1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
BIJLAGEN Bijlage 1 Geldigheid Actualisatie Deze module is goedgekeurd op [datum]. IKNL en PAZORI bewaken samen met betrokken verenigingen de houdbaarheid van deze en andere onderdelen van de richtlijn. Zo nodig zal de richtlijn tussentijds op onderdelen worden bijgesteld. Houderschap richtlijn De houder van de richtlijn moet kunnen aantonen dat de richtlijn zorgvuldig en met de vereiste deskundigheid tot stand is gekomen. Onder houder wordt verstaan de verenigingen van beroepsbeoefenaren die de richtlijn autoriseren. Het Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland draagt zorg voor het beheer en de ontsluiting van de richtlijn. Juridische betekenis van richtlijnen De richtlijn bevat aanbevelingen van algemene aard. Het is mogelijk dat deze aanbevelingen in een individueel geval niet van toepassing zijn. Er kunnen zich feiten of omstandigheden voordoen waardoor het wenselijk is dat in het belang van de patiënt van de richtlijn wordt afgeweken. Wanneer van de richtlijn wordt afgeweken, dient dit beargumenteerd gedocumenteerd te worden. De toepassing van de richtlijnen in de praktijk is de verantwoordelijkheid van de behandelende arts
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Bijlage 2 Algemene gegevens
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
• •
53
Financiering
54 55
Deze richtlijn c.q. module is gefinancierd door IKNL De inhoud van de richtlijn c.q. module is niet beïnvloed door de financierende instantie.
56
Procesbegeleiding en verantwoording
57 58 59 60
IKNL (Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland) is het kennis- en kwaliteitsinstituut voor professionals en bestuurders in de oncologische en palliatieve zorg. IKNL draagt bij aan het verbeteren van de zorg rond kanker door het verzamelen van gegevens, het opstellen van richtlijnen, het bewaken van kwaliteit en het faciliteren van samenwerkingsverbanden. Het doel is de beste zorg voor iedere patiënt.
61 62 63
IKNL werkt aan multidisciplinaire richtlijnontwikkeling voor de oncologische en palliatieve zorg. Naast het reviseren van richtlijnen faciliteert IKNL ook het onderhoud, het beheer, de implementatie en de evaluatie van deze richtlijnen.
64 65 66
De kwaliteit van ontwikkelen, implementeren en evalueren van evidence en consensus based richtlijnen waarborgt IKNL door aan te sluiten bij de criteria opgesteld in de Leidraad voor kwaliteitsstandaarden (december 2014), AGREE II en de Medisch specialistische richtlijnen 2.0.
Initiatief Platform PAZORI (Palliatieve Zorg Richtlijnen) IKNL (Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland) Autoriserende verenigingen • Specialisten ouderengeneeskunde (Verenso) • Nederlandse Vereniging van Artsen voor Longziekten en Tuberculose (NVALT) • Palliactief • Verpleegkundigen en Verzorgenden Nederland (V&VN) • Nederlandse Vereniging van Ziekenhuisapothekers (NVZA) • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie NVVC De volgende verenigingen stemmen in met de inhoud Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) Leven met Kanker Beweging (voorheen Nederlandse Federatie van Kankerpatiëntenorganisaties, NFK) / Longkanker Nederland
Betrokken verenigingen • Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap (NHG) • Specialisten ouderengeneeskunde (Verenso) • Nederlandse Vereniging van Artsen voor Longziekten en Tuberculose (NVALT) • Nederlandse Vereniging van Ziekenhuisapothekers (NVZA) • Verpleegkundigen en Verzorgenden Nederland (V&VN) • Palliactief • Leven met Kanker beweging (Nederlandse Federatie van Kankerpatiëntenorganisaties, NFK) / Longkanker Nederland • Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot bevordering der Pharmacie (KNMP) • Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie (NVVC)
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
79 80
81 82
83 84 85
Bijlage 3 Samenstelling werkgroep Alle werkgroepleden zijn afgevaardigd namens wetenschappelijke en beroepsverenigingen en hebben daarmee het mandaat voor hun inbreng. Bij de samenstelling van de werkgroep is geprobeerd rekening te houden met landelijke spreiding, inbreng van betrokkenen uit zowel academische als algemene ziekenhuizen/instellingen en vertegenwoordiging van de verschillende verenigingen/ disciplines. Het patiëntenperspectief is vertegenwoordigd door middel van afvaardiging van een ervaringsdeskundige op het gebied van dyspneu (longkankerpatient) en tevens bestuurslid van Longkanker Nederland (lidorganisatie van Leven met Kanker Beweging).Bij de uitvoer van het literatuuronderzoek is een methodoloog/ literatuuronderzoeker betrokken. Werkgroepleden Naam Dr. A. de Graeff, voorzitter
Functie Internist-oncoloog Hospice-arts
Werkplek Mandatering UMCU, Utrecht Palliactief Academisch Hospice Demeter, De Bilt Ziekenhuis Riviereland, NVALT Tiel Leven met Kanker Beweging Longkanker Nederland Van Weel Bethesda V&VN PZ Ziekenhuis, Dirksland Ziekenhuis de NVZA Tjongerschans
Drs. A.A.F. Baas
Longarts
L. van Helsdingen
Ervaringsdeskundige
Mw. E. Jordens Drs. D. Mitrovic
Verpleegkundig Specialist (MANP) Ziekenhuisapotheker
Mw. drs. A. Kodde
Huisarts
Drs. P.J. Schimmel
Specialist Ouderengeneeskunde Zorggroep Noordwest Veluwe, Harderwijk
Klankbordleden Mw. dr. L. Bellersen
Cardioloog
Mw. J. Brummelhuis Mw. S. Visser
Verpleegkundig Specialist Apotheker
Ondersteuning Mw. drs. M.G. Gilsing Mw. S. Janssen-van Dijk Dr. J. Vlayen
adviseur richtlijnen secretaresse literatuuronderzoeker
Haarlem
NHG PALHAG Verenso
Radboud UMC, Nijmegen NVVC
Transvaal Apotheek, Den Haag
KNMP
Utrecht Rotterdam
IKNL IKNL ME-TA
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Werkgroepleden richtlijn dyspneu voor 2015 2010 A.A.F. Baas, longarts, Ziekenhuis Rivierenland, Tiel Z. Zylicz, internist, specialist palliatieve geneeskunde, Dove House hospice, Hull, Engeland G.M. Hesselmann, oncologieverpleegkundige, UMC Utrecht/Kenniscentrum Palliatieve Zorg Utrecht 2005 A.A.F. Baas, longarts, Ziekenhuis Rivierenland, Tiel Z. Zylicz, internist, specialist palliatieve geneeskunde, Dove House hospice, Hull, Engeland G.M. Hesselmann, oncologieverpleegkundige, UMC Utrecht/Kenniscentrum Palliatieve Zorg Utrecht 1994 Werkgroep palliatieve zorg van het Integraal Kankercentrum Midden Nederland
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
Bijlage 4 Belangenverklaring Om de beïnvloeding van de richtlijnontwikkeling of formulering van de aanbevelingen door conflicterende belangen te minimaliseren zijn de leden van werkgroep gemandateerd door de wetenschappelijke verenigingen. Alle leden van de richtlijnwerkgroep hebben verklaard onafhankelijk gehandeld te hebben bij het opstellen van de richtlijn. Een onafhankelijkheidsverklaring ‘Code ter voorkoming van oneigenlijke beïnvloeding door belangenverstrengeling' zoals vastgesteld door onder meer de KNAW, KNMG, Gezondheidsraad, CBO, NHG en Orde van Medisch Specialisten is door de werkgroepleden bij aanvang en bij afronding van het traject ingevuld. De bevindingen zijn schriftelijke vastgelegd in de belangenverklaring en opvraagbaar via
[email protected].
115 116 117 118 119 120
Bijlage 5 Inbreng patiëntenperspectief
121 122
Door middel van onderstaande werkwijze is informatie verkregen en zijn de belangen van de patiënt meegenomen:
123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135
• •
Een patiëntvertegenwoordiger nam zitting in de richtlijnwerkgroep (ervaringsdeskundige op het gebied van dyspneu). Deze input is nodig voor de ontwikkeling van kwalitatief goede richtlijnen. Goede zorg voldoet immers aan de wensen en eisen van zowel zorgverlener als patiënt.
•
•
•
Bij aanvang van het richtlijntraject heeft de patiëntvertegenwoordiger knelpunten aangeleverd. Via de Leven met Kanker Beweging (voorheen NFK) en lidorganisaties (o.a. Longkanker Nederland) en via het Longfonds en de Hart en Vaatgroep (subverenigingen van NPCF) is een enquête gehouden voor het inventariseren van de knelpunten. De patiëntvertegenwoordiger was aanwezig bij enkele vergaderingen van de richtlijnwerkgroep. De patiëntvertegenwoordiger heeft de conceptteksten beoordeeld teneinde het patiëntenperspectief in de formulering van de definitieve tekst te optimaliseren. De Leven met Kankerbeweging (o.a. met lidorganisatie Longkanker Nederland), het Longfonds en de Hart en Vaatgroep (subverenigingen van NPCF) zijn geconsulteerd in de externe commentaarronde. Het commentaar van deze organisaties en de wijze waarop hiermee is omgegaan is opgenomen in bijlage X (wordt toegevoegd na commentaarfase). KWF heeft de knelpuntenenquête ter kennisgeving ontvangen en zo ook de conceptrichtlijn in de commentaarfase.
136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170
Bijlage 6 Knelpuntenanalyse Knelpunten 1. Het meten van de mate van dyspneu 2. Het bepalen van de mate van angst en depressie en de invloed daarvan bij dyspneu 3. De keuze van (aanvullend) onderzoek om de oorzaak van dyspneu vast te stellen 4. Het effect van drainage van pleuravocht bij dyspneu (bij patienten met kanker) 5. De rol van invasieve intrabronchiale behandeling bij dyspneu (bij patienten met kanker) 6. Het effect van zuurstof bij de behandeling van dyspneu 7. Het effect van niet-medicamenteuze therapie bij de behandeling van dyspneu 8. Het effect van medicatie bij de behandeling van dyspneu (opioiden, corticosteroiden, anxiolytica) 9. het effect van verneveling van bronchusverwijders en/of slijmverdunners bij de behandeling van dyspneu
171 172 173 Knelpunt
Totaal N=275 %
200 201 202 203 204 205
score
Verpleegk. N=100
Sp. Oud. Gen. N=38
Consul. PZ N=33
Longartsen N=30
Anders N=29
%
%
%
%
%
score
1 meten
56,0
3,43
63
3,65
2 angst & depr
77,1
3,54
81
3,53
3 onderz.oorzaak
36,0
3,03
4 drainage
21,1
2,98
5 invasieve
18,2
2,62
6 zuurstof
54,9
2,85
7 niet-medic
68,7
3,17
71
8 medic
60,0
3,10
65
9 verneveling
51,6
2,30
score
73,7
2,96
36,8
4,21
score
score
Fysiother. 174 N=27 175 score
%
45,5
3,60
56,7
2,88
58,6
3,24
55,6
78,8
3,54
86,7
3,88
62,1
3,44
74,1
40
3,33
41,4
3,33
37,0 33,3
34,5 63,2
3,21
3,23
68,4
2,96
3,06
65,8
3,12
63,7
3,00
2,67
75,6
3,24
54,5
2,50
66,7
3,45
53,3
3,00
70,4 62,1
3,56
Knelpuntenenquete voor professionals (N=275) % respondenten (totaal en per discipline) dat het knelpunt prioriteit heeft gegeven en ‘gewogen’ gemiddelde scores % = Bij elk knelpunt is per doelgroep aangegeven welk percentage van de professionals dit knelpunt hebben aangevinkt als zijnde belangrijk (dus in zijn top 5 heeft gezet). Score = Bij elk knelpunt is per doelgroep aangegeven welke gemiddelde score/waardering is toegekend. Top 3 van hoogste % en hoogste scores.
176 score 177 178 2,93 179 180 4,00 181 182 183 2,50 184 185 2,89 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 3,84 193 194 195 196 197 198 199
206 207 208 209 210 211 212
Grootste respondentgroepen meegenomen in subanalyse. Kleinste respondentgroepen zoals huisartsen (10) , internisten (6), apothekers (1), cardiologen (1) en psychologen (2) zijn in de totale groep meegenomen
Toelichting: Vier uitgangsvragen (nrs. 1, 2, 7 en 8) scoorden hoog (>3) bij de knelpuntenanayse. Bij de keuze welke uitgangsvragen evidence based zouden worden uitgewerkt heeft de beschikbaarheid van resultaten uit wetenschappelijk onderzoek mede eenr ol gespeeld. Omdat er nauwelijks literatuur is over het effect van het gebruik van vragenlijsten op dyspneu en over de invloed van angst en depressie op dyspneu is ervoor gekozen om het effect van nietmedicamenteuze en medicamenteuze behandeling evidence based uit te werken.
213 214
215
216 217
Opmerkingen bij de vraag over de knelpunten (geef uw top 5 van knelpunten) van de knelpuntenenquête dyspneu
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267
Grove handmatige clustering (12 nov 2014 MG) Teksten letterlijk overgenomen Meten van dyspneu knelpunt 1 • verwarde geriatrische patienten kunnen niet goed aangeven in hoeverre zij dyspneu ervaren, bij koude vingers is de saturatiemeter niet betrouwbaar. • het meten van de mate van dyspnoe wordt mi in de palliatieve fase te weinig uitgevoerd. • M.n. Wanneer mensen het niet zelf meer goed aan kunnen geven vind ik het soms lastig te bepalen of iemand zich benauwd voelt. Angst en depressie knelpunt 2 • In de tweedelijns COPD revalidatie gebruiken we veel vragenlijsten om dyspnoe, angst en depressie te meten. Ik zou graag willen weten welke vragenlijst het meest betrouwbaar is en het makkelijkst voor de patiënten in te vullen. • Dyspnoe en angst lijken op partners van een lang bestaand huwelijk: ze kunnen niet zonder elkaar bestaan. • de angst en beleving van benauwdheid is niet meetbaar • Ik signaleer met name dat er te weinig gescreend wordt op angst en dan ook te weinig anxiolytica wordt toegepast. Er wordt nog steeds ook te laat gestart met opoiden. • te weinig besef dat angst en depressie dyspnoe verergeren en andersom: dat je door dyspnoe (en minder mobiel zijn etc) meer angstig en depressief kunt worden. De negatieve spiraal. Onderzoek oorzaak knelpunt 3 • De aard van de patiëntengroep maakt het inzetten van veel invasieve diagnostiek en behandeling haast onmogelijk, zodat eerder dan bij minder gehandicapte patiënten besloten wordt voor palliatieve zorg in de instelling waar met woont, soms misschien ook wel te snel. • Aanvullend onderzoek is soms belastend terwijl er vervolgens weinig nieuw perspectief uitkomt. Wat zijn dus weinig invasieve methodieken om te komen tot voldoende diagnostiek zonder daarmee de patiënt extra te belasten. • "ik hoor veel misvattingen over de oorzaak en behandeling van dyspnoe. -"saturatie is goed, dus ik snap de dyspnoe niet". -dyspnoe is een subjectief gevoel: dat besef mis ik regelmatig bij hulpverlener. Andere misvattingen,> zie bij knelpunt 6 reflex zuurstof en bij knelpunt 2 angst (negatieve spiraal). • In mijn beleving is nog weinig aandacht in de praktijk voor andere dan somatische factoren in het onderzoek naar de oorzaken van dyspneu, laat staan voor het effect van niet medicamenteuze therapie. Drainage pleuravocht knelpunt 4 • pleurapuncties worden alleen klinisch verricht, dyspnoe wordt vaker samen gezien met verwardheid, therapietrouw staat dan vaker onder druk • Pleuravochtdrainage: vaak maar zeer kortstondige oplossing Invasieve intrabronchiale behandeling knelpunt 5 • knelpunt van invasieve ingrepen zoals stents dat niet voorzien is in afscheid en het lijden kan verlengen voor een paar weken/ maanden Zuurstof knelpunt 6 • Duidelijkheid wanneer zuurstof te geven en hoe snel weer proberen af te bouwen. • Vaak zijn de verwarde geriatrische patiënten aan het rommelen met de zuurstofbril, deze blijft niet lang zitten.
268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321
• •
Over het effect van zuurstof tijdens trainen gebruiken wij onze eigen richtlijn van Tergooi, maar die is per ziekenhuis verschillend. reflex: zuurstof geven bij dyspnoe. Zonder eerst te kijken wat de oorzaak van de dyspnoe is. Vaak doet kamerlucht evenveel op de dyspnoe als zuurstof (ventilator, hand'wapper')
Niet-medicamenteus knelpunt 7 • Motivatie is hierbij misschien het grootste knelpunt. • Uitzuigen, hoe zinvol? • Ten aanzien van niet-medicamenteuze therapie is het soms moeilijk om de plaats van krachttraining te bepalen, gekoppeld aan tijdslijn of ernst van symptomen. Medicatie knelpunt 8 • Opioïden worden vaak te laat of verkeerd ingezet bij patiënten met COPD en dyspnoe. we hebben de richtlijn palliatieve zorg bij COPD, maar iedereen doet het weer op zijn eigen manier. Geen duidelijkheid hieromtrent dus. • M.n. effect verschillende opioïden niet duidelijk; werkt morfine drank beter dan oxycodon, dan fentanyl etc. • het is soms moeilijk om patiënten te overtuigen van de werking van opioiden bij dyspnoe • Medicatie: Niet zo effectief als zou willen. • Wb bovengenoemde punten ervaar ik dagelijks knelpunten, m.n. vanwege therapieontrouw door cognitieve stoornissen, bijwerkingen medicatie en atypische ziektepresentaties bij ouderen. Ik realiseer me terdege dat deze problemen ws niet geheel oplosbaar zijn. Verneveling knelpunt 9 • wat doe je als verneveling niet meer verdragen wordt (b.v. bij dementie) • medicatie pariboy in thuissituatie niet altijd vergoed; soms is NaCl niet zo effectief, doch verzekeringstechnisch kan dit niet. • Is er een rol voor fluimicil en vernevelen voor het makkelijker ophoesten van slijm. • bij punt 9 is het knelpunt hieronder toegelicht: medicatie wordt niet altijd gegeven, ook al is het voorgeschreven Overig / mix • Knelpunt is het verwachtingspatroon van patiënt en zijn naasten t.a.v. behandelingen, die weinig tot geen effect meer hebben, ziekenhuisopnames, waarbij ook weinig effect gescoord wordt, waardoor het moeilijk is duidelijk te maken, wat nog wel en wat niet zinvol handelen is. • als fysio zijn de andere stellingen niet van belang de interpretatie van vragenlijsten en doorverwijzing naar de juiste hulpverlener is een knelpunt • In thuissituatie belangrijke overweging hoe zorg gefinancierd kan worden(bv fysiotherapie, psycholoog). • Met name de in het verpleeghuis voorkomende comorbiditeit. Wanneer wordt de richtlijn niet meer gevolgd maar wordt er gekozen voor symptomatische behandeling en op welke voorwaarden/gronden. wij zien deze patiënten bij diagnostiek. Onze onderzoeken vinden altijd liggend plaats. In de praktijk worden we zelden van te voren geinformeerd over bestaan dyspnoe en zijn onze mogelijkheden om dit in het diagnostisch proces te managen maar beperkt. Wij doen diagnostiek voor 5 ziekenhuizen en zien dus veel externe patiënten. Uniformiteit in en inhoudelijk betere overdrachten EN richtlijnen voor toepassing in het diagnostisch Knelpuntenenquete voor patienten(organisaties) Via de Leven met Kanker Beweging (voorheen NFK) en lidorganisaties (o.a. Longkanker Nederland) en via het Longfonds en de Hart- en Vaatgroep (subverenigingen van NPCF) is een enquête gehouden voor het inventariseren van de knelpunten. Hier zijn echter geen reacties op gekomen. Voor inbreng patiëntenperspectief zie bijlage 5.
322 323
Bijlage 7 Uitgangsvragen Knelpunt: effect van medicatie op dyspneu? Uitgangsvraag 1: bij patiënten met dyspneu in de palliatieve fase bij COPD, Hartfalen, of kanker: is er een effect van medicatie op dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren of kwaliteit van leven t.o.v. placebo, geen behandeling of andere (medicamenteuze of non-medicamenteuze) behandeling) P Patiënten met dyspneu en kanker in de palliatieve fase, of vergevorderde stadia van COPD of hartfalen I Medicamenteuze behandeling a. opioiden (morfine, fentanyl, oxycodon, hydromorfine) b. corticosteroïden c. benzodiazepines C Andere (medicamenteuze of non-medicamenteuze) interventie. O Dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren, kwaliteit van leven
324 325
326 327 328
Inclusiecriteria Studies
meta-analyses, systematische reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCT), controlled clinical trials (CCT) Periode (vanaf tot): 2000-2014 Databases: Medline, Embase, Cochrane (CDSR) Taal: Engels, Nederlands Subgroep: Alexander de Graeff, Astrid Kodde, Pieter Schimmel
Knelpunt: effect van niet-medicamenteuze therapie (leefregels, instructie, ademhalingsoefeningen, ontspanningsoefeningen, psychologische ondersteuning, acupunctuur/acupressuur, hulpmiddelen bij het lopen, vibratie thoraxwand, neurostimulatie, luchtbevochtiging, ventilator, zuurstof, niet-invasieve beademing, uitzuigen) Uitgangsvraag 2: bij patiënten met dyspneu en COPD, hartfalen of kanker in de palliatieve fase: is er een effect van niet–medicamenteuze therapie op dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren en kwaliteit van leven t.o.v. geen behandeling of andere niet-medicamenteuze interventie? P Patiënten met dyspneu en kanker in de palliatieve fase, of vergevorderde stadia van COPD of hartfalen I a. Niet-medicamenteuze behandeling: b. – instructie en voorlichting c. – ademhalingsoefeningen d. – ontspanningsoefeningen e. – psychologische ondersteuning f. – acupunctuur/acupressuur g. – hulpmiddelen bij het lopen h. – vibratie thoraxwand i. – neurostimulatie j. – luchtbevochtiging k. – ventilator l. – zuurstof m. – niet-invasieve beademing n. - uitzuigen C Geen therapie of andere niet-medicamenteuze interventie O dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren, kwaliteit van leven
329
330
331 332 333 334
Inclusiecriteria Studies
meta-analyses, systematische reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCT), controlled clinical trials (CCT) Periode (vanaf tot): 2000- nu Databases: Medline, Embase, Cochrane (CDSR) Taal: Engels Nederlands Subgroep: Elly Jordens, Bert Baas en Alexander de Graeff
335 336 337 338
Bijlage 8 Zoekverantwoording
339
KEY QUESTION 1
340
1. KEY QUESTION
341 342 343
Bij patiënten met dyspneu in de palliatieve fase bij COPD, hartfalen, of kanker: is er een effect van medicatie op dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren of kwaliteit van leven t.o.v. placebo, geen behandeling of andere (medicamenteuze of non-medicamenteuze) behandeling)?
