DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abadi AL. 1987. Biologi Ganoderma. boninense Pat pada kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) dan pengaruh beberapa mikroba tanah antagonistik terhadap pertumbuhannya [Disertasi]. Bogor: Fakultas Pasca Sarjana, Institut Pertanian bogor. Al-Askar AA, Rasha YM. 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a biocontrol agent against common bean Fusarium root rot disease. Plant Pathology Journal 9:31-38. Aka-Ka€ar Y, Akpinar C, Agar A, Yal€in-Mend• Y, Ser€e S, Ortaş I. 2010. The effect of mycorrhiza in nutrient uptake and biomass of cherry rootstocks during acclimatization. Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15:5246-5252. Akbar U, Kusnadi M, Ollagnier M. 1971. Influence of the type of planting materials and mineral nutrients on oil palm stem rot due to Ganoderma. Oleagineux 26:527-534. Amiruddin. 2008. Pemberian Pupuk Fosfat, Kapur Karbonat dan Kompos Tandan Kosong Pada Typic Kandiudult Untuk Meningkatkan Kadar P-Tersedia dan Menurunkan Nilai pHo http://library.usu.ac.id/index.php?option=com_journal_review&id=3374&task =view. Diakses tanggal 12 Januari 2009. Ames R, Reid C, Porter L, Cambardella C. 1983. Hyphal uptake and transport of nitrogen from two 15N-labelled sources by Glomus mosseae, a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytol 95:81-386. Andrade G, Mihara KL, Linderman RG, Bethlenfalvay GJ. 1997. Bacteria from rhizosphere and hyphosphere soils of different arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 192:71–79. Anjair V, Cornelis P, Koedom N. 2003. Effect of genotype and root colonization in biological control of Fusarium wilts in pigeonpea and chickpea variety by Pseudomonas aeuroginosa PNA1. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 30:285289. Arifin D, Idris AS, Marzuki A. 1996. Spread of Ganoderma boninense and vegetative compatibility studies of a single field palm isolates. Di dalam: Arifin D et al, editor. Proceedings of the 1996 PORIM International Palm Oil Congress (Agriculture); Selangor, September 1996. Malaysia: Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, hlm 317-329.
176
Arifin D, Idris A.S, Singh, G. 2000. Status of Ganoderma in oil palm. Di dalam: Flood J, Bridge PD, Holderness M, editor. Ganoderma Diseases of Perennial Crops. United Kingdom: CABI Publishing, hlm 49-68. Artursson V, Jansson JK. 2003. Use of bromodeoxyuridine immunocapture to identify active bacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69:6208–6215. Artursson V, Finlay RD, Jansson JK. 2006. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria and their potential for stimulating plant growth. Environ Microbiol 8:1-10. Auge RM. 2001. Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 11:3-42. Azcon R. 1987. Germination and hyphal growth of Glomus mosseae in vitro: effects of rhizosphere bacteria and cell-free culture media. Soil. Biol. Biochem 19:417-419. Azcon-Aguilar C, Barea JM. 1985. Effect of soil microorganisms on formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc 84:536-537. Azcon-Aguilar C, Barea JM. 1995. Saprophytic growth of arbuscular–mycorrhizal fungi. Di dalam: Hock B, Varma A, editor. Mycorrhiza structure, function, molecular biology and biotechnology. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag hlm 391–407. Azcon-Aguilar C, Jaizme-Vega MC, Calvet C. 2002. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for bioremediation. Di dalam: Gianinazzi S, Schuepp H, Barea JM, Haselwandter editor. Mycorrhizal Technology in Agriculture. From Genes to Bioproducts. Berlin: Birkhauser Verlag, hlm 187-197. Badan Litbang Pertanian. 2005. Prospek dan arah pengembangan agribisnis kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Bakhtiar Y, Lili S, Nurhelmy, D. 2002. Inokulasi Mikoriza Arbuskular dan Penambahan Kompos pada Pembibitan Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). Medan 1-2 Oktober 2002: Seminar Nasional dan Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan PERMI. Perhimpunan Mikrobiologi Indonesia. Bakhtiar Y, Yahya S, Sumaryono W, Sinaga MS, Budi SW, Tajuddin T. 2010. Isolation and identificationof mycorrhizosphere bacteria and their antagonistic effect towards Ganoderma boninense in vitro. Microbiology Indonesia 4:96102. Barea JM, Andrade G, Bianciotto V, Dowling D, Lohrke S, Bonfante P, O’Gara F, Azco…n-Aguilar C. 1998. Impact on arbuscular mycorrhiza formation of
177
