nitrate, phosphate, bri:;hTncss and the concentration of chlorophyll-a. Scale from 0 to 1, for 0 indicated ecosystem health condition is very '>ad and one ecosystem health condition is very gaod. TO facilitate describing the condition of the ecosystem 11e:iltll of tlie EHI divided into four groups with a range can be seen in Table 1 : Table 1. Ecosysteln Health !ndex in the Jakarta Bay. EHI Ecosystem Hcalth .Conditlons.O.75 to I Very Good e. 0.50 to 0.75 Good 0. 0.25 to 0.50 Poor e. 0 to 0.25 Very Poor A crucial step in determining the methodology Ell1 namely; (1) Choosmg basic indicators and adtlition~lindicators; ( 2 ) Calculating sub-EHI from all the selected indizators: (3) Determine the load factors clf all the sclcctrd indicator-s; (4) Calculating synthetic EHI using sub-EFIIs a n Inad factors of all the selected indicators; snd ( 5 ) ~\ssessingthe health ofthe ecosystem is based on the price of synthetic EHI.
?'he health condition of ecosystems in the Gulf Jakarta The health condition of the ecosystem In the Bay of Jakarta in transitional seasons 1 was bad bccausc DO is very I.ttle, less brightness and chlorophyll-a concentration that grow in l ~ r g enumbers EHI cause of the sub-DO, the brightness and the concentrationof cillorophyll-a is small. The highest load factor is nitric whi!e sub-El+l highest are phosphate due to lack of input from the river. Poor conditions seen in Tanjunq Priok, while getting to the middle and out to sea EHI price IS not too much different.
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Figure 2. Distribution EP1 On 1 transition seasqn in the bay of Jakarta Universitas Negerl Padang- INDONESIA Salurday. October 01,2016
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SCIENCE: FOIt EI)IJC,\'I'ION thc llealtll contlitio~lof the ecosystem in tht: trnnsi~icl~al sezeson 11 in Jnkar ta hay was 5 0 had llear thc nlotitl~of the Angke and Tanii~ngPriok, whilc neal- tile mouth of the bfan~nda(0.85) i~~dicictcs thc health of ccosyst:ms is vcry good becat~seof the input fi-om the rivel- less in appeal in Angke estuar!. (0.40). The more towlzrds tlic ol~ensca ccosystcrn Ilcaltli condition is vcry good with EHI average is 0.84 while in the bay EHI intlicatirlg ec~sy.;tcn~ health is bail. This causcd the price o t ' s ~ ~ b - E Hbrightness I is vcry low and in thc mitldle of thc hay nc:u. the m ) u ~ hAngkc also seen the concentration of chlorophyll-a is very rnuch so a sub-El11 concentration of cl~lorophyll-ais ..~lsovery small, the increasing concentration of chlorophyll-a, the brightness will bc. reduccd bccausc tlie sun co\ert:d by the presence of chlorophyll-a concentration. In Tanjung Priok seen EHI is al!:o small due to the price ot'sltb-DO EHI very little bccause in this transitional season the temperature is higher than the other seasons, u~llcrcan increase in temperature causes the DO is reduced.
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Figt~re3. Distribution of EHI In Transition Season I1 in Jakarta Bay In the transitional seasons I1 is generally sub-EHI for all tlie indicators are bad except the brightness with tlie load factor is also the greatest. Conditions Jakarta bay are bad near the river in both the dry season, transition of scason I and transition season 11, while for the rainy season condition of Jakarta bay near the mouth of the river i, vcry bad. This is because during the rainy season so very little brightness EHI price irdicator for the brightne:;~beco~ncr;small and the amount of chlorophyll-a concentration so EHI from chlorophyll-a to be small. The amount of ch or,~phyll-a concentration triggered by a number of nitrates and phosphates into the Gulf of Jakarta brought by wattr lrom the river. EHI bay section are generally above 0.5 indicating ecosystem health is good, cxcept in the ralny <e:!son which is about 0.4 indicating is bad. This is bccause the concentration is so low that DO DO EHI station 3 is \cry small. In the open sea in general EHI very well becmse of its high brightness and concentmtion of chlorophyll-a is little cause prices EHI be high.