344
P: Patiënten met dyspneu en kanker in de palliatieve fase, of vergevorderde stadia van COPD of hartfalen
345
I: Medicamenteuze behandeling
1.Evidence based:
346
a. opioiden (morfine, fentanyl, oxycodon, hydromorfine)
347
b. corticosteroïden
348
c. benzodiazepines
349
C: Andere (medicamenteuze of non-medicamenteuze) interventie
350
O: Dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren, kwaliteit van leven
351
SEARCH STRATEGY
352
Search date: January 19, 2015
353
Databases: OVID Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library (see appendix for search strings).
354
Search limits:
355 356 357 358 359
SEARCH RESULTS
360
Table 1. Overall search results.
-
Publication date: 2000-2014; English and Dutch only; Study design: meta-analyses, systematische reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCT), controlled clinical trials (CCT)
Database OVID Medline OVID PreMedline EMBASE.com Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Number of hits 428 18 978 27
DARE
3
HTA database
0
CENTRAL
271
Total hits
1725
N excluded (language, year, duplicates)
445
Total unique eligible hits
1280
361
EXCLUDED STUDIES
362 363
1280 unique hits were screened on title and abstract (Fout! Verwijzingsbron niet gevonden.). Of these, 1415 were excluded. The most important reasons for exclusion were:
364
1.
Other population: patients with other diseases and/or no dyspnea (in palliative or advanced stage)
365
2.
Other intervention: interventions other than those specified
366
3.
Wrong study design: narrative reviews, observational studies
367 368
Of the remaining 45 papers, the full-text was retrieved. Based on the full-text, an additional 31 studies were excluded. Table 2 provides an overview of these excluded studies.
369
INCLUDED STUDIES
370
The following 9 systematic reviews were included:
371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404
-
Bailey CD, Wagland R, Dabbour R, Caress A, Smith J, Molassiotis A. An integrative review of systematic reviews related to the management of breathlessness in respiratory illnesses. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2010;10(63) Ben-Aharon I, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Stemmer SM. Interventions for alleviating cancer-related dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2012;51(8):996-1008 DiSalvo WM, Joyce MM, Tyson LB, Culkin AE, Mackay K. Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnea. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12(2):341-52 Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JP, Broadley K. Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in terminal illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;4(4):CD002066 Lorenz KA, Lynn J, Dy SM, Shugarman LR, Wilkinson A, Mularski RA, et al. Evidence for improving palliative care at the end of life: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(2):147-59 Marciniuk DD, Goodridge D, Hernandez P, Rocker G, Balter M, Bailey P, et al. Managing dyspnea in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2011;18(2):69-78 Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, Harding R, Bausewein C. Benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness in advanced malignant and non-malignant diseases in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;1(1):CD007354 Simon ST, Koskeroglu P, Gaertner J, Voltz R. Fentanyl for the relief of refractory breathlessness: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;46(6):874-86 Viola R, Kiteley C, Lloyd NS, Mackay JA, Wilson J, Wong RK, et al. The management of dyspnea in cancer patients: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2008;16(4):329-37 The following 5 primary studies were included: -
-
-
Cuervo Pinna MA. A randomized crossover clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the treatment of dyspnea on exertion in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(6):e4-5 Gamborg H, Riis J, Christrup L, Krantz T. Effect of intraoral and subcutaneous morphine on dyspnea at rest in terminal patients with primary lung cancer or lung metastases. J Opioid Manag. 2013;9(4):269-74 Hui D, Xu A, Frisbee-Hume S, Chisholm G, Morgado M, Reddy S, et al. Effects of prophylactic subcutaneous fentanyl on exercise-induced breakthrough dyspnea in cancer patients: a preliminary double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(2):209-17 Oxberry SG, Bland JM, Clark AL, Cleland JG, Johnson MJ. Repeat dose opioids may be effective for breathlessness in chronic heart failure if given for long enough. J Palliat Med. 2013;16(3):250-5 Oxberry SG, Torgerson DJ, Bland JM, Clark AL, Cleland JG, Johnson MJ. Short-term opioids for breathlessness in stable chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(9):1006-12
Table 2. Key question 1: overview of excluded studies based on full-text evaluation. Author
Reference
Title
Reason
Aaron SD
N Engl J Med 2003 348(26):2618-25
Geen vergevorderd stadium
Ben-Aharon I
J Clin Oncol 2008 26(14):2396-404
Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Interventions for alleviating cancer-related dyspnea: a systematic review
Booth S
European Journal of Cancer 2011 47(S77
The efficacy of benzodiazepines for palliating dyspnoea: A systematic review
Abstract
Clemens K.E
Jennings AL
Thorax 2002 57(11):939-44
Symptomatic Therapy of Dyspnea with Strong Opioids and Its Effect on Ventilation in Palliative Care Patients Use of oxygen and opioids in the palliation of dyspnoea in hypoxic and non-hypoxic palliative care patients: a prospective study A systematic review of the use of opioids in the management of dyspnoea
Geen vergelijkende studie
Clemens KE
J. Pain Symptom Manage. 2007 33(4):473481 Support Care Cancer 2009 17(4):367-77
Kallet RH
Respir Care 2007 52(7):900-10
The role of inhaled opioids and furosemide for the treatment of dyspnea
Navigante AH
Medicina Paliativa 2003 10(1):14-9
Simon S
Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2008 4):
Simon ST
J Pain Symptom Manage 2013 45(3):561-78
Morphine plus midazolam versus oxygen therapy on severe dyspnea management in the last week of life in hipoxemic advanced cancer patients. Spanish Benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness in malignant and advanced non-malignant diseases in adults Episodic breathlessness in patients with advanced disease: a systematic review
Narratieve review gebaseerd op PubMed search; geen quality appraisal Spaans
Walters JAE Wiseman R
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014 12): Aust Fam Physician 2013 42(3):137-40
Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic refractory dyspnoea--evidence based management
Niet specifiek over vergevorderd stadium Geen quality appraisal
Dy SM
Cancer J 2010; 16(5): 507-513
Evidence-based approaches to other symptoms in advanced cancer
Geen quality appraisal
Bausewein C
Shortness of breath and cough in patients in palliative care
Geen quality appraisal
Palliative pharmacological sedation for terminally ill adults
Booth S
Dtsch. Arztebl. int 2013 110(33-34):563-71; quiz 572 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015 1): Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008 5(2):90-100
Jantarakupt P
Oncol Nurs Forum 2005 32(4):785-97
Mercadante S
J Pain Symptom Manage 2011 41(4):754-60
The etiology and management of intractable breathlessness in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review of pharmacological therapy Dyspnea management in lung cancer: applying the evidence from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Palliative sedation in patients with advanced cancer followed at home: a systematic review
Geen vergelijkende gevonden Geen quality appraisal
Oxberry SG
Am Heart J 2012 164(2):229-35
Minimally clinically important difference in chronic breathlessness: every little helps
Geen specifieke analyse voor dyspneu Geen interventie-studie
Shearer FA
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014 2):
Opioids for treating dyspnoea in patients with chronic heart failure
Protocol
Beller EM
Updated by Ben-Aharon 2012
Geen vergelijkende studie Idem als Cochrane review
Updated by Simon 2010 Gaat niet over behandeling
studies
Narrative review
Author
Reference
Walters JA Wilt TJ
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1):CD001288 Ann Intern Med 2007 147(9):639-53
Brown SJ
Ann Pharmacother 2005 39(6):1088-92
Management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review for a clinical practice guideline Nebulized morphine for relief of dyspnea due to chronic lung disease
Foral PA
Chest 2004 125(2):691-4
Nebulized opioids use in COPD
Liu C
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014 63(4):333-8
Abernethy AP
BMJ 2003 327(7414):523-8
Bruera E
J Pain Symptom Manage 2005 29(6):613-8
Charles MA
J Pain Symptom Manage 2008 36(1):29-38
Johnson MJ
Eur J Heart Fail 2002 4(6):753-6
Navigante AH
J Pain Symptom Manage 2006 31(1):38-47
Navigante AH
J. Pain Symptom Manage 2010; 39: 820-830
Cardiac outcome prevention effectiveness of glucocorticoids in acute decompensated heart failure: COPE-ADHF study Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea Nebulized versus subcutaneous morphine for patients with cancer dyspnea: a preliminary study Relief of incident dyspnea in palliative cancer patients: a pilot, randomized, controlled trial comparing nebulized hydromorphone, systemic hydromorphone, and nebulized saline Morphine for the relief of breathlessness in patients with chronic heart failure--a pilot study Midazolam as adjunct therapy to morphine in the alleviation of severe dyspnea perception in patients with advanced cancer Morphine versus midazolam as upfront therapy to control dyspnea perception in cancer patients while its underlying cause is sought or treated
2009
Title
Reason
Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Foute context exacerbaties) Verkeerde interventies
(acute
Geen quality appraisal Narratieve review gebaseerd op PubMed search; geen quality appraisal Foute context (acute decompensatie) Geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review
3432
KEY QUESTION 2
3433
1. KEY QUESTION
3434 3435 3436
Bij patiënten met dyspneu en COPD, hartfalen of kanker in de palliatieve fase: is er een effect van niet–medicamenteuze therapie op dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren en kwaliteit van leven t.o.v. geen behandeling of andere niet-medicamenteuze interventie?
3437
P: Patiënten met dyspneu en kanker in de palliatieve fase, of vergevorderde stadia van COPD of hartfalen
3438
I: Niet-medicamenteuze behandeling:
3439
– instructie en voorlichting
3440
– ademhalingsoefeningen
3441
– ontspanningsoefeningen
3442
– psychologische ondersteuning
3443
– acupunctuur/acupressuur
3444
– hulpmiddelen bij het lopen
3445
– vibratie thoraxwand
3446
– neurostimulatie
3447
– luchtbevochtiging
3448
– ventilator
3449
– zuurstof
3450
– niet-invasieve beademing
3451
– uitzuigen
3452
C: Geen therapie of andere niet-medicamenteuze interventie
3453
O: Dyspneu, inspanningstolerantie, fysiek functioneren, kwaliteit van leven
3454
SEARCH STRATEGY
3455
Search date: February 20, 2015
3456
Databases: OVID Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library (see appendix for search strings).
3457
Search limits:
3458 3459 3460 3461 3462
SEARCH RESULTS
3463
Table 3. Overall search results.
-
Publication date: 2000-2014; English and Dutch only; Study design: meta-analyses, systematische reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCT), controlled clinical trials (CCT)
Database OVID Medline
Number of hits 759
OVID PreMedline
18
EMBASE.com
334
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
166
DARE
9
HTA database
0
CENTRAL
466
Total hits
1752
N excluded (language, year, duplicates) Total unique eligible hits
400 1352
3464
A. EXCLUDED STUDIES
3465 3466
1352 unique hits were screened on title and abstract (Table 3). Of these, 1283 were excluded. The most important reasons for exclusion were:
3467
1.
Other population: patients with other diseases and/or no dyspnea (in palliative or advanced stage)
3468
2.
Other intervention: interventions other than those specified
3469
3.
Wrong study design: narrative reviews, observational studies
3470 3471
Of the remaining 69 papers, the full-text was retrieved. Based on the full-text, an additional 44 studies were excluded. Table 4 provides an overview of these excluded studies.
3472
INCLUDED STUDIES
3473
The following 18 systematic reviews were included:
3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501
-
-
Bailey CD, Wagland R, Dabbour R, Caress A, Smith J, Molassiotis A. An integrative review of systematic reviews related to the management of breathlessness in respiratory illnesses. BMC pulmonary medicine. 2010;10(63) Bausewein C, Booth S, Gysels M, Higginson I. Non-pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in advanced stages of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;2(2):CD005623 Ben-Aharon I, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Stemmer S.M. Interventions for alleviating cancer-related dyspnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2012;51(8):996-1008 Bradley JM, Lasserson T, Elborn S, Macmahon J, O'Neill B. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining the short-term benefit of ambulatory oxygen in COPD. Chest. 2007;131(1):278-85 Chen H, Liang B-M, Xu Z-B, Tang Y-J, Wang K, Xiao J, et al. Long-term non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Chin Med J. 2011;124(23):4063-70 Cranston JM, Crockett A, Currow D. Oxygen therapy for dyspnoea in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;3(3):CD004769 DiSalvo WM, Joyce MM, Tyson LB, Culkin AE, Mackay K. Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnea. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12(2):341-52 Holland AE, Hill CJ, Jones AY, McDonald CF. Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;10 Kolodziej MA, Jensen L, Rowe B, Sin D. Systematic review of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in severe stable COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(2):293-306 Lee EJ, Frazier SK. The efficacy of acupressure for symptom management: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;42(4):589-603 Marciniuk DD, Goodridge D, Hernandez P, Rocker G, Balter M, Bailey P, et al. Managing dyspnea in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2011;18(2):69-78 Norweg A, Collins EG. Evidence for cognitive-behavioral strategies improving dyspnea and related distress in COPD. International Journal of Copd. 2013;8:439-51 Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Miller BR, Hill CJ, Tarrant B, Steward R, et al. The effect of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy on symptoms, quality of life and incidence of re-exacerbation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2014;69(2):137-43
3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507 3508 3509 3510 3511 3512 3513
Pan L, Guo Y, Liu X, Yan J. Lack of efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the lower limbs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2014;19(1):22-9 Struik FM, Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Kerstjens HA, Wijkstra PJ. Nocturnal non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Review 2013; 6: CD002878 Towler P, Molassiotis A, Brearley SG. What is the evidence for the use of acupuncture as an intervention for symptom management in cancer supportive and palliative care: an integrative overview of reviews. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(10):2913-23 Uronis HE, Currow DC, McCrory DC, Samsa GP, Abernethy AP. Oxygen for relief of dyspnoea in mildly- or nonhypoxaemic patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(2):294-9 Uronis H, McCrory DC, Samsa G, Currow D, Abernethy A. Symptomatic oxygen for non-hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;6(6):CD006429 The review of Pan et al. was not identified by the search and was included by the working group.
3514
The following 8 primary studies were included:
3515 3516 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537
-
-
-
-
-
-
Barton R, English A, Nabb S, Rigby AS, Johnson MJ. A randomised trial of high vs low intensity training in breathing techniques for breathless patients with malignant lung disease: a feasibility study. Lung Cancer. 2010;70(3):313-9 Bausewein C, Booth S, Gysels M, Kuhnbach R, Higginson IJ. Effectiveness of a hand-held fan for breathlessness: a randomised phase II trial. BMC Palliative Care. 2010;9:22 Dreher M, Doncheva E, Schwoerer A, Walterspacher S, Sonntag F, Kabitz HJ, et al. Preserving oxygenation during walking in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: noninvasive ventilation versus oxygen therapy. Respiration. 2009;78(2):154-60 Duiverman ML, Wempe JB, Bladder G, Vonk JM, Zijlstra JG, Kerstjens HAM, et al. Two-year home-based nocturnal noninvasive ventilation added to rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. Respiratory research. 2011;12(112) Hui D, Morgado M, Chisholm G, Withers L, Nguyen Q, Finch C, et al. High-flow oxygen and bilevel positive airway pressure for persistent dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer: a phase II randomized trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;46(4):463-73 Moore RP, Berlowitz DJ, Denehy L, Pretto JJ, Brazzale DJ, Sharpe K, et al. A randomised trial of domiciliary, ambulatory oxygen in patients with COPD and dyspnoea but without resting hypoxaemia. Thorax. 2011;66(1):32-7 Ozalevli S, Ozden A, Gocen Z, Cimrin AH. Comparison of six-minute walking tests conducted with and without supplemental oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exercise-induced oxygen desaturation. Ann Saudi Med. 2007;27(2):94-100 Suzuki M, Muro S, Ando Y, Omori T, Shiota T, Endo K, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acupuncture in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): the COPD-acupuncture trial (CAT). Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(11):878-86
Table 4. Key question 2: overview of excluded studies based on full-text evaluation. Reference
Reason
Abernethy AP, McDonald CF, Frith PA, Clark K, Herndon JE, 2nd, Marcello J, et al. Effect of palliative oxygen versus room air in relief of breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnoea: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9743):784-93 Bruera E, Sweeney C, Willey J, Palmer JL, Strasser F, Morice RC, et al. A randomized controlled trial of supplemental oxygen versus air in cancer patients with dyspnea. Palliat Med. 2003;17(8):659-63 Clini E, Sturani C, Rossi A, Viaggi S, Corrado A, Donner CF, et al. The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.[Erratum appears in Eur Respir J. 2002 Dec;20(6):1617]. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(3):529-38 Crisafulli E, Costi S, De Blasio F, Biscione G, Americi F, Penza S, et al. Effects of a walking aid in COPD patients receiving oxygen therapy. Chest. 2007;131(4):1068-74
Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review
Donesky-Cuenco D, Nguyen HQ, Paul S, Carrieri-Kohlman V. Yoga therapy decreases dyspnea-related distress and improves functional performance in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(3):225-34 Galbraith S, Fagan P, Perkins P, Lynch A, Booth S. Does the use of a handheld fan improve chronic dyspnea? A randomized, controlled, crossover trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;39(5):831-8 Jolliet P, Tassaux D, Roeseler J, Burdet L, Broccard A, D'Hoore W, et al. Helium-oxygen versus air-oxygen noninvasive pressure support in decompensated chronic obstructive disease: A prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(3):878-84 Lewith GT, Prescott P, Davis CL. Can a standardized acupuncture technique palliate disabling breathlessness: a single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Chest. 2004;125(5):1783-90 Maggiore SM, Richard J-CM, Abroug F, Diehl JL, Antonelli M, Sauder P, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of noninvasive ventilation with helium-oxygen mixture in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(1):145-51 Nava S, Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Scala R, Groff P, Cosentini R, et al. Palliative use of non-invasive ventilation in end-of-life patients with solid tumours: a randomised feasibility trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(3):219-27 Philip J, Gold M, Milner A, Di Iulio J, Miller B, Spruyt O. A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of the effect of oxygen on dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;32(6):541-50 Struik FM, Sprooten RTM, Kerstjens HAM, Bladder G, Zijnen M, Asin J, et al. Nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with prolonged hypercapnia after ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, parallel-group study. Thorax. 2014;69(9):826-34 Vickers AJ, Feinstein MB, Deng GE, Cassileth BR. Acupuncture for dyspnea in advanced cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial [ISRCTN89462491]. BMC Palliative Care. 2005;4(5):18 Antonelli M, Conti G, Pelosi P, Gregoretti C, Pennisi MA, Costa R, et al. New treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: noninvasive pressure support ventilation delivered by helmet--a pilot controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(3):602-8. Bausewein C, Simon ST. Shortness of breath and cough in patients in palliative care. Dtsch. 2013;110(33-34):563-71; quiz 72.
Foute interventie
Ben-Aharon I, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Leibovici L, Stemmer SM. Interventions for alleviating cancer-related dyspnea: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(14):2396404. Booth S, Wade R. Oxygen or air for palliation of breathlessness in advanced cancer. J R Soc Med. 2003;96(5):215-8.
Updated by Ben-Aharon 2012
Chan CWH, Richardson A, Richardson J. Managing symptoms in patients with advanced lung cancer during radiotherapy: results of a psychoeducational randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41(2):347-57. Connors et al. An evaluation of a a pysiotherapy led non-pharmacological bresthlessness programme for patientws with intrathoracic malignancy. Palliat med 2007; 21: 285-287 Davis CL, Lewith GT, Broomfield J, Prescott P. A pilot project to assess the methodological issues involved in evaluating acupuncture as a treatment for disabling breathlessness. J Altern Complement Med. 2001;7(6):633-9.
Niet alle patiënten hadden dyspneu
Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Foute context (acuut) Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Foute context (acuut) Foute context (acuut) Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Foute context (acuut) Al geïncludeerd in geïncludeerde review Foute populatie (acute failure), foute vergelijking Geen quality appraisal
respiratory
Narrative review
Complexe interventie, individueel effect van interventies niet te achterhalen Geen informatie over stadium
Reference
Reason
Deng et al. The effect of non-pharmacological staged interventions on fatigue and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nursing Pract 2013; 19: 636-643 Fridlender ZG, Arish N, Laxer U, Berkman N, Leibovitz A, Fink G, et al. Randomized controlled crossover trial of a new oscillatory device as add-on therapy for COPD. COPD. 2012;9(6):603-10. Garcia-Talavera I, Figueira M, Aguirre-Jaime A. A randomised trial of domiciliary, ambulatory oxygen in patients with COPD and dyspnoea but without resting hypoxaemia. Thorax. 2011;66(7):631-2; author reply 2. Goktalay T, Akdemir SE, Alpaydin AO, Coskun AS, Celik P, Yorgancioglu A. Does high-frequency chest wall oscillation therapy have any impact on the infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A randomized controlled single-blind study. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27(8):710-8. Higginson et al. An integrated palliative and respiratory care service for patients with advanced disease and refractory breathlessness: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 979–87 Hui D, Morgado M, Chisholm GB, Withers L, Nguyen Q, Finch C, et al. High-flow oxygen (HFO) and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) for refractory dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(15 SUPPL. 1). Jantarakupt P, Porock D. Dyspnea management in lung cancer: applying the evidence from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2005;32(4):785-97.