Pseudomonas strains used as inoculants for the biocontrol of soil-borne plant fungal pathogens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 2304–2307. Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcon R, Azco…n-Aguilar C. 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany 56:1761–1778. Berta G, Fusconi A, Trotta A. 1993. VA mycorrhizal infection and the morphology and function of root systems. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33:1159-173. Bethlenfalvay GJ. 1992. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in nitrogen fixing legumes: problems and prospects. Methods in Microbiology 24:375-389. Bharawadj DP, Lundquist PO, Alstrom S. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore-associated bacteria affect mycorrhizal colonization, plant growth and potato pathogens. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40:2494-2501. Bianciotto V, Lumini E, Lanfranco L, Minerdi D, Bonfante P, Perotto S. 2000. Detection and identification of bacterial endosymbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the family Gigasporaceae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4503-4509. Bianciotto V, Bonfante P. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a specialized niche for rhizosphere and endocellular bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81:365371. Bianciotto V, Lumini E, Bonfante P, Vandamme P. 2003. Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum gen.nov., sp.nov., an endosymbiont of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53:121-124. Bianciotto V, Genre A, Jargeat P, Lumini E, Becard G, Bonfante P. 2004. Vertical transmission of endobacteria in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita through generation of vegetative spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 3600–3608. Bisht R, Chaturvedi S, Srivastava R, Sharma AK, Johri BN. 2009. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium leguminosarum on the growth and nutrient status of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tropical Ecology 50:231-242. Blal B, Morel C, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Fardeau JC, Gianinazzi S. 1990. Influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on phosphate fertilizer efficiency in two tropical acid soils planted with micropropagated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), Biol Fertil Soils 9:43-48.
178
Boller T. 1993. Antimicrobial functions of the plant hydrolases, kitinase and -1,3glukanase. Di dalam: Fritig B, Legrand M, editor. Mechanism of Plant Defence Responses. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, hlm 391401. Bonanomi A, Oetiker JH, Guggenheim R, Bollet T, Wiemken A, Vogeli-Lange R. 2001. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in mini-mycorrhizotrons: first contact of Medicago truncatula roots with Glomus intraradices induces chalcone synthase. New phytologist 150: 73-582. Bottone EJ, Peluso RW. 2003. Production by Bacillus pumilus (MSH) of an antifungal compound that is active against Mucoraceae and Aspergillus species: preliminary report. J Med Microbiol 52:69-74 Brundrett MC, Melville L, Peterson L. 1994. Practical Methods in Mycorrhiza Research. Ontario – Canada: Mycologie Publications. B†cking H, Shachar-Hill Y. 2005. Phosphate uptake, transport and transfer by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is stimulated by increased carbohydrate availability. New Phytol 165:899–912. Budi SW, Van-Tuinen D, Martinotti G, Gianinazzi S.1999. Isolation from the Sorghum bicolor mycorrhizosphere of a bacterium compatible with arbuscular mycorrhiza development and antagonistic towards soil borne fungal pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:5148-5150. Caliman JP, Soutworth A. 1998. Effect of drought and haze on the performance of oil palm. In Proc. Int. Oil Palm Conf., Bali - Indonesia 23-25 September. Camprubi A, Calvet C. 1996. Isolation and screening of mycorrhizal fungi from citrus nurseries and orchards and inoculation studies. Hort. Sci. 31:366-369. Carletti S. 2000. Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in plant micropropagation. Auburn University Web Site: http://www.ag.auburn.edu/argentina/pdfmanuscripts/carletti.pdf. Cheng X, Euliss A, Baumgartner K. 2008. Nitrogen capture by grapevine roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from legume cover-crop residues under low rates of mineral fertilization. Biol Fertil Soils 44:965–973. Clark RD, Sharma D, Bhatnagar AK. 2000. Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. J. Plant Nutr. 23:867-902. Cooper KM. 1984. Physiology of VA mycorrhizal associations. Di dalam: Powell CL, Bagyaraj DJ, editor. VA Mycorrhiza. Florida: CRC Press, hlm 155-186.
