INTRODUCTION
l.
one of the important objectives of the second Long_Term (twenty_five_year) Development is the improvement of the quality or r,ur"n resources.
Although Indonesia has already.achieved a $reat deal, we still face a number of problems. For example, at present, the infant mortality rate is sa po i,oo0 live births, which ranks Indonesia among the highest in the fuLan countries. Acute infectious diseases and
malnutrition contribute significantry
;;;ily,'
especiary
protein energy malnutrition among pregnant mothers. 1" overall, the marginal health and nutritional status of women is represented in the high maternar mortarity rate (MMR). In 1986, it was estimated that the nationar llnR high as 450 per r00,000 rive births, far above other Asean countries. still as o,r tigza national household survey of the health Ylu.: of the population showed that the MMR had only decreased to 425 per 100,000 live births, which means that 4 out of every 1,000 mothers will, never survive delivery to see their babies, due to complications at the time of delivery' The low health and nutritional status of women also contributes to a poor nutritional state of newborn infants and preschool children. At least 40 percent of preschool children under five years of age suffers nutiiio*t deficiencies, especially among those riving in rurar areas and in impoverish.d a-,niti.r.
*";;;
2' The problem of malnutrition is not confined to preschoolers, among school age' A survey of 600,000 prirn.ry
but is also observed
r.t ooi students in
all 27 provinces in 1994 showed that the pievarence of stuntini (ow ieight-for-age) ranged from 13'6 percent (Jakarta) to ll.z percent (centrl Kalimantan). In another study, approximat ely 70 per cent of school-aged childre" li;i;g in poo, ,"nsumed less than ToYo of their daily energy "ril.gl,more acute r.quir...nt. This situation becomes and serious since 30 to 40 perlent of schoor ug.-.hirarrn are arso anemic, and around 50 to g0 per cent suffer from worrn infestalon.
3' The health and nutrition probtems
1*ong primary schoor children are rerated to poverty and affect the learning capacity oi fnilar*. According to the Department of Education and culture, ttteie aie around 1.2 million who drop out fromprimary school annually, primarily due to poverty_related problems.
4'
In order to reduce the number of dropouts, several etlorts have been carried out in ongoing programs as foilows. r'
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ONGOING PROGRAI\{S l. The development of the primary schoor system through "primary Schoor
Inpres Program (Inpres SD)", carried out since the 1970s. At present, every village in the country has at least one primary school. The number, distribution and qiality of primary schools are being improved from time to time. in theory, the accessibility of primary school for almost all children aged 7-12 years anywhere in the country not be a problem. In the Sixth Five-Year Development plan {9ula @epelita VI, 1994/95-1998199), the Government of Indonesia launched "Universal a 9 year Basic Education" to be achieved in l0 to l5 years.
2.
As mentioned, poverty may hinder children from going to school. Therefore, to
ensure the success of the "universal 9 years basic education" program, alleviation of poverty is a prerequisite. This is being carried out, primarily, through a nation-wide
targeted poverty alleviation program known as.,Inpies IDT". 3.
To deal with problems faced by school children, since l99l /92 a pilot project on school feeding has been carried out in 1l provinces (Aceh, West Sumatia, bentral Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, west Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, East Timoq North sulawesi, Maluku, and Irian Jaya). In 1995, the pilot pro;".t covered 35.000 school children in 26 provinces. The pilot project'provided local snacks to supplement energy and protein needs of the childien. In addition, they were also given deworming tablets twice a year. The pilot project indicated promising results. School absenteeism declined, and the children's drive to learn and their attention level increased significantly.
4'
Based on the pilot project, it is decided that the School Feeding program is to be extended to all primary schools throughout the country, includin! iefiiious primary schools. As announced by President Soeharto in his ,i.t"*"nt on the Draft State Budget for 1996-1997 to the House of the People's Representative, on January 4, 1996, in 1996/97 this extension will begin in all pooi villages outside Java and Bali.
OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAM
l'
To increase the nutritional status of primary school children (including private and religious schools) by providing supplementary snack-foodi pr"p.rJd using local food commodities. These snack-foods will contain 300 caloriei and around 5 grams of protein (15'20% daily catorie requirement). The amount will be similar
to the
calorie value of rhe breakfast consumed by ruial children.
2'
To improve the general health status of children, especially by combating worm infestation, in order to achieve the optim.al efficacy of tn. ,uppt.rrntary feeding program. This willbe achieved by providing deworming tabletii*i6 uri^r. a'
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To increase local food production, induced by increasing demand of foods for the school feeding program. This program is expected dsJ to complement the IDT program by providing a "market" for home gardening products from the IDT community groups. This in turn is hoped to enhance village economies.
4.
To increase the "social and economic value" of the local foods in the community, especially among childreq in line with the ongoing advocacy program on ..I love Indonesian Foods". In addition, the program is also designed as a medium for health and nutrition education to encourage better eating habits and a healthy way of life.