Complexe interventie, individueel effect van interventies niet te achterhalen Vooral COPD st. II-III
Mahajan AK, Diette GB, Hatipoglu U, Bilderback A, Ridge A, Harris VW, et al. High frequency chest wall oscillation for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial. Respiratory research. 2011;12(120). Mishra EK, Corcoran J, Hallifax R, Stradling J, Maskell N, Rahman N. Defining the minimal important difference for the visual analogue scale for dyspnoea in patients with malignant pleural effusions. Thorax. 2013;68:A171. Mularski RA, Munjas BA, Lorenz KA, Sun S, Robertson SJ, Schmelzer W, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based therapy for dyspnea in chronic obstructive lung disease. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(10):1083-90. Nicolini A, Mollar E, Grecchi B, Landucci N. Comparison of intermittent positive pressure breathing and temporary positive expiratory pressure in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50(1):18-24. Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Miller BR, Hill CJ, Tarrant B, Steward R, et al. The effect of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy on symptoms, quality of life and incidence of re-exacerbation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2014;69(2):137-43. Principi T, Pantanetti S, Catani F, Elisei D, Gabbanelli V, Pelaia P, et al. Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure delivered by helmet in hematological malignancy patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(1):147-50. Rueda J-R, Sola I, Pascual A, Subirana Casacuberta M. Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;9(9):CD004282. Seamark DA, Seamark CJ, Halpin DMG. Palliative care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review for clinicians. J R Soc Med. 2007;100(5):225-33.
Vooral astma, verkeerde context (acuut)
Smith TA, Davidson PM, Lam LT, Jenkins CR, Ingham JM. The use of non-invasive ventilation for the relief of dyspnoea in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; a systematic review. Respirology. 2012;17(2):300-7. Sola I, Thompson E, Subirana M, Lopez C, Pascual A. Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;4(4):CD004282. Storre JH, Huttmann SE, Ekkernkamp E, Walterspacher S, Schmoor C, Dreher M, et al. Oxygen supplementation in noninvasive home mechanical ventilation: the crucial roles of CO2 exhalation systems and leakages. Respir Care. 2014;59(1):113-20. Uronis HE, Ekström MP, Currow DC et al. Oxygen for relief of dyspnoea in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who would not qualify for home oxygen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2014 Dec 3. pii: thoraxjnl-2014-205720 Valenza MC, Valenza-Pena G, Torres-Sanchez I, Gonzalez-Jimenez E, Conde-Valero A, Valenza-Demet G. Effectiveness of controlled breathing techniques on anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients with COPD: a randomized clinical Trial. Respir Care. 2014;59(2):209-15. Whale CA, MacLaran SJA, Whale CI, Barnett M. Pilot study to assess the credibility of acupuncture in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acupunct Med. 2009;27(1):13-5.
Foute context (acuut)
Letter Foute context (infective exacerbations) Complexe interventie, individueel effect van interventies niet te achterhalen Abstract Narrative review
Abstract Ook COPD st. I-III Foute interventie (PEP) Foute context (acuut), interventie niet in PICO Foute vergelijking Beantwoord PICO niet Narrative review
Ge-updated Foute vergelijking Samenvatting van Cochrane review Foute context: infectieuze exacerbatie; geen stadia gerapporteerd Foute context: acute exacerbatie; geen stadia gerapporteerd
Reference
Reason
Wu H-S, Wu S-C, Lin J-G, Lin L-C. Effectiveness of acupressure in improving dyspnoea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs. 2004;45(3):252-9.
Ook COPD st. I-III
Yu DSF, Lee DTF, Woo J. Effects of relaxation therapy on psychologic distress and symptom status in older Chinese patients with heart failure. J Psychosom Res. 2007;62(4):427-37. Zhao I, Yates P. Non-pharmacological interventions for breathlessness management in patients with lung cancer: a systematic review. Palliat Med. 2008;22(6):693-701.
Meerderheid NYHA I-II Complexe interventie, individueel effect van interventies niet te achterhalen
3538
SEARCH STRINGS QUESTION 1
3539 3540
1. MEDLINE (OVID) 1
exp DYSPNEA/ (15779)
3541
2
(dyspnoe$ or dyspne$).mp. (37968)
3542
3
dyspnoeic.mp. (161)
3543
4
breathless$.mp. (3192)
3544
5
(breathing adj3 labored).mp. (171)
3545
6
(breathing adj3 laboured).mp. (38)
3546
7
(breathing adj3 difficult$).mp. (1341)
3547
8
or/1-7 (41332)
3548
9
Lung Diseases, Obstructive/ (17896)
3549
10
exp Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/ (37064)
3550
11
emphysema$.mp. (28045)
3551
12
(chronic$ adj3 bronchiti$).mp. (10077)
3552
13
(obstruct$ adj3 (pulmonary or lung$ or airway$ or airflow$ or bronch$ or respirat$)).mp. (80668)
3553
14
COPD.mp. (24299)
3554
15
COAD.mp. (186)
3555
16
COBD.mp. (11)
3556
17
AECB.mp. (205)
3557
18
or/9-17 (111704)
3558
19
exp Heart Failure/ (88210)
3559
20
(heart adj2 failure*).tw. (102700)
3560
21
(cardiac adj2 failure*).tw. (11714)
3561
22
(myocardial adj2 failure*).tw. (2330)
3562
23
(heart adj2 decompensat*).tw. (2155)
3563
24
heart failure.tw. (102175)
3564
25
cardiac failure.tw. (9677)
3565
26
or/19-25 (140772)
3566
27
exp Neoplasms/ (2621559)
3567
28
Neoplasm Staging/ (125122)
3568
29
cancer$.ti,ab. (1035026)
3569
30
tumor$.ti,ab. (941350)
3570
31
tumour$.ti,ab. (198532)
3571
32
carcinoma$.ti,ab. (459327)
3572
33
neoplasm$.ti,ab. (95382)
3573
34
lymphoma.ti,ab. (109223)
3574
35
melanoma.ti,ab. (74309)
3575
36
staging.ti,ab. (49428)
3576
37
metastas$.ti,ab. (216580)
3577
38
metastatic.ti,ab. (138252)
3578
39
exp Neoplasm Metastasis/ (158363)
3579
40
exp neoplastic processes/ (339813)
3580
41
neoplastic process$.ti,ab. (2288)
3581
42
non small cell.ti,ab. (30863)
3582
43
adenocarcinoma$.ti,ab. (93863)
3583
44
squamous cell.ti,ab. (65141)
3584
45
nsclc.ti,ab. (18092)
3585
46
osteosarcoma$.ti,ab. (14839)
3586
47
phyllodes.ti,ab. (1277)
3587
48
cystosarcoma$.ti,ab. (551)
3588
49
fibroadenoma$.ti,ab. (2925)
3589
50
(non adj small adj cell).ti,ab. (30863)
3590
51
(non adj2 small adj2 cell).ti,ab. (31069)
3591
52
(nonsmall adj2 cell).ti,ab. (1772)
3592
53
plasmacytoma$.ti,ab. (5203)
3593
54
myeloma.ti,ab. (35791)
3594
55
multiple myeloma.ti,ab. (23333)
3595
56
lymphoblastoma$.ti,ab. (277)
3596
57
lymphocytoma$.ti,ab. (288)
3597
58
lymphosarcoma$.ti,ab. (3839)
3598
59
immunocytoma.ti,ab. (402)
3599
60
sarcoma$.ti,ab. (71340)
3600
61
hodgkin$.ti,ab. (51183)
3601
62
(nonhodgkin$ or non hodgkin$).ti,ab. (29387)
3602
63
or/27-62 (3020105)
3603
64
18 or 26 or 63 (3248106)
3604
65
Narcotics/ (14532)
3605
66
*"Analgesics, Opioid"/ (19666)
3606 3607 3608 3609 3610
67 (opioid$ or morphine or morfine or hydromorphine or buprenorphine or codeine or dextromoramide diphenoxylate or dipipanone or dextropropoxyphene or propoxyphene or diamorphine or dihydrocodeine or alfentanil fentanyl or remifentanil or meptazinol or methadone or nalbuphine or oxycodone or papaveretum or pentazocine meperidine or pethidine or phenazocine or hydrocodone or hydromorphone or levorphanol or oxymorphone butorphanol or dezocine or sufentanil or ketobemidone).mp. (138260)
3611
68
3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617
69 (17-ketosteroid$ or androstenedione or androsterone or "estrone sulfate" or etiocholanolone or prasterone or dehydroepiandrosterone or hydroxycorticosteroid$ or "11 hydroxycorticosteroid$" or 17-hydrocorticosteroid$ or deoxycorticosterone or deoxycorticosterone or pregnenolone or corticosteroid$ or hydrocortisone or budesonide or prednisolone or methylprednisolone or efcortesol or hydrocortone or "solu cortef" or budesonide or entocort$ or budenofalk or equilein or 18-hydroxycorticosterone or aldosterone or corticosterone or hydrocortisone or hydrocortisone or tetrahydrocortisol or tetrahydrocortisol or cortison or cortodoxone).mp. (267557)
3618
70
exp Benzodiazepines/ (58527)
3619
71
benzodiazepine$.mp. (36609)
3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625
72 (adinazolam or alprazolam or bentazepam or bromazepam or brotizolam or chlordiazepoxide or cinolazepam or clobazam or clonazepam or clorazepate or clotiazepam or cloxazolam or delorazepam or demoxepam or desmethyldiazepam or diazepam or estazolam or etizolam or etozolam or fludiazepam or flunitrazepam or flurazepam or flutoprazepam or halazepam or haloxazolam or ketazolam or loprazolam or lorazepam or lormetazepam or medazepam or metaclazepam or mexazolam or midazolam or nimetazepam or nitrazepam or nordazepam or oxazepam or oxazolam or pinazepam or prazepam or quazepam or temazepam or tetrazepam or tofisopam or triazolam).mp. (50494)
3626
73
65 or 66 or 67 or 68 or 69 or 70 or 71 or 72 (605122)
3627
74
randomized controlled trial.pt. (380681)
3628
75
controlled clinical trial.pt. (88346)
3629
76
randomized.ab. (279544)
3630
77
placebo.ab. (147491)
3631
78
clinical trials as topic.sh. (170246)
3632
79
randomly.ab. (198505)
3633
80
trial.ti. (120264)
3634
81
74 or 75 or 76 or 77 or 78 or 79 or 80 (872399)
3635
82
exp animals/ not humans.sh. (3969827)
3636
83
81 not 82 (800180)
3637
84
meta-analysis.mp,pt. or review.pt. or search:.tw. (2072081)
3638
85
83 or 84 (2749075)
3639
86
8 and 64 and 73 and 85 (590)
3640
87
limit 86 to yr="2000 -Current" (428)
3641
PREMEDLINE (OVID)
3642
2
(dyspnoe$ or dyspne$).mp. (2808)
3643
3
dyspnoeic.mp. (19)
or or or or
exp Adrenal Cortex Hormones/ (337600)
3644
4
breathless$.mp. (340)
3645
5
(breathing adj3 labored).mp. (9)
3646
6
(breathing adj3 laboured).mp. (2)
3647
7
(breathing adj3 difficult$).mp. (162)
3648
8
or/2-7 (3260)
3649
11
emphysema$.mp. (1141)
3650
12
(chronic$ adj3 bronchiti$).mp. (267)
3651
13
(obstruct$ adj3 (pulmonary or lung$ or airway$ or airflow$ or bronch$ or respirat$)).mp. (4327)
3652
14
COPD.mp. (2680)
3653
15
COAD.mp. (17)
3654
16
COBD.mp. (0)
3655
17
AECB.mp. (15)
3656
18
or/11-17 (6060)
3657
20
(heart adj2 failure*).tw. (7624)
3658
21
(cardiac adj2 failure*).tw. (605)
3659
22
(myocardial adj2 failure*).tw. (119)
3660
23
(heart adj2 decompensat*).tw. (242)
3661
24
heart failure.tw. (7592)
3662
25
cardiac failure.tw. (446)
3663
26
or/20-25 (8053)
3664
29
cancer$.ti,ab. (91727)
3665
30
tumor$.ti,ab. (66356)
3666
31
tumour$.ti,ab. (12751)
3667
32
carcinoma$.ti,ab. (30052)
3668
33
neoplasm$.ti,ab. (6831)
3669
34
lymphoma.ti,ab. (6672)
3670
35
melanoma.ti,ab. (4606)
3671
36
staging.ti,ab. (4002)
3672
37
metastas$.ti,ab. (18480)
3673
38
metastatic.ti,ab. (12030)
3674
41
neoplastic process$.ti,ab. (138)
3675
42
non small cell.ti,ab. (3718)
3676
43
adenocarcinoma$.ti,ab. (7028)
3677
44
squamous cell.ti,ab. (5327)
3678
45
nsclc.ti,ab. (2651)
3679
46
osteosarcoma$.ti,ab. (1109)
3680
47
phyllodes.ti,ab. (114)
3681
48
cystosarcoma$.ti,ab. (16)
3682
49
fibroadenoma$.ti,ab. (195)
3683
50
(non adj small adj cell).ti,ab. (3718)
3684
51
(non adj2 small adj2 cell).ti,ab. (3728)
3685
52
(nonsmall adj2 cell).ti,ab. (168)
3686
53
plasmacytoma$.ti,ab. (234)
3687
54
myeloma.ti,ab. (2076)
3688
55
multiple myeloma.ti,ab. (1699)
3689
56
lymphoblastoma$.ti,ab. (11)
3690
57
lymphocytoma$.ti,ab. (9)
3691
58
lymphosarcoma$.ti,ab. (91)
3692
59
immunocytoma.ti,ab. (1)
3693
60
sarcoma$.ti,ab. (4742)
3694
61
hodgkin$.ti,ab. (2329)
3695
62
(nonhodgkin$ or non hodgkin$).ti,ab. (1500)
3696
63
or/29-62 (159745)
3697
64
18 or 26 or 63 (172397)
3698 3699 3700 3701 3702
67 (opioid$ or morphine or morfine or hydromorphine or buprenorphine or codeine or dextromoramide diphenoxylate or dipipanone or dextropropoxyphene or propoxyphene or diamorphine or dihydrocodeine or alfentanil fentanyl or remifentanil or meptazinol or methadone or nalbuphine or oxycodone or papaveretum or pentazocine meperidine or pethidine or phenazocine or hydrocodone or hydromorphone or levorphanol or oxymorphone butorphanol or dezocine or sufentanil or ketobemidone).mp. (7059)
3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708
69 (17-ketosteroid$ or androstenedione or androsterone or "estrone sulfate" or etiocholanolone or prasterone or dehydroepiandrosterone or hydroxycorticosteroid$ or "11 hydroxycorticosteroid$" or 17-hydrocorticosteroid$ or deoxycorticosterone or deoxycorticosterone or pregnenolone or corticosteroid$ or hydrocortisone or budesonide or prednisolone or methylprednisolone or efcortesol or hydrocortone or "solu cortef" or budesonide or entocort$ or budenofalk or equilein or 18-hydroxycorticosterone or aldosterone or corticosterone or hydrocortisone or hydrocortisone or tetrahydrocortisol or tetrahydrocortisol or cortison or cortodoxone).mp. (9289)
3709
71
3710 3711 3712 3713 3714 3715
72 (adinazolam or alprazolam or bentazepam or bromazepam or brotizolam or chlordiazepoxide or cinolazepam or clobazam or clonazepam or clorazepate or clotiazepam or cloxazolam or delorazepam or demoxepam or desmethyldiazepam or diazepam or estazolam or etizolam or etozolam or fludiazepam or flunitrazepam or flurazepam or flutoprazepam or halazepam or haloxazolam or ketazolam or loprazolam or lorazepam or lormetazepam or medazepam or metaclazepam or mexazolam or midazolam or nimetazepam or nitrazepam or nordazepam or oxazepam or oxazolam or pinazepam or prazepam or quazepam or temazepam or tetrazepam or tofisopam or triazolam).mp. (1710)
3716
73
or or or or
benzodiazepine$.mp. (1390)
67 or 69 or 71 or 72 (18467)
3717
74
randomized controlled trial.pt. (764)
3718
75
controlled clinical trial.pt. (84)
3719
76
randomized.ab. (25645)
3720
77
placebo.ab. (9273)
3721
79
randomly.ab. (23043)
3722
80
trial.ti. (10810)
3723
81
74 or 75 or 76 or 77 or 79 or 80 (54433)
3724
84
meta-analysis.mp,pt. or review.pt. or search:.tw. (52394)
3725
85
81 or 84 (101887)
3726
86
8 and 64 and 73 and 85 (18)
3727
87
limit 86 to yr="2000 -Current" (18)
3728 3729
EMBASE (VIA EMBASE.COM) #1 #2
#3
#4 #5 #6 #7
#8 #9
3730
'neoplasm'/exp cancer*:ab,ti OR tumor*:ab,ti OR tumour*:ab,ti OR carcinoma*:ab,ti OR neoplasm*:ab,ti OR lymphoma:ab,ti OR melanoma:ab,ti OR metastas*:ab,ti OR metastatic:ab,ti OR (non:ab,ti AND small:ab,ti AND cell:ab,ti) OR adenocarcinoma*:ab,ti OR (squamous:ab,ti AND cell:ab,ti) OR nsclc:ab,ti OR osteosarcoma*:ab,ti OR phyllodes:ab,ti OR cystosarcoma*:ab,ti OR fibroadenoma*:ab,ti OR plasmacytoma*:ab,ti OR myeloma*:ab,ti OR lymphoblastoma*:ab,ti OR lymphocytoma*:ab,ti OR sarcoma*:ab,ti OR hodgkin*:ab,ti OR nonhodgkin*:ab,ti 'chronic obstructive lung disease'/exp OR emphysema*:ab,ti OR (chronic* NEAR/3 bronchiti*):ab,ti OR (obstruct* NEAR/3 (pulmonary OR lung* OR airway* OR airflow* OR bronch* OR respirat*)):ab,ti OR copd:ab,ti OR coad:ab,ti OR cobd:ab,ti OR aecb:ab,ti 'heart failure'/exp OR (heart NEAR/2 failure*):ab,ti OR (myocardial NEAR/2 failure*):ab,ti OR (cardiac NEAR/2 failure*):ab,ti OR (heart NEAR/2 decompensat*):ab,ti #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 'dyspnea'/de OR dyspnoe*:ab,ti OR dyspne*:ab,ti OR breathless*:ab,ti OR (breathing NEAR/3 labored):ab,ti OR (breathing NEAR/3 laboured):ab,ti OR (breathing NEAR/3 difficult*):ab,ti 'narcotic agent'/exp OR 'narcotic analgesic agent'/exp OR opioid*:ab,ti OR morphine:ab,ti OR morfine:ab,ti OR hydromorphine:ab,ti OR buprenorphine:ab,ti OR codeine:ab,ti OR dextromoramide:ab,ti OR diphenoxylate:ab,ti OR dipipanone:ab,ti OR dextropropoxyphene:ab,ti OR propoxyphene:ab,ti OR diamorphine:ab,ti OR dihydrocodeine:ab,ti OR alfentanil:ab,ti OR fentanyl:ab,ti OR remifentanil:ab,ti OR meptazinol:ab,ti OR methadone:ab,ti OR nalbuphine:ab,ti OR oxycodone:ab,ti OR papaveretum:ab,ti OR pentazocine:ab,ti OR meperidine:ab,ti OR pethidine:ab,ti OR phenazocine:ab,ti OR hydrocodone:ab,ti OR hydromorphone:ab,ti OR levorphanol:ab,ti OR oxymorphone:ab,ti OR butorphanol:ab,ti OR dezocine:ab,ti OR sufentanil:ab,ti OR ketobemidone:ab,ti OR 'corticosteroid'/exp OR '17 ketosteroid':ab,ti OR androstenedione:ab,ti OR androsterone:ab,ti OR 'estrone sulfate':ab,ti OR etiocholanolone:ab,ti OR prasterone:ab,ti OR dehydroepiandrosterone:ab,ti OR hydroxycorticosteroid*:ab,ti OR '11 hydroxycorticosteroid':ab,ti OR '17 hydrocorticosteroid':ab,ti OR deoxycorticosterone:ab,ti OR pregnenolone:ab,ti OR corticosteroid*:ab,ti OR prednisolone:ab,ti OR methylprednisolone:ab,ti OR efcortesol:ab,ti OR hydrocortone:ab,ti OR 'solu cortef':ab,ti OR budesonide:ab,ti OR entocort*:ab,ti OR budenofalk:ab,ti OR equilein:ab,ti OR '18 hydroxycorticosterone':ab,ti OR aldosterone:ab,ti OR corticosterone:ab,ti OR hydrocortisone:ab,ti OR tetrahydrocortisol:ab,ti OR cortison:ab,ti OR cortodoxone:ab,ti OR 'benzodiazepine derivative'/exp OR benzodiazepine*:ab,ti OR adinazolam:ab,ti OR alprazolam:ab,ti OR bentazepam:ab,ti OR bromazepam:ab,ti OR brotizolam:ab,ti OR chlordiazepoxide:ab,ti OR cinolazepam:ab,ti OR clobazam:ab,ti OR clonazepam:ab,ti OR clorazepate:ab,ti OR clotiazepam:ab,ti OR cloxazolam:ab,ti OR delorazepam:ab,ti OR demoxepam:ab,ti OR desmethyldiazepam:ab,ti OR diazepam:ab,ti OR estazolam:ab,ti OR etizolam:ab,ti OR etozolam:ab,ti OR fludiazepam:ab,ti OR flunitrazepam:ab,ti OR flurazepam:ab,ti OR flutoprazepam:ab,ti OR halazepam:ab,ti OR haloxazolam:ab,ti OR ketazolam:ab,ti OR loprazolam:ab,ti OR lorazepam:ab,ti OR lormetazepam:ab,ti OR medazepam:ab,ti OR metaclazepam:ab,ti OR mexazolam:ab,ti OR midazolam:ab,ti OR nimetazepam:ab,ti OR nitrazepam:ab,ti OR nordazepam:ab,ti OR oxazepam:ab,ti OR oxazolam:ab,ti OR pinazepam:ab,ti OR prazepam:ab,ti OR quazepam:ab,ti OR temazepam:ab,ti OR tetrazepam:ab,ti OR tofisopam:ab,ti OR triazolam:ab,ti #5 AND #6 AND #7 #8 AND ([cochrane review]/lim OR [systematic review]/lim OR [controlled clinical trial]/lim OR [randomized controlled trial]/lim OR [meta analysis]/lim) AND ([article]/lim OR [article in press]/lim OR [review]/lim) AND ([dutch]/lim OR [english]/lim) AND [2000-2015]/py