179
Cordier C, Pozo MJ, Barea JM, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1998. Cell defense responses associated with localized and systemic resistance to Phytophthora parasitica induced in tomato by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction 11:1017-1028. Corley RHV, Tinker PB. 2003. The Oil Palm. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Darmono TW. 2000. Ganoderma in oil palm in Indonesia: current status and prospective use of antibodies for the detection of infection. Di dalam: Flood J, Bridge PD, Holderness, editor. Ganoderma Diseases of Perennial Crops. United Kingdom: CABI Publishing, hlm 249-266. Delhaize E, Ryan PR. 1995. Aluminium toxicity and tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol. 107:315-321. [DITJENBUN] Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian. 2010. Luas areal dan produksi perkebunan Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian. [DITJENBUN] Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian. 2011a. Luas areal dan produksi perkebunan seluruh Indonesia menurut pengusahaan. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian. [DITJENBUN] Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Perkebunan. 2011b. Ekspor Produk Kelapa Sawit. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian. Dodd JC, Burton CC, Burns RG, Jeffries P. 1987. Phosphatase activity associated with the roots and the rhizosphere of plants infected with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 107:163-172. Dumas-Gaudot E, Grenier J, Furlan V, Asselin A. 1992. Kitinase, chitosanase and ‡1,3 glukanase activities in Allium and Pisum roots colonized by Glomus species. Plant Sci. 84:17-24. Duponnois R, Garbaye J, Bouchard D, Churin J. 1993. The fungus-specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHBs) used as an alternative to soil fumigation for ectomycorrhizal inoculation of bare-root Douglas fir planting stocks with Laccaria laccata . Plant Soil 157:257-262. Edwards SG, Young JPW, Fitter AH. 1998. Interactions between Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol agents and Glomus mosseae, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, within the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiology Letters 116:297–303. El Ghachtouli N, Paynot M, Morandi D, Martin-Tanguy J, Gianinazzi S. 1995. The effect of polyamines on endomycorrhizal infection of wild-type Pisum sativum, cv. Frisson (nod+myc+) and two mutants (nod-myc+andnod-myc-). Mycorrhiza 5:189-192.
180
El-Khallal SM. 2007. Induction and nodulation of resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease by bioagent fungi (arbuscular mycorrhiza) and or hormonal elicitors (jasmonic acid and salicylic acid): 2-changes in the antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and pathogen related proteins. Aust. J. Basic Applied Sci 1:717-732. Engstrˆm K, Widmark AK, Brishammar S, Helmersoon S. 1999. Antifungal activity to Phytophthora infestans of sesquiterpendoids from infectd potato tubers. Potato Res. 42:43-50. Fester T, Maier W, Strack D. 1999. Accumulation of secondary compounds in barley and wheat roots in response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and co-inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria. Mycorrhiza 8:241-246. Flood J, Keenan L, Wayne S, Hasan Y. 2005. Studies on oil palm trunks as sources of infection in the fields. Mycopathologia 159:101-107. Franken P, Gnadinger F. 1994. Analysis of parsley arbuscular endomycorrhizal: Infection development and mRNA levels of defense-related genes. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions 7: 612-620. Frey-Klett P, Garbaye J, Tarkka M. 2007. The mycorrhiza helper bacteria rivisited. New Phytologist 176:22-36. Garbaye J. 1991. Biological interaction in the mycorrhizosphere. Experientia 47:370375. Garbaye J, Bowen GD. 1987. Effect of different microflora on the success of mycorrhizal inoculation of Pinus radiata. Can. J. For. Res. 17:941-943. Garbaye J, Duponnois R. 1992. Specificity and function of mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHB) associated with the Pseudotsuga menziesii-Laccaria laccata symbiosis. Symbiosis 14:335-344. Garbaye J. 1994. Helper bacteria: a new dimension to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytologist 128:197–210. Garbeva P, Van Veen JA, Van Elsas JD. 2004. Microbial diversity in soil: Selection of microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42:243-270. Garcia-Garrido JM, Tribak M, Rejon-Palomares A, Ocampo JA, Garcia-Romera I. 2000. Hydrolytic enzymes and ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to colonise roots. Journal of Experimental Botany. 51:1443-1448. Garcia-Garrido JM, Ocampo JA. 2002. Regulation of the plant defence response in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. J. Exp. Bot. 53:1377-1386.