THE TARGET OF THE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAM IN REPELITA VI target for FY 1996197 is to cover all primary school children, public and private in all poor villages recorded in 1994/95 outside oi J.ua and Bali, *tti.tt will cover 2.1 million children in 16,800 primary schools. For FY lggTlgg and 1998/99 the target will be extended to more poor villages outside Java and Bali, which will cover 3.27 million children of 23,900 prirnary schools. It is hoped that this program wiil be continued in Repelita VII, depending upon the financial capacity of tne country, and will cover all primary school (public and private, including the Madrasah -I6tida'yah) children throughout the country. The
SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING FOODS
IN THE FORM OF SNACK
t. The supplementary feeding will be provided in the form of snack-foods, rather than as a complete meal. The snack-foods should not be considered as a substitute for lunch, but as a supplement.
)
J.
The snack-foods should be prepared by using local village food products which are locally produced (that particular village or nearby villages), with a unit cost of approdmately Rp.250 (US$ l0 cent) in the Western part of Indonesia (KtsI) and around Rp.350 (US$ l5 cent) in the Eastern part of Indonesia (KTD for each child per day.
Industrially made snack-foods such as milk and milk products, wheat flour and wheat products, canned food etc., are not allowed to be used for this program. These non-local products are basically imported products.
4.
The snack-foods willbe provided at least three times a week during the 9 months of effective school days in a year. If the local food products could be provided at a lower cost, then the snack-foods could be provided more than three times a week.
5.
The basic foods used for snack mainly from foo{s rich in carbohydrate, such as tubers (cassava, sweet taro, etc.); ....dr, (rice, corn, etc.), and fruits .potatg, (banana, bread fruit, etc.). To increasethe nutritional value of the rnu.k foods, and to make it more acceptable, other food items could be ad
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of snack-food provided should be in accordance with local food habit. For this purpose the program will provide guidelines and technical manuals.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAM l
'
The school feeding activity will be implemented primarily by school principals and school teachers in collaboration with the Village Women's Organization (pKK) cadres, and parents of the primary school children under technical iupervision of the village midwives,.whose task is to ensure the nutrition quality and hygienic aspeqs
ofthe
2'
snacks.
The exact number of children to be covered by the program is proposed by the School Principal and agreed upon by the Parents fusociatlon anA approned 6eeiy by the School Supervisors or supervisor; of Religious Schools.
3' The PKK cadres will submit a budget proposal every three months.
The proposed budget was already discussed and agreed by BP3 in accordance with the program guidelines. The letter to be checked by the village midwife.
4'
The preparation of the snack-foods will be implemented by pKK cadres, assisted by BP3 members on a rotating basis. In latei stages of the progr.rn, when the economic condition of the community is improving, school canteenJor could also be developed in this program.
*"p";"i"",
5' fu an education channel, before the children eat the snaclg the teacher will instruct the children to wash their
hands running water and soap, according. to their beliefs, followed _with by nutrition and health education.
6.
pray ' ' together,
For the deworming activity, the provision of deworming drugs twice a year is provided through the existing School Health Program (UKS) ih. pro.urement of the deworming drugs is incorporated in the existing mechanism of the primary health program.
7
' The
school feeding program will be backed up by an intensive community and school health and nutrition education, including environmental and sanitation education. For this purpose, all primary schools *itt provided U. with clean warer and sanitation facilities starting in 1997/9g.
THE SUPERVISORY ROLE OF GO.VERNMENT AGENCIES This program is a community program attempting to empower village community to plan, decide, manage, and control the program, *th . urry minimui of government intervention. However, the governmentls riitt r.rponsible to guide the community with the policy, and technical skill and knowledge abolt "the what-the why - and the how,, of the program. In addition, the governr.nt ir also respdnsible for thsaccountability of by appropriate super{rision. The gou"-r.nt agencies involved are : lh-: lrogram Ministries of Home AfFairs, Hearth, EducatLn and curture, Religious Affairs, Agriculture and State Ministry of Foods.
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At village level, village institutions involved are : village council (LKMD), vrllage women's organization @KK), parents'Association dpr), schoot @rincipar and Teachers), Health Senrices (village Mdwife), ano eiricultural Extension s,orkers (PPL)' Under coordination of the LKVD 'these insitutions and personnel plarg implement, monitor and evaruate the program vilage at rever.
CIIANNELING OF FUNDS l
'
For FY 1996197 approximately Rp. 80 billions (US$ 34 million) is allocated for the Ieeding--P-rogram as a part of the Inpres of Health facilities (INPRES SARANA KESEHATAN). The tund will be channeled directly to ,.noot )tcip.r, through a localbank @RI unit desa).
l:!"!
2'
The financial reports will be maae simple, but accountable. The report prepared bl tfe school principal and approved by PKK ana gpj, and submitted is to the higher administration levels.
THE SUPERVISION, MONITORING & EVALUATION
l'
{
Supervision of the program will be carried out by the government agencies involved at all levels, as well as by a social control mechanismiy - ---'-'--r' NGos, J .o*.unity, ' \vve press, and even by parliamentarians.
