METROPOLITAN AGRICULTURE: Space for the future Marco van Steekelenburg & Henk C. van Latesteijn

METROPOLITAN Space for the future AGRICULTURE: Marco van Steekelenburg & Henk C. van Latesteijn

COLOFON TEXT Marco van Steekelenburg Henk C. van Latesteijn

TRANSLATION Jan Arriens

DESIGN Creja Ontwerpen, Leiderdorp

INFOGRAPHICS Marco van Steekelenburg

PRINT Creja Ontwerpen, Leiderdorp

Introduction

PUBLISHER Value Mediation Partners September 2012 E: [email protected] I: www.valuemediation.nl

WITH SPECIAL THANKS TO Joost van Kasteren Jeroen Naaijkens Dirk Sijmons Hans Mommaas

LAND USE DATA USGS EROS Data Centre, Global Land Cover Characteristics Data Base

Radical changes in agricultural production and consumption are taking place at different levels of scale. At global level a growing shortage of food, biofuels and raw materials is leading to an ever-

At European level the end of over fifty years of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is in sight. Where originally the CAP was aimed at increasing agricultural production and improving farmers’ incomes, greater emphasis has been placed over the last decade on other functions of the countryside, such as landscape development, nature conservation and community

expanding agricultural area, often at the expense

development. The volume of production and level of efficiency

of natural forest. We are also seeing increasing

have therefore become less important.

protectionism and the safeguarding of production

These developments are even more sharply present at the

capacity, for example by land purchases in other parts

national level of the Netherlands. Urban expansion and construction sites for industries, infrastructure and recreational

of the world, also known as “resource colonialism”.

facilities are reducing the agricultural area. The ambition of realizing a national ecological network is also setting limits on agriculture. In addition, socio-cultural pressure is making new

2

Metropolitane landbouw: nieuwe ruimte voor de toekomst

Metropolitan agriculture: space for the future

3

demands on commercial operations and business size.

agriculture”. The vision indicates that all forms of agricul-

In particular, large-scale forms of intensive agriculture are

ture – now and in the future – will have to take into account

“The grain” – the realm of the agricultural entrepreneur

under pressure, while organic farming and urban agriculture

the limitations imposed by the metropolitan area – while also

Metropolitan agriculture is the vision that emerges by

are on the rise.

taking advantage of the opportunities that the metropolitan

looking at the characteristics and similarities of the projects

It is at the level of the grain – the level of the individual

environment offers agriculture. By placing the connection

conducted by TransForum. In all the projects the drivers of

entrepreneur in the green space – that we are able to gain

A further growth in agricultural production is however needed

between the urban environment and agriculture centre-stage

innovation and development are growing urban pressures

insight into the possible action perspectives. In this way the

in order to accommodate the rising population and living

and otherwise leaving open how this is best accomplished,

and strongly developing urban demand. This vision can serve

farmer or horticulturalist obtains the opportunity to provide an

standards. In addition there is the need to accommodate

metropolitan agriculture provides an incentive to explore new

as a guide for further sustainability in Dutch agriculture. By

appropriate answer to the questions, challenges and constraints

the biobased economy to help combat climate change by

ways, without pronouncing judgement on the outcomes in

focusing on new connections between the urban environment

emanating from the urban environment. If lasting opportunities

producing energy crops. These necessary developments in

advance. In this way, the discussion moves from one about the

and agriculture, the displacement of nature by agriculture

are created for the farmer in the green space around the city, a

contemporary agriculture also need to be applied more

pros and cons of a particular form of agriculture to the oppor-

and agriculture by urban pressures can be overcome.

halt is called to the aforementioned displacement of agriculture

effectively. Environmental harmonisation is required as

tunities for the further integration of all forms of agriculture in

agriculture is often polluting and is displacing nature not

the metropolitan area.

multiple levels of scale.

and nature. The evolving relationship between the agricultural Metropolitan agriculture makes clear that we should not

entrepreneur and city dwellers is described in Chapter 2.

become alienated from agriculture by displacing it to, for

just locally but also globally. Economic development is needed

4

displacement towards a combination of multiple functions at

because many farmers are struggling to keep their heads above

In the various TransForum projects, fresh answers have been

example, areas where socio-cultural aspects feature less

“The frame” – the realm of the big challenges

water on account of the cost of land and resources. Finally

given to a number of social issues so that there remains room

prominently. Particularly in the areas around large cities there

The larger surrounding environment in which the farmer

there are the social and cultural imperatives, as more and

for both agriculture and nature conservation at local, regional

is a potential and a need to deal efficiently with resources

must operate dictates both the preconditions and the (market)

more people have difficulties with up scaling, destruction of

and global level. At the lower levels of scale this has been done

and at the same time to utilise space effectively. By doing

opportunities for entrepreneurs. This frame thus determines the

the landscape and the standard of animal welfare in agriculture.

by outlining an action perspective for those involved, with the

more with less in this way, space for nature can be generated

set of possible action perspectives available to the entrepreneur.

local provision of space for agriculture and nature. At the higher

in the naturally fertile places. This new form of development

Part of this perspective is to link local opportunities and constraints

Greater sustainability in the sector is necessary. In the Dutch

levels of scale comparable circumstances have been mapped

means that we actively seek a new configuration for the

to the wider sustainability issues such as the global shortage of

TransForum innovation programme various paths have been

globally so that the local perspective can also be applied else-

future metropolis. This is not just a question of either/or but

space and resources. A better understanding of local perspectives

explored in order to achieve sustainability. More information on

where. By distinguishing between the level of action – the

of both at the same time. So it is not a total transformation

can also help provide answers to challenges in other (urban) parts

TransForum can be found on www.transforum.nl. In practice it

grain – and the context in which this operation takes place – the

from one function to another, but a matter of leaving room

of the world. By providing insight into global land-use and especi-

has been found that an enticing vision is required for the

frame – an insight has been provided into the various possible

for different values by involving the current users of the land

ally areas of concentration of population, agriculture and nature,

desired movements to be set in motion. For this purpose

action perspectives to promote sustainability and the application

and its products in the on-going transition from continuing

the frame becomes visible. This analysis is described in Chapter 3.

TransForum developed the vision known as “Metropolitan

of those perspectives in other parts of the world.



5

Chapter 4 describes the Dutch situation with the new

By switching between the various spatial scales we also obtain

conceptual framework based on Chapter 3. This creates a

a better understanding of the seemingly autonomous process

picture of comparable regions in the world where the vision

of the displacement of agriculture and nature. In the former

of metropolitan agriculture might also be applied. In this way

agricultural society and subsequent industrial society, distinct circles

we provide an initial impression of the potential global impact.

of agricultural activities surrounded settlements and/or cities.

Metropolises, agriculture and nature exist by the grace of water,

With the growth of globalisation and the shrinking importance of

flat land and a moderate climate. These are the deltas worldwide.

distance – even in an economic sense – mega-cities have evolved

In the Dutch delta there is a “multipolar” structure of urbanisa-

that have a very different relationship with the surrounding area.

tion, i.e. an urban area that is evolving from a number of different

In the present analysis, we seek to provide a view of the resulting

centres. This specific structure has given rise to high-intensity but

complex relationship between urban areas and agricultural

small-scale forms of agriculture such as glass horticulture and

production in, around and for the city. We do this by not only

intensive livestock farming. Urban growth is now so rapid in many

paying attention to physical and spatial boundaries but also seeking

cities around the world that both natural areas and agriculture

new connections and relationships between the metropolitan areas

within those metropolitan areas are at risk of disappearing.

and the linked agriculture. This is described in the last chapter.

A comparison with the Dutch metropolitan region shows that there are also opportunities for the development of high-intensity agriculture on a small urban scale. This type of insight gained from the perspective of metropolitan agriculture can contribute to the more robust development of both regional and global food security.

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7

Possibilities of Metropolitan agriculture: the grain A further analysis of the relationship between city and countryside at local or regional level provides insight into the possibilities of Metropolitan agriculture in any one particular area. By looking at that relationship

Physical and spatial displacement The “displacement sequence” may be observed at various levels of scale. This spatial process has been described by Dirk Sijmons, Professor of Landscape Architecture at Delft University of Technology. Sijmons illustrates the phenomenon on the basis of delta areas, such as that in the Netherlands. Initially, the

in three different ways, something of the evolving

deltas of the world were dominated by a highly diverse and

complexity is brought to light. We do this by

rich nature. This fertile soil was, however, also suitable for agricultural purposes, so that the natural countryside was

successively describing the physical and spatial

displaced in many places by fields and meadows. In our own

displacement relationship, the commercial

age we can see that agriculture is being increasingly pressured by urban sprawl. Partly this is because agricultural land is being

relationship and the social services relationship.

converted into residential areas and industrial estates, and partly it is also because people from the city often can pay more for housing in the countryside and villages around the

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9

cities. This increases the cost of land and means that farmers

from the city. Agricultural production is also increasingly

In the opposite direction to the flow of food to the city,

countryside provides the decor for our Dutch cities, as shown

struggle to keep up with international competition. Building

disappearing from the scene, so that city-dwellers know less

there is a waste stream from city to countryside. In the past,

beautifully in the famous painting The Bull by Paulus Potter.