181
Gardemann JW, Nicolson TH. 1963. Spores of Mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans Br. Mycol. Soc. 46:235-244. Germida JJ, Siciliano SD, Freitas JR, Seib AM. 1998. Diversity of root associated bacteria associated with field-grown canola (Brassica napus L). FEMMS Microbiol. Ecol. 26:43-50. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gollotte A, Tahiri-Alaoui A, Gianinazzi S. 1996. Cellular and molecular defence-related responses to invasion by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 133:45-57. Govindarajulu M et al. 2005. Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 45:819-823. Graham JH. 1982. Effect of Citrus exudates on germination of chlamydospores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus epigaeum. Mycologia 74:831835. Grandmaison J, Olah GM, Van Calsteren MR, Furlan V. 1993. Characterisation and localisation of plant phenolics likely involved in the pathogen resistance expressed by endomycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhiza 3:155–164. Hadiwiyono Sinaga MS, Tjahjono B, Anas I. 1997. Evaluasi kemangkusan Trichoderma viride, Gliocladium fimbriatum, dan Pseudomonas kelompok fluoresen sebagai agens pengendali hayati G. boninense. Pat pada balok kayu kelapa sawit. Buletin Hama & Penyakit Tumbuhan 9:26-31. Haggag WM, Mohamed HAA. 2007. Biotechnological aspects of microorganisms used in plant biological control. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 1: 7-12. Hameeda B, Srijana M, Rupela OP, Reddy G. 2007. Effect of bacteria isolated from composts and macrofauna on sorghum growth and mycorrhizal colonization. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 23:883-887. Hanafiah KA. 2001. Pengaruh inokulasi ganda fungi mikoriza-arbuskular dan Azospirillum brasiliense dalam meningkatkan efisiensi pemupukan P dan N pada sawah tadah hujan [Disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hapsoh, Yahya S, Purwoko BS, Hanafiah AS. 2005. Hasil beberapa genotip kedelai yang diinokulasi MVA pada berbagai tingkat cekaman kekeringan tanah ultisol. Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian Kultura 40:77-83.
182
Harborne JB. 1987. Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis tumbuhan. Padmawinata K, Soediro I, editor. Bandung: Penerbit ITB. Terjemahan dari: Phytochemical Methods. Harrison M, Dixon R. 1993. Isoflavonoid accumulation and expression of defense gene transcripts during the establishment of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in roots of Medicago truncatula. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 6: 643–659. Hashim A. 2004. Ganoderma versus mycorrhiza. Palmas 25:21-26. Hussey RS, Roncadori RW. 1982. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae may limit nematode activity and improve plant growth. Plant Disease 66:9–14. Igual JM, Valverde A, Cervantes E, Vel‰zquez E. 2001. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria as inoculants for agriculture: use of updated molecular techniques in their study. Agronomie. 21:561-568. Jaizme-Vega MC, Rodr•guez-Romero AS, PiŠero Guerra MS. 2004. Potential use of rhizobacteria form the Bacillus genus to stimulate the plant growth of micropropagated banana. Fruits 59:83-90. Jalali BL, Jalali I. 1991. Mycorrhiza in plant disease control. Di dalam: Arora DK, Rai B, Mukerji KG, Knudsen GR, editor. Handbook of Applied Mycology Volume 1: Soil and Plants. New York: Marcell Dekker, hlm 131-154. Jargeat P et al. 2004. Isolation, free-living capacities, and genome structure of 'Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum', the endocellular bacterium of the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Journal of Bacteriology 186: 6876– 6884. Jayachandran K, Schwab AP, Hetrick BAD. 1992. Mineralization of organic phosphorus by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 24:897-903. Jeffries P, Gianinazzi S, Perotto S, Turnau K, Barea J-M. 2003. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biology and Fertility of Soils 37:1-16. Johansson JF, Paul LR, Finlay RD. 2004. Microbial interactions in the mycorrhizosphere and the significance for sustainable agriculture. FEMS Microbiological Ecology 48:1-13. Jung C, Maeder V, Funk F, Beat F, Sticher H, Frossard E. 2003. Release of phenols from Lupinus albus L. roots exposed to Cu and their possible role in Cu detoxification. Plant Soil 252:301–312.