3477142 2990009
146325
355413 4425976 111255 1204905
10682 978
3731
COCHRANE LIBRARY (VIA WILEY)
3732
#1
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplasms] 1 tree(s) exploded
3733
#2
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplasm Staging] this term only
3734
#3
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplasm Metastasis] 1 tree(s) exploded
3735
#4
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplastic Processes] 1 tree(s) exploded
3736 3737 3738 3739
#5 (cancer* or tumor* or tumour* or carcinoma* or neoplasm* or lymphoma or melanoma or metastas* or metastatic or (non and small and cell) or adenocarcinoma* or (squamous and cell) or nsclc or osteosarcoma* or phyllodes or cystosarcoma* or fibroadenoma* or plasmacytoma* or myeloma* or lymphoblastoma* or lymphocytoma* or sarcoma* or hodgkin* or nonhodgkin*):ti,ab
3740
#6
#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5
3741
#7
MeSH descriptor: [Lung Diseases, Obstructive] 1 tree(s) exploded
3742
#8
MeSH descriptor: [Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive] 1 tree(s) exploded
3743
#9
emphysema*:ti,ab
3744
#10
(chronic* and bronchiti*):ti,ab
3745
#11
(obstruct* and (pulmonary or lung* or airway* or airflow* or bronch* or respirat*)):ti,ab
3746
#12
(COPD or COAD or COBD or AECB):ti,ab
3747
#13
#7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12
3748
#14
MeSH descriptor: [Heart Failure] 1 tree(s) exploded
3749
#15
(heart and failure):ti,ab
3750
#16
(cardiac and failure):ti,ab
3751
#17
(myocardial and failure):ti,ab
3752
#18
(heart and decompensat*):ti,ab
3753
#19
#14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18
3754
#20
#6 or #13 or #19
3755
#21
MeSH descriptor: [Dyspnea] 1 tree(s) exploded
3756
#22
(dyspnoe* or dyspne*):ti,ab
3757
#23
breathless*:ti,ab
3758
#24
(breathing and (labored or laboured or difficult*)):ti,ab
3759
#25
#21 or #22 or #23 or #24
3760
#26
#20 and #25
3761
#27
MeSH descriptor: [Analgesics, Opioid] 1 tree(s) exploded
3762 3763 3764 3765 3766
#28 (opioid* or morphine or morfine or hydromorphine or buprenorphine or codeine or dextromoramide diphenoxylate or dipipanone or dextropropoxyphene or propoxyphene or diamorphine or dihydrocodeine or alfentanil fentanyl or remifentanil or meptazinol or methadone or nalbuphine or oxycodone or papaveretum or pentazocine meperidine or pethidine or phenazocine or hydrocodone or hydromorphone or levorphanol or oxymorphone butorphanol or dezocine or sufentanil or ketobemidone):ti,ab
or or or or
3767
#29
3768 3769 3770 3771 3772 3773
#30 (17-ketosteroid* or androstenedione or androsterone or "estrone sulfate" or etiocholanolone or prasterone or dehydroepiandrosterone or hydroxycorticosteroid* or "11 hydroxycorticosteroid*" or 17-hydrocorticosteroid* or deoxycorticosterone or deoxycorticosterone or pregnenolone or corticosteroid* or hydrocortisone or budesonide or prednisolone or methylprednisolone or efcortesol or hydrocortone or "solu cortef" or budesonide or entocort* or budenofalk or equilein or 18-hydroxycorticosterone or aldosterone or corticosterone or hydrocortisone or hydrocortisone or tetrahydrocortisol or tetrahydrocortisol or cortison or cortodoxone):ti,ab
3774
#31
MeSH descriptor: [Benzodiazepines] 1 tree(s) exploded
3775
#32
benzodiazepine*:ti,ab
3776 3777 3778 3779 3780 3781
#33 (adinazolam or alprazolam or bentazepam or bromazepam or brotizolam or chlordiazepoxide or cinolazepam or clobazam or clonazepam or clorazepate or clotiazepam or cloxazolam or delorazepam or demoxepam or desmethyldiazepam or diazepam or estazolam or etizolam or etozolam or fludiazepam or flunitrazepam or flurazepam or flutoprazepam or halazepam or haloxazolam or ketazolam or loprazolam or lorazepam or lormetazepam or medazepam or metaclazepam or mexazolam or midazolam or nimetazepam or nitrazepam or nordazepam or oxazepam or oxazolam or pinazepam or prazepam or quazepam or temazepam or tetrazepam or tofisopam or triazolam):ti,ab
3782
#34
#27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33
3783
#35
#26 and #34
3784
SEARCH STRINGS QUESTION 2
3785 3786
1. MEDLINE (OVID) 1
exp DYSPNEA/ (15903)
3787
2
(dyspnoe$ or dyspne$).mp. (38234)
3788
3
dyspnoeic.mp. (163)
3789
4
breathless$.mp. (3218)
3790
5
(breathing adj3 labored).mp. (171)
3791
6
(breathing adj3 laboured).mp. (38)
3792
7
(breathing adj3 difficult$).mp. (1356)
3793
8
or/1-7 (41631)
3794
9
Lung Diseases, Obstructive/ (17907)
3795
10
exp Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/ (37494)
3796
11
emphysema$.mp. (28155)
3797
12
(chronic$ adj3 bronchiti$).mp. (10089)
3798
13
(obstruct$ adj3 (pulmonary or lung$ or airway$ or airflow$ or bronch$ or respirat$)).mp. (81301)
3799
14
COPD.mp. (24637)
3800
15
COAD.mp. (186)
3801
16
COBD.mp. (11)
3802
17
AECB.mp. (206)
3803
18
refractory dyspnoe$.mp. (17)
3804
19
chronic dyspne$.mp. (114)
MeSH descriptor: [Adrenal Cortex Hormones] 1 tree(s) exploded
3805
20
or/9-19 (112509)
3806
21
exp Heart Failure/ (88948)
3807
22
(heart adj2 failure*).tw. (103634)
3808
23
(cardiac adj2 failure*).tw. (11766)
3809
24
(myocardial adj2 failure*).tw. (2352)
3810
25
(heart adj2 decompensat*).tw. (2187)
3811
26
heart failure.tw. (103104)
3812
27
cardiac failure.tw. (9709)
3813
28
or/21-27 (141913)
3814
29
exp Neoplasms/ (2637332)
3815
30
Neoplasm Staging/ (126191)
3816
31
cancer$.ti,ab. (1045723)
3817
32
tumor$.ti,ab. (948677)
3818
33
tumour$.ti,ab. (199584)
3819
34
carcinoma$.ti,ab. (461921)
3820
35
neoplasm$.ti,ab. (95796)
3821
36
lymphoma.ti,ab. (109894)
3822
37
melanoma.ti,ab. (74861)
3823
38
staging.ti,ab. (49776)
3824
39
metastas$.ti,ab. (218423)
3825
40
metastatic.ti,ab. (139422)
3826
41
exp Neoplasm Metastasis/ (159331)
3827
42
exp neoplastic processes/ (342311)
3828
43
neoplastic process$.ti,ab. (2299)
3829
44
non small cell.ti,ab. (31255)
3830
45
adenocarcinoma$.ti,ab. (94567)
3831
46
squamous cell.ti,ab. (65677)
3832
47
nsclc.ti,ab. (18365)
3833
48
osteosarcoma$.ti,ab. (14968)
3834
49
phyllodes.ti,ab. (1281)
3835
50
cystosarcoma$.ti,ab. (551)
3836
51
fibroadenoma$.ti,ab. (2931)
3837
52
(non adj small adj cell).ti,ab. (31255)
3838
53
(non adj2 small adj2 cell).ti,ab. (31461)
3839
54
(nonsmall adj2 cell).ti,ab. (1781)
3840
55
plasmacytoma$.ti,ab. (5220)
3841
56
myeloma.ti,ab. (35983)
3842
57
multiple myeloma.ti,ab. (23499)
3843
58
lymphoblastoma$.ti,ab. (277)
3844
59
lymphocytoma$.ti,ab. (288)
3845
60
lymphosarcoma$.ti,ab. (3842)
3846
61
immunocytoma.ti,ab. (402)
3847
62
sarcoma$.ti,ab. (71693)
3848
63
hodgkin$.ti,ab. (51389)
3849
64
(nonhodgkin$ or non hodgkin$).ti,ab. (29520)
3850
65
or/29-64 (3039510)
3851
66
20 or 28 or 65 (3269245)
3852
80
exp Respiratory Therapy/ (90183)
3853
81
breathing technique$.mp. (331)
3854
82
breathing exercise$.mp. (3048)
3855
83
acupuncture.mp. (18409)
3856
84
acupressure.mp. (690)
3857
85
exp Relaxation Techniques/ (7271)
3858
86
relaxation.mp. (83285)
3859
87
exp counseling/ (33693)
3860
88
exp psychotherapy/ (152282)
3861
89
non-pharmacological.mp. (3660)
3862
90
walking/ (20626)
3863
91
Dependent Ambulation/ (113)
3864
92
Physical Therapy Modalities/is [Instrumentation] (1398)
3865
93
Exercise Therapy/is [Instrumentation] (862)
3866
94
mobility limitation/ (2488)
3867
95
Vibration/tu [Therapeutic Use] (798)
3868
96
exp Electric Stimulation Therapy/ (59977)
3869
97
moist$.mp. (18517)
3870
98
Ventilators, Mechanical/ (7880)
3871
99
3872
100
suction/ (10472)
3873
101
airway clearance.mp. (449)
3874
102
aspiration.mp. (58742)
3875
103
handheld fan.mp. (5)
3876
104
exp OXYGEN/ (148769)
3877
105
exp OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY/ (21638)
3878
106
(oxygen$ and (therap$ or treat$)).mp. (138210)
3879
107
(therap$ or treat$).mp. (4984942)
3880
108
104 and 107 (29180)
3881
109
105 or 106 or 108 (144800)
3882 3883
110 80 or 81 or 82 or 83 or 84 or 85 or 86 or 87 or 88 or 89 or 90 or 91 or 92 or 93 or 94 or 95 or 96 or 97 or 98 or 99 or 100 or 101 or 102 or 103 or 109 (647351)
3884
112
randomized controlled trial.pt. (384167)
3885
113
controlled clinical trial.pt. (88541)
3886
114
randomized.ab. (282620)
3887
115
placebo.ab. (148584)
3888
116
clinical trials as topic.sh. (170815)
3889
117
randomly.ab. (200449)
3890
118
trial.ti. (121742)
3891
119
112 or 113 or 114 or 115 or 116 or 117 or 118 (879535)
3892
120
exp animals/ not humans.sh. (3986356)
3893
121
119 not 120 (806716)
3894
122
meta-analysis.mp,pt. or review.pt. or search:.tw. (2086988)
3895
123
121 or 122 (2769349)
3896
126
8 and 66 and 110 and 123 (1053)
3897
127
limit 126 to yr="2000 - 2014" (759)
3898
PREMEDLINE (OVID)
3899
2
(dyspnoe$ or dyspne$).mp. (2862)
3900
3
dyspnoeic.mp. (19)
3901
4
breathless$.mp. (346)
3902
5
(breathing adj3 labored).mp. (10)
3903
6
(breathing adj3 laboured).mp. (2)
Noninvasive Ventilation/ (395)
3904
7
(breathing adj3 difficult$).mp. (164)
3905
8
or/2-7 (3324)
3906
11
emphysema$.mp. (1207)
3907
12
(chronic$ adj3 bronchiti$).mp. (286)
3908
13
(obstruct$ adj3 (pulmonary or lung$ or airway$ or airflow$ or bronch$ or respirat$)).mp. (4512)
3909
14
COPD.mp. (2784)
3910
15
COAD.mp. (18)
3911
16
COBD.mp. (0)
3912
17
AECB.mp. (15)
3913
18
refractory dyspnoe$.mp. (1)
3914
19
chronic dyspne$.mp. (10)
3915
20
or/11-19 (6321)
3916
22
(heart adj2 failure*).tw. (7945)
3917
23
(cardiac adj2 failure*).tw. (629)
3918
24
(myocardial adj2 failure*).tw. (127)
3919
25
(heart adj2 decompensat*).tw. (255)
3920
26
heart failure.tw. (7912)
3921
27
cardiac failure.tw. (461)
3922
28
or/22-27 (8387)
3923
31
cancer$.ti,ab. (95188)
3924
32
tumor$.ti,ab. (68672)
3925
33
tumour$.ti,ab. (13175)
3926
34
carcinoma$.ti,ab. (30952)
3927
35
neoplasm$.ti,ab. (7085)
3928
36
lymphoma.ti,ab. (6994)
3929
37
melanoma.ti,ab. (4844)
3930
38
staging.ti,ab. (4204)
3931
39
metastas$.ti,ab. (19080)
3932
40
metastatic.ti,ab. (12427)
3933
43
neoplastic process$.ti,ab. (138)
3934
44
non small cell.ti,ab. (3863)
3935
45
adenocarcinoma$.ti,ab. (7249)
3936
46
squamous cell.ti,ab. (5471)
3937
47
nsclc.ti,ab. (2769)
3938
48
osteosarcoma$.ti,ab. (1145)
3939
49
phyllodes.ti,ab. (124)
3940
50
cystosarcoma$.ti,ab. (18)
3941
51
fibroadenoma$.ti,ab. (203)
3942
52
(non adj small adj cell).ti,ab. (3863)
3943
53
(non adj2 small adj2 cell).ti,ab. (3873)
3944
54
(nonsmall adj2 cell).ti,ab. (180)
3945
55
plasmacytoma$.ti,ab. (235)
3946
56
myeloma.ti,ab. (2179)
3947
57
multiple myeloma.ti,ab. (1792)
3948
58
lymphoblastoma$.ti,ab. (11)
3949
59
lymphocytoma$.ti,ab. (9)
3950
60
lymphosarcoma$.ti,ab. (92)
3951
61
immunocytoma.ti,ab. (1)
3952
62
sarcoma$.ti,ab. (4893)
3953
63
hodgkin$.ti,ab. (2443)
3954
64
(nonhodgkin$ or non hodgkin$).ti,ab. (1581)
3955
65
or/31-64 (165521)
3956
66
20 or 28 or 65 (178693)
3957
81
breathing technique$.mp. (38)
3958
82
breathing exercise$.mp. (72)
3959
83
acupuncture.mp. (1637)
3960
84
acupressure.mp. (119)
3961
86
relaxation.mp. (14480)
3962
89
non-pharmacological.mp. (635)
3963
97
moist$.mp. (4127)
3964
101
airway clearance.mp. (55)
3965
102
aspiration.mp. (4626)
3966
103
handheld fan.mp. (0)
3967
106
(oxygen$ and (therap$ or treat$)).mp. (9716)
3968
110
or/81-110 (35130)
3969
112
randomized controlled trial.pt. (620)
3970
113
controlled clinical trial.pt. (77)
3971
114
randomized.ab. (26770)
3972
115
placebo.ab. (9567)
3973
117
randomly.ab. (23685)
3974
118
trial.ti. (11269)
3975
119
112 or 113 or 114 or 115 or 117 or 118 (56283)
3976
122
meta-analysis.mp,pt. or review.pt. or search:.tw. (54584)
3977
123
119 or 122 (105685)
3978
126
8 and 66 and 110 and 123 (18)
3979
127
limit 126 to yr="2000 - 2014" (18)
3980 3981
EMBASE (VIA EMBASE.COM) #1 #2
#3
#4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19 #20 #21 #22 #23 #24 #25
'neoplasm'/exp cancer*:ab,ti OR tumor*:ab,ti OR tumour*:ab,ti OR carcinoma*:ab,ti OR neoplasm*:ab,ti OR lymphoma:ab,ti OR melanoma:ab,ti OR metastas*:ab,ti OR metastatic:ab,ti OR (non:ab,ti AND small:ab,ti AND cell:ab,ti) OR adenocarcinoma*:ab,ti OR (squamous:ab,ti AND cell:ab,ti) OR nsclc:ab,ti OR osteosarcoma*:ab,ti OR phyllodes:ab,ti OR cystosarcoma*:ab,ti OR fibroadenoma*:ab,ti OR plasmacytoma*:ab,ti OR myeloma*:ab,ti OR lymphoblastoma*:ab,ti OR lymphocytoma*:ab,ti OR sarcoma*:ab,ti OR hodgkin*:ab,ti OR nonhodgkin*:ab,ti 'chronic obstructive lung disease'/exp OR emphysema*:ab,ti OR (chronic* NEAR/3 bronchiti*):ab,ti OR (obstruct* NEAR/3 (pulmonary OR lung* OR airway* OR airflow* OR bronch* OR respirat*)):ab,ti OR copd:ab,ti OR coad:ab,ti OR cobd:ab,ti OR aecb:ab,ti 'heart failure'/exp OR (heart NEAR/2 failure*):ab,ti OR (myocardial NEAR/2 failure*):ab,ti OR (cardiac NEAR/2 failure*):ab,ti OR (heart NEAR/2 decompensat*):ab,ti #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 'dyspnea'/de OR dyspnoe*:ab,ti OR dyspne*:ab,ti OR breathless*:ab,ti OR (breathing NEAR/3 labored):ab,ti OR (breathing NEAR/3 laboured):ab,ti OR (breathing NEAR/3 difficult*):ab,ti #5 AND #6 'education'/exp 'counseling'/exp 'breathing exercise'/exp 'relaxation training'/exp 'psychotherapy'/exp ('non pharmacological' NEAR/1 intervention*):ab,ti 'acupuncture'/exp 'walking aid'/exp 'vibration'/exp 'electrostimulation therapy'/exp moist:ab,ti 'ventilator'/exp 'noninvasive ventilation'/exp 'oxygen'/exp 'suction'/exp 'aspiration'/exp #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 #7 AND #24 AND ([cochrane review]/lim OR [systematic review]/lim OR [controlled clinical trial]/lim OR [randomized controlled trial]/lim OR [meta analysis]/lim) AND ([article]/lim OR [article in press]/lim OR [review]/lim) AND ([dutch]/lim OR [english]/lim) AND [2000-2015]/py
3982 3983
COCHRANE LIBRARY (VIA WILEY)
3984
#1
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplasms] 1 tree(s) exploded
3985
#2
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplasm Staging] this term only
3986
#3
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplasm Metastasis] 1 tree(s) exploded
3522387 3032421
147701
359212 4479802 112881 56271 1067531 113370 4954 8585 195037 1253 33716 4604 52459 183353 5629 17822 2527 151508 7543 21000 1764747 334
3987
#4
3988 3989 3990 3991
#5 (cancer* or tumor* or tumour* or carcinoma* or neoplasm* or lymphoma or melanoma or metastas* or metastatic or (non and small and cell) or adenocarcinoma* or (squamous and cell) or nsclc or osteosarcoma* or phyllodes or cystosarcoma* or fibroadenoma* or plasmacytoma* or myeloma* or lymphoblastoma* or lymphocytoma* or sarcoma* or hodgkin* or nonhodgkin*):ti,ab
3992
#6
#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5
3993
#7
MeSH descriptor: [Lung Diseases, Obstructive] 1 tree(s) exploded
3994
#8
MeSH descriptor: [Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive] 1 tree(s) exploded
3995
#9
emphysema*:ti,ab
3996
#10
(chronic* and bronchiti*):ti,ab
3997
#11
(obstruct* and (pulmonary or lung* or airway* or airflow* or bronch* or respirat*)):ti,ab
3998
#12
(COPD or COAD or COBD or AECB):ti,ab
3999
#13
#7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12
4000
#14
MeSH descriptor: [Heart Failure] 1 tree(s) exploded
4001
#15
(heart and failure):ti,ab
4002
#16
(cardiac and failure):ti,ab
4003
#17
(myocardial and failure):ti,ab
4004
#18
(heart and decompensat*):ti,ab
4005
#19
#14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18
4006
#20
#6 or #13 or #19
4007
#21
MeSH descriptor: [Dyspnea] 1 tree(s) exploded
4008
#22
(dyspnoe* or dyspne*):ti,ab
4009
#23
breathless*:ti,ab
4010
#24
(breathing and (labored or laboured or difficult*)):ti,ab
4011
#25
#21 or #22 or #23 or #24
4012
#26
#20 and #25
4013
#27
MeSH descriptor: [Respiratory Therapy] 1 tree(s) exploded
4014
#28
(breathing and (technique* or exercise*)):ti,ab
4015
#29
(acupuncture or acupressure):ti,ab
4016
#30
MeSH descriptor: [Relaxation Therapy] 1 tree(s) exploded
4017
#31
relaxation:ti,ab
4018
#32
MeSH descriptor: [Counseling] 1 tree(s) exploded
4019
#33
MeSH descriptor: [Psychotherapy] 1 tree(s) exploded
4020
#34
non-pharmacological:ti,ab
4021
#35
MeSH descriptor: [Walking] 1 tree(s) exploded
MeSH descriptor: [Neoplastic Processes] 1 tree(s) exploded
4022
#36
MeSH descriptor: [Dependent Ambulation] explode all trees
4023
#37
MeSH descriptor: [Physical Therapy Modalities] 1 tree(s) exploded and with qualifier(s): [Instrumentation - IS]
4024
#38
MeSH descriptor: [Exercise Therapy] 1 tree(s) exploded and with qualifier(s): [Instrumentation - IS]
4025
#39
MeSH descriptor: [Mobility Limitation] 1 tree(s) exploded
4026
#40
MeSH descriptor: [Vibration] 1 tree(s) exploded and with qualifier(s): [Therapeutic use - TU]
4027
#41
MeSH descriptor: [Electric Stimulation Therapy] 1 tree(s) exploded
4028
#42
moist*:ti,ab
4029
#43
MeSH descriptor: [Ventilators, Mechanical] explode all trees
4030
#44
MeSH descriptor: [Noninvasive Ventilation] 1 tree(s) exploded
4031
#45
MeSH descriptor: [Suction] explode all trees
4032
#46
(airway and clearance):ti,ab
4033
#47
aspiration:ti,ab
4034
#48
(handheld and fan):ti,ab
4035
#49
MeSH descriptor: [Oxygen] 1 tree(s) exploded
4036
#50
MeSH descriptor: [Oxygen Inhalation Therapy] explode all trees
4037 4038
#51 #27 or #28 or #29 or #30 or #31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39 or #40 or #41 or #42 or #43 or #44 or #45 or #46 or #47 or #48 or #49 or #50
4039
#52
#26 and #51
4040
#53
#20 and #51
4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050
2.Consensus based: Consensus based teksten zijn gebaseerd op evidence. Deze evidence is door de werkgroepleden zelf verzameld en verwerkt. Voor consensus based richtlijnteksten is er geen systematisch literatuuronderzoek uitgevoerd en worden de artikelen niet methodologisch beoordeeld. Er wordt geen level of evidence toegekend aan de studies en er wordt geen niveau van bewijs toegekend aan de conclusies. In de formulering van de conclusies wordt wel rekening gehouden met de onderliggende evidence.