sites for urban purposes are often 50 to 100 times more

and less about the origin of their food.

this flow consisted mainly of human waste as a nutrient for

The Dutch city landscape may be regarded as one of the

crops (thereby closing the cycle) and of what we now call

main assets of the Netherlands.

expensive than farmland. One effect of high land prices

10

is that farmers in the vicinity of cities often experience a

Commercial relationship

organic waste (fruit, vegetable and garden waste), which was

discrepancy between “local value” and “commercial value”

Traditionally cities and the surrounding countryside are in a

used as cattle-feed. The manure-nutrient cycle has been broken

The term “décor” in fact does too little justice to that function;

on account of the high developmental value of the land on the

symbiotic relationship in which the “city”, by means of ports

for environmental and hygiene reasons, while the peel farmer

for many city dwellers, the countryside acts as a romantic

one hand and the planning controls for agricultural purposes

and trade, ensures the supply of raw materials such as fertilizer

has disappeared because of the risk of spreading contagious

hideaway, where – if only in one’s imaginings – one can escape

on the other. Many farmers have trouble overcoming this

and animal feed and the countryside provides the food for the

diseases among cattle by feeding cooked kitchen waste.

the urban hustle and bustle. In particular, the function as a

discrepancy, and go out of business or move away to where

urban-dweller. The city itself then provides the market where the

land is cheaper. The abandoned land and homes will generally

food is marketed and consumed. This cycle is well described by

Today the flow consists mainly of food industry waste going

demand being generated by the city. This translates itself into

become re-designated for non-agricultural purposes.

Carolyne Steel in her book The Hungry City. Further urbanisation

to countryside, ranging from brewers’ grains and molasses

demands posed by the city with regard to acceptable farming

however increasingly drives up the price of land in an area within

to biscuits past their sell-by date. In the future, we may see a

practices and the landscape. This ranges from greater attention

An additional effect is that the migration of city-dwellers

a radius of up to several hundreds kilometres from the city. Within

reverse movement, in which waste from agriculture may be

to animal welfare and pressure for organic farming methods to

to the countryside sometimes entails “city” requirements,

that radius city-dwellers remain able to drive up and down within

used as feedstock for the chemical industry, for example in

a ban on certain forms of agriculture, such as intensive livestock

such as a low tolerance of odour and noise. The opposition

a single weekend. The rule within that area is: the closer to the

the production of bioplastics.

farming. The surrounding rural area becomes the garden of the

to the construction of “mega farms” on the North Brabant

city, the higher land prices will be. Due to the high price of land,

countryside is an example. Because the provincial govern-

farmers must intensify if they are still to earn a living. It is therefore

Social services relationship

The result of all these demands is that the existing agricultural

ment sets a limit on the number of animals that may be

not surprising that the most intensive forms of agriculture such as

On the one hand, rural dwellers are dependent on urban

entrepreneurs around the city find themselves back into a corner.

kept, many farmers will be forced to get out of farming or

horticulture and intensive livestock farming are located quite close

services such as shops, museums, theatres and schools.

to move to areas where the socio-cultural impact of the city

to and sometimes even in urban areas. Von Thünen described this

In addition, the agricultural sector is dependent on capital

In summary

with city standards of animal welfare is less marked. These

phenomenon as long ago as the beginning of the 19th century.

and knowledge – services that are also (mostly) supplied from

Significant developments are taking place in respect of all three

developments in turn lead to the displacement of rural areas

However, due to the enormous scale of present-day urbanisation,

the city. On the other hand, city dwellers in their turn depend

relationships. The displacement of nature by agriculture in the

elsewhere in the world by agriculture. A further downside

there is no longer a single urban core: instead, the urban area is

on the services of rural areas such as water (dry feet for urban

Netherlands appears to be stabilising, but at global level the

of this move away from the urban environment is that the

developing out of many cores at the same time. More detail is

dwellers), as well as more intangible services such as hiking,

process continues unabated. As a result of the development

longer distances makes it less easy to utilise waste flows

provided in the next chapter on the frame.

biking, bird-watching and plant studies. The surrounding

of major ports and huge logistic flows, economic relationships


refuge leads to a growing social services relationship, with

city dweller, sometimes referred to as the “metropolitan park”.


11

Profit

have become global. Resources come and go from

on different aspects and are in general functionally and

1) Sustainable intensification:

anywhere to everywhere; a direct relationship between

spatially segregated from one another. The vision of

This involves the organisation of food production through

town and country is no longer obvious. At a social level,

metropolitan agriculture cuts across these segregated

intensification and clustering with other sectors, under which

however, there has been a turnaround. These relationships

directions and creates an opening in which these three

not just profit but also planet goals are pursued, such as

are and will remain more local and can therefore impose

separate strategies (focusing on profitability, the environment

closed-loop farming, and ultimately also people goals, such

a heavy burden on the way in which farmers are expected

and social considerations) are able to learn from each other

as landscape improvement and achieving a sufficient volume of

to farm. In some cases, this pressure can be converted

and can possibly be combined. Metropolitan agriculture

production. The New Mixed Farm initiative near the city of Venlo,

into a new form of agricultural activity that adds value

invites everyone to leave their particular corner of the playing

where the same level of production is achieved with much less use

by providing an agriculturally produced response to

field and to start connecting with players who assign greater

of energy and other inputs, is an example of this action perspective.

urban demand.

priority to the other values (see Figure 1). Taken as a whole,

Production agriculture

2) Sustainable valorisation:

Action perspectives

a palette of possibilities that goes to the heart of what

This involves broadening out, with the focus on existing markets

The concept of metropolitan agriculture is based around

metropolitan agriculture is all about.

that serve the economic needs of the city, and which is therefore

Valorisation

Metropolitan agriculture Urban agriculture

Organic agriculture

Planet

the combination of the various types of agriculture creates

People Diversification

economically viable, so that not just planet or people goals but also

The application of these action perspectives opens up new

In the metropolitan area in the Netherlands, agricultural

Based on experiences with the development of new

profit goals are served. This approach is for example already widely

prospects for the existing forms of agriculture in the metropolitan

areas are coming under great pressure from both an

connections within the TransForum programme, three

applied in organic farming. Using other methods of cultivation,

area. By adding new values instead of displacing existing (nature

economic viewpoint (via the price of land) and a social

action perspectives have been derived to show how the

marketing or logistics concepts, a link is created to a growing

and landscape) agricultural activities will generate new meaning

services viewpoint (through recreation and animal welfare).

three previously mentioned corners of the playing field

demand from the city. The eggs from the Rondeel henhouse,

within the metropolitan context. In this way a further offload to

In response to this pressure, new forms of agriculture

allow one to connect up with other values. These perspectives

which has been awarded three stars by the Dutch Animal

local or even global level is prevented. There not only remains

are emerging alongside intensive, commercially driven

are: sustainable intensification, sustainable valorisation and

Protection Foundation, are an example of this strategy.

room for intensive and productive forms of agriculture, but also

agriculture. Agriculture needs to be made more sustainable

sustainable diversification.

new connections between urban and agricultural areas.

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Intensification

Figure 1 Metropolitan agriculture originates by connecting the three corners of more traditional forms of agriculture using one of three valueadding action perspectives.

the historic “Dutch urban landscape” can be preserved. The

by concentrating not just on economic profitability but also

3) Sustainable diversification:

discrepancy between the “local value” and “enterprise value”

on environmental and sociocultural aspects. The result is

This involves broadening out, with the focus on new markets

can be bridged by means of these three value-added perspectives.

more environmentally driven agriculture such as organic

that meet the sociocultural needs of the city and are therefore

Entrepreneurs will then need to focus together with other stake-

farming, as well as more “social” forms of agriculture,

commercially viable, so that not just people or planet goals but

holders on connecting up different values rather than displacing

such as urban agriculture. These types of agriculture focus

also profit goals are served. The 150 or so farmers who joined in

them. By also taking into account the context or frame in which

the Landzijde foundation offering professional care arrangements in

this will need to take place, it will also become clearer where the

the vicinity of Amsterdam are an example of this action perspective.

opportunities lie.



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Possibilities for Metropolitan agriculture: the frame Understanding whether, how and where metropolitan agriculture can help develop the connection between city and countryside requires an analysis of spatial developments at different levels of scale. The urban landscape may be defined at various levels (e.g. city, metropolis, metropolitan region). If we have an insight into the scales at which and hence the parameters within which specific developments take place, it becomes possible to identify the effects of different forms of metropolitan agriculture: not just at the level of the individual agricultural entrepreneur (the grain), but also at the level of the frame itself.

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15

Levels of Scale

The Composition Analysis illustrated in Table 1 is based around

We distinguish five different levels of scale to clarify the

intervals of 3, 10, 30 and 100 km in radius. Each spatial scale

metropolis, an urban area with a radius of 30 kilometres

determinant relations between cities and agriculture. Different

can be subdivided into ten components at the next lower level

and a population of at least 10 million. Examples include

aspects come into play at each of these levels. The lower levels

of scale (see Table 1). Within these scales we may examine

London and Paris. The Netherlands has no metropolis.

of scale are concerned with the direct relationship between

the distribution of population, and hence the spatial or

The Randstad is a metropolitan agglomeration, having

metropolitan pressure at that scale.

a maximum population of only three million within a

town and countryside, between farmer and urban dweller. At higher levels, multiple cities make up agglomerations and the latter form metropolitan areas or a metropolis. And apart from the influence exerted by a metropolis, continental and global factors play an important role.