183
Kaiser O, Puhler A, Selbitschka W. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of microbial diversity in the rhizoplane of oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv Westar) employing cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent approaches. Microb. Ecol. 42:136-149. Kapoor R, Sharma D, Bhatnagar AK. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in micropropagation systems and their potential applications. Sci. Hortic. 116:227-239. Kapoor R. 2008. Induced resistance in mycorrhizal yomato is correlated to concentration of Jasmonic Acid. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 8:4956. Karti PDMH. 2003. Respon morfofisiologi rumput toleran dan peka aluminium terhadap penambahan mikroorganisme dan pembenah tanah [Disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Kartika E. 2006. Tanggap pertumbuhan, serapan hara dan karakter morfofisiologi terhadap cekaman kekeringan pada bibit kelapa sawit yang bersimbiosis dengan CMA [Disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Khairuddin H. 1990. Basal stem rot of oil palm: incidence, etiology and control. Master of Agriculture Science [Thesis]. Malaysia: Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor. Kim KY, Jordan D, McDonald GA. 1998. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato growth and soil microbial activity. Biol. Fert. Soils 26:79-87. Kishore KH, Misra S, Chandra DR, Prakash KVVR, Murty US. 2007. Antimicrobial efficacy of secondary metabolites from Glomerella cingulata. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 38: 150-152. Kloepper JW, Lifshitz R, Zablotowicz RM. 1989. Free-living bacterial inocula for enhancing crop productivity. Trends in Biotechnology 7:39-44. Lambais MR. 2000. Regulation of plant defence-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhizae. Di dalam: Podila GK, Douds DD, editor. Current advances in mycorrhizae research. Minnesota, USA: The American Phytopathological Society, hlm 45-59. Lange-Ness R, Vlek PLG. 2000. Mechanism of calcium and phosphate release from Hydroxy-Apatite by mycorrhizal hyphae. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64:949-955.
184
Lehr NA, Schrey SD, Bauer R, Hampp R, Tarkka MT. 2007. Suppression of plant defence response by a mycorrhiza helper bacterium. New Phytologist 174: 892-903. Li CY, Hung LL. 1987. Nitrogen fixing (acetylene-reducing) bacteria associated with ectomycorrhizae of Douglas Fir. Plant Soil 98:425-428. Liang
T. 2008. Seluk Beluk Kelapa Sawit: Pemupukan. http://sawitkalbar.blogspot.com/2008_03_01_archive.html.17 Maret.
Linderman RG. 1988. Mycorrhizal interactions with the rhizosphere mycoflora: The endosimbiotik mikoriza effect. Phytopathology 78:366-371. Linderman RG. 1994. Role of VAM fungi in biocontrol. Di dalam: Pfleger FL, Linderman RG, editor. Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. St Paul – Minnesota: APS Press, hlm 1-26. Linderman RG. 2006. Biocontrol in the mycorrhizosphere. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Implementation of biocontrol in Practice in Temperate Regions-Present and Near Future. DIAS Report 119:137-152. Lioussanne L. 2010. Review. The role of the arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated rhizobacteria in the biocontrol of soilborne phytopathogens. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 8(S1): S51-S61. Liu J, Liu M, Wang J et al. 2005. Enhancement of the Gibberella zeae growth inhibitory lipopeptides from a Bacillus subtilis mutant by ion beam implantation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69:223–238. Lubis AU. 1992. Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) di Indonesia. Pematang Siantar: PPPM. Lukiwati DW. 1996. Peningkatan produksi dan nilai hara legum pakan dengan pemupukan batuan fosfat dan inokulasi mikoriza vesikular-arbuskular [Disertasi]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Lumini E et al. 2007. Presymbiotic growth and sporal morphology are affected in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita cured of its endobacteria. Cellular Microbiology 9:1716-1729. Luna-Romero I, Carvajal M, Carrillo-Castańeda G, Flores C. 2007. Inhibitory compound of the soil bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against the fungus Aspergillus flavus L. Ecologia 24:20-31.