4051
Bijlage 9 Evidencetabellen
4052
VRAAG 1: Medicamenteuze behandeling dyspneu in palliatieve fase Systematic reviews
4053
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Ben-Aharon I 2012
• SR + MA • Funding/CoI: authors declare no CoI • Search date: November 2011 • Databases: PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, conference proceedings • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: 12 relevant (out of 18)
• Eligibility criteria: Terminal Cancer patients experiencing dyspnoea
Intervention for dyspnoea relief (opioids n=226, benzodiazepines n=164, furosemide, n=22) compared with any alternative / placebo
Dyspnoea: VAS-score dyspnoea relief Opioids vs Placebo: 3 Studies/ 69 patients; -1.31; 95%CI -2.49 to -0.13
• SR of moderate quality: broad search, duplicate selection; not clear which quality criteria exactly were used • Included RCTs: Mazocatto1999, Bruera 1993, Davis 1996, Grimbert 2004, Charles 2008, Clemens 2009, Bruera 2005, Allard 1999, Navigante 2006, Navigante 2010, Wilcock 2008, Stone 2002
Jennings AL 2001
• SR + MA • Funding/CoI: Supported by Royal Marsden Hospital and Systematic Review Training Unit, London/CoI none known; • Search date: May 1999 • Databases: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, etc • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: N=18
• Patient characteristics: o Age 20-90 years
Benzodiazepines vs morphine vs combination of both: 2 studies, but no combination of results (Navigante 2006, Navigante 2010) Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Not reported
• Eligibility criteria: Patients of any age with advanced disease suffering from breathlessness
Intervention of any opioid drug against placebo for relief of breathlessness
Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: Breathlessness: Based on 12 studies (196 patients). SMD = -0.31; 95%CI -0.50 to -0.13, p=0.0008 Exercise tolerance: Based on 12 studies (115 patients) SMD = 0.20; 95%CI -0.03 to 0.42, p=0.09 Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Not reported
• SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Beauford 1993, Bruera 1993, Chua 1997, Davis 1994, Davis 1996,Eiser 1991a, Eiser 199b, Harris-Eze1995, Jankelson 1997, Johnson 1983, Leung 1996, Light 1996, Masood 1995, Noseda 1997, Poole 1998, Woodcock 1981, Woodcock 1982, Young 1989
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Marciniuk DD 2011
• SR / Guideline • Funding/CoI: No external funding source/ onlinedeclaration of CoI • Search date: Jan 1996 - March 2009 • Databases: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Canadian Medical Association InfoBase, National Guideline Clearinghouse. • Study designs: Different study types • N included studies: N=13 • SR • Funding/CoI: German Federal Ministry of Education and research grant; three researchers are responsible for clinical trial on the buccal administration form of fentalyl funded by TEVA Ltd. • Search date:1950 June 2012 • Databases:Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts • Study designs: RCTs, case studies, beforeafter studies • N included studies: N=13
• Eligibility criteria: Patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experiencing dyspnoea
1. Treatment using anxiolytic and antidepressant medication (including benzodiazepines considered here, 4studies with 52 patients)
Narrative presentation of results
• SR of moderate quality: no search strategy provided, unclear how quality appraisal was done • Included RCTs: MitchellHeggs 1980, Woodcock 1981, Man 1986, Green 1989 (case report); Eiser 1991, Poole 1998, Johnson 1983, Woodcock 1981, Woodcock 1982, Abernethy 2003, Currow 2009, Jennings 2002, Brown 2005
Dyspnoea: Breathlessness (episodic and continuous) considered, no combination of data from different studies; only narrative: all studies described improvement regarding the sensation of breathlessness
• SR of moderate quality: broad search, quality appraisal results not reported • Included RCTs: Benitez Rosario 2005, Burburan 2009, Coyne 2002, Gauna 2008, Gika 2010, Graff 2004, Jensen 2012, Mercadante 1999, O’Siorain 1998, Sitte 2009, Sitte 2008, Smith 2009, Trujillo Vilchez 2005
Simon ST 2013
2. Treatment using opioids (7 separate studies with 197 patients)
• Eligibility criteria: patients of any disease suffering from breathlessness
Intervention using fentanyl (or dugs belonging to the same pharmacological group) to treat breathlessness
Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Not reported
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Simon ST 2010
• SR • Funding/CoI: King’s College London, UK and Werner Jackstaedt Foundation, Germany; declared no CoI • Search date: September 2009 • Databases: 14 data bases including Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Trials, CENTRAL, CDSR, DARE, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL,etc • Study designs: RCTs, CCTs • N included studies: N=7
• Eligibility criteria: Patients with advanced stages of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, motor neurone disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Excluded were cases with acute or chronic asthma, pneumonia or other curable diseases
Use of benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness compared to placebo or active control
Dyspnoea: Overall: Placebo-controlled (4 studies/128 pts) SMD: -0.13; 95%CI -0.52 to 0.25 Morphine-controlled (2 studies/107 pts) SMD: -0.68; 95%CI -2.21 to 0.84
• SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Eimer 1985, Harrison (unpublished), Man 1986, Navigante 2006, Navigante (unpublished), Shivaram 1989, Woodcock 1981
Bailey 2010
• SR of SRs • Funding/CoI: The Breathlessness Research Charitable Trust, UK and National Cancer Research Institute; authors have no competing interests • Search date: July 2007- September 2009 • Databases: Cochrane Library, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO • Study designs: SRs • N included studies:
N=200 patients
Breathlessness - no relief: placebo /controlled (2 stds/50pts): RR 0.88 ; 95%CI 0.561.39 morphine /controlled (1 stds/55pts): RR 1.74 ; 95%CI 0.913.32 Breathlessness – breakthrough: After 48hours (2 stds/108 pts): RR 0.76 ; 95%CI 0.53-1.09 After 24hours (2 stds/116 pts): RR 0.97 ; 95%CI 0.71-1.34 Exercise tolerance: narrative description only 12 minutes walking: no difference found in 2 studies, significant impairment reported in 1 study Physical functioning: Not reported
• Eligibility criteria: adult patients with breathlessness within a wide range of nonmalignant, cardiorespiratory disease
Opioids Corticosteroids
Quality of life: Not reported Narrative reporting of results
• SR of low-moderate quality: search of good quality, no reporting of quality assessment • Included reviews: CS: Walters 2005, Wood-Baker 2005, Yang 2007; opioids: Jennings 2002
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
• Eligibility criteria: patients with cancer and dyspnoea
Opioids
Narrative reporting of results
• SR of low-moderate quality: fairly broad search, language restriction (English), limitations of included studies assessed but not reported • Included studies: Jennings 2002 (SR); Mazzocato 1999, Bruera 1990, Allard 1999, Navigante 2006, Boyd 1997
• Eligibility criteria: patients with cancer, chronic heart failure, and dementia
Opioids
Narrative presentation of results
• SR of moderate quality: search of good quality, English only, results of quality appraisal not reported • Included studies: Jennings 2002, Booth 2004, Bruera 2003, Abernathy 2003
n=59 studies
DiSalvo 2008
Lorenz KA 2008
• SR • Funding/CoI: not reported • Search date: not reported • Databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Cochrane Database of systematic reviews. • Study designs: different study designs • N included studies: N=7 studies • SR • Funding/CoI: National Institute of Nursing Research and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; CoI reported in article • Search date: April 2004 • Databases: Medline, DARE, National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care • Study designs: SR, RCTs • N included studies: 7 SR and 12 primary
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
• Eligibility criteria: adult patients with cancer and dyspnoea
Opiods Benzodiazepines Corticosteroids (no trials identified)
Narrative presentation of results
• SR of moderate quality: search of good quality, English only, results of quality appraisal (Jadad) not reported • Included studies: Allard 1999, Bruera 1993, Mazzocato 1999, Navigante 2006, Davis 1996, Bruera 2005; Abernathy 2003, Buck 1996, Chua 1997, Eiser 1991, Johnson 2002, Light 1989, Light 1996, Poole 1998, Woodcock 1981, Beauford 1993, Harris-Eze 1995, Jankelson 1997, Leung 1996, Masood 1995, Noseda 1997, Peterson 1996, Eimer 1985, Man 1986, Mitchell-Heggs 1980, Rice 1987
Critical appraisal of study quality Level of evidence: unclear risk of bias
studies on dyspnoea
Viola R 2008
4054 4055
• SR • Funding/CoI: Cancer Care Ontario and the Ontario Ministry of Health and LongTerm; no CoI • Search date: mid 2006 • Databases: Medline, Cinahl, HealthSTAR, Embase, Cochrane Library, DARE; ASCO abstracts; references • Study designs: SR, RCTs • N included studies: 3 SR, 9 RCTs
Primaire studies Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Interventions
Results
Cuervo Pinna MA 2013
• Design: RCT crossoverdesign • Funding/CoI: report no Conflict of interests; no funding received • Setting: Palliative Care Supportive Team, Badajoz; Spain • Sample size: N=13 • Duration: During 2011;
• Eligibility criteria: patients with advanced cancer, moderateeffort dyspnoea, a Karnofsky index score greater 50 and without advanced COPD • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Age mean 65 years o Around 85% male o Lung cancer 77% o Mean Dyspnoea ESAS score 6.5
Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (N=13)
Dyspnoea: 6 Minutes Walking Time; Rating on Dyspnoea Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) Scores (n=11) At 3 min: Placebo 5.1 (2.9); Active=4.3 (2.7); p=0.13 Immediately after: Placebo 5.5 (2.8); Active=4.5 (2.0); p=0.3 30 min after: Placebo 3.4 (2.4); Active=3.0 (1.7); p=0.53 60 min after: Placebo 2.6 (2.2); Active=2.4 (1.9); p=0.56
vs. Placebo (N=13)
• Unclear randomization method and allocation concealment; unclear blinding
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Interventions
Results
Critical appraisal of study quality
Difference in the overall affliction score of ESAS before and after 6 minutes walking was nonsignificant (p=0.12) Exercise tolerance: Medium distance covered in the two periods in meters (Treatment-Effect non-significant, p=0.66): Group1 (Placebo-active, n=6): Period1=563.3 (45); Period2=528.3 (101.3) Group2 (Active-placebo, n=7): Period1=591.4 (117.5); Period2=660.7 (188.8) Difference in oxygen saturation level before/after 6minutes walking non-significant (p=0.75) Physical functioning: Not reported
Gamborg H 2013
Oxberry SG 2013
• Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: funded by “Den Faberske Fond” and “Diakonissebuset Sankt. Lukas Stiftelsen”; CoI not reported • Setting: single centre, Germany • Sample size: N=20 • Duration: recruitment Apr 2006 – Feb 2011; duration = 1h
• Design: CCT • Funding/CoI: Clinical Research Fellowship from Hull York Medical School; no CoI • Setting: single centre, UK • Sample size: N=33 • Duration: recruitment period unclear; study duration = 4d
• Eligibility criteria: dyspnoea related to advanced primary or metastatic lung cancer; resting dyspnoea intensity of at least 3 on VAS scale 0-10; regular oral or parenteral opioids for pain; no causal treatment possible; no treatment with methadone • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Median age: 69 vs. 69y o Time from study to death: 16 vs. 45d
• Eligibility criteria: adults with CHF due to left ventricular systolic impairment (ejection fraction < 45%), NYHA class III or IV; on standard medical therapy • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Mean age: 71.8 vs. 71.9y o Male: 10 vs. 18 o NYHA IV: 3 vs. 1
Red morphine drops (N=9) vs. Subcutaneous morphine (N=11)
Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: • Severity on VAS: significant time (p=0.0451) and strong treatment effects (p<0.0001); overall VAS score was larger for red morphine drops than for SC morphine (mean t=0’: 5.5 vs. 4.7; t=60’: 4.4 vs. 3.0) and slightly decreasing with time
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Unclear randomization method and allocation concealment • Selective reporting
Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Not reported
Opioids (N=13) vs. No opioids (N=20)
Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: severity score • Numerical rating scale 0-10 (mean): at 3m 3.31 vs. 4.95; p=0.033 • Borg score (mean): at 3m 1.92 vs. 2.88; p=0.087 Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: SF-12 • SF-12 physical component (mean): at 3m 34.1
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • No randomization or allocation concealment; no blinding • Open-label extension of cross-over RCT
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Interventions
Results
Critical appraisal of study quality
vs. 29.6; p=0.014
Oxberry SG 2011
Hui D 2014
4056 4057 4058 4059 4060
• Design: cross-over RCT • Funding/CoI: funded with a Clinical Research Fellowship from Hull York Medical School; no CoI • Setting: single university centre, UK • Sample size: N=35 • Duration: recruitment Dec 2007 – May 2009; duration = 4d
• Eligibility criteria: CHF, NYHA III-IV, left ventricular systolic impairment (ejection fraction < 45%), standard medical treatment • A priori patient characteristics: o Mean age: 70.2y o Male: 86% o NYHA IV: 11%
Oral morphine, 5 mg, 4x/d, for 4 days vs. Oral oxycodone, 2.5 mg, 4x/d, for 4 days
Quality of life: SF-12 • SF-12 mental component (mean): at 3m 53.2 vs. 47.1; p=0.22 • Distress (mean): at 3m 2.31 vs. 3.85; p=0.28 • Coping (mean): at 3m 8.31 vs. 7.85; p=0.38 • Satisfaction (mean): at 3m 9.00 vs. 5.95; p=0.007 Dyspnoea: severity score • Numerical rating scale 0-10 (mean change from baseline): at day 4, 0.41 vs. 1.29 vs. 1.37 (NS) • Borg score (mean change from baseline): at day 4, -0.01 vs. 0.33 vs. 0.27 (NS) Exercise tolerance: Not reported
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Concealed allocation, blinded study • 2/37 randomized patients withdrew and were not analysed
vs. Placebo
Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: SF-12-rated quality of life did not alter for any intervention Dyspnoea: • NRS at rest before walking test (mean change from baseline): -0.7 vs. -0.9, NS
Placebo (N=10) Level of evidence: high risk of • Eligibility criteria: adults with bias cancer, average intensity of vs. breakthrough dyspnoea of at least 3/10 on a Numeric Rating • Concealed allocation, Subcutaneous Scale (NRS); Karnofsky Exercise tolerance: blinded study, ITT analysis fentanyl (N=10) Performance Status score of • NRS dyspnoea at the end of walking test (mean • Change from baseline 50% or more, stable dose of change from baseline): -2.0 vs. -1.8, NS reported strong opioids with a morphine • Walking distance at 6 min (mean change from equivalent daily dose of baseline): 18.9 vs. 37.2, NS between 30 and 580 mg; no dyspnoea at rest of at least Physical functioning: 7/10 Not reported • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control Quality of life: o Mean age: 54 vs. 55y Not reported o Male: 50 vs. 40% Abbreviations: 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; CoI: conflicts of interest; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ITT: intention to treat; MA: meta-analysis; NRS: numeric rating scale; NS: non-significant; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk; SMD: standardized mean difference; SR: systematic review; VAS: visual analogue scale • Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: supported by the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Support Grant (CA 016672); no CoI • Setting: single centre, US • Sample size: N=20 • Duration: recruitment July 2012 – Dec 2012
4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 4075 4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103
References Bailey CD, Wagland R, Dabbour R, Caress A, Smith J, Molassiotis A. An integrative review of systematic reviews related to the management of breathlessness in respiratory illnesses. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2010;10(63). Ben-Aharon I, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Stemmer SM. Interventions for alleviating cancer-related dyspnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2012;51(8):996-1008. Cuervo Pinna et al. A randomized crossover clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the treatment of dysnea on exertion in patients with advanced cancer. Am J Hospice & Palliat Care 2013; nov 28 [epub ahead of print]. DiSalvo WM, Joyce MM, Tyson LB, Culkin AE, Mackay K. Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnoea. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12(2):341-52. Gamborg H, Riis J, Christrup L, Krantz T. Effect of intraoral and subcutaneous morphine on dyspnoea at rest in terminal patients with primary lung cancer or lung metastases. J Opioid Manag. 2013;9(4):269-74. Hui D, Xu A, Frisbee-Hume S, Chisholm G, Morgado M, Reddy S, et al. Effects of prophylactic subcutaneous fentanyl on exercise-induced breakthrough dyspnoea in cancer patients: a preliminary double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(2):209-17. Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JP, Broadley K. Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in terminal illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;4(4):CD002066. Lorenz KA, Lynn J, Dy SM, Shugarman LR, Wilkinson A, Mularski RA, et al. Evidence for improving palliative care at the end of life: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(2):147-59. Marciniuk DD, Goodridge D, Hernandez P, Rocker G, Balter M, Bailey P, et al. Managing dyspnoea in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2011;18(2):69-78. Oxberry SG, Torgerson DJ, Bland JM, Clark AL, Cleland JG, Johnson MJ. Short-term opioids for breathlessness in stable chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(9):1006-12. Oxberry SG, Bland JM, Clark AL, Cleland JG, Johnson MJ. Repeat dose opioids may be effective for breathlessness in chronic heart failure if given for long enough. J Palliat Med. 2013;16(3):250-5. Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, Harding R, Bausewein C. Benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness in advanced malignant and non-malignant diseases in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;1(1):CD007354. Simon ST, Koskeroglu P, Gaertner J, Voltz R. Fentanyl for the relief of refractory breathlessness: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;46(6):874-86. Viola R, Kiteley C, Lloyd NS, Mackay JA, Wilson J, Wong RK, et al. The management of dyspnoea in cancer patients: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2008;16(4):329-37.
4104
VRAAG 2: Niet-medicamenteuze behandeling van dyspneu?
4105
Systematic reviews Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Bailey 2010
• SR of SRs • Funding/CoI: The Breathlessness Research Charitable Trust, UK and National Cancer Research Institute; authors have no competing interests • Search date: July 2007- September 2009 • Databases: Cochrane Library, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO • Study designs: SRs • N included studies: n=59 studies
• Eligibility criteria: Adult patients with breathlessness within a wide range of nonmalignant, cardiorespiratory disease
Oxygen therapies (include: ambulatory oxygen, Heliox, Oxygen during exercise training, short-burst O2 therapy, Domiciliary oxygen)
Narrative reporting
• SR of low-moderate quality: no documentation of quality appraisal • Included SRs: Ram 2002 (SR including 2 Trials), Rodrigo 2001 (SR including 2 Trials), Nonoyama 2007 (SR including 5 Trials), Bradley 2005 (SR including 31 Trials), O’Neill 2006 (SR including 8 Trials), Cranston 2005 (SR including 6 Trials), Austin 2006 (SR including 2 Trials)
Psychologically based treatments to reduce anxiety and panic Non Invasive ventilation (NIV)
Narrative reporting
Included SRs: Rose 2002 (SR including 6 Trials)
Narrative reporting
Included SRs: Ram 2002 (SR including 3 Trials), Van’t Hul 2002 (SR including 7 Trials), Wijkstra 2002 (SR including 4 Trials), Ram 2004 (SR including 14 Trials)
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Bausewein 2008
• SR • Funding/CoI: Funding by the Cicely Saunders Foundation, UK/ report no CoI • Search date:June2007 • Databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, British Nursing Index, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index Expanded, AMED, The Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Trials Register, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness • Study designs: RCTs, controlled-clinical trials • N included studies: 47 sudies
• Eligibility criteria: Adult participants suffering from breathlessness due to advanced cancer, COPD, interstitial lung disease, chronic heart failure or motor neurone disease (n=2532 participants)
Acupuncture (N=5 studies n=109 pts)
Narrative reporting
• SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Jobst 1986, Lewith 2004, Maa 1997; Vickers 2005, Wu 2004
Relaxation (N=4 studies, n=238pts)
Narrative reporting
Walking aids (N=7 studies, n=202 pts)
Narrative reporting
• Included RCTs: Gift 1992, Louie 2004, Renfroe 1988, Yu 2007 • Included RCTs: Crisafulli 2007, Dalton 1995, Gupta 2006a, Gupta 2006b, Honeyman 1996, Probst 2004, Solway 2002
Chest wall vibration (N=5 studies, n= 97 pts)
Narrative reporting
vs. Placebo (sham) or usual therapy
• Included RCTs: Christiano 1997, Fujie 2002, Lange 2006, Nakayama 1998, Sibuya 1994
Study ID
Ben-Aharon 2012
Bradley 2007
Method
• SR • Funding/CoI: report no CoI • Search date: until November 2011 • Databases: CENTRAL Cochrane, MEDLINE,EMBASE, PUBMED, conference proceedings in oncology (ASCO) • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: N=6 studies
• SR + MA • Funding/CoI: supported by NI Research and Development Cochrane Fellowship; no CoI • Search date: Dec 2004 • Databases: Cochrane Airways Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, ‘and other
Patient characteristics
• Eligibility criteria: Terminal cancer patients experiencing dyspnoea (n=179 pts)
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (N=3 studies,n= 50pts)
Narrative reporting
• Included RCTs: BourjeilyHabr 2002, Neder 2002, Vivodtzev 2006
Fan (N=2, n=66pts)
Narrative reporting
• Included RCTs: Baltzan 2000, Galbraith 2007
Counselling and support (N=6 studies, n=1127) Breathing training (N=2, n=129 pts)
Narrative reporting
• Included RCTs: Bredin 1999, Corner 1996
Narrative reporting
Psychotherapy (N=2 Studies, n=85) Oxygen
Narrative reporting
• Included RCTs: Garrod 2005, Hochstetter 2005, Wu 2006 • Included RCTs: Eiser 1997, Rosser 1983 • SR of moderate quality • Included RCTs: Abernathy 2010, Phillip 2006, Bruera 2003, Booth 1996, Bruera 1993, Ahmedzai 2004
Dyspnoea: N=6 studies SMD= -0.3 (95%CI -1.06 to 0.47)
vs. No intervention, placebo, or other therapy (air or helium-enriched/ medical air)
Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Not reported
• Eligibility criteria: RCTs comparing performance during a single exercise test using ambulatory oxygen to performance during a single exercise test with placebo air; adult patients with stable COPD
Acupuncture (N=1 Studies, n=47 pts)
Narrative reporting
• Included RCTs: Vickers 2005
Ambulatory oxygen provided either via oxygen cylinders or a reservoir system
Dyspnoea: • Breathlessness (Borg) at isotime (4 studies, N=44): MD = -1.15 (95%CI -1.65 to -0.66)
• SR of moderate quality: moderate search, individual quality appraisal results not available • Included RCTs: Bradley 1978, Bye 1985, Criner 1987, Davidson 1988, Dean 1992, Eaton 2002, Fujimoto 2002, Garrod 1999, Garrod 2000, Gosselin 2004, Ishimine 1995, King 1973, Knebel 2000, Kurihara 1989, Leach 1992, Leggett 1977,
vs. Control intervention
Exercise tolerance: • 6MWD (8 studies, N=238): MD = 18.86m (95%CI 13.1124.61) • Endurance time (7 studies, N=77): MD = 2.71 min (95%CI 1.96-3.46) • Maximal distance (4 studies, N=70): MD = 32m (95%CI 20.61-43.38) Physical functioning:
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
databases’ • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: N=31
Chen 2011
Cranston 2008
• SR • Funding/CoI: not reported • Search date: January 1995 – August 2010 • Databases: MEDLINE, preMEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library • Study designs: RCTs, crossover studies • N included studies: 6 studies • SR • Funding/CoI: Authors declare no CoI • Search date: April 2006 • Databases: OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, Australasian Medical index, Cochrane reviews, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Cancer Lit, ACP Journal Club, TRIP, Dissertation Abstracts, LILACS, LOCATOR plus, PubMed • Study designs: RCTs, unblinded studies allowed • N included studies: N=8 studies
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Not reported
Light 1989, Mannix 1992, Maltais 2001, McDonald 1995, McKeon 1988, O’Donnell 2001, O’Donnell 1997, Palange 1995, Raimondi 1970, Stein 1982, Somfay 2001, Swinburn 1984, Vyas 1971, Wadell 2001, Woodcock 1981 • SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Casanova 2000, Clini 2002, Duiverman 2008, Gay 1996, McEvoy 2009, Meecham 1995
Quality of life: Not reported
• Eligibility criteria: Adult, severe stable COPDpatients without reverse airflow obstruction (n=383 pts of which 307 completed the trials) • Patient characteristics: o Age mean=66 years o Predominantly male o Follow up 3 months to 2.2 years
Nocturnal Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) for at least 3 months
Dyspnoea: Narrative reporting only
vs.