Surrounding circles

Urban legend

Examples

10.000

World

Earth

3.000

Continent

Europe

1.000

Subcontinent

EU15

Surface km2

Appr. inhabitants (min.)

Name (morfologic)

Rural legend Name (morfologic)

Radius km

Inhabitants less then (max.)

30-kilometre radius. The Flemish Diamond and the In numbers this means that a circular area with a radius of

metropolitan area of Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent and

300 kilometres (i.e. an area of 300,000 square kilometres)

Leuven are similar metropolitan agglomerations.

has ten components at the next lower level of scale, each

4) Region. A level higher again we arrive at an area with a

with a radius of 100 kilometres (i.e. an area 30,000 square

radius of 100 kilometres and a population of at least ten

kilometres). In turn, these ten components or circles consist

million people. This is not a continuous urban area; there

of ten components or circles with a radius of 30 kilometres

are also intervening agricultural and natural areas, but the

and an area of 3,000 square kilometres.

city does have an influence. The delta of the great rivers like the Rhine and Meuse, which formed the Netherlands,

Based on the theory of Composition Analysis we have prepared an urban legend on five different levels of scale,

is an example of such a region. 5) SuperRegion. One level higher we have an area with

related to the population:

a radius of 300 kilometres: the SuperRegion. Netherlands

1) City. An archetypal city in the Composition Analysis

is part of the ABC Rhineland- SuperRegion, an area that

300

300.000

SuperRegion

ABC-Rhine

100

30.000

Region

Netherlands

has a radius of 3 km and at least 100,000 inhabitants.

includes the agglomerations of Amsterdam, Brussels and

30

3.000

10.000.000

Metropolis

1.000.000

Landscape

Paris, Brabant

A typical example is the Dutch town of Zoetermeer.

Cologne and everything in between. At this level, rural

10

300

1.000.000

Agglomeration

100.000

Landscapepark

Amsterdam, Waarden

3

30

100.000

City(part)

10.000

Citylandscape

Zoetermeer, M. Delftland

to the Dutch situation we are talking about agglomerations

These subdivisions should not be regarded as precisely

1

3

10.000

Village or distric

1.000

Citypark

such as Greater Amsterdam, Rotterdam Rijnmond and

defined areas but as a general tool for analysing spatial

1.000

Hamlet/ neigborhood

Neighborhoodpark

The Hague Haaglanden.

developments. In this analysis we therefore distinguish

0,3

16

Table 1 The Composition Analysis theory of T.M. de Jong (Delft University of Technology) with scale jumps of 3, 10, 30 and 100 km radius. Each scale level can be divided into 10 spatial components of the lower level and contains determining aspects of that lower level. By relating the surface to the absolute minimal and maximal numbers of inhabitants, both an urban and a rural legend emerges.

3) Metropolis. Another level higher we have the

0,3


100

2) Agglomeration. A level of scale higher (we zoom out) we find the agglomeration, an area with a radius of 10 km

areas are clearly distinguishable, but within a metropolitan context and subject to metropolitan influence.

and a population of at least one million people. Translated


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cartography as generalisation. The framework is the lens

The global spatial frame: doing more with less

The European context: competing claims

Jumping the scales: the SuperRegion connects the global with the local

through which we look and the grains are the building

Worldwide, the demand for land has increased

The impending scarcity of food and agricultural

The “lens” of the SuperRegion connects up different levels of scale.

blocks from which the image is constructed.

considerably. This is partly motivated by sharp increase

commodities compels the Netherlands and Europe to

Worldwide SuperRegions (with a radius of 300 km) were analysed

between the frame and the grain, something known in

in grain prices in the year 2008. Countries with rapidly

another agricultural policy. After a period of several

and characterised within the global and European spatial contexts.

As maps become smaller scale – from street maps to a

growing population and an even faster growing prosperity

decades in which the European common agricultural

The choice of the SuperRegion was dictated as the different levels of

globe – more details are omitted and eventually an entire

were trying to purchase land elsewhere to avoid an

policy was mainly focused on achieving food security,

scale are connected through this “lens”. For instance, within an urban

neighbourhood or a city becomes a detail. That does not

impending shortage of domestic food and agricultural

we now see a shift to a rural policy, with farmers not

SuperRegion the price of land is forced up through the displacement

mean that those details are unimportant. The port of

commodities.  

only being rewarded for their products, but also for the

by urban functions. The majority of transport movements between

services they provide to the urban dwellers with (peasant)

city and countryside also occur within an area of this size. The distan-

nature, landscape, water, recreation and care.

ces are just small enough to be efficient for the transportation of agri-

Rotterdam “grain”, for example, is the most important gateway for the ABC-Rhineland SuperRegion. Interventions

If current trends continue - such as rising meat

at grain level have implications for the entire context of the

consumption and growing demand for biofuels -

SuperRegion. And on the other hand the frame literally gives

then the continuing population and prosperity growth

Thus, more divers functions are added to rural areas. In

meaning and creates possibilities for its building blocks.

will inevitably lead to an expansion of agricultural land

addition, farmland is still disappearing due to urbanization

use with approximately 10 million square kilometers.

and infrastructural land use. Taken together, in Europe

Another reason for choosing the SuperRegion level is that an analysis

Spatial frameworks

Of the 45 million square kilometers of fertile earth’s

there is an ever-increasing struggle between different

on this scale will cover all kinds of agriculture, ranging from allotment

Both agricultural production and the aforementioned

surface half is cultivated, the other half is covered with

claims on different forms of land use, but also between

gardens in the city to mega farms in the countryside and from inten-

metropolitan levels of scale become meaningful only if we

forest, wetlands and other nature areas. The required

different forms of agriculture itself. To reconcile those

sive horticulture and animal husbandry to extensive organic farming

place them within a spatial context. Specifically we may take

expansion will therefore mainly take place at the expense

‘competing claims’, next to regular spatial policy and

and nature management with nursing cows.

the global and the European context. At each of these two

of what currently is still nature or wilderness. If we want to

planning at different levels there is a clear need for action

spatial scales there is a meaningful integration of both

avoid the loss of nature and the eco-services they provide

perspectives that connect seemingly opposing values such

A final consideration is that by choosing such a large scale we can

agricultural production and urban development. For example:

to us, it will be necessary to find opportunities for produc-

as profitability, landscape and nature conservation. By

establish a relationship more easily between the global system and

at a global scale, agricultural production faces the challenge of

tivity increases in agriculture. One way forward may be the

using these action perspectives we can achieve an optimal

developments at national, regional and even local level. Moreover, on

doubling food production to feed the growing and increasingly

use of resources in metropolitan areas that until now have

land use and agricultural production in Europe without

this large scale peripheral agricultural areas like the Midwest of the

concentrated world population while at the same time halving

been overlooked, such as residues and waste heat.

further repression or offload to elsewhere.

United States and the Argentine pampas also come into the picture.

cultural products to the city. The lorries delivering flowers to markets deep inside Germany every day provide a Dutch example.

the required inputs.

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19

Figure 2 Global distribution of 180 SuperRegions. The Metropolitan Agriculture SuperRegions (red dotted circles) represent areas with more than 30 million residents and more than 50% of land area under cultivation.

Metropolitan Agriculture SuperRegions Metropolitan SuperRegions Agriculture SuperRegions Remaining SuperRegions

1

Urban and Built-up land

2

Dryland Cropland and Pasture 7,4% Intensive

0,2%

3

Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 2,3% agriculture

5 Cropland/Grassland Mosaic

3,2%

Urban

Cropland/Woodland Mosaic

6,3% agriculture

7

Grassland

7,5%

8

Shrubland

10,9%

9

Mixed Shrubland/Grassland

10 Savanna

4,3%

12 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest

1,3%

approx. 1/3 co-use for agricultural purpose

8,8%

14 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest

4,1%

15 Mixed Forest

4,3%

17 Herbaceous Wetlands

0,2%

18 Wooded Wetlands

0,7%

20 Herbaceous Tundra

0,0%

21 Wooded tundra

3,5%

22 Mixed tundra

1,7%

23 Bare Ground Tundra 24 Snow or Ice

29,3%

fertile: forest

13 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest

19 Barren or sparsely Vegateted 11,0%

9,5%

less fertile,

10,0%

11 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

9,7%

Extensive

6

0,9%

0,2%

Wetlands

22,7% 0,9%

Non-fertile

0,0% 11,4%

27,6%

25 Water

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21

R:300km (SuperRegion): Population in millions

Wuhan

120

Shanghai Chennai

Java

I Metropolitan SuperRegions (35)

Tokyo

Beijing AB-Rhine

New York City

Scale-related sustainable development

Leaving aside the SuperRegions with fewer than one

Sustainable development is realized differently at different levels

million inhabitants and areas with less than twenty

of scale. At the lower levels (up to the city or agglomeration) the

percent of cultivated land, there remain around 180

concept of Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) can be applied by giving real

SuperRegions worldwide. These 180 super-regions

meaning to improving the efficiency of production processes and

(see Figure 2) house almost all the seven billion people

closing material and energy loops. C2C denotes that closing local

in the world. Together they cover more than one

loops will lead to a situation where waste does no longer occur.

third of the total land area. Although the 45 million

All materials will eventually be valued again and used to restart

km2 of fertile land worldwide is also about one third

the cycle.

of the total world land area of 130 million km2, this

Rio - Sao North Italy

30

180 SuperRegions. Some agricultural areas, like the

the concept of the ‘layer approach’ can be used to stimulate

very sparsely populated areas with extensive livestock

sustainable development. This approach involves a thorough

production, have been excluded. Conversely, the

consideration between substrate, network and occupation by

SuperRegions also include natural countryside and

posing questions: Where do we plan new urban extensions?

open water.