The death of the mass fish Death; mass of marine life, especially fish that took place on 8 and 9 May ?004 in Jaksrta Bay is a very ~ntzresting phenomenon to be investigated what the real cause of this phenomenon. Many of he experts as i t h . 1 ~been published in several mass media have expressed various opinions about the cause of this mass death of fisll. qcad of Environmental Resources Assistant Commissioner of Police Alimad Chaider said Puslabfor 113sexamineti a sample of dried fish, shrimp wet, crabs and sea water. Results of laboratory studies :;hour that the dcath of fish in the Jakarta Bay due to the phenomenon of red tide (red tide) marked the sea water turns into red-brown due to the grou.tli of phytol~lanktonin large quantities. "This type of phytonlankton that grows i:; toxic phytoplankton ttlat suck oxygen, resulting in a number of fish died due to oxygen deprivation," said Ahmad Chaidar, (Tempo Interactive, 6'23 1004). The dcath of the fish mass in Jakarta Bay in the first transitional teason of 2004 is estimated by sevc~alfac.or5: a. the entry of a number of liquid waste from the land into the Gulf of .'akarta has been agl-eec! ic a '3311 thing. Pollution of heavy metals, pathogenic bacteria, turbidity is high, and contamination of organic materials is the trigger for fertility Jakarta Bay (Damar.A, 2004). b. A decrease in dissolved oxygen content due to decomposition. clogging yills by cells pliytoplanL?on : ~ n dgas expenditure / deadly vapor(aerosol) (Pasarihu.APH. 2004). c. "It is hard to answer the exact cause of dcath of the fish is ihe red tide. 'iVhat is certain levels of nu:rir:ntc in the Bav of Jakarta is already high, and this is the result of the accumulatic~no f hurnari activities. B o d i e ~tlndergo enrichment due to the amount of orgzenic waste coming frorn both industrial waste and houst;ho!d, "said Dr. Damar (Nuryati.S, 2004). If the above problems associated with the health condition of the ecosystem in [lie transitional seasons I then look EHI that season generally low either at the mouth of he wcll in the central part of the hay, this is due to thc low concentration of DO, brightness and increasing the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the bay of Jakarta due to supply nutrients that many in the rainy season.
Conclusion The characteristics of the hcalth of ecosyst:xtxs in the b:ly of Jakarta is worse near the coast and mort: either tunrards the opcn sea. Ecosystem health condition is worse during the rainy seasor1 (Ell1 = 0,570) comp;trcd ti1 thr first transitional season (EN1 = 0.672), dry season ( H I 1 = 0.671) and the transitional season I1 (EFII 0.5'68). The health condition of the ecosystem in the transiticnal ssasons I \ras good (EIII = (!.570) and in the transi3onal w;rson I1
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Universitas Negeri Padang- INDOIVESIA Saturday, October 01.2016
co11~Jitionof ecosystem Ilralrh is bacl (€HI = 0.486). In the r:~inys~.:tsoli tlir groi\~thof tllc c,m:elltration of iltl~lcnccdby chlorophyll-a is strongly ~nfluencetlby the phosphate and nitratc. in thc transitional scnsnn 1 phmphate and the dry season is affected by temper-ature.
Reference Aritin, Z,"Trend Of Coastal Pollutiorl In Jakarta Bay. 1ndoncsia:lts Implication For Fishery and Recreational Activiies", Research C e n ~ e r For OceanoerapHy-Indones~an Institute of Sciences, J.lknrta (ill Indonesia),2004. Bocsch, D.F and Paul. J.F,"An Overview of Coasta7 Environrnental Eleal.11 Indicators", Universty of rvlaryland For U S , 2001. Environmental Science, Marlland and Atlantic Ecology Divisi~~n, Damar,A," Beberapa Teknik dan Metode Deteksi Eutrofikasi Perairan I'esisir", Pusat Kajian Sumberd lya Pesisir dan Lautan - IPB, 7004. Darnar,A,"Effects of Enrichment on Kutrient Dyn;imics. Phytoplanktar: Dynamics and Productivity in Indonesi:~ Tropical Waters : A Cornparation between Jakarta Bay, Lampung Bay and Sernangka Bay", PIID thesis, TheFaculty of hlathcmatics ~ n Wnt, d Sci, Christian-Albrcchts-Univ. Kiel, 2003. Kleinschmidt Associates, "Ecological Indicators For Narragansett Ray and Its \Vatershcds",Journal I-!urnan ant1 Ecological Risk Assessment: Vol.7,No.j 2001 Laporan Akhir, " Pengembangan Rasii Data Pencenlaran Laut dan Perencanaan Pengcndalian Penc,:rnaranLaut", LAP1 ITB, 200 1. Nybakken.W.J,"Biologi L.aut Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis", Gramedia P:~sakaUtama, Jakarta, 1992 R a ~ a kH , ,"Peneli!ian Kondisi Lingkungan Perairan Teluk Jakarta dan Sr-kitarnya", P2O LIP1 Jakarta, 7003. Rarak, H dkk,"Penelitian Kondisi Lingb~nganPerairan Teluk Jakarta dari Sekitarnya", P 2 0 LIP1 Jakarta. 2004. Su~.arso,"AtlasOseanografi Teluk Jakarta", P 2 0 LIP1 Jakarta, 1995 Xu,F.L., Zhao,Z.Y., Zhan.W., Zhao.S.S., Dawson,R.R:., Tao.S.,: "/\I; Ecosystem Health Index Methodology (EHIM) For Lake Ecosystem Health Assc:ssrnent", China, 2005.
Unlversitas Negeri Padang- INDONESIA Saturday, October 01,2016