Exercise tolerance: Mainly narrative reporting apart from a combination of three studies: 6MWD: WMD= -13.95; 95%CI: (-57.74, 29.84)
Identical treatment apart from NIPPV
Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Not reported
• Eligibility criteria: Adults with chronic end-stage disease (n=144)
Oxygen therapy administered in nonacute care setting
• Patient characteristics: o 97 cancer patients, 35 cardiac failure, 12 kyphoscoliosis o Mostly males
vs. Breathing room air/ placebo
Dyspnoea: In cancer patients: VAS-differences: Air-Baseline: -0.78; 95%CI: (-20.77, 19.21) Oxygen – Baseline:-11.79 ; 95%CI: (-16.98; -6.59) Oxygen – Air:-12.20; 95%CI: (--29.32,4.93) Hypoxaemia-Baseline: -11.06; 95%CI: (-16.94; -5.17) Oxygen vs. Air Patient-perceived change at rest: Peto-OR: 4.94; 95%CI: (1.48; 16.43) Results from Individual study (N=1) Patients with SaO2<=90%: -18.0; 95%CI: (-29.87;-6.13) Exercise tolerance: In Cancer Patients: Oxygen minus Air VAS after 6MW: -7.10; 95%CI: (-16.34; 2.14) Oxygen minus Air Distance (in meters): 22.47; 95%CI: (21.49; 66.43) Individual study (N=1) Oxygen vs. Air Patient-perceived change post 6 minute walk:
• SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Ahmedzai 2004, Booth 1996, Bruera 1993, Bruera 2003, Chua 1996, Meecham Jones 1995, Moore 1992, Restrick 1992
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Peto-OR 2.62; 95%CI: (1.00;6.85) Oxygen minus Air Respiratory rate post 6 minute-walk: 2.10; 95%CI: (-3.91;-0.29) Oxygen minus Air 3-minutes walk numerical rating scale: 1.0; 95%CI: (-11.20;9.20) Oxygen minus Air after 6MW Borg score: -0.2; 95%CI: (1.86;1.46) Oxygen minus Air fatigue score after 6MW: -0.30; 95%CI -1.48 to 0.88 In Cardiac-failure patients: Oxygen minus Air 3 minutes exercise (treadmill or cycle): 0.58; 95%CI -2.00 to 0.84 Oxygen minus Air Borg or VAS score after 6 minutes treadmill and cycle exercise: -1.09; 95%CI -1.74 to -0.44 Oxygen minus Air VAS or Borg at peak exercise: -1.06; 95%CI: (-3.14;1.02) Minute ventilation, peak exercise: -6.68; 95%CI: (-11.89, 1.48) Individual Study (N=1) Oxygen minus Air Borg 3 minutes treadmill exercise: 0.16; 95%CI: (-0.67; 0.99) Oxygen minus Air VAS score 3 minutes cycle ergometer exercise: -1.29; 95%CI:(-2.04,-0.54) Oxygen minus Air Borg score after 6 minutes treadmill exercise: -0.85; 95%CI: (-1.64;-0.06) Oxygen minus Air VAS score after 6 minutes cycle exercise: -1.57; 95%CI: (-2.70;-0.44) Oxygen minus Air Borg score at peak treadmill exercise: 0.08; 95%CI: (-1.56;1.72) Oxygen minus Air VAS score at peak cycle exercise: -2.05; 95%CI: (-3.25;-0.85) Oxygen minus air fatigue after 3 minutes exercise: -0.08; 95%CI:(-0.95;0.79) Oxygen minus air fatigue after 6 minutes exercise: -0.21; 95%CI: (-1.37;0.95) Oxygen minus air fatigue at peak exercise: 0.21; 95%CI: (1.33;1.75) Oxygen minus Air within patient change in exercise duration (seconds) 52.00; 95%CI: (36.69;67.31) Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Not reported
Critical appraisal of review quality
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
DiSalvo 2008
• SR • Funding/CoI: not reported • Search date:not reported • Databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Cochrane Database of systematic reviews. • Study designs: different study designs • N included studies: N=7 studies
• Eligibility criteria: Patients with cancer and dyspnoea
Oxygen
Narrative reporting
• SR of low-moderate quality: fairly broad search, language restriction (English), limitations of included studies assessed but not reported • Included RCTs: Bruera 1993, Bruera 1993b, Ahmedzai 2004
CognitiveBehavioural approach
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Bredin 1999, Corner 1996, Hately 2003
Acupuncture
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Filshie 1996
Pursed lip breathing
Dyspnoea: Measured within QoL (Dyspnoea): -12.94; 95%CI: (-22.29; 3.60) Individual studies (N=1): Pursed lip breathing vs. no breathing retraining: Breath Questionnaire (after 4 weeks) difference: -4.0; 95%CI (-20.40,12.40) (N=1) Breath Questionnaire (after 12 weeks) difference: -10.00; 95%CI (-28.98;8.89) (N=1) Medical Research Council Score (at week 8) difference: -1.0; 95%CI (-1.73;-0.27) Pursed lip breathing vs. no expiratory muscle training Breath Questionnaire (at 4 weeks) difference: -3.0; 95%CI(19.62;13.62) Breath Questionnaire (at 12 weeks) difference: -9.0; 95%CI(28.41;10.41)
• SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Nield 2007, Zhang 2008, Wu 2006, Li 2002, Chan 2011
Holland 2012
• SR • Funding/CoI: Internal: La Trobe University, Australia; report no CoI • Search date: until October 2011 • Databases: Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, PEDro database • Study designs: randomised parallel trials, RCTs • N included studies: N=16 studies
• Eligibility criteria: Adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in stable condition • Patient characteristics: o Range of mean age 51 to 73
Exercise tolerance: Additional reporting about individual studies (N=1) Pursed lip breathing vs. usual care Borg Score after 6 MWT (after 4 weeks) difference: 0.0; 95%CI (-0.76,0.76) (N=1) Borg Score after 6MWT (after 12 weeks) difference: -1.00; 95%CI (-2.10;0.10) (N=1)
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Pursed lip breathing vs. no breathing retraining Exercise capacity 6MWT (at 8 week) difference: 50.10; 95%CI ( 37.21;62.99) Pursed lip breathing vs. no expiratory muscle training Borg Score after 6 MWT (at 4 weeks) difference: -0.50; 95%CI (-1.26;0.26) (N=1) Borg Score after 6MWT (at 12 weeks) difference: -0.90; 95%CI (-1.71;-0.09) (N=1) Physical functioning: Not reported
Diaphragmatic breathing
Quality of life: Pursed lip breathing vs. no expiratory muscle training QoL, Hiratsuka scale: 0.85; 95%CI: (-3.03, 4.73) Individual study (N=1): Cai Scale QoL: -0.27; 95%CI (-0.40;-0.14) Dyspnoea: Individual reporting study (N=1) Diaphragmatic breathing vs. no breathing retraining Medical Research Council Score (at week 4) difference: 0.27; 95% (-0.76; 0.22)
• Included studies: Lausin 2009, Yamaguti 2012, Noseda 1987
Exercise tolerance: Individual reporting study (N=1) Diaphragmatic breathing Vs. no breathing retraining Exercise capacity change in 6MWT (at week 4) difference: 34.67; 95%CI (4.05;65.29) Physical functioning: Not reported
Yoga vs. no breathing retraining
Quality of life: Individual reporting study (N=1) Diaphragmatic breathing Vs. no breathing retraining QoL change in SGRQ (at week 4): -10.51; 95%CI (-17.77;3.25) Dyspnoea: Narratively reported Exercise tolerance: Exercise capacity change in 6Minutes Walking Time at 3 months: 44.51; 95%CI: (28.47; 60.55) Individual reporting study (N=1): Dyspnoea intensity at the end of 6MWT difference: 0.50;
• Included studies: Donesky_nCuenco 2009, Katiyar 2006
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
95%CI (-0.99;1.99) Dyspnoea intensity at the end of incremental cycle ergometer test difference: 0.60; 95%CI (-0.98;2.18) Dyspnoea distress at the end of 6MWT difference: 0.20; 95%CI (-0.97;1.37) Dyspnoea distress at the end of incremental cycle ergometer test difference: 0.50; 95%CI (-1.60;2.60) Peak work on incremental cycle ergometry: 15.00; 95%CI (3.16;33.16) Physical functioning: Not reported
Other breathing retraining vs. no breathing retraining
Quality of life: Individual study (N=1) QoL at 12 week: 1.60; 95%CI (-3.10, 6.30) QoL change in St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire: -5.30; 95%CI (-7.82;2.78) Dyspnoea: Individual study (N=1) MRC scale difference: -1.46; 95%CI (-2.19;-0.73) Exercise tolerance: Individual study (N=1) Exercise capacity 6MWT (at 8 weeks) difference: 50.10; 95%CI (37.21;62.99) Exercise capacity 6MWT (at 8 weeks) difference: 88.20; 95%CI (75.28;101.12) Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Individual study (N=1) QoL at 8 weeks difference: -18.10; 95%CI (-30.66;-5.54)
• Included studies: Chauhan 1992, Saunders 1965, Zhang 2008, Sun 2003, Yan 1996
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Ventilation feedback training (plus exercise)
Dyspnoea: Ventilation feedback training vs. exercise alone As part of QoL: 0.03; 95%CI: (-0.43; 0.49)
• Included studies: Collins 2008, van Gestel 2011
Exercise tolerance: Individual reporting study (N=1) Ventilation feedback training vs. exercise alone Duration of constant work rate exercise at 15 weeks difference: 8.50; 95%CI (-4.38;21.38) Exercise capacity change in 6MWT (at 4 weeks) difference: 12.58; 95%CI (-35.93; 10.77) Dyspnoea at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: -0.90; 95%CI (-2.25; 0.45) Change in Borg Score at the end of 6MWT difference: -0.40; 95%CI (-1.26;0.46) SpO2 at isotime during constant work rate cycle test difference: 0.90; 95%CI (-1.19;2.99) Oxygen consumption isotime during constant work rate test difference: -1.30; 95%CI (-3.38;0.78) Respiratory rate at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: -6.00; 95%CI (-9.27;-2.73) Inspiratory time at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: 0.08; 95%CI (-0.06;0.22) Expiratory time at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: 0.43; 95%CI (0.18; 0.68) Ventilation feedback training vs. exercise training Duration of constant work rate exercise at 15 weeks difference: -15.40; 95%CI (-28.10;-2.70) Dyspnoea at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: 1.10; 95%CI (-0.71; 2.91) SpO2 at isotime during constant work rate cycle test difference: 0.50; 95%CI (-1.62;2.62) Minute ventilation at isotime during constant work rate treadmill test difference: -3.70; 95%CI (-11.62;4.22) Respiratory rate at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: -2.00; 95%CI (-6.90;2.90) Inspiratory time at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: 0.07; 95%CI (-0.09;0.23) Expiratory time at isotime on constant work rate treadmill test difference: 0.27; 95%CI (-0.06; 0.60) Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life:
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Ventilation feedback training vs. exercise alone QoL Questionnaire difference: 0.03; 95%CI (-0.43;0.49)
Pursed Lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing and nutritional supplementation vs. usual care
Pursed Lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing and respiratory muscle gymnastics vs. no breathing retraining
Dyspnoea: Not reported
Included study: Li 2002
Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Individual reporting study (N=1) QoL Cai Questionnaire difference: -0.43; 95%CI (-0.69;0.17) Dyspnoea: Not reported Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Individual reporting study (N=1) Change in inspiratory muscle strength difference: -1.39; 95%CI (-1.76;-1.02) Change in expiratory muscle strength difference: 2.72; 95%CI (2.09;3.35) Change in Pdi difference: 0.52; 95%CI (0.13;0.91) Chane in maximal Pdi difference: 2.48; 95%CI (1.61; 3.35) Quality of life: Not reported
Included Study: Yan 1996
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Pursed Lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing and walking vs. usual care
Dyspnoea: Not reported
Included Study: Chan 2011
Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Not reported
Kolodziej 2007
• SR • Funding/CoI: no funding reported; CoI none declared • Search date: until 2003 • Databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Conference Papers Index, Cochrane Library, Online Computer Library Centre, American College of Physicians Journal Club, PubMed, Biological Abstracts and Dissertation Abstracts, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chest, European Respiratory Journal, Lung, The New England Journal of Medicine and Thorax. • Study designs: RCTs, crossover-trials • N included studies: N=15
• Eligibility criteria: Adults with severe, stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory failure(n=466 pts) • Patient characteristics: o Mean age 63 (44-74) o Follow-up: RCTs: 5 days- 2yrs; 3 nonRCts: 1-3days; 3 nonRCTs: 6weeks – 6 months
Bilevel Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) Vs Spontaneous breathing, sham ventilation, Longterm oxygen therapy, exercise
Quality of life: Individual study (N=1) QoL St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire difference: -0.60; 95%CI (-4.77;3.57) Dyspnoea: Each RCT demonstrated an improvement: narrative reporting. Exercise tolerance: 6MWT narrative reporting Physical functioning: Narrative reporting Quality of life: Narrative reporting
• SR of moderate quality • Included RCTs: Casanova 2000, Clini 2002, Diaz 2002, Garrod 2000, Gay1996, Renston 1994, Meecham Jones 1995, Strumpf 1991 • Included non-RCTs: Ambrosino 1992, Krachman1997, Lien 1993, Lin 1996, Maragoni 1997, Nava 1993, Highcock 2003
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Lee 2011
• SR • Funding/CoI: In part supported by a grant to the University of Kentucky from the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Nursing Research; authors declare no CoI • Search date:January2000January2010 • Databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline, PubMed • Study designs: RCTs, review of studies • N included studies: N=2 (out of 43) studies • SR / Guideline • Funding/CoI: NO external funding source/ onlinedeclaration of CoI • Search date: January1996March2009 • Databases: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, the Canadian Medical Association InfoBase and the National Guideline Clearinghouse. • Study designs: Different study types • N included studies: N=35 studies
• Eligibility criteria: Patients with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Acupressure
Dyspnoea: Pulmonary function status, Dyspnoea Questionaire (n=1 stdy), mean(SD): Acupressure: 0.98(1.41) vs. Control: 0.41 (43); Effect size 0.55: 95%CI: (-0.01,1.14); p<0.05
• SR of moderate quality • Included RCTs: Wu 2004, Tsay 2005
Marciniuk 2011
Vs Placebo
VAS-Scale, pre-post, mean (SD): Acupressure: 69.4 (12.0) vs. Control: 62.7 (12.03); Effect size 0.56: 95%CI: (-0.01,1.10); p<0.05 Exercise tolerance: Narrative reporting: improvement of six-minute walking distance Physical functioning: Narrative reporting: improvement of pulmonary function, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate Quality of life: Narrative reporting: improvement of state-anxiety
• Eligibility criteria: Patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experiencing dyspnoea
Chest vibration techniques
Narrative reporting
• SR of moderate quality: no search strategy provided, unclear how quality appraisal was done • Included Studies: Christiano 1997, Fuje 2002
Study ID
Norweg 2013
Method
• Non-systematic review • Funding/CoI: Funding not reported/ authors declare no CoI • Search date:19962013 • Databases: not reported • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: N=23 studies
Patient characteristics
• Eligibility criteria: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with dyspnoea
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Neuromuscular electrical muscle stimulation
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: BourjeilyHabr 2002, Neder 2002, Vivodtzev 2006
Walking aids
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Crisafulli 2007, Gupta 2006a, Gupta 2006b, Honeyman 1996, Probst 2004, Solway 2002
Breathing exercises (purst-lips breathing, singing)
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Faager 2008, Garrod 2005, Nield 2007, Spahija 2005
Behavioural techniques
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Davis 2006, Kunik 2008, Lomundal 2007
Counselling disease management projects
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Niesink 2007, Ketelaars 1998
Relaxation techniques (55)
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Louie 2004
Oxygen therapy
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Lilker 1975, Heaton 1983, Okubadejo 1996, Eaton 2004, Lahdensuo 1989, Crockett 1999, McDonald 1995, Eaton 2002, Nonoyama 2007, Moore 2011, Lacasse 2005, Sandland 2008
Meditation
Narrative reporting
• SR of low quality • Included RCTs:DoneskyCuenco 2009, Yeh 2010, Chan 2011, Ng 2011, Mularski 2009, Katiyar 2006
Study ID
Osadnik 2012
Pan 2014
Method
• SR • Funding/CoI: Canada Research Chairs Program, Canada/ Three authors conduct a study which may be included in future updates • Search date: October 2011 • Databases: CAGR, CENTRAL,MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, handsearching respiratory journals and meeting abstracts • Study designs: RCTs, RXTs • N included studies: N=28
• SR + MA • Funding/CoI: not reported • Search date: Dec 2012 • Databases: PubMed,
Patient characteristics
• Eligibility criteria: People with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and stable COPD and without bronchiectasis or asthma (n=278 pts)
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Cognitivebehavioural therapy (psychotherapy) Breathing exercises
Narrative reporting
• Included studies: Livermore 2010, Kunik 2008
Narrative reporting
• Included studies:Yamaguti 2012, Nield 2004, Nield 2007,Collins 2008, Bonilha 2009, van Gestel 2012, Scherer 2000
Treatment using airway clearance techniques (ACTs, including ‘conventional ’ techniques, breathing exercises and PEP or mechanical devises)
Dyspnoea: Acute Patients: Individual study (N=1) Non-PEP techniques: Borg scale difference: -1.30; 95%CI (2.14;-0.46) Stable Patients: Individual study (N=1) PEP techniques: Borg scale difference: -0.30; 95%CI (-0.53;0.07)
vs.