185
Mahafee WF, Kloepper JW. 1997. Temporal changes in the bacterial communities of soil, rhizosphere and endorhiza associated with field grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.). Can J Microbiol 34:210-223. Mansfeld-Giese K, Larsen J, BŒdker L. 2002. Bacterial populations associated with mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 41:133–140. Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. London: Academic Press. McAllister CB, Garc•a-Romera I, Martin J, Godeas A, Ocampo JA. 1995. Interaction between Aspergillus niger (van Tiegh.) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. New Phytologist 129, 309-316. Meenakshisundaram M, Santhaguru K. 2011. Studies on association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and its effect on improvement of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Int J Cur Sci Res. 1:23–30. Menge JA. 1984. Inoculum Production. Di dalam: Powell CL., Bagyaraj DJ, editor. VA Mycorrhiza. Florida: CRC Press, hlm 187-203. Meyer JR, Linderman .G. 1986. Respon of Subterranean clover to dual inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi abd plant-growth promoting bacterium, Pseudomonas putida. Soil. Biol. Biochem 18:185-190. [MPOB] Malaysian Palm Oil Board. 2010. Economic and industry development division: Yield 2009. Morandi D, Bailey JA, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1984. Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots infected with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Physiol. Plant Pathol 24:357-364. Morandi D. 1996. Occurence of phytoalexins and phenolic compounds in endomycorrhizal interactions and their potential role in biological control. Plant and Soil 185: 241-251. Morandi D, LeQuerre JL. 1991. Influence of nitrogen on accumulation of isosojagol (a new deterred coumestan in soybean) and associated isoflavonoids in roots and nodules of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal soybean. New Phytol. 117: 75-79. Nowaki H, Masatake M, Chiharu T, Ryo O, Mitsuru O, Tatsuhiro E. 2010. Polyphosphate has a central role in the rapid and massive accumulation of phosphorus in extraradical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytologist 186:285-289.
186
Park H, Choi GJ, Jang KS, Lim HK, Kim HT, Cho KY, Kim JC. 2005. Antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi of chaetoviridins isolated from Chaetomium globosum. FEMS Microbiology Letters 252: 309-313. Paterson RRM. 2007. Ganoderma disease of oil palm – A white rot perspective necessary for integrated control. Crop Protection 26:1369-1376. Paterson RRM, Holderness M, Kelley J, Miller R, O’Grady E. 2000. In vitro biodegradation of oil-palm stem using macroscopic fungi from South East Asia: a preliminary investigation. Di dalam: Flood J, Bridge PD, Holderness M, editor. Ganoderma Disease of Perennial Crops.Wallingford – United Kingdom: CABI Publishing, hlm 129-138. Paulitz TC, Linderman RG. 1989. Interactions between fluorescent pseudomonads and VA mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 113:37-45. Paulitz TC, Linderman RG. 1991. Mycorrhizal interactions with soil organisms. Di dalam: Arora DK, Rai B, Mukerji KG, Knudsen GR, editor. Handbook of Applied Mycology. Volume ke-1, Soil and Plants. New York: Marcell Dekker, hlm 77-129. Paxton JD. 1981. Phytoalexins-a working redefinition. Phytopathol. 101:106-109. Picard C, di Cello F, Ventura M, Fani R, Guckert A. 2000. Frequency and biodiversity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol producing bacteria isolated from the maize rhizosphere at different stages of plant growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 948-955. Pilotti CA. 2005. Stem rots of oil palm caused by Ganoderma boninense: Pathogen biology and epidemiology. Mycopathologia 159:129-137. Pimentel MR, Molina G, Dion•sio AP, Mar•stica Jr MR, Pastore GM. 2011. The use of endophytes to obtain bioactive compounds and their application in biotransformation Process. Biotechnolog Research International Article ID 576286, 11 pages doi:10.4061/2011/576286. [PPKS] Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. 2007. Kajian fenologi dan produktivitas kelapa sawit di dataran tinggi. http://iopri.org/ilmu_tanah_dan_agronomi. Di akses tanggal 7 Januari 2009. [PPKS] Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. 2007. Tumpang sari kelapa sawit dengan kedelai. http://iopri.org/ilmu_tanah_dan_agronomi. Di akses tanggal 7 Januari 2009. Rahman A. 2006. Respon pertumbuhan dan adaptasi terhadap cekaman kekeringan tiga jenis tanaman legum pakan yang diinokulasi fungi mikoriza arbuskula
187
(CMA) dan rhizobium di ultisol [Disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Ratti N, Kumar S, Verma HN, Gautam SP. 2001. Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogon martinii var. Motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiol. Res. 156:145-149. Rees RW, Flood J, Hasan Y, Potter U, Cooper RM. 2009. Basal stem rot of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis); mode of root infection and lower stem invasion by Ganoderma boninense. Plant Pathology 58:982-989. Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. 2000. Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 289:1920-1921. Reimann S. 2005. The interrelationship between rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their importance in the integrated management of nematodes and soil borne pathogens. [Disertation]. Germany: Rheinischen Friedrich Wilhelms Universitӓt Bonn. Rillig MC. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizae and terrestrial ecosystem processes. Ecol Letter 7:740–754. Rillig MC, Lutgen ER, Ramsey PW, Klironomos JN, Gannon JE. 2005. Microbiota accompanying different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates influence soil aggregation. Pedobiologia 49: 251-259. Saharan BS, Nehra V. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: A critical review. Life Sciences and Medicine Research 21:1-30. Sapak Z, Meon S, MiorAhmad ZA. 2008. Effect of endophytic bacteria on growth and suppression of infection in oil palm. Int J Agri Biol 10:127-132. Sarashimantun NS, Tey CC. 2009. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for controlling Ganoderma basal stem rot of oil palm. Proceeding of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Sustainability Coference. PIPOC International Palm Oil Congress, Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia, July 2009. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, hlm 415-422. Sastrahidayat IR. 1995. Studi Rekayasa Teknologi Pupuk Hayati Mikoriza. Di dalam: Buku III Makalah Sidang-Sidang Bidang Ilmu dan Teknologi. Prosiding Kongres Ilmu Pengetahuan Nasional VI; Jakarta 11-15 Sept 1995. Jakarta: LIPI bekerja sama dengan Dirjen Dikti, Depdikbud dan Forum Organisasi Profesi Ilmiah. hlm 101-128. Sastrosayono S. 2003. Budidaya Kelapa Sawit. Jakarta: Agromedia Pustaka.