II Metropolitan Agricultural SuperRegions (35) Paris

Hamburg, Berlin, Copenhagen

IV Remaining SuperRegions (75)

III Agricultural SuperRegions (35)

Michigan Johannesburg

Argentina Minneapolis

Sydney

1mln

0% Proportion of land in use for agriculture

50%

100%

Figure 3 SuperRegions positioned along two axes (total population and percentage of agricultural land use). The graph contains 20 of the 180 SuperRegions that have been defined. The numbers in brackets indicate the estimated total worldwide. SuperRegions printed in bold are part of the TransForum network of cities. SuperRegions in or with Delta areas are printed in orange. More information can be found on www.spatialplanning.com.

•

Where does nature thrives best? Where can what form of

22

San Fransisco / LA Ethiopië

does not entirely coincide with the total area of the At the intermediate levels (the metropolis and the region)

England

Metropolitan SuperRegions (Quadrant I):

•

Agricultural SuperRegions (Quadrant III):

35 SuperRegions with more than 30 million inhabitants,

35 SuperRegions with fewer than 30 million

agriculture be logically situated? Also the impacts of possible

We have divided the approximately 180 SuperRegions

including outliers with more than 120 million, like Java.

inhabitants and more than half the area under

climate change, including an increased risk of flooding, can be

along two axes. The vertical axis shows the number

The area under cultivation is limited to less than 50 percent

cultivation. An example of a such area is the Midwest

taken into account in the layer approach.

of inhabitants, thereby drawing a distinction between

of the total area. Examples of these Metropolitan SuperRegions

of the United States with the Minneapolis-St. Paul

metropolitan and non-metropolitan SuperRegions.

are Tokyo and New York City;

urban agglomeration;

At the higher levels (SuperRegion, Continents and the earth as

The horizontal axis shows the percentage area under

a whole) the factual Triple-P approach (people, planet, profit)

cultivation. This distinguishes the agricultural from

makes sense. Hence, this approach deals with making room for

the non-agricultural SuperRegions. This system of

35 SuperRegions again with a population of at least 30 million.

75 SuperRegions with fewer than 30 million

economic development (mining, industry and agriculture), for

classification results in four main types of

The difference from the first quadrant is that more than 50

inhabitants and where less than half of the land

people (cities) and for nature and biodiversity. With the Triple-P

SuperRegions (see Figure 3):

percent of the area is cultivated. An example is the ABC-Rhineland

is under cultivation.

•

Metropolitan agriculture SuperRegions (Quadrant II):

approach we can analyze where these claims come into conflict

(Amsterdam-Brussels-Cologne) SuperRegion, with 70 million

and where they can reinforce each other.

people and at least 70 percent of the area under cultivation;


•

Remaining SuperRegions (Quadrant IV):


23

The SuperRegions in Quadrant I number many

the more opportunities there are for economic optimisation

residents but have relatively little land under

through increases in scale and far-reaching mechanisation.

cultivation. This means that these regions will

But it also means that a kind of monoculture arises, in which

be net importers of food, either from their own

other forms of agriculture or nature are displaced.

country (e.g. New York City) or from other

Zuidvleugel Midden-Nederland Ruhrgebiet Brussel Belgie

countries (Japan). This does not mean that there

In Europe there is almost no specialisation at SuperRegion

is no agriculture in these SuperRegions (the metro

level, except perhaps for Russia and Ukraine. To some

politan area between Tokyo and Kyoto, for example,

extent this is because the spatial pressure is greater,

has numerous green rice fields), but it does mean

particularly in Western Europe; in part it is also due to the

that spatial pressure due to urbanisation is very high.

fact that the European Union exists by virtue of a treaty

Nordrhein-Westfalen

Frankfurt am Main - regio

between independent member states. Precisely because of Spatial pressure is also high in the SuperRegions

this independence, there has been a separate agricultural

of Quadrant II, which is characterised by a high

evolution in each of these countries. On balance, the

population and high percentage of cultivated land

Common Agricultural Policy has resulted in the fact that

(the metropolitan agriculture SuperRegion). To do

most of the land area (approximately two-thirds) within the

justice to the various functions of rural areas and the

European Union is cultivated. By comparison, in the United

associated forms of “multifunctional” agriculture,

States of America only a fifth of the total land area is under

recreation and nature conservation, the available

cultivation. The advantage of a lower level of specialisation

space must be handled with the utmost care.

is that the areas with monoculture are much smaller and

Frankfurt am Main region. If we zoom in still further we may

Netherlands forming the delta of these rivers. The same

more fragmented, leaving more room for small-scale nature.

distinguish the Randstad urban metropolis (North and South

pattern may be found in other SuperRegions. Of the

Wings), the Flemish Diamond and the Ruhr: all areas with

35 metropolitan agriculture SuperRegions (Quadrant II),

The SuperRegions in Quadrant III have considerable

24

Figure 4 ABC-Rhineland SuperRegion: in red the 4 metropolitan regions with more than 10 million residents and the 4 metropolitan agglomerations with more than 3 million residents.

room for intensive land-based agriculture, because

As noted above, one of the metropolitan agriculture

a radius of 30 kilometres and more than three million

22 have one or more deltas with seaports. The

they are sparsely populated. Such areas may be found

SuperRegions, in which more than half the land area is

inhabitants. The Frankfurt agglomeration amounts at this

remaining 13 SuperRegions are located in the interior

in the United States and Argentina, where land area is

cultivated, is the ABC-Rhineland SuperRegion (see Figure 4).

level only to some 2.2 million inhabitants.

of (mostly) China and India, but are dependent on one

not scarce. The endless fields of wheat in the Midwest

If we zoom in a little further to the next level of scale (a radius

of the US show that almost the entire SuperRegion

of 100 kilometres), we can distinguish four metropolitan

It is striking that these four metropolitan regions are

energy and the like. Deltas and large rivers are therefore

is cultivated by intensive land-based agriculture. In

regions with more than ten million inhabitants: the Western

interconnected via the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt

an important factor in the potential for metropolitan

general, the higher the scale level of specialisation,

Netherlands, Belgium, North Rhine-Westphalia and the

(Frankfurt via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal), with the

agriculture.


or more major rivers for irrigation, transportation and


25

Delta Metropolitan Regions

and demand, grape-growing areas arose for example

The delta regions with a radius of 100 kilometres

in the Westland region near The Hague, while bulb

generally take the form of multipolar urbanisation.

production evolved around Leiden. Initially, the

This is because the original rivers were meandering

farms were still largely mixed, with little intensive

and regularly shifted. This allowed multiple adjacent

cultivation.

settlements to arise and flourish. In the Netherlands, for example, this pattern applies to Dordrecht,

Gradually, however, the cultivated area of The

Rotterdam, Leiden and Amsterdam up to and including

Hague joined up with that of Rotterdam. There was

Zwolle (see Figure 5). In the absence of a delta with

no longer any possibility of increasing production

meandering rivers, more concentric metropolises such

by expanding the area under cultivation, so that

as Paris, Mexico City, Johannesburg and London tend

individual farmers were forced to increase yields

to develop.

per acre. They could easily sell their products in the growing cities nearby. In addition, the city proved

Another characteristic feature of delta regions is the

a source of knowledge, capital and labour, thereby

abundant availability of water, together with periodic

making intensive forms of agriculture such as

flooding. Apart from a rich natural landscape, the

horticulture much more industrialised. In regions

fertile soil is also conducive to agriculture, including

with a central city like Paris or London, there was

dams and irrigation to provide large agricultural areas.

no such necessity, as the more extensive forms of

Both the rivers and the sea offer opportunities for

agriculture could easily take place at a greater

transportation. In combination with the high level

distance from the city.

of food production this means that a delta region exerts an influence right up to SuperRegion level.

With the insights from this spatial analysis framework, and using the action perspectives

26

The combination of fertile soil and a multipolar

from the TransForum projects, an image can be

urban pattern has led to various forms of intensive

developed for a Netherlands of the future, with

agriculture. Depending on the local climate, subsoil

lasting spaces for agriculture, nature and the city.



27

Spatial configuration of the Netherlands and the ABC-Rhineland SuperRegion As noted, the Netherlands forms part of the ABC-Rhineland SuperRegion. Our country is characterised by a high degree of urbanisation and a relatively modest land area (thirty thousand square kilometres), of which about two-thirds is available for agriculture. The availability of a large market and a fairly consistently policy since the end of the 19th century based on the triad of Research, Information and Education plus the above mentioned spatial pressure has led to high yields per hectare.