Exercise tolerance: Stable Patients: PEP-Techn. Exercise tolerance 6MWD difference: 12.93; 95%CI (5.98;19.89) Individual study (N=1) PEP-Techn. Exercise tolerance 12MWD difference: 111.00; 95%CI (66.46;155.54)
• SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Bellone 2002, Brown 1987, Cegla 1997, Cegla2002, Christensen 1990, Christensen 1991, Haidl 2002, Inal-Ince 2004, Kodric 2009, May 1979, Morsch 2008, Newton 1978, Oldenburg 1979, Pavia 1976, Vargas 2005, Weiner 1996, Wolkove 2002, Wolkove 2004; Anthonisen 1964, Celga 2001, Christensen 1991a, Hasani 1995, Martins 2006, Martins 2007, Newton 1978a, Rasmussen 2001, RivingtonLaw 1984, van Hengstum 1988
no intervention, sham or coughing alone
Physical functioning: Not reported
• Eligibility criteria: patients with COPD
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the lower limbs
Quality of life: Acute Patients: Individual study (N=1) Non-PEP techniques: QoL-SGRQ difference: -2.3; 95%CI (11.8;7.20) Stable Patients: Individual study (N=1) PEP techniques: QoL-SGRQ difference: -6.10; 95%CI (8.93;-3.27) Dyspnoea: 3 studies WMD = -0.98; 95%CI -1.42 to -0.54; p<0.0001 Exercise tolerance: 6MWD, 2 studies WMD = 13.63m; 95%CI -17.39 to 44.65; p=0.39; I² 51%
• SR of moderate quality • English articles only • Included RCTs: BourjeilyHabr 2002, Neder 2002, Zanotti 2003, Vivodtzev 2006, Dal Corso 2007,
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Embase • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: N=8 Struik 2013
Towler 2013
Results
Physical functioning: Not reported
• SR + MA • Funding/CoI: no CoI • Search date: Aug 2012 • Databases: Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, respiratory journals, meeting abstracts; references; authors • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: N=7
• Eligibility criteria: patients with COPD
• Integrative overview of reviews • Funding/CoI: One author supported by scholarship from Cancer Experience Collaborative funded by National Cancer Research Institute; No relevant financial CoI • Search date:2000 to August 2011 • Databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, British Nursing Index, Index to Theses, Dissertations and Theses and NHS evidence. • Study designs: • N included studies: N=3 (out of17) studies
• Eligibility criteria: Human adults >17 with cancer
NIPPV, applied through a nasal or facemask, for at least five hours during the night, for at least three consecutive weeks
Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: • at 3m (2 studies, N=71): results not reported • at 12m (1 study, N=90): results not reported Exercise tolerance: 6MWD • at 3m (3 studies, N=40): MD = 27.7; 95%CI -11.0 to 66.3 • at 12m (1 study, N=46): MD = 3.2; 95%CI -49.7 to 56.1
Critical appraisal of review quality Napolis 2011, Abdellaoui 2011, Vivodtzev 2012
• SR of high quality, IPD analysis • Included RCTs: Casanova • 2000, Clini 2002, Gay 1996, McEvoy 2009, Meecham Jones 1995, Sin 2007, Strumpf 1991
Physical functioning: Not reported
Acupuncture
Quality of life: • at 3m (1 study, N=18): results not reported • at 12m (2 studies, N=103): SGRQ, MD = 0.90; 95%CI 19.21 to 21.01 Narrative reporting
• SR of moderate quality • Included reviews: Cohen 2005, Standish 2008, O’Regan 2010
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
Uronis 2011
• SR • Funding/CoI: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, USA/ declare no CoI. • Search date: November 2009 • Databases: Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and PsycINFO, handsearching respiratory journals and meeting abstracts • Study designs: RCTs • N included studies: N=28 studies
• Eligibility criteria: Mildly or non-hypoxaemic adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with breathlessness (n=702 pts)
Oxygen (Long-term therapy)
Dyspnoea: Breathlessness SMD -0.37; 95%CI (-0.50;-0.24) Subgroup analysis- study focus sensation: Breathlessness SMD -0.39; 95%CI (-0.66;-0.12) Subgroup analysis- study focus function: Breathlessness SMD -0.45; 95%CI (-0.61;-0.30) Subgroup analysis- study focus both: Breathlessness SMD -0.32; 95%CI (-0.67;-0.03) Subgroup analysis- not using short-burst: Breathlessness SMD -0.46; 95%CI (-0.59;-0.33) Subgroup analysis- using short-burst: Breathlessness SMD 0.01; 95%CI (-0.26;0.28) Subgroup analysis- exertional desaturation: Breathlessness SMD -0.33; 95%CI (-0.46;-0.20) Subgroup analysis- no exertional desaturation: Breathlessness SMD -0.69; 95%CI (-1.04;-0.34) Subgroup analysis- mean PaO2>=70mmHg: Breathlessness SMD -0.42; 95%CI (-0.60;-0.24) Subgroup analysis- mean PaO2<70mmHg: Breathlessness SMD -0.25; 95%CI (-0.50;0.00)
• SR of high quality • Included RCTs: Davidson 1988, Dean 1992, Eaton 2002, Eaton 2006 ,Eves 2006, Garrod 1999, Ishimine 1995, Killen 2000, Knebel 2000, Kurihara 1989, Laude 2006, Leach 1992, Lewis 2003, Maltais 2001, McDonald 1995, McKeon 1988a, McKeon 1988b, Moore 2009, Nandi 2003, O’Donnell 1997, Somfay 2001, Swinburn 1984, Woodcock 1981, Emtner 2003, Haidl 2004, Rooyackers 1997, Wadell 2001, Jolly 2001
Vs. Medical air
Breathlessness-sensitivity analysis-quality SMD -0.25; 95%CI (-0.55;0.06) Breathlessness-sensitivity analysis-no imputed quantities SMD -0.36; 95%CI (-0.64;-0.09) Breathlessness-sensitivity analysis-no outliers SMD -0.33; 95%CI (-0.45;-0.22) Breathlessness-sensitivity analysis-no end exercise SMD 0.37; 95%CI (-0.54;-0.21) Breathlessness-subgroup analysis-short burst or not-post hoc-no outliers SMD -0.33; 95%CI (-0.45;-0.22) Subgroup analysis- not using short-burst: Breathlessness SMD -0.42; 95%CI (-0.55;-0.28) Subgroup analysis- using short-burst: Breathlessness SMD -0.03; 95%CI (-0.28;0.22) Breathlessness-subgroup analysis-study focus-post hoc-no outliers SMD -0.33; 95%CI (-0.45;-0.22) Subgroup analysis- study focus= function: Breathlessness SMD -0.41; 95%CI (-0.58;-0.25) Subgroup analysis- study focus= sensation: Breathlessness SMD -0.39; 95%CI (-0.66;-0.12) Subgroup analysis- study focus= both: Breathlessness SMD -0.15; 95%CI (-0.43;0.14)
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Breathlessness-subgroup analysis-saturation on exertionpost hoc-no outliers SMD -0.33; 95%CI (-0.45;-0.22) Subgroup analysis- no exertional desaturation: Breathlessness SMD -0.57; 95%CI (-0.95;-0.19) Subgroup analysis- exertional desaturation: Breathlessness SMD -0.31; 95%CI (-0.42;-0.18) Breathlessness-subgroup analysis-mean PaO2-post hoc-no outliers SMD -0.33; 95%CI (-0.45;-0.22) Subgroup analysis- mean PaO2>=70: Breathlessness SMD -0.36; 95%CI (-0.51;-0.22) Subgroup analysis- mean PaO2<70: Breathlessness SMD -0.25; 95%CI (-0.50;0.00) Breathlessness-post hoc-no short-burst studies SMD -0.46; 95%CI (-0.59;-0.33) Breathlessness- post hoc-subgroup analysis- saturation on exertion- no short burst SMD -0.46; 95%CI (-0.59;-0.33) Subgroup analysis- with exertional desaturation: Breathlessness SMD -0.43; 95%CI (-0.57;-0.29) Subgroup analysis- with no exertional desaturation: Breathlessness SMD -0.69; 95%CI (-1.04;-0.34) Breathlessness- post hoc-subgroup analysis- study focusno short burst SMD -0.53; 95%CI (-0.69;-0.36) Subgroup analysis- focus=sensation: Breathlessness SMD -0.42; 95%CI (-0.71;-0.13) Subgroup analysis- focus=function: Breathlessness SMD -0.53; 95%CI (-0.74;-0.33) Subgroup analysis- focus=both: Breathlessness SMD -0.67; 95%CI (-1.19;-0.14) Breathlessness- post hoc-subgroup analysis- mean PaO2no short burst SMD -0.46; 95%CI (-0.58;-0.33) Subgroup analysis- mean PaO2 >=70: Breathlessness SMD -0.47; 95%CI (-0.62;-0.32) Subgroup analysis- mean PaO2<70: Breathlessness SMD -0.43; 95%CI (-0.67;-0.19) Breathlessness- post hoc-sensitivity analysis- quality- no short burst SMD -0.25; 95%CI (-0.59;0.09) Breathlessness- post hoc-no outliers and no short burst SMD -0.42; 95%CI (-0.55;-0.28) Breathlessness- post hoc-sensitivity analysis-no imputed quantities and no outliers SMD -0.31; 95%CI (-0.56;-0.05) Breathlessness- post hoc-sensitivity analysis-no end
Critical appraisal of review quality
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Intervention(s)
Results
Critical appraisal of review quality
exercise and no outliers SMD -0.31; 95%CI (-0.44;-0.18) Breathlessness- subgroup analysis-dyspnoea measure SMD Modified Borg -0.44; 95%CI (-0.58;-0.29) Breathlessness- subgroup analysis-dyspnoea measure SMD VAS -0.25; 95%CI (-0.48;-0.02) Breathlessness- subgroup analysis-dyspnoea measure SMD VAS and Borg -0.37; 95%CI (-0.50;-0.24) Exercise tolerance: Not reported Physical functioning: Not reported
Uronis 2008
4106 4107
• SR • Funding/CoI: Uronis salary supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/ CoI not reported • Search date:1966 to December 2006 • Databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, handsearch of reference lists. • Study designs: • N included studies: N=5 studies
• Eligibility criteria: Mildly hypoxaemic or nonhypoxaemic adult cancer patients with dyspnoea not qualifying for home oxygen therapy • • Patient characteristics: o Age median= 65 years o 39% females
Oxygen (administered by a non-invasive method; one study used Heliox28) Vs
Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: VAS or comparable scale (n=4 stds) SMD= -0.09: 95%CI: (-0.22, 0.04); p=0.16
• SR of moderate quality • Included RCTs: Buera 1993, Bruera 2003, Booth 1996, Ahmedzai 2004, Philip 2006
Exercise tolerance: 6MWT: Narrative reporting only; one study reports significant increase in walking distance while another study found no difference
Medical air Physical functioning: not reported Quality of life: not reported
Primaire studies Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Interventions
Results
Barton 2010
• Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: Marie Curie Cancer Care SuPaC CBG grant 15; no CoI • Setting: single tertiary centre study, UK
• Eligibility criteria: adults with refractory breathlessness caused by malignant lung disease (due to primary or secondary tumours), an expected prognosis of at least 3m and a KPS of >40%
Three sessions of breathing training (N=11) vs.
Dyspnoea: mean change from baseline to week 4 • Breathlessness severity (NRS): -2.5 vs. 0.8, SD 3.2, effect size 1.0 • Worst breathlessness (NRS): -3.0 vs. -1.0, SD 2.5, effect size 0.8
Single session of
Exercise tolerance:
Critical appraisal of study quality Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Unblinded pilot study • Selective reporting: no estimates of statistical significance; change from
Study ID
Bausewein 2010
Dreher 2009
Duiverman 2011
Method
Patient characteristics
Interventions
Results
• Sample size: N=22 • Duration: recruitment Sept 2007 – Aug 2008; follow-up for 8 weeks
• A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Mean age: 71y o Men: 41%
breathing training (N=11)
Not reported
• Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: supported by the charity Cicely Saunders International; no CoI • Setting: 3 centres, Germany • Sample size: N=70 • Duration: data collection June 2006 – Nov 2007 • Design: cross-over RCT • Funding/CoI: open research grant from Breas Medical AB, Mölnlycke, Sweden; no CoI • Setting: single university centre, Germany • Sample size: N=19 • Duration: recruitment period unclear
• Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: funded by the Dutch Asthma Foundation; one author received grants from Respironics • Setting: single university centre, the Netherlands • Sample size: N=72 • Duration: recruitment period unclear; followup of 2y
• Eligibility criteria: patients with advanced malignant disease (primary lung cancer or secondary lung metastases/ lung involvement due to cancer) or COPD stage III/IV • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Age: 64.5 vs. 66.6y o Male: 19 vs. 17 o COPD: 24 vs. 21 • Eligibility criteria: stable COPD stage IV, dyspnoea during mild exertion • A priori patient characteristics: o Age: 63y o Male: 10/11 o FEV1 % predicted: 26%
• Eligibility criteria: COPD stage III-IV, age 40-76y, stable clinical condition, chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Mean age: 63 vs. 61y o Male: 16 vs. 17
Physical functioning: Not reported
Handheld fan directed to the face (N=38) vs.
Quality of life: • EQ-VAS: appeared to improve in the three session group but stable in the single-group • EQ-5D: not interpretable on so few data Dyspnoea: Borg score • Mean change: 0.6 vs. 0.8, p=0.90 Exercise tolerance: Not reported
Wristband (N=32) Physical functioning: Not reported
Single dosage of O2 vs. Double dosage of O2
Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: Borg scale • During 12MWT: median increase 4 vs. 3 vs. 4; p=0.266
vs.
Exercise tolerance: • 6MW distance: 311 vs. 322 vs. 284m, p=0.01 • 12MW distance: 619 vs. 622 vs. 555m; p=0.024
NPPV in addition to single dosage of O2
Physical functioning: Not reported
All during walking
Quality of life: Not reported
Nocturnal NPPV + rehabilitation (N=37)
Dyspnoea: • MRC dyspnoea score: adjusted difference in change – mean = -0.4 (95%CI -0.8 to 0.0; p<0.05) • CRQ dyspnoea: adjusted difference in change – mean = -1.7 (95%CI -4.8 to 1.5)
vs. Rehabilitation only (N=35)
Exercise tolerance: • 6MW distance: difference in change = 77.3m (95%CI 46.4-108.0; p<0.001)
Critical appraisal of study quality baseline reported • No ITT analysis, only 11/22 patients included
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Phase II trial • No blinding possible • No ITT-analysis: only 36/70 patients included in analysis
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Unclear randomization method and allocation concealment; blinding not mentioned, but probably not possible • Only 11/19 patients included in analysis
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Concealed allocation • No blinding • No ITT-analysis: several drop-outs, not included in analysis
Study ID
Method
Patient characteristics
Interventions
Results
Critical appraisal of study quality
Physical functioning: • GARS: adjusted difference in change – mean = -3.8 (95%CI -7.4 to -0.4; p<0.05) • SRI physical functioning domain: difference = 10.7% (95%CI 3.8 to 17.6; p=0.003)
Hui 2013
Moore 2011
Ozalevli 2007
• Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Support Grant (CA 016672); no CoI • Setting: single cancer centre, US • Sample size: N=30 • Duration: recruitment Feb 2007 – Apr 2011; follow-up duration unclear • Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: National Health and Medical Research Council, Northern Clinical Research Centre, Victorian Tuberculosis and Lung Association, Austin Hospital Medical Research Foundation, Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Hospital, Australia Finkel Foundation, Air Liquide, Boehringer Ingelheim; no CoI • Setting: single centre, Australia • Sample size: N=143 • Duration: recruitment period unclear; duration 12 weeks • Design: cross-over RCT
vs.
Quality of life: • CRQ total: adjusted difference in change – mean = -1.3 (95%CI -9.7 to 7.4) • MRF-28 total: difference in change = -13.4% (95%CI -22.7 to -4.2; p=0.005) Dyspnoea: mean change • NRS: -3.2 vs. -1.9, p=0.32 • Modified Borg scale: -1.5 vs. -2.1, p=0.29
High-flow oxygen (N=16)
Exercise tolerance: Not reported
• Eligibility criteria: 18+, diagnosis of advanced cancer (locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease), average intensity of dyspnoea at rest over the past week >=3/10 on (NRS) despite supplemental oxygen; life expectancy >1w • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Mean age: 63 vs. 59y o Male: 57 vs. 37% • Eligibility criteria: Clinically stable ex-smokers with COPD on optimal medical treatment, having PaO2 >7.3 kPa at rest breathing room air and moderate to severe exertional dyspnoea • A priori patient characteristics: air vs. oxygen o Age: 72 vs. 72y o FEV1 % predicted: 47 vs. 47%
BiPAP (N=14)
• Eligibility criteria: moderate-to-
6MWT in room air
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Phase II trial • Open-label • Probably no ITT analysis
Physical functioning: Not reported
Cylinder air (N=75) vs. Cylinder oxygen (N=68)
Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: mean (SD) • CRDQ: 4w 18.4 (5.8) vs. 19.7 (5.4), NS; 12w 18.4 (5.9) vs. 19.5 (6.0), NS Exercise tolerance: 6MWD • 4w: 359 (95.9) vs. 348 (99.9) • 12w: 357 (100) vs. 352 (114)
Level of evidence: high risk of bias • Concealed allocation • Blinded study • No ITT analysis (4 dropouts not included)
Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: mean (SD) • CRDQ, total: 4w 87.6 (18.3) vs. 92.0 (19.9), NS; 12w 88.2 (20.5) vs. 89.6 (22.6), NS • Assessment of QOL utility index: 4w 0.52 (0.24) vs. 0.52 (0.26); 12w 0.57 (0.27) vs. 0.52 (0.27); NS
Dyspnoea:
Level of evidence: high risk of
Study ID
Suzuki 2012
4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114
Method
Patient characteristics
Interventions
Results
• Funding/CoI: not reported • Setting: single university centre, Turkey • Sample size: N=28 • Duration: not reported
severe COPD, FEV1 % predicted <70%, exertional desaturation of at least 4%; clinically stable • A priori patient characteristics: intervention vs. control o Age: 68.9y o Male: N=22 o FEV1 % predicted: range 3245%
conditions
• Modified Borg scale: at the end of 6MWT 3.8 vs. 1.6, p=0.001
vs. 6MWT with supplemental oxygen
Exercise tolerance: • 6MW distance: 174.7 vs. 222.1m, p=0.001
Critical appraisal of study quality bias • Pseudo-randomization: the patients were told that the two tests were identical and they chose the first test • Single blinded
Physical functioning: Not reported Quality of life: Not reported Dyspnoea: • Borg scale after 6MWT: MD = -3.58; 95%CI 4.27 to -2.90
Acupuncture once a Level of evidence: high risk of • Eligibility criteria: stage II-IV week for 12 weeks bias COPD, clinically stable with no (N=34) history of infections or exacerbation of respiratory • Central randomization vs. symptoms, no changes in • Single blinded medication within the 3 months Exercise tolerance: • No ITT analysis: 6 dropouts Sham acupuncture preceding the study outset, • 6MWD: MD = 78.68 (95%CI 54.16 to 103.21) not included in analysis (N=34) and no signs of edema; stage II or higher dyspnea according Physical functioning: to the MRC criteria; able to Not reported walk unassisted; no pulmonary rehabilitation in the previous 6 Quality of life: months • SGRQ, total: MD = -15.7 (95%CI -20.3 to -11.2) • A priori patient characteristics: placebo vs. real acupuncture o Age: mean 72.5 vs. 72.7y o Male: 32 vs. 31 o FEV1 % predicted: 48.0 vs. 44.5 o Stage II: 13 vs. 6 Abbreviations: 6MWD: 6-minutes walking distance; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; CCQ: Clinical COPD Questionnaire; CoI: conflicts of interest; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRQ: Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire; GARS: Groningen Activiteiten Restrictie Schaal; ITT: intention to treat; MA: meta-analysis; MD: mean difference; MRC: Medical Research Council; MRF: Maugeri Foundation Respiratory Failure; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; NRS: numeric rating scale; NS: non-significant; O2: oxygen; OR: odds ratio; PEP: positive expiratory pressure; QOL: quality of life; RCT: randomized controlled trial; RR: relative risk; SGRQ: St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire; SMD: standardized mean difference; SR: systematic review; SRI: Severe Respiratory Insufficiency; VAS: visual analogue scale; WMD: weighted mean difference • Design: RCT • Funding/CoI: funded by the Grantsin-Aid for scientific research from the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustio; no CoI • Setting: multicentre study, Japan • Sample size: N=68 • Duration: recruitment period Jul 2006 – Mar 2009; duration 12 weeks
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References Bailey CD, Wagland R, Dabbour R, Caress A, Smith J, Molassiotis A. An integrative review of systematic reviews related to the management of breathlessness in respiratory illnesses. BMC pulmonary medicine. 2010;10(63). Barton R, English A, Nabb S, Rigby AS, Johnson MJ. A randomised trial of high vs low intensity training in breathing techniques for breathless patients with malignant lung disease: a feasibility study. Lung Cancer. 2010;70(3):313-9. Bausewein C, Booth S, Gysels M, Higginson I. Non-pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in advanced stages of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;2(2):CD005623. Bausewein C, Booth S, Gysels M, Kuhnbach R, Higginson IJ. Effectiveness of a hand-held fan for breathlessness: a randomised phase II trial. BMC Palliative Care. 2010;9:22. Ben-Aharon I, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Stemmer S.M. Interventions for alleviating cancer-related dyspnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Oncol. 2012;51(8):996-1008. Bradley JM, Lasserson T, Elborn S, Macmahon J, O'Neill B. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining the short-term benefit of ambulatory oxygen in COPD. Chest. 2007;131(1):278-85. Chen H, Liang B-M, Xu Z-B, Tang Y-J, Wang K, Xiao J, et al. Long-term non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Chin Med J. 2011;124(23):4063-70. Cranston JM, Crockett A, Currow D. Oxygen therapy for dyspnoea in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;3(3):CD004769. DiSalvo WM, Joyce MM, Tyson LB, Culkin AE, Mackay K. Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnea. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008;12(2):341-52. Dreher M, Doncheva E, Schwoerer A, Walterspacher S, Sonntag F, Kabitz HJ, et al. Preserving oxygenation during walking in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: noninvasive ventilation versus oxygen therapy. Respiration. 2009;78(2):154-60. Duiverman ML, Wempe JB, Bladder G, Vonk JM, Zijlstra JG, Kerstjens HAM, et al. Two-year home-based nocturnal noninvasive ventilation added to rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. Respiratory research. 2011;12(112). Holland AE, Hill CJ, Jones AY, McDonald CF. Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;10. Hui D, Morgado M, Chisholm G, Withers L, Nguyen Q, Finch C, et al. High-flow oxygen and bilevel positive airway pressure for persistent dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer: a phase II randomized trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;46(4):463-73.
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Kolodziej MA, Jensen L, Rowe B, Sin D. Systematic review of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in severe stable COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(2):293306. Lee EJ, Frazier SK. The efficacy of acupressure for symptom management: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;42(4):589-603. Maggiore SM, Richard J-CM, Abroug F, Diehl JL, Antonelli M, Sauder P, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of noninvasive ventilation with helium-oxygen mixture in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(1):145-51. Norweg A, Collins EG. Evidence for cognitive-behavioral strategies improving dyspnea and related distress in COPD. International Journal of Copd. 2013;8:439-51. Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Miller BR, Hill CJ, Tarrant B, Steward R, et al. The effect of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy on symptoms, quality of life and incidence of re-exacerbation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2014;69(2):137-43. Ozalevli S, Ozden A, Gocen Z, Cimrin AH. Comparison of six-minute walking tests conducted with and without supplemental oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exercise-induced oxygen desaturation. Ann Saudi Med. 2007;27(2):94-100. Pan L, Guo Y, Lio X, Yan J. Lack of efficacy of neuromuscular stimulation of the lower limbs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Respirology 2014; 19: 22-29. Struik FM, Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Kerstjens HA, Wijkstra PJ. Nocturnal non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Review 2013; 6: CD002878.Towler P, Molassiotis A, Brearley SG. What is the evidence for the use of acupuncture as an intervention for symptom management in cancer supportive and palliative care: an integrative overview of reviews. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(10):291323. Uronis H, McCrory DC, Samsa G, Currow D, Abernethy A. Symptomatic oxygen for non-hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;6(6):CD006429. Uronis HE, Currow DC, McCrory DC, Samsa GP, Abernethy AP. Oxygen for relief of dyspnoea in mildly- or non-hypoxaemic patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(2):294-9.
