Introduction to Community Development. Prepared by Trisakti

Introduction to Community Development

Prepared by Trisakti

What is a Community? Place Population Dimensions of Community

Political system Social organization Cultural system Economic system


“Community” must be defined so stakeholders can be identified and appropriately involved in the various stages of the community development process.

Communities have rights


Rights: ... the right to its own identity ... the right to set its own agenda, constitution and institutions ... the right to participate within the wider community ... the right to access skills and resources within the wider community ... the right to support its members within the wider community ... the right to protect its members from influences that disadvantage its members ... the right to refuse entry to members that do not fit into the community ... the right to evict members that do not accept the agenda, constitution and institutions of the community ... the right to refuse skills and resources to the wider community, where its members are disadvantaged ... the right to determine its own destiny Prepared by Trisakti

What is Community Development?

PROCESS


OUTCOME

Structural changes in a community, including use of resources and the function of institutions

More community assets such as jobs, income, buildings, and city parks

Increased capacity of people

More resources being used by people

What is Community Development?

A comprehensive process to manage change that involves citizens creating a shared vision for the future

Distinguishing Characteristics

•Focuses on the whole community. •Emphasizes public participation as self-help. •Uses participatory democracy as a model for decision making. •Uses a holistic approach.

• Often initiates the process using a paid professional from outside.


Citizen participation , both in purpose and function, distinguishes community development from other types of interventions. Unless people buy in to self-help and the decision-making process is open to all stakeholders, the process should not be designated as community development.

Why Practice Community Development?

Allows people to participate in a civic dialogue.

Gives voice to ordinary citizens. Creates a common vision for the community. Improves crisis response.


It doesn’t matter where the community is on the spectrum of success. What matters is how engaged citizens are in the decisionmaking process.

Can sustain community success despite minimal problems. Addresses a critical need, such as safety. Can begin the healing of a divided community. Decreases feeling of hopelessness after years of neglectful community building.

Framework for Community Development

ASSUMPTIONS

VALUES

PRACTICE


PRINCIPLES

Community Development Assumptions

People are capable of rational behavior. Significant behavior is learned behavior.

ASSUMPTIONS

Significant behavior is learned through interaction over time. People can give purposeful direction to their behavior. People can impact their environment toward a desired future.


Community Development Values All people have basic dignity. People have the right to help make decisions on issues that impact their well-being. Participatory democracy is the best way to conduct a community’s civic business People have the right to strive to create the environment they want.

VALUES

People have the right to reject an externally imposed environment. The more purposeful interaction and dialogue within a community, the more potential for learning and development. Implied within a process of purposeful interaction is an everwidening concept of community. Every discipline and profession is a potential contributor to a community development process Motivation is created through interaction with the environment.


Community Development Principles Self-help and self-responsibility are required for successful development. Participation in public decision-making should be free and open to all citizens.

PRINCIPLES

Broad representation and increased breadth of perspective and understanding are conditions conducive to effective community development.

Methods that produce accurate information about the community are vital to the process. Understanding and general agreement are the basis for community change. All individuals have the right to be heard in open discussion, and the responsibility to respect opposing viewpoints. Trust is essential for effective working relationships.


Community Development Practice

Process People develop the ability to collectively help themselves and reduce reliance on external resources. An orderly set of steps lead to problem solving, program planning and task completion.


Practice

Outcome

Without process, the desired outcomes may be diminished or unrealized. Without successful outcomes, the process can be devalued or abandoned. Successful communities understand the role and contribution of each.

The results that occur from the community development process.

Outcomes can be physical, environmental, or human capital; financial resources; or social capital.

Community Development Process ORGANIZE: Establish the organizing group and develop a plan for the process ANALYZE: Collect and analyze data to determine community conditions COMMUNICATE: Keep the public informed and engaged in the process

PROCESS The CD process provides the basic framework within which the community should work, altering details based upon its issues and resources.

PLAN: Establish the management team to oversee the process and to create a vision and a strategic action plan with input from all stakeholders IMPLEMENT: Establish action teams for specific areas of the action plan to achieve goals and objectives EVALUATE: Review progress and achievements of action plan; revise as needed CELEBRATE: Publicly celebrate accomplishment of goals and recognize efforts of those involved SUSTAIN: Set new goals and objectives and begin again


Essence of Community Development I think a healthy community is one where people are not just out for themselves, and they are not just working on their individual pursuits, but where they understand their relationship and responsibility to other people.


COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEFINITION “The Process of intervention into existing structures of society, cultural, economic, political and conservation goals” Furse, De lacy Birckhead, 1996

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COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

“Community Development can be tentatively defined as a process designed to create conditions of economic and social progress for the whole community with its active participation and the fullest possible reliance on the community’s initiative” United Nations, 1995 Prepared by Trisakti

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GAGASAN PENGETAHUAN LOKAL,GAGASAN KULTUR LOKAL,GAGASAN SUMBER DAYA LOKAL ,KETRAMPILAN LOKAL,PROSES LOKAL

Bla … Bla aa.. Bla aaaa …

Masyarakat harus Menentukan sendiri kebutuhan Prepared by Trisakti

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM  PERENCANAAN DAN EVALUASI 1. Hakikat Perencanaan: USAHA SECARA SADAR, TERORGANISIR, DAN TERUS MENERUS DILAKUKAN GUNA MEMILIH ALTERNATIF YANG TERBAIK DARI SEJUMLAH ALTERNATIF YANG ADA UNTUK MENCAPAI TUJUAN TERTENTU

2. Model Perencanaan: a) RASIONAL KOMPREHENSIF Suatu proses yang teratur dan logis sejak dari diagnosis masalah sampai pelaksanaan kegiatan

b) INKREMENTAL Tidak perlu menentukan tujuan-tujuan dan menetapkan kebijakankebijakan, tetapi menentukan pilihan terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan berbeda secara marginal saja


c) PENGAMATAN TERPADU Menjajagi alternatif-alternatif utama yang terhubung dengan tujuan, namun hal-hal detail/spesifik diabaikan dan keputusan yang bersifat tambahan dibuat dalam konteks yang ditentukan oleh keputusan fundamental d) TRANSAKSI Melibatkan proses interaksi dan komunikasi antara perencana dan layanan


PROGRAM A program is a sequence of intentional actions and events organized in a manner that they result in valued outcomes for a clearly defined audience.