28


The Netherlands does not have a monoculture of hundreds of

where a yield of 10 to 50 times that found outdoors elsewhere in

square kilometres with an average grain yield of three to four

Europe is obtained. Intensive agriculture in the one locality creates

tonnes per hectare, as found in the US Midwest. Instead, there

the opportunity of more extensive agriculture in other places and

are intensely cultivated fields in an area several tens of kilometres

combining it with other functions such as the maintenance and/

in size (the Flevopolders) that will produce ten tonnes of grain

or restoration of the original landscape and opportunities for

per hectare in one year and 40 tonnes of potatoes in another.

recreation by the urban dwellers (see box “Space Pump”). The

Another example is the cultivation of tomatoes in glasshouses,

conversion of agricultural land back to nature is also an option,


29

NFW

Dairy adventure

Growport NL Green a.t. City

Space Pump

Apart from intensification or sustainable improvement, value

The ‘space pump’ is the mechanism by which land released

creation and renewal are also desirable in a metropolitan area.

by intensification of agricultural production in one location

Due to the increasing urbanisation more and more people

is used for nature and landscape conservation in another

are becoming detached from the traditionally self-evident

region. At local levels of scale, the space pump can help

relationship with agriculture and are consequently losing sight

to counter the loss of biodiversity caused by agricultural

of where their food comes from. By developing new forms of

practices. For example: if smallholders in developing

agriculture, for example explicitly emphasising food as an

countries can improve their livelihood by increasing their

experience, the growing gap between urban and rural areas is

production per hectare, they are less tempted to clearing

closed. In addition to these educational objectives, the pursuit

the neighbouring jungle or using marginal lands. In the Net-

of agriculture in and around cities also provides opportunities

herlands, sustainable intensification of agriculture also opens

for recreation, health care and other functions. In addition, we

up opportunities for the future. By producing more efficiently

should not underestimate the importance of green spaces in and

in spatially concentrated areas, we can maintain the needed

around the city when it comes to maintaining and improving a

production volume without further impacts on the surroun-

healthy environment, both physical and mental. Earlier on we

a type of land use that can generate a great deal of

specialise in terms of their own domain (production,

ding landscape and environment.

noted that urban and rural areas mutually interact at a radius of

friction with other forms of land use. A transformation

environmental management or sociocultural services),

Streaml. Venlo Biopark Terneuzen NGB Heuvelland

up to 300 km. Within this SuperRegion we need to search for

of the existing agriculture in the delta region in the

provided that the other two aspects are taken into account.

At higher levels (delta region, SuperRegion), the space

space for the whole range of metropolitan agriculture, taking into

Netherlands based on the added-value strategies

This will stop the displacement of highly productive farms

pump can be used to optimize the structure of the rural area.

account the need for space for conservation and development,

associated with metropolitan agriculture can set in

and increase the emphasis on the natural countryside and

Intensification and clustering in a limited area offers economic

recreation and urbanisation.

motion a development that is not based on a plan or

social and cultural values, such as the landscape, while also

blueprint but on an intrinsic change. This can for example

promoting entrepreneurship. The configuration created as

advantages. The concentrated greenhouse areas (Greenports)

30

Figure 5 The Dutch delta metropolitan region within the larger SuperRegion ABCRhine with the port of Rotterdam as defining detail. The map shows the location of the different TransForum projects. Red indicates urban projects and green denotes more rural projects. Solid circles denote projects on sustainable intensification, the others are either on sustainable valorisation or diversification. The size of the circle indicates the scale of the grain.

LandMarkt Gouden ei Green MijnBoer Care Greenport BBloem

and intensive livestock farming regions in the Netherlands

For a spatial policy at SuperRegion level, in this case ABC-

be achieved by developing livestock farming systems that,

a result can serve as an example for other urbanised delta

both demonstrate these advantages. But also ecological

Rhineland, initiatives are already being taken here and there.

apart from the production of high quality products, also

regions in the world.

benefits can be attained, because concentrating activities in

In the Natura 2000 policy of the European Union, for example,

pursue the goals of health, welfare and the efficient use of

a limited area enables efficiently addressing emissions and

we can see the contours of a European Ecological Network. This

resources. Or as the Landzijde foundation has done around

re-using waste streams, or simply creates spatial opportunities

however involves only one form of land use, namely nature. Due

Amsterdam in its Green Care project, linking up farming

for nature reserves at these levels of scales.

to a lack of coordination at lower levels of scale, this is moreover

with professional care. This allows existing farmers to



31

And now? The spatial aspects of metropolitan agriculture are extremely complex. The situation could best be compared to a jigsaw puzzle with thousands of pieces of which we hold only a small number. Even so, we feel that with these few pieces we may already outline the building blocks needed for the further development of a new, sustainable spatial configuration at different levels of scale. Moving between the levels with aid of concepts that can make a difference at the various levels of scale is of vital importance.

At global level we are dealing with pressure on agricultural

To meet these challenges, we need to look beyond the

production from the growing demand for food, biofuels and

particular city or region. Indeed, in the case of the Netherlands,

organic raw materials for construction and industry. The threat

we even have to look beyond our borders to the SuperRegion

of protectionism in the form of export bans on rice, grain and

level. The latter is an area with a radius of 300 kilometres

other agricultural products means that Europe should at the

containing one or more cities or metropolitan areas. In this case

least not cut down on the volume of production, or in other

this is the ABC-Rhineland SuperRegion, covering the Randstad,

words should maintain an adequate agricultural production

the Flemish Diamond, the Ruhr and the area around Frankfurt.

system. At the same time, we find ourselves facing “competing

32


claims” in the Netherlands and Europe (and not just there). The

The vision of metropolitan agriculture developed by TransForum

area used for agriculture cannot expand indefinitely and must

provides an action perspective for farmers in a SuperRegion.

actually shrink to accommodate a biodiversity of species and

It also simultaneously serves as an analytical framework or

ecosystems as a provider of ecosystem services. That means

instrument for linking the various levels of scale where agriculture

space for nature conservation and the preservation of

and urban areas come into contact with each other. It covers not

landscape variety. The ongoing urbanisation also requires

only the whole range of agricultural systems (intensive/extensive,

space for residential areas, industrial sites and infrastructure.

small-scale/large-scale, specialised/multifunctional, professional/


33

Metrop oli landbo tane uw

& fauna

r

port

Vernieuwen

t

in studie

in ontwi kkeling Voorbeeldp roject mg Bussinessc ase mg Verbeteren Verwaarden

mainport

greenport mainport en green

Profit

planet people

no regre

F1 = flora

& flavou

r & feed

ated

& fire

F4 = fodde

F3 = fabric

F2 = fuel

F7 = fun

F6 = food

erk 6A Informatienetw centrum · Plantenstoffen k Greenport 1A Valorisatiepar Westland · Biobased Park

13/09/10

llingska

Interna

tional

Summit

mer Brij

n

06/10/10 Agrostr Ronde Tafe omen l

A na ly

se

30/11/10 Slim Ver Versnelling skamer voer

08/11/10 Xpe

rtsessie

01/12/10

Eindfee

de haven (CO2 en

meststoffen).

ruimtegebruik

s op de kaart

erk 6B Informatienetw kaart · Biogas kansen

5 Meervoudig ruimtese (Fresh products) · Een Mathenes 5A Farm City Nieuw wust en efficiënte : flexibel, kostenbe kijkje in de container in de stadshavoor productie regulering van stromen de naburige Input: warmte van zilte vens (watergerelateerd). schaaldieren en vis, schelp- en glasfabriek. Output: monstratie van procesde idee omvat een gewassen. Het alcoholproductie. van graan voor het verbouwen (Fodder) · Recreëer, Rotterdam Zoo 5B Farm City Blijdorp, tussen de dierende bijzondere relatie toleer en geniet van in de multifunctionele (glastuin)bouw . Input: tuin en land- en versus extensief) d park (intensief Output: ren en omliggen en volkstuincomplex. biomassa uit dierentuin en veevoeder. ting en voedsel energie uit biovergis ur) · DakRotterdam (Fun/flavo 5C Farm City Bijenkorf, en leerzame een groen rustpunt landschap de Bijenkorf: (thematische educatie drukke omgeving nt ervaring in een van de consume ing). De beleving duurzame ontwikkel en van Bijenorganische reststrom staat centraal. Input: . Output: hoogwaar horeca en woningen korf, omliggende producten. dige agrarische

en Greenport kuntwerk · Mainport van3C CO2- en warmtene levering van CO2 voeden met de nen elkaar letterlijk rt is er OCAPGreenport. Binnenko ar (extra uit de haven richting older beschikba in de Zuidplasp CO2 voor tuinders . Op termijn olfabrikant Abengoa) , CO2-bron via bio-ethan hele regio van CO2 netwerk voor de is een duurzaam en duurzame energie te en geothermie) warmte (restwarm mogelijk.