188
Salzer P, Boller T. 2000. Elicitor-induced reactions in mycorrhizae and their suppression. Di dalam Podila GK, Douds DD, editor. Current advances in mycorrhizae research. Minnesota, USA: The American Phytopathological Society, hlm 1-10. Sch†‡ler A, Walker C. 2010. The Glomeromycota: A species list with new families and new genera. Published in December 2010 in libraries at The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, The Royal Botanic Garden Kew, Botanische Staatssammlung Munich, and Oregon State University. Electronic version at www.amf-phylogeny.com Schwarze WMR. 2007. Wood decay under the microscope. Fungal Biol Rev 2:1133– 1170. Secilia J, Bagyaraj DJ. 1987. Bacteria and actinomycetes associated with pot cultures of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:1069-1073. Semangun H. 1990. Penyakit-penyakit Tanaman Perkebunan di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Seo GS, Kirk PM. 2000. Ganodermataceae: nomenclature and classification. Di dalam: Flood, J, Bridge PD, Holderness M. editor. Ganoderma Diseases of Perennial Crops. United Kingdom: CABI Publishing, hlm 3-22. Setiadi Y. 1989. Pemanfaatan Mikroorganisme dalam Kehutanan. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Dirjen DIKTI. Bogor: PAU Bioteknologi Institut Pertanian Bogor. Sieverding E. 1991. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Management in Tropical Agrosystems. Eschborn – Germany: Technical Cooperation Federal Republic of Germany. Singh PK, Singh M, Vyas D. 2010. Biocontrol of Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium leguminosorum Biovar. Caryologia 63:349-353. Sharda W, Khade WK, Adholeya A. 2008. Effects of heavy metal (Pb) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in vitro. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:1663–1668. Sharma MP, Gaur A, Mukerji KG. 2007. Arbuscular mycorrhiza mediated plant pathogen interactions and the mechanisms involved. Di dalam: Sharma MP, Gaur A, Mukerji KG, editor. Biological control of plant diseases. Binghampton, USA: Haworth Press, hlm 47-63.
189
Smith SE, Smith FA, Jakobsen I. 2003. Mycorrhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants irrespective of growth responses. Plant Physiol. 133:16-20. Smith SE, Read DJ. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press. Sˆderberg KH, Olsson PA, B••th E. 2002. Structure and activity of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere of different plant species and the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 40:223– 231. Sturz AV, Christie BR, Nowak J. 2000. Bacterial endophytes: Potential role in developing sustainable systems of crop production. Critical Rev. Plant Sci. 19:1–30. Strobel GA. 2003. Endophytes as sources of bioactive products. Microbes and Infection 5: 535–544. Strullu DG, Gourret JP, Garrec JP, Fourcy A. 1981. Ultrastructure and electron-probe microanalysis of the metachromatic vacuolas granules occurring in Texus mycorrhizas. New Phytol. 87:537. Subronto IY, Harahap, Latif S. 2000. Penggunaan parameter fisiologi untuk mendapatkan bahan tanaman kelapa sawit yang toleran terhadap cekaman kekeringan. J. Penel. Kelapa Sawit 8:153-165. Sugiyono, Harahap IY, Winarna Koedadiri AD, Purba A, Purba P. 2002. Penilaian kesesuaian lahan dalam Budidaya Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. Medan. Susanto A. 2002. Kajian pengendalian hayati G. boninense pat. penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang kelapa sawit [Disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. Susanto A et al. 2002. Budidaya Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. Susanto A, Sudharto, Purba RY. 2003. Enhancing biological control of basal stem rot disease (G. boninense) in oil palm plantation. Di dalam: Third International Workshop on Ganoderma diseases of Perennial Crops, Medan – Indonesia, 2426 Maret. Susanto A, Sudharto. 2003. Status of Ganoderma disease on oil palm in Indonesia. Di dalam: Third International Workshop on Ganoderma diseases of Perennial Crops, Medan – Indonesia, 24-26 Maret.