How does a program work? Good things happen.

We do stuff.

If

If

A

B


C

3. Proses Perencanaan Program

a. IDENTIFIKASI MASALAH Penentuan besarnya atau luasnya suatu populasi yang ingin diperbaiki atau penentuan kekurangan dalam kondisi yang ingin direalisasikan b. PENENTUAN TUJUAN Penentuan kondisi masa depan yang ingin dicapai (goal dan objective) c. PENYUSUNAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN RENCANA PROGRAM Penyusunan pola rencana intervensi yang komprehensif (tujuan khusus, strategi, tugas-tugas, dan prosedur) untuk membantu dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan dan pemecahan masalah


d. PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM Merinci prosedur operasional dan monitoring e. EVALUASI PROGRAM Menentukan apakah tujuan yang telah ditetapkan dapat tercapai


Development of Linkages with the Public Evaluation and Accountability

Situation Analysis

Program Implementation

Priority Setting

Program Design


Perencanaan program model Pesson (1966)

Evaluasi 4 Penetapan tujuan Identifikasi masalah

3 Analisis situasi

2 Pengumpulan fakta

1

P E R E N C A N A A N

P E L A K S A N A A N

Rekonsiderasi

8

Evaluasi Prepared by Trisakti

5

Penyusunan rencana kerja

6

Pelaksanaan rencana kerja

7 Penentuan kemajuan

• MONITORING DAN EVALUASI 1. Monitoring PEMANTAUAN SECARA TERUS MENERUS PADA PROSES PERENCANAAN DAN PELAKSANAAN KEGIATAN 1.

To provide concurrent feedback on the progress of activities 2. To identify the problems in their implementation 3. To take corrective action Evaluasi PENGIDENTIFIKASIAN KEBERHASILAN DAN/ATAU KEGAGALAN SUATU RENCANA KEGIATAN ATAU PROGRAM (ongoing dan ex-post evaluation)

To assess whether the desired results of a programme have been achieved if not how it should be redesigned Monitoring and evaluation are essential management tools which help to ensure that the activities are implemented as planned and to assess whether desired results are being achieved. Prepared by Trisakti

DEGREE OF EVALUATION SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

CASUAL EVERYDAY EVALUATION

CASUAL EVERYDAY EVALUATION

SELFCHECKING EVALUATION

DO-ITYOURSELF EVALUATION

EXTENSION STUDIES

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Evaluation as a process of collecting information as a basis for making decisions, forming judgment and drawing conclusions Prepared by Trisakti

PRINSIP-PRINSIP EVALUASI 

MERUPAKAN BAGIAN INTEGRAL DAN TIDAK TERPISAHKAN DARI KEGIATAN PERENCANAAN PROGRAM



HARUS MEMENUHI PERSYARATAN: - Obyektif - Menggunakan pedoman tertentu yang baku - Metode pengumpulan data harus tepat dan teliti - Menggunakan alat ukur yang tepat dan dapat dipercaya



MENGGUNAKAN ALAT UKUR YANG BERBEDA UNTUK MENGUKUR TUJUAN YANG BERBEDA



DINYATAKAN DALAM BENTUK DATA KUANTITATIF DAN URAIAN KUALITATIF



HARUS EFEKTIF DAN EFISIEN


KUALIFIKASI EVALUASI     

TUJUAN JELAS DAN SPESIFIK INSTRUMENT TEPAT DAN TELITI PERUBAHAN PERILAKU SASARAN HARUS JELAS HARUS PRAKTIS OBYEKTIF

INDIKATOR EVALUASI • INDIKATOR KINERJA Mengindikasikan keadaan masukan dan proses sosial yang dilakukan lembaga dan aktor terkait • INDIKATOR KELUARAN Menunjukkan hasil langsung (output) maupun tidak langsung atau dampak (outcome) dari suatu kegiatan Prepared by Trisakti

Three Major Components of Logic Models

Inputs

Outputs

Outcomes

resources

actions

results


Defining Outputs Inputs

Outputs

Outcomes

resources

actions

results

Activities


Audience

Three Types of Outcomes

Inputs

Outputs

Outcomes

resources

actions

results

Initial Outcomes


Intermediate Outcomes

Long-Term Outcomes

A Simple Linear Model

Inputs

Activities

Audience

Resources committed to the program

Learning experiences supported by the resources invested

Individuals who participate, their characteristics, and reactions


Initial Outcomes

Intermediate Outcomes

Long-term Outcomes

Learning that results from participation (KOSA)

Actions that result from learning (Practices and Behaviors)

Conditions which change as a result of actions (SEEC)

Program Planning Worksheet Outputs Inputs Resources deployed to address situation


Activities Activities supported by resources invested

Audience Individuals or groups who participate in the activities

Outcomes

Initial Learning that results from participation

Intermedi Long-Term ate Actions that results from learning

Conditions which change as a result of action

Introduction to Community Development. Prepared by Trisakti

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