20/01/11

e Portal

sforum

rt: 24 interventie

K ennis O verh eid M aats chapp elijke o B edrijf rganis sleven aties I nteg rerend e partij en

Symbios

st Tran

15/12/10 Ron CO en de Tafel 2 Warmte

22/12/10 CO en Versnelling 2 Warmte skamer

Ontwer

24/01/11

psessie

Agenda

Growpo

rt 2040

Farm City

Uitgave

Xplorela

gebruik

op Terrein A, tijdelijke kassen 4D Grootschalige, voor grootscha locatie biedt ruimte Maasvlakte 2 · Deze zonder restricties tot circa 60 ha, . lige (tijdelijke) kassen directe omgeving te en CO2 in de en met restwarm kassen op tijdelijk drijvende 4E Grootschalige, voor zeer te 2 · Dit biedt ruimte binnenmeer, Maasvlak tot circa 100 ha. (tijdelijke) kassen viteiten grootschalig drijvende t worden voor havenacti Deze kunnen verplaats indien nodig.

6 Inform de schakel tussen Centrum · Verbinden 6A Plantenstoffen partijen. Het Kennisprivate en publieke markt kennisinstituten, rganisatie om de tijdelijke netwerko centrum is een concrete projecten aan te jagen met voor plantenstoffen Poeldijk. en onderzoek in nd · ‘Een prakart Portal Zuid-Holla 6B Biogas kansenka ’. Deze kaart een Biobased Economy geeft tisch handvat voor Zuid-Holland en van de Provincie is een initiatief cten en het arheid van restprodu inzicht in de beschikba van deze stromen. interbiogaspotentieel Klant · Door een - Pilot van Kas tot 6C Slim Vervoer t agents worden eerd met intelligen er netsysteem gecombin bedacht, waardoor vervoerstromen andere en snellere r of gezonder systeem prijs een duurzame voor eenzelfde svandekweker.nl’, . Een begin is ‘www.ver ingezet wordt gecreëerd teem dat wordt Smart Agent-sys een vervolg een de Green- én Mainport reststromen in aan te voor waardevolle van verwaarding direct op de plek om deze sneller in de Valorisatieparken. brengen, zoals re Symbiose · ‘Metropolitan Agricultu overheid, 6D MASProgramma dat kennisinstellingen, Program’: een initiatief bedrijfsleven samen organisaties én maatschappelijke ats’ voor mens een soort ‘marktpla vervoer, gebrengt. Er ontstaat ‘rest’stromen), romen (inclusief kracht, productst op: Meer informatie organisatie en imago. ‘www.masp.pzh.nl’. atienetwerk

· Drijvend ht-Rijnhaven (Food) cultuurbe5D Farm City Katendrec buitenbad: een met ecologisch kassencomplex (relatie European stadsarchitectuur t en GFTleving in deze stoere warmtene de connectie met China Centre). Input: vlees en vis voor Output: groente, stromen uit de stad. kten in de buurt. restaurants en supermar Food) · F-LAB op g, landtong (Fun, e 5E Farm City Rozenbur in een natuurlijk Agrobasis uitgelegd m. de Landtong: De demonstratiecentru laboratorium en en inomgeving: een connectie nabijgeleg zonnenenergie, Input: wind- en producten van Fuels scala aan landbouw dustrie. Output: ’. eld ‘Chateau Rotterdam tot Food bijvoorbe

combination of the various types of agriculture, such as

For example, developing a vision for the Randstad cannot be

intensive agriculture, multifunctional (extensive) agriculture

performed in isolation from developments at national, European

and organic farming in order to continue connecting

and even global level (such as food production and biodiversity).

agriculture up in all its facets to the urban dweller. This can

That means that at the next higher level of scale, the Dutch

be achieved by making use of the three value-added

government should have a vision concerning the spatial deve-

stakeholders (governments, businesses, societal organisations

of the existence of a delta region, the actual and potential

strategies, namely sustainable improvement, sustainable

lopment of the Dutch Delta region. Similarly, at the scale above

and knowledge institutes) to create an action perspective

agricultural area and population pressure. Here too a

intensification, sustainable valorisation and sustainable

that, the governments of the Netherlands, Flanders, North

through a joint design process. By taking on this challenge,

development is possible where land may be used for nature,

diversification.

Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse need to develop a (shared) vision

the SuperRegion ABC-Rhineland (embracing the Dutch Delta)

agriculture and urban purposes in a balanced way. Obviously

for the spatial development of the ABC-Rhineland SuperRegion.

can act as an example for the rest of the world.

there are hundreds more metropolitan areas at the lower level

b, Provinc

ie Zuid

-Hollan

d & Tran

sforum

of scale offering potential for the metropolitan agriculture

local level of scale also lends itself to optimising the physical

As noted, the concept of metropolitan agriculture can play an

This West European example can also help with the

concept, but in terms of the pressure on space these are not

relationships between city and countryside and citizen and

important role in the development of such visions. First of all, it

sustainable development of other places in our urbanising

always comparable with the Dutch situation.

farmer, for example, by further optimising the cycle of food

offers a perspective on the various relationships between urban

world, certainly when it comes to the 22 areas worldwide

and waste: the closer to the city, the more profitable it

and rural areas at different levels of scale. Secondly, it forces the

that are comparable up to the 300 km level of scale in terms


n

1

Versne

p

)

ructuur

reststromen uit

O nt w er

Tafel Brij

komst 29/09/10

ucerende smachine / waterprod 2B Kas als ontzilting of zoute restmplex) waar brakke kas · Een kas(senco ruimte van het gebruikt in onbenutte stromen worden gewassen te of zoutopnemende complex om algen verder ingedikt l restwater wordt De produceren. Eventuee of industriewarmte. middel van kastot vast zout door is, is zo groot te die hiervoor nodig hoeveelheid restwarm uit kan. (nog) niet in Nederland boven de dat dit systeem in de haven · Drijvend andere 2C Drijvende algenteelt van warmte en gebruikmakend Beneluxtunnel,

4 Meervoudig · Hier is ruimte in haven bij Heijplaat . 4A Drijvende kas dicht bij de RDM-werf drijvende kassen, groenten voor circa 8 ha (speciale) voor mogelijkheden Deze locatie biedt voor CO2 en nte koppelingen of bloemen en interessa aan de stad. directe verkoop warmte, evenals gestapeld bij en meervoudig 4B Drijvende kas voor circa 2 ha deze locatie is ruimte Seinehaven · Op e functies boven en 10 ha voor gestapeld drijvende kassen nieuwe hallen. hallen en 2 ha op bestaande distributie licht op de kassen met diffuus 4C Grootschalige tijdelijke kassen lige, voor grootscha Kop · Hier is ruimte nog 20 ha, zonder direct in de buurt tot circa 30 ha plus restwarmte en restricties, en met hoogte- of andere de nabijheid van omgeving. Vanwege CO2 in de directe glas moet vaker op stuiven. Het agrobulk is er kans kan juist voordelen worden, maar dat schoongemaakt nodig hebben in die diffuus licht hebben voor teelten zeer hoge kassen. combinatie met

& the City Greenp ort

sessie

1

(bij- en restproducten

1

3 Infrast / Multitunnel · Oeververbinding 3A Nieuwe Westelijke de ruimtelijk-econok uitgevoerd naar t en Er is een onderzoe en de Greenpor ing van de Mainport mische ontwikkel Westelijke Oeververvan een Nieuwe el de invloed hierop essie is de Multitunn In een ontwerps binding (NWO). voor auto’s, maar iant niet alleen en ontstaan: een tunnelvar , transportbanden is voor leidingen waar ook ruimte een productieruimte. en eventueel zelfs koelcontainers en overslag van 3B Coolport · Opt van vervoerstrolading als knooppun gekoelde stukgoed van de Maas. n op de zuidoever men. Locatie: Eemhave zal verhuizen op de huidige Fruitport Het bedrijvencluster Coolport (in 2015 uitmaken van de en onderdeel gaan

rt

1

2c

1

ingsteam

Mainport-Greenpo

1

Verbind

Ronde

iobijeen

Park Greenport (Biobased 1A Valorisatiepark Holland (co-siting eld in Hoek van Westland) · Bijvoorbe posteringsinstal) – een tunnelcom en bij van Vliet Recycling (aërobe) vergisting eden tot droge latie met mogelijkh leveren biogas installatie (beide een anaërobe vergisting ie. Produclige bio-ethanolinstallat op), en een kleinscha ol, biogas, warmte, CO2, bio-ethan ten: compost, mest,

1

?

1

Scenar

2 Zoet-zout

?