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Bijlage 10 Methode ontwikkeling
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De GRADE-methodiek
Elk hoofdstuk van de richtlijn bestaat uit een richtlijntekst. De teksten naar aanleiding van de uitgangsvragen zijn opgebouwd volgens het volgende vaste stramien: aanbevelingen, literatuurbespreking, conclusies en overwegingen. De antwoorden op de uitgangsvragen (derhalve de aanbevelingen in deze richtlijn) zijn voor zover mogelijk gebaseerd op gepubliceerd wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Enkele hoofdstukken zijn via de evidence based methodiek uitgewerkt (medicamenteuze en nietmedicamenteuze behandeling) en de overige hoofdstukken zijn via de consensus based methodiek uitgewerkt. Gedurende het traject zal de evidence based methodiek nog toegepast worden op een aantal van de huidige consensus based hoofdstukken.
Opbouw Elke module van de richtlijn is volgens een vast stramien opgebouwd: de uitgangsvraag en aanbevelingen, de onderbouwing (samenvatting literatuur, referentielijst, conclusies en evidence tabellen), de overwegingen en de verantwoording. Voor het evidence based uitwerken van vragen rondom therapeutische interventieshanteren we de GRADE methodiek, voor alle overige uitgangsvragen de EBRO methodiek. De antwoorden op de uitgangsvragen (derhalve de aanbevelingen in deze richtlijn) zijn, voor zover mogelijk, gebaseerd op gepubliceerd wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Selectie Naast de selectie op relevantie werd tevens geselecteerd op bewijskracht. Hiervoor werd gebruik gemaakt van de volgende hiërarchische indeling van studiedesigns gebaseerd op bewijskracht: 1. Gerandomiseerde gecontroleerde studies (RCT’s) 2. Niet gerandomiseerde gecontroleerde studies (CCT’s) Waar deze niet voorhanden waren werd verder gezocht naar vergelijkend cohortonderzoek. Critical appraisal De kwaliteit van bewijs wordt weergegeven in vier categorieën: hoog, matig, laag en zeer laag. RCT’s starten hoog en observationele studies starten laag. Vijf factoren verlagen de kwaliteit van de evidentie (beperkingen in onderzoeksopzet, inconsistentie, indirectheid, imprecisie, publicatie bias) en drie factoren kunnen de kwaliteit van de evidentie verhogen (sterke associatie, dosis-respons relatie, plausibele (residuele) confounding) (zie tabel 1). Tabel 1. GRADE-methodiek voor het graderen van bewijs Quality of evidence
Study design
Lower if *
Higher if *
High (4)
Randomized trial
Study limitations -1 Serious -2 Very serious Inconsistency -1 Serious -2 Very serious Indirectness -1 Serious -2 Very serious Imprecision
Large effect + 1 Large + 2 Very large Dose response + 1 Evidence of a gradient All plausible confounding + 1 Would reduce a demonstrated effect, or + 1 Would suggest a spurious effect when results
Moderate (3) Low (2)
Observational study
Very low (1)
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-1 Serious -2 Very serious Publication bias -1 Likely -2 Very likely
show no effect
Algehele kwaliteit van bewijs Omdat het beoordelen van de kwaliteit van bewijs in de GRADE-benadering per uitkomstmaat geschiedt, is er behoefte aan het bepalen van de algehele kwaliteit van bewijs. Zowel voor als na het literatuuronderzoek wordt door de richtlijnwerkgroep bepaald welke uitkomstmaten cruciaal, belangrijk en niet belangrijk zijn. Het niveau van de algehele kwaliteit van bewijs wordt in principe bepaald door de cruciale uitkomstmaat met de laagste kwaliteit van bewijs. Als echter de kwaliteit van het bewijs verschilt tussen de verschillende cruciale uitkomstmaten zijn er twee opties: a. De uitkomstmaten wijzen in verschillende richtingen (zowel gewenst als ongewenste effecten) of de balans tussen gewenste en ongewenste effecten is onduidelijk, dan bepaalt de laagste kwaliteit van bewijs van de cruciale uitkomstmaten de algehele kwaliteit van bewijs; b. De uitkomstmaten in dezelfde richting wijzen (richting gewenst of richting ongewenst effecten), dan bepaalt de hoogste kwaliteit van bewijs van de cruciale uitkomstmaat dat op zichzelf voldoende is om de interventie aan te bevelen de algehele kwaliteit van bewijs. Tabel 2. Formulering conclusies op basis van kwaliteit van bewijs per uitkomstmaat Kwaliteit Interpretatie Formulering conclusie van bewijs Hoog Er is veel vertrouwen dat het werkelijk effect dicht Er is bewijs van hoge kwaliteit dat… in de buurt ligt van de schatting van het effect. (Referenties) Matig Er is matig vertrouwen in de schatting van het Er is bewijs van matige kwaliteit dat… effect: het werkelijk effect ligt waarschijnlijk dicht bij de schatting van het effect, maar er is een (Referenties) mogelijkheid dat het hier substantieel van afwijkt. Laag Er is beperkt vertrouwen in de schatting van het Er is bewijs van lage kwaliteit dat…. effect: het werkelijke effect kan substantieel verschillend zijn van de schatting van het effect. (Referenties) Zeer laag Er is weinig vertrouwen in de schatting van het Er is bewijs van zeer lage kwaliteit effect: het werkelijke effect wijkt waarschijnlijk dat…. substantieel af van de schatting van het effect. (Referenties) Formulering algehele kwaliteit van bewijs: hoog/matig/laag/zeer laag Methode voor het formuleren van ‘Overwegingen’ Naast de evidence uit de literatuur (conclusies) zijn er andere overwegingen die meespelen bij het formuleren van de aanbeveling. Deze aspecten worden besproken onder het kopje ‘Overwegingen’ in de richtlijntekst. Hierin worden de conclusies (op basis van de literatuur) geplaatst in de context van de dagelijkse praktijk en vindt een afweging plaats van de voor- en nadelen van de verschillende beleidsopties. De uiteindelijk geformuleerde aanbeveling is het resultaat van de conclusie(s) in combinatie met deze overwegingen.
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Figuur 1. Van bewijs naar aanbeveling Tabel 3. Van bewijs naar aanbeveling Algehele kwaliteit van bewijs
hoog / matig / laag / zeer laag
Beslissing 1. Kwaliteit van het bewijs Is de algehele kwaliteit van bewijs hoog?
1
☐ ja ☐ nee of onduidelijk
Toelichting …
2. Balans tussen gewenste en ongewenste effecten Overtreffen de gunstige effecten de ongunstige effecten, of de ongunstige effecten de gunstige effecten aanzienlijk en is de werkgroep hier zeker van?
☐ ja ☐ nee of onduidelijk
3. Patiëntenperspectief Hanteren vrijwel alle patiënten hetzelfde perspectief op de wenselijkheid of de onwenselijkheid van de aan te bieden interventie?
☐ ja ☐ nee of onduidelijk
…
4. Professioneel perspectief Hanteren vrijwel alle zorgverleners hetzelfde perspectief op de wenselijkheid of de onwenselijkheid van de aan te bieden interventie?
☐ ja ☐ nee of onduidelijk
…
…
Onderstaande factoren alleen evalueren als een positief geformuleerde aanbeveling wordt overwogen
5. Middelenbeslag Zijn de netto-gunstige effecten de (extra) middelen waard?
☐ ja ☐ nee of onduidelijk …
…
6. Organisatie van zorg Zijn voldoende condities van zorgorganisatorische aard aanwezig om de interventie toe te passen?
☐ ja ☐ nee of onduidelijk
…
7. Maatschappelijk perspectief ja Zijn voldoende condities van maatschappelijke … nee of onduidelijk aard aanwezig om de interventie toe te passen? 1. Indien een of meerdere factoren worden geëvalueerd met ‘ja’ neemt de waarschijnlijkheid van een sterke aanbeveling toe.
☐ ☐
Sterkte van de aanbeveling:
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sterk / zwak (conditioneel)
Toelichting bij Tabel 3 1. Kwaliteit van het bewijs Hoe hoger de algehele kwaliteit van het bewijs, des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een sterke (positieve of negatieve) aanbeveling. 2. Balans van gewenste en ongewenste effecten Hoe groter het verschil is tussen de gewenste en ongewenste effecten, des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een sterke (positieve of negatieve) aanbeveling. Hoe kleiner dit verschil of hoe meer onzekerheid over de grootte van het verschil, des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een conditionele aanbeveling. Toelichting: • Bespreken effectiviteit in relatie tot bijwerkingen en complicaties in het licht van de kwaliteit van bewijs, de precisie van de effectgrootte en minimaal klinisch relevant geacht voordeel. • Sterkte van het effect vergeleken met geen interventie. • Aanwezigheid van comorbiditeit. • Klinisch niet relevantie van het effect. 3. Patiëntenperspectief Hoe groter de uniformiteit in waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten bij het afwegen van de voor- en nadelen van een interventie, des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een sterke (positieve of negatieve) aanbeveling. 4. Professioneel perspectief Hoe groter de uniformiteit in waarden en voorkeuren van professionals ten aanzien van de toepasbaarheid van een interventie, des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een sterke (positieve of negatieve) aanbeveling. Toelichting:
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• • • •
Kennis en ervaring met technieken/therapieën. Risico’s die professional loopt bij het toepassen van de interventie. Verwachte tijdbesparing. Verlies aan tijd door het invoeren van de interventie.
N.B.: de hierna volgende factoren (5, 6 en 7) alleen evalueren als een positief geformuleerde aanbeveling wordt overwogen! Een positief geformuleerde aanbeveling is een aanbeveling waarbij een bepaalde interventie wel ‘dient’ plaats te vinden (sterk) of wel ‘kan worden overwogen’ (zwak/conditioneel). Als dat daarentegen juist niet het geval is, is sprake van een negatief geformuleerde aanbeveling. 5. Middelenbeslag Hoe minder middelen er worden gebruikt (m.a.w. hoe lager de kosten van een interventie zijn vergeleken met de beschouwde alternatieven en andere kosten gerelateerd aan de interventie), des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een sterke aanbeveling. Hoe meer onzekerheid over het middelenbeslag, des te waarschijnlijker wordt een conditionele aanbeveling. 6. Organisatie van zorg Hoe meer onzekerheid of de geëvalueerde interventie daadwerkelijk op landelijke schaal toepasbaar is, des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een conditionele aanbeveling. Toelichting: • De beschikbaarheid/aanwezigheid van faciliteiten & medicijnen. • De wijze waarop de organisatie van de zorg aangeboden dient te worden/grootte van de verandering in de organisatie-zorgproces/infrastructuur voor implementatie. • Voorbeeld: een bepaalde diagnostiek of behandeling kan alleen in bepaalde centra worden uitgevoerd in verband met de aanwezigheid van faciliteiten zoals een PET scan. 7. Maatschappelijk perspectief (Juridische overwegingen/ethische overwegingen/industriële belangen/vergoeding door verzekeraars/politieke en strategische consequenties) Hoe groter de onzekerheid hierover is, des te waarschijnlijker wordt het formuleren van een conditionele aanbeveling. Toelichting: • Indien twee behandelingen even effectief zijn waarvan één behandeling wordt vergoed, zal deze laatste behandeling mogelijk de voorkeur hebben. Methode voor het formuleren van aanbevelingen GRADE kent twee soorten aanbevelingen: sterke aanbevelingen of conditionele (zwakke) aanbevelingen. De sterkte van aanbevelingen reflecteert de mate van vertrouwen waarin – voor de groep patiënten waarvoor de aanbevelingen zijn bedoeld - de gewenste effecten opwegen tegen de ongewenste effecten. Formulering: • Sterke aanbevelingen: Er dient…. te worden gegeven/gedaan • Zwakke/conditionele aanbevelingen: Overweeg….. te geven/te doen.
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Consensus based methodiek Methode Elke module van de richtlijn is volgens een vast stramien opgebouwd: de uitgangsvraag en aanbevelingen, de onderbouwing (samenvatting literatuur, referentielijst, conclusies, de overwegingen en de verantwoording. Consensus based teksten zijn gebaseerd op evidence. Deze evidence is door de werkgroepleden zelf verzameld en verwerkt. Voor consensus based richtlijnteksten is er geen systematisch literatuuronderzoek uitgevoerd en worden de artikelen niet methodologisch beoordeeld. Er wordt geen level of evidence toegekend aan de studies en er wordt geen niveau van bewijs toegekend aan de conclusies. De formulering van de conclusie hangt af van de onderliggende artikelen (zie tabel 1 en 2). Tabel 1. Formulering van conclusies voor diagnostische interventies Conclusie gebaseerd op Formulering • Eén systematische review die ten minste enkele Het is aangetoond dat… diagnostische studies bevat van goede kwaliteit en waarbij voldoende rekening wordt gehouden met de onderlinge afhankelijkheid van diagnostische tests. • Ten minste twee onafhankelijk van elkaar uitgevoerde diagnostische studies van goede kwaliteit Goede kwaliteit betreft: vergelijking met referentietest, beschrijving indextest en onderzochte populatie, voldoende grote serie van opeenvolgende patiënten, tevoren gedefinieerde afkapwaarden, blindering van index en referentietest. • Ten minste twee onafhankelijk van elkaar uitgevoerde Het is aannemelijk dat… diagnostische studies van matige kwaliteit.
• • •
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Matige kwaliteit betreft: vergelijking met referentietest, beschrijving indextest en onderzochte populatie, maar niet alle kenmerken die bij goede kwaliteit worden genoemd. Eén diagnostische studie (van goede of matige kwaliteit) of Niet vergelijkend onderzoek Mening van deskundigen (bijvoorbeeld werkgroepleden)
Er zijn aanwijzingen dat…
De werkgroep is van mening dat…
Tabel 2. Formulering van conclusies voor therapeutische interventies Conclusie gebaseerd op Formulering • Eén systematische review die ten minste enkele Het is aangetoond dat… RCT’s van goede kwaliteit en met voldoende omvang bevat of • Ten minste twee onafhankelijk van elkaar uitgevoerde RCT’s van goede kwaliteit en voldoende omvang. • Ten minste twee onafhankelijk van elkaar uitgevoerde Het is aannemelijk dat… RCT’s van matige kwaliteit of onvoldoende omvang of • Twee onafhankelijk van elkaar uitgevoerde onderzoeken (niet-gerandomiseerd: vergelijkend cohortonderzoek, patiënt-controle onderzoek)
• •
• •
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Eén RCT van goede kwaliteit en voldoende omvang of Eén RCT van matige kwaliteit of onvoldoende omvang of ander vergelijkend onderzoek (nietgerandomiseerd: vergelijkend cohortonderzoek, patiënt-controle onderzoek) of Niet vergelijkend onderzoek Mening van deskundigen (bijvoorbeeld de werkgroepleden)
Er zijn aanwijzingen dat…
De werkgroep is van mening dat…
Methode voor het formuleren van ‘Overwegingen’ Naast de conclusies uit de literatuur zijn er andere overwegingen die kunnen meespelen bij het formuleren van de aanbeveling. Deze aspecten worden besproken onder het kopje ‘Overwegingen’ in de richtlijntekst. Hierin wordt de context van de dagelijkse praktijk beschreven en vindt een afweging plaats van de voor- en nadelen van de verschillende beleidsopties. De uiteindelijk geformuleerde aanbeveling is het resultaat van de conclusie(s) in combinatie met deze overwegingen.
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Figuur 1. Van bewijs naar aanbeveling Checklist ‘Overwegingen’ Eén of meerdere conclusies leiden tot één aanbeveling. Bij consensus based richtlijnen kan als hulpmiddel voor de formulering van de aanbeveling één checklist ‘Overwegingen’ ingevuld. Deze checklist en de bijbehorende uitleg kunnen ook worden gebruikt bij het schrijven van de overwegingen.
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Als een bepaald diagnostisch instrument of bepaalde behandeling volgens de conclusies niet werkzaam is, dient geen gebruik gemaakt te worden van dit diagnostisch instrument of deze behandeling. Overwegingen dragen dan niet bij en worden niet beschreven. Items
1. Klinische relevantie
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A) Wordt het item meegewogen in het opstellen van de concept aanbeveling?
4383
B) 4384 Indien ja, beschrijving van deze 4385 overwegingen. 4386 Deze tekst wordt weergegeven in de richtlijn 4387 onder het tabblad 'overwegingen'.
□ Ja □ Nee
2. Veiligheid
□ Ja □ Nee
3. Patiënten perspectief
□ Ja □ Nee
4. Professioneel perspectief
□ Ja □ Nee
5. Kosten effectiviteit
□ Ja □ Nee
6. Organisatie
□ Ja □ Nee
7. Maatschappij
□ Ja □ Nee
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Uitleg items checklist ‘overwegingen’ 1. Klinische relevantie: bepalen door professionals en evt. literatuuronderzoek • Sterkte van het effect vergeleken met geen interventie • Consistentie van het beschikbare bewijs uit de verschillende studies • Generaliseerbaarheid • Voorbeeld: een bepaalde behandeling kan een significante verbetering van symptomen geven die patiënten echter niet als zodanig ervaren, dus klinisch niet relevant 2. Veiligheidsissues: bepalen door professionals en evt. literatuuronderzoek • Bijwerkingen, risico’s of complicaties op korte en lange termijn • Gebruik bij co-morbiditeit / gelijktijdig gebruik medicatie en/of interventie • Voorbeeld: fysieke comorbiditeit kan bepaalde behandelingen uitsluiten. 3. Patiëntenperspectief: bepalen door professionals, patiënten en eventueel literatuuronderzoek • Voorkeuren / te verwachten compliance / te verwachten tevredenheid / kwaliteit van leven • Voorbeeld: diagnostiek of behandeling waarvoor minder ziekenhuisbezoek nodig is; behandeling die makkelijker toe te dienen is; behandeling die sneller effect laat zien 4. Professioneel perspectief: bepalen door professionals
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• • • •
Kennis en ervaring met technieken/therapie Risico’s die professional loopt bij het toepassen van de interventie / tijdbesparing of het verlies aan tijd door het invoeren van de interventie Houding, normen en waarden van de professional Voorbeeld: een nieuwe techniek die nog niet alle professionals beheersen.
5. Kosteneffectiviteit: bepalen door professionals, indien gewenst en mogelijk kosteneffectiviteitsanalyse door expert • Kosteneffectiviteit in verhouding tot bestaande ingrepen/behandelingen voor deze ziekte 6. Organisatorische factoren: bepalen door professionals • De beschikbaarheid/aanwezigheid van faciliteiten & medicijnen • De wijze waarop de organisatie van de zorg aangeboden dient te worden / grootte van de verandering in de organisatie-zorgproces / infrastructuur voor implementatie • Voorbeeld: een bepaalde diagnostiek of behandeling kan alleen in bepaalde centra worden uitgevoerd in verband met de aanwezigheid van faciliteiten zoals een PET scan. 7. Maatschappelijke factoren: bepalen door professionals • Vergoeding door verzekeraars / Industriële belangen / Ethische overwegingen / Juridische overwegingen / Politieke en strategische consequenties • Voorbeeld: indien twee behandelingen even effectief zijn waarvan één behandeling wordt vergoed, zal deze laatste behandeling worden aanbevolen. Checklist formuleren van aanbevelingen Conclusie
Effect overwegingen op concept aanbeveling
Classificatie aanbeveling
Formulering aanbeveling
Hoge mate van bewijs (het is aangetoond/ aannemelijk)
Versterkt concept aanbeveling of is neutraal
Sterke aanbeveling
Er dient
Hoge mate van bewijs (het is aangetoond/ aannemelijk)
Verzwakt concept aanbeveling
Aanbeveling
Er wordt geadviseerd
Lage mate van bewijs (er zijn aanwijzingen/ de werkgroep is van mening dat)
Versterkt concept aanbeveling of is neutraal
Aanbeveling
Er wordt geadviseerd
Lage mate van bewijs (er zijn aanwijzingen /de werkgroep is van mening dat)
Verzwakt concept aanbeveling
Geen aanbeveling
Er kan geen aanbeveling worden gegeven. Optioneel: de werkgroep is van mening dat
Methode voor het formuleren van aanbevelingen In de praktijk kunnen er per uitgangsvraag meerdere conclusies zijn. Indien er meerdere conclusies bij de uitgangsvraag zijn geformuleerd is het van belang de conclusies te prioriteren. De conclusie die het meest van belang is voor het formuleren van de aanbeveling wordt meegenomen in de checklist ‘formuleren van aanbevelingen’.
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Bijlage 11 Implementatie Bevorderen van het toepassen van de richtlijn in de praktijk begint met een brede bekendmaking en verspreiding van de richtlijn. Bij verdere implementatie gaat het om gerichte interventies om te bevorderen dat professionals de nieuwe kennis en kunde opnemen in hun routines van de oncologische en palliatieve zorgpraktijk, inclusief borging daarvan. Als onderdeel van elke richtlijn stelt IKNL een implementatieplan op. Activiteiten en interventies voor verspreiding en implementatie vinden zowel op landelijk als regionaal niveau plaats. Deze kunnen eventueel ook op maat gemaakt worden per instelling of specialisme. Informatie hierover is te vinden op www.iknl.nl/opleidingen. Het implementatieplan bij deze richtlijn (bijlage X) is een belangrijk hulpmiddel om effectief de aanbevelingen uit deze richtlijn te implementeren voor de verschillende disciplines.
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Bijlage 12 Evaluatie Momenteel worden methoden voor evaluatie van richtlijnen voor de palliatieve zorg onderzocht.