190
Susanto A, Prasetyo AE. 2008. Menangani penyakti mematikan (Ganoderma boninense) pada perkebunan kelapa sawit. Seri Kelapa Sawit Populer 06. Medan: Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. Swasono FDH. 2006. Peranan mikoriza arbuskular dalam mekanisme adaptasi beberapa varietas bawang merah terhadap cekaman kekeringan di tanah pasir pantai [Disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. Timmer LW, Leyden RF. 1980. The relationship of mycorrhizal infection to phosphorus-induces copper deficiency in sour orange seedlings. New Phytol 85:15. Toro M, Azcon R, Barea JM. 1997. Improvement of arbuscular mycorrhiza development by inoculation of soil with phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria to improve rock phosphate bioavailability (32P) and nutrient cycling. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4408-4412. Treu R. 1998. Macro fungi in oil palm plantations of South East Asia. J. Gen. Mycol. 12:10-14. Tryfino. 2006. Potensi dan Prospek Industri Kelapa Sawit. Economic Review No 206. Desember. Turner PD. 1981. Oil palm Diseases and Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Utama MZH, Yahya S. 2003. Peranan Mikoriza VA, rhizobium dan asam humat pada pertumbuhan dan kadar hara beberapa spesies legum penutup tanah. Bul. Agron. 31:94-99. Van Loon LC, Bakker PAHM. 2004. Signalling in rhizobacteria-plant interactions. Di dalam: De Kroon J, Visser EJW, editor. Ecological Studies. J. Root Ecol. 168:287–330. Volpin H, Phillips DA, Okon Y, Kapulnik Y. 1995. Suppression of an isoflavonoid phytoalexin defense response in myocrrhizal alfalfa roots. Plant Physiol. 108: 1449-1545. Vazquez MM, Ce…sar S, Azco…n R, Barea JM. 2000. Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microbial inoculants (Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma) and their effects on microbial population. Applied Soil Ecology 15:261–272. Walley FL, Gemida JJ. 1997. Response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) to interactions between Pseudomonas species and Glomus clarum NT4. Biology Fertility of Soil 24: 365-371.
191
Wessels JGH, Siestama JH. 1981. Fungal cell walls: A survey. Di dalam: Tanner W, Loewus FA, editor. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Plant Carbohydrates II. Berlin - Germany Springer-Verlag, hlm 352-394. Whips JM. 2004. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can. J. Bot 82:1198-1227. Whitelaw MA. 2000. Growth promotion of plants inoculated with phosphate solubilizing fungi. Adv. Agron. 69:99-151. Widiastuti H. 2004. Biologi interaksi fungi mikoriza arbuskula kelapa sawit pada tanah masam sebagai dasar pengembangan teknologi aplikasi dini [Disertasi]. Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. World Growth. 2011. Manfaat Minyak Sawit bagi Perekonomian Indonesia. Laporan World Growth Februari 2011, hlm 1-26. Wyss P, Boller THm Wiemken A. 1992. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and Soil 147, 159-162. Xavier LCJ, Germida JL. 2003. Bacteria associated with Glomus clarum spores influence mycorrhizal activity. Soil Biol Biochem 35:471-478. Xiao X, Chen H, Chen H, Wang Ju, Ren C, Wu L. 2008. Impact of Bacillus subtilis JA, a biocontrol strain of fungal plant pathogens, on arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in Zea mays. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:1133–1137. Yahya S, Sudradjat I, Sasli, Setiadi, Y. 2000. Tanggap karakter morfofisiologi bibit kakao bermikoriza arbuskula terhadap cekaman kekeringan. Comm.Ag. 6:917. Yang CH, Crowley DE. 2000. Rhizosphere microbial community structure in relation to root location and plant iron nutritional status. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 461-465.