1

21/05/10

fosfor. bij Abengoa Europoort · (Co-siting 1B/C Valorisatiepark van eiwit, bioraffinage (scheiden of ADM) – primaire ikkeling een lose) en als doorontw mineralen en lignocellu met de lignocelio-ethanolfabriek, (tweede-generatie)b . lulose als grondstof sche procesinMaasvlakte · Biochemi 1D Valorisatiepark ol tot bio-ethyopwerken van bio-ethan dustrie, zoals het van het platform bij de huidige focus leen. Dit sluit aan rijf Rotterdam voor ffen en het Havenbed Groene Grondsto -activiteiten in te 2 die voor biobased arealen op Maasvlak van chemicaliën Daarnaast productie lige aanmerking komen. iseerde kleinscha daarop gespecial eventueel met een e bioraffinaderij Ten slotte een secundair bioraffinage-unit. de eindfase versterals grondstof. In met lignocellulose eparken elkaar. ken de valorisati

Figure 6 The poster of the project Mainport Greenport that TransForum executed together with the Province of Zuid-Holland. In the project a joint design process was used to develop the vision Grow Port 2040, a regional perspective on sustainable development that stimulates both the harbour activities (Mainport) and greenhouse production (Greenport).

sis

t· 2A Poelzone Algenteel uit nieuw te water dat als reststroom van de van brak of zout komt. Het is één in de Poelzone bouwen kassen hergebruik van of minder centraal Van de varianten voor meer algenproductie. reststromen voor brakke en zoute e worden gemaakt. stof of fijnchemi algen kan (bio)brand

port

1

ie Agroba

at ie

erk

rt-Green

Excurs

08/06/10

ruimtegebruik · 4E Meervoudig e drijvende Grootschalige tijdelijk

Xplorelab agriculture metropolitan

als 2B Zoet-Zout · Kas Zuidplas ontziltingsmachine,

6D Informatienetw a · MASProgramm

Mainpo

Geclusterde algenteelt Naam tekening: Tom Meulemans Tekenaar: 29-06-2010 Datum:

?

18/09/09

1 Agrostromen

van

ruimtegebruik 5C Meervoudig rf Rotterdam · Farm City Bijenko

of Abengoa)

Green

E va lu

ontwikkelingsgebied

Europoort (ADM 1

sessie

1B/C Bioraffinage 1

1

Westland

> ethanol > melkzuur

p Mainpo

Besides strengthening the socio-cultural relationship, this

34

sed

Based

vezels

the form of a search for an optimal configuration or even

ark Bio

suikers

agglomerations, regions and even SuperRegions.

Ontwer

orde

ingsteam

cellulose

further refinement of land use. This may for example take

ducten

Valorisatiep

eerste

tweede

fase 2 (Growport)

lead to the development of coherent views at the level of cities,

Deelpro

1

1

6

Verbind

en Europoort) fase 1 (Greenport

se Haven amse otterdam rotterd de r lden Samenwerking tussen and in 24 voorbee ostland en het Westland/oostl

ortt naar growport enpor reenp rt-gre ort-g ortainpo Van mainp

the concept of metropolitan agriculture lends itself to the

emhaven

area for which they are responsible. In concrete terms, this will

· Coolport Waal-E

would appear far more appropriate. At the local level of scale,

ruimtegebruik 5D Meervoudig recht · Farm City Katend

need in turn need to develop a (spatial) vision for the particular

3B Infrastructuur

“development policy” based on local and regional strengths

1D Valorisatie park · Bioraffi nage Terrein A, Maasvlakte 2

their opportunities. Additionally, politicians and administrators

6

7

> papier/karton > chemie

use at that level is simply too diversified. An agricultural

F-ladde r in het proj ect mai nport-g mainpo reenport rt en gre is de F-la enport. een sch maar ook dder als ematisch kapstok tussen e voorste lopen glob gebruik de Gre lling van en (ver t voor een aal van de vee brede land veel volu ties), tot intense lzijdige me (me bouw) gering re sam toepass en the volume t dito ruim enwerki ing van City (ro met grot ng tuss tebeslag biomass tterdamen de clus e toegevo ) met rela a uit de in het kad Den Haa ters egde waa landbou tief geri g). De er van nge toeg w. De spo rde F-ladde het (specialt Fodder mainpo evoegd rten van r is ies). , Fresh rt-green e econom de ‘F-la / Fish, port-pro met Flor ische waa dder’ Foo ject d, a / Fau Flavours is rde (com na; het / Fun, Flow de ladder uitg modibiologis ebreid ers / Fas ch kap tot 9 +1: Fue itaal bes hion, Fine taande l / Fire, Chemic uit een Fabrica als / Pha enorme ted products rma, Fac diversite , Feed ilities, gec it aan soo / omplem rten en enteerd ecosyst emen.

1 8

bindmiddel/lijm

nature, it is important that agricultural entrepreneurs exploit

4

n

01/07/10

2a

Analyse schema 1 orde ? 1 van 45 1 1 formatie 28 36 1 1 ontwik over de 25 30 1 1a kelinge 39 34 1 1 ontwik www.g 25 11 n die de 1 kelinge rowpor 19 24 Mainpo 6 19 n is te t.nl ( 1 MA 15 17 rt-Green vinden beteken port rela in het t Metrop eindrap tie kun olitan port Mai nen vers Agricul nport-G terken. ture en 2 reenpor Meer inAcht mog t en op elijke bus de web site inessca ses). 8

lignine

set our sights on a “national agricultural network”, as land

2

4

hemicellulose

growth and the whole range of agricultural production and

7

12

ant Bioba

in fase

08/06/10

Secundaire Bioraffinage

For a balanced development offering room for both urban At the level of the SuperRegion, we should not immediately

grote pieken otterdamse haven De rotterdam rt) vormen twee ostland (greenpo Westland/oostland elkaar zonder echte zin, maar staan naast in economische ontwikkeling? Zitten gebeurt er bij verdere nodig en kunnen verbinding. Wat of hebben ze elkaar ze elkaar in de weg, kunnen ze in de “De afzo n? en vooral: wat ze elkaar versterke nderlijaan elkaar hebben? kebelan toekomst nog meer gen en g van urgentie van de verkennin s van Mai een samenvatting s Deze brochure is eden en interactie nport en lingen, mogelijkh Greenp toekomstige ontwikke de greenport. Hoe kunnen deze ort maken n ainport en tussen de mainport het den worden verbonde beter met elkaar ken over lang pieken richting 2040 worden versterkt? verder e deltaregio termijn de tussen mainport en de positie van gemeen verbinding mogelijk schapp tot één iss een intensievere elijk clusters uitgroeien perspec rt, zodat de twee tief niet reenport, en greenpo eenvou growport? dig. Wil dat echt op provincie Zuidde age werkplaats van de d nda Xplorelab, innovatie -greenport uitgevoer komen project mainport dan zal a voor innovatie vee Holland, heeft het daar nationaal programm l bestuur het in opdracht van het transForum, en lijke en groene ruimte: energie partners in de agrosector de provincie zelf. voor nod greenports van ig zijn. De actieprogramma drijf rotterdam, kansen andere het Havenbe rotterdam, zijn hierbij zijn onder olen er Hogesch wel.” – en de Wim van gemeente Westland nHt Breda. de Gei Delft en de nHtV jn (sec nholland Delft, tu inholland retaris verbindi en www.growport.nl ngsteam : www.xplorelab.nl Mainpo Voor meer informatie rt-Green port)

7

0

meststoffen

rt ort naar growpo ouw in nport greenp rt-gree ainportglastuinb Van mainpo (mainport) en de

14 10 10

4

veevoeder/ chemie

some extent managing, land use at different levels of scale.

marketing Fine che , ruimteli & Flagra micals jke ord nts - farm ening, kunstm a est) Flowers bv. blo & Fashion emen en planten Flavou rs verbrede & Fun landbo uw Food voe incl. inte dselproduc tie, nsieve vleesp roductie Fresh products produc ten, zoa - verse, langho ls fruit udbare en gev Fodder angen & Feed vis veevoe r en and ere bul kprodu Fabric cten ate van kle d products - gebruik ding tot meube len (co svoorwerpen, Fuel & nta iners) Fire brands tof, ene rgie en grofchem ie Flora & Fauna

1

enport

mineralen

SamenVatting

ruimtegebruik 4A Meervoudig haven in · Drijvende kas bij Heijplaat / RDM

conservation areas by the transformation of farmland on the other.

“Het bed rijfsleve n zal nieu we initia tieven uiteinde lijk moeten oppakk en. Het is daa rom altijd beter als initiatiev en van ond eraf kom en. De ove rheidsb emoeieni s moet daarom zo klein mogelijk zijn.” Nel van Dijk , voorzitt er Kennisc entrum Plantens toffen

rmatie,

eiwitten

2C Zoet-Zout · Drijvende algenteelt in de haven

agriculture turns out to be very useful for analysing and, to

the one hand and the promotion of natural countryside and

ort-Gre

werk

flows to reciprocal services. As such, the vision of metropolitan

lends itself to the creation of space for further urbanisation on

Mainp

1 1 1

lignocellulose

www.growport.nl

ruimtegebruik 4B Meervoudig en meervoudig · Drijvende kas aven. gestapeld bij Seineh

urban and rural areas, ranging from land use and goods

becomes to close loops. At this level, the concept also

1 1 1

Primaire Bioraffinage

.nl steekelenburg@pzh : www.xplorelab.nl [email protected] Xplorelab): mgn.van. Voor meer informatie burg (projectleider provincie Zuid-Holland): mc.de.bru land.nl ts, Marco van Steekelen enteWest (Programma Greenpor s): MGMVintges@Geme Marc de Bruijne e Westland, greenport [email protected] SHJ.Efftin Marga Vintges (gemeent drijf Rotterdam): Stijn Effting (Havenbe

hobby), but also the various relationships that exist between

Waarde

Bij- en restproducten

F5 = fresh

1

2

ruimtegebruik 4D Meervoudig op tijdelijke kassen · Grootschalige akte 2 Terrein A, Maasvl

F10 = faciliti es F9 = fine chemicals F8 = flowe r & fashio n

in het mai nport-g reenport ondersc -project heiden: F-ladder worden drie fase n Fase 1 “Het proj naam – Analyse interventie, ect Mai initiatief (bespre in deze nport of berich Greenp ken) fase is t ort creë door alle ‘metrop growport ert tijen (Ko de mog olitane verschill ma mBi) ken elijkheid landbou end reëel ons voe e nis betr verg w’ is een over de om buit okken mg aard, bes dselsys reactie mainpo paren de vas teem. Het proken nieuwe, op de uitd > 2 1 F10 1 rt en te en inzic is een kaders, duurzam agin 0 0 htelijk gem de greenport pragmat bestaan 0 0 e agrologi > 2 nieuwe ische visie gen in Fase 2 0 0 de aakt. 1 rollen en verbindi ca. in die 0 0 – Ontwer voor een > 3 0 MASP ngen tuss posities logi cen 1 p (tekene ca staa tijdens rogram traal. in te en sted operere t cocreat fase 2 n), fysi 4 een met elijke en co en n. Dit bied 1 generer ie van eke inte bouw fysie wamtenetw ropolitaa wer land 0 0 t en pop de dee rven bou erk 5 0 n gebied de part 2020 lossinge ke druk Slim Vervo wgebied 1 1 ties 1 lnemend ijen inno 1 1 er van ondervi door gron n in een maatsch en studente e 1 1 Kas tot 6 vatieve partijen ndt de Priva, werel 1 1 samenw appelijk daanko Klant 1 1 1 n, ontland 1 (net tijd en dleide e pen erki 1 1 6d 1 waarden ) afgestud r klimaa de legi 7 ngsverb maar ook ruimte heeft als 1 1 greenrail ? 1 1 tbeheersing 1 timiteit om zon . Hierdoo eerden 1 1 and met 1 1 druk van resultaa van de der ball 3b 1 1 1 8 en prof r is in een beteken Regiefunct t: 24 fysie ? 1 uit 1 landbou ast 1 1 1 0,1 voor inte essiona richting 1 1 dergelijk ie green t een 3p0 0 w een ke inte 6c ? nsievere ls. Dit 1 1 9 port logis de toek multitunnel duurzam 1 1 gebied benade rventies 1 1 lijke land tiek samenw omst greenp 1 1 0 0 growport 1 ring waa e landbou als voo te kijke bouwstr 10 1 1 0 WTC erking ort. n. Dat rbeeld r vanuit 1 1 w. Dit 1 1 Biobased ategieën tussen is 1 0 0 1 1 een drie Economy mainpo 11 is onts de mee 0 1 1 ondergron 1 1 1 tal afzo - Groe 1 rt en taan. 1 rwaarde ne Chem 1 dse zuive nderin dit mai 12 ? 1 ie ring en Fase 3 greenport 1 1 1 van dit 1 opslag nport-g 1 – Evaluat 1 campus gietwater project 3a reenport 13 F9 1 1 misch ie (rek Tuinbouw en 1 in de derd 1 1 ? gedreve project Xplorela 1 ene Digita 1 1 n), bus e fase al staat de 14 n landbou b.” - Guu Zeecontaine meer eco inessca is een 0 1 1 ? 1 met als intensie 1 s w centraa rs voor 0 0 van Ste scenari 1 1 ses logisch 15 perspec ve, eco landrotten 0 0 1 1 Kenniscen o ontw enberg l. Daarnaa e gedreve 1 1 0 0 notief uit de ‘soc 1 trum plante ikkeld: 1 in de wer en, 1 1 0 0 st is er te groe progra iale’ stad 16 n landbou Growpo nstoffen 1 1 Valorisatiep 1 eld; doo ien tot ook de mmama 1 1 1 slandbo rt. w zoals ark twee oplossin 1 1 een topl r de sam mainpo 17 uw. met de maas de biol 1 1 nager plant one ? 1 1 g waarbij ocatie enhang rt, greenp vlakte ropolitan 1 ogische Greenp 1 1 1 deze drie tussen Dit hou 1 1 18 ort and e landbou of orts deze fase Be-Ba 1 1 1 randsta provinc dt voor sic strategi 1 ‘the gre 1 1 1 6a w bied 45 initia d, de mai ie Zuid 1 1 19 F8 eën gec en’. in t een mische Fit for purpo 1 1 tieven nport-g levensv 1 totaal zijn ombinee 1 1 1 Holland rendabil se beoorde reenport 1d atbare 1 20 rd worden in Platform iteit, ook 1 1 1 eld en 0 oplo in zoals krin dat groen ? sca ssin . 1 zijn 1 gaat ove het, naa 1 1 se. De e grond > 21 F7 0 de 8 mee gen omg gloopslu 0 1 1 stoffen Floating ? 1 laatstge st econor ecologi ezet in iting en roses, st ? 1 1 om soc 1 noemde moeten > 22 1 sche duu lansingerla 1 1 een bus ruimte “Samen iaal-ma Drijvende 1 1 0 0 1 1 zou vold bieden nd 1 rzaamhe voor natu inesatschap werking ? kas gesta 0 1 om gez landsch 23 oende 1 1 id, peld Seine door de pelijke ur, en eve met Drijvende 1 de Gre amenlijk funderin apsbele 1 ? haven waarden 0 kas bij KomBi-p 0 1 1 neens enport ? 1 g ving. opgepa Heijplaat 24 Farm zoa 1 artij en 1 1 0 kt te wor city Bijenk ls legitimi en. 1 wederzi 1 1 1 orf rotte 1 0 > 25 F6 den teit en 1 jds geb Koppert rdam 1 1 Cress ruik 1 1 1 meest van afva 4b 26 1 1 1 onorthodoxe Unilever ? 1 0 0 l- en rest 1 0 0 1 gaat duurz 1 1 bedrijf 0 profit 4a 1 27 1 1 aam stromen 1 0 Kas als 1 1 0 1 ? 0 ontziltingsm zoals CO2 1 0 1 1 5c 1 28 achine 1 1 1 Farm city MAINP 1 ? is niet 0 1 1 ? 1 Katendrech 1 alleen ORT-G 29 1 1 1 t-rijnh ingegrootschal REENPO ? 1 1 0 aven geven 1 1 1 ige kasse 1 RT door eco 30 1 ? n op de 1 grootschal 1 1 1 1 1 Kop no1 Kringl ig tijdelij 0 0 mische 2b 1 31 1 1 ke kasse oopslu 1 Vanuit groot motieve 1 1 0 n terrei 1 1 schalig de trad iting 1 n a, n. tijdelijk 1 1 5d productieDe CO2 32 F5 itionele drijvende 1 plantlab 1 1 der tijd 0 kassen 3 P’s (peo balans landbouw 1 1 mV2 een drie 4c 33 1 0 1 ple, plan verbeter lozing 1 1 tal afzo 0 0 1 brijn op Metropo 1 0 et, profi en is ook nderlijke zee 4d 34 F4 1 litane land 0 1 t) is in coolport ? 1 1 in 0 landbou ons bela 0 de loop ? bouw bied gieen gec 4e wstrateg ng. Het 35 1 1 0 Farm city 1 t een oplo ombinee ieen onts 1 ? gaat 1 0 nieuw hier om metropol 1 1 0 mathenesse rd worden 36 taan. ssing waa een mor itane Farm city 1 1 1 1 1 landbouw 1 1 Diergaarde rbij alle eel appel. 37 Blijdorp 1 strateValorisatiep 1 1 De pos 1 1 ark europ ecologisch 1 3c itie en > 38 F3 1 1 ort het ima e Valori (aben ? ? 1 0 0 landbouw satiepark goa) 1 go van 1 1 0 0 europort 5a 39 F2 1 1 de 0 0 StadsNidera (aDm) 1 1 haven 1 0 1 in de fout? ? 1 zijn er landbouw 0 0 5b 40 1 1 bovenFarm city 1 1 0 dien ook ? 1 1 rozenburg planet 1 1b 41 1 1 eic bij geb Biogas 1 1 1 0 kansenkaar aat.” - Jaap 1 0 1c 42 t porta 0 -1 Bioraffinag Jelle Fee 1 1 l 1 0 1 1 e zeeco n1 ntainer 43 1 1 stra, hoo poelzone 1 1 1 0 people fd Pub 1 1 algenteelt 1 5e ? 44 1 1 Legitim lic Drijvende Affairs 1 1 Faciliti 1 0 atie 1 1 1 algenteelt Havenb 1 6b 1 0 es > 45 1 Bene 0 & F1 1 Neste e? 1 lux Value 1 drijf Rot Oil ‘slech 0 (financ ? 1 0 1 1 tste’ bedrij 1 1 terdam iën, info Noord-Brab 1 ? f? 12 7 ? 1


35

TransForum Marco van Steekelenburg  E [email protected]  Henk C. van Latesteijn  E [email protected] I www.transforum.nl

METROPOLITAN AGRICULTURE: Space for the future Marco van Steekelenburg & Henk C. van Latesteijn

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