2'
Monitoring and evaluation will be conducted independently by involving Iocal universities, research institutions and NGOs
PROGRAM INDICATORS For
Students
a. Increased physical growth and health sratus
b' Increased drive to learn as a result of the improved nutritional and health status of the students. In the long run the improvement will increase educational performance. c' Increased
attendance rates and reduction in the number students with poor academic achievemenr.
of dropouts and numbers of
d' Increased knowledge, awareness and practices towards better food habits, healthy living, the importance of school gardens, and preserving the environment.
For
a'
Teachers
Increased teachers' creativity in the learning and teaching process, induced by improved student motivation to learn.
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For Parents (Communitv Level)
a.
Increased awareness about the importance of schooling and the rote of children,s nutritional status in educational performance, including the importance of breakfast and adequate diet for children.
b.
Increased awareness among the community of the benefit of intensifying home gardens, increased production of agricultural commodities, raising of livestck and development of fish ponds, for generating income.
c. It is anticipated that local communities will sustain the program with minimum government inputs.
by their own efforts
For Village Economies
a.
Increased production of local foods to meet the demand for the school feeding program. This process is hoped to generate and develop village economic activity.
b.
Development of school canteens or school cooperatives as part of the cooperative movements, s indication of economic imprtvement. InCreased knowledge and attitude on the importance of school and village cooperatives.
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LAPORAN PERKEMBANGAN KE GIATAN PROGRAM MAKANAN TAMBAIIAN ANAK SEKOLAH (PMr_AS)
1.
Data dan Dana Terdapat perbedaan data jumlah Kabupaten/kotamadya, jumlah sD/fuII dan jumlah murid pada sasaran program antara d,ata ying masuk dari daerah dengan data pusat, sebagai berikut
Kabupaten/Kodya SDA4I
Murid
:
172
168
18.318
16.794
2.333.308
2.012.535
Dengan demikian ada perbedaan jumlah kebutuhan dana untuk pengadaan makanan yaitu Rp. 76.g92 juta (berdasarkan data daerah) dengan Rp. 65.72g juta (berdasarkan perhitungan awal dari pusat).
b.
Alokasi dana terakhir untuk PMT-AS yang telah disetujui oleh Bappenas dan Diden Anggaran adarahsebesar Rp g9,4 milyar dengan perincian : Bahan makanan
Rp 65,7 milyar
Alat memasak Pengadaan obat cacing
Pelatihan TOT dan pKK Pelatihan Dati
II
dan Kec.
Pelatihan Desa Pengadaan timbangan Pengembangan kebun sekolah
Baseline data
Cl2/Rapim-7 / 4/96-2:19 pM
Rp 3,4 milyar Rp 1,2 milyar Rp 0,3 milyar Rp 1,8 milyar Rp 2,8 milyar Rp 2,2m1lyar Rp 3,4 milyar Rp 1,1 milyar
Pembinaan teknis pusat dan daerah, sfudi, rakor
Rp
1,3
Rp
5,6 milyar
Rp
0,6 milyar
milyar
Pencetakan buku pU, Juknis, bahan penyuluhan, poster
Pembinaan di Depdagri
(PMD dan Bangda)
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Guna menanggulangi perbedaan kebutuhan dana tersebut telah disepakati hal-hal sebagai berikut :
(1)
(2)
Program dilaksanakan sesuai data yang diusulkan oleh setiap Kepala sekolah ke BRI sesuai surat Edaran Direktur Jenderal anggaran no. sE-65/N45/0496 talssal 18 April 1996 dan diperbaha*I d.ngun surat no, 3-2294/A.4/45/0596 tanggal 20 Mei 1996: pelaksanaai program dimonitor untuk caturwulan pertama dahulu (4 bulan). pada bulan- kedua/ketiga akan dikirim Tim ke lapangan untut mengecek jumlah riil dari jumlah murid dalam program. Berdasarkan pengamatan pada caturwulan pertama akan diambil langkah-langkah pemecahan untuk bulan ke 5 (iima) dan seterusnya.
2.
Pelatihan Pelatihan untuk pelatih lintas sektor tingkat propinsi telah dilaksanakan dari 29 April 1996 s.d. 5 Mei tgqo berrempat di BAIELKES ciloto-Jawa ?nggut Barat, dan diikuti oleh 126 pesertl dari 21 propinsi. pelatihan bagi pelatih tingkat kecamatan dilaksanakan di tingkat ^ ka^bupaten. rtopinsi yang telah melaksanakan pelatihan kecamatan di tingkat kabupaten dan melapor ke Ditjen Depdagri adalah propinsi-propinsi Ntg, Lampung fMD sumbar, sumut, sulut dan sulteng. Propinsi-propinsi iain sedang ditanyakan lewat telpon oleh Ditjen Depdagri. Sementara itu pelatlhan petugas desa/sekolah belum IMD dilaksanakan kecuali di NTB yangakan selesai tanggal 7 huli 1996.
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pencanangan (launching)
Hari "H" akan dicanqgghan lrv*rr*rrri\crrr pada vawd taneeal La,,.p,B.ol zJ JUll ly96 pefsamaan dengan qSrinsltln H-uti a"u PMT-AS akan dicoba dahmlidatoEa-ak Presiden puou Huri anut Nasional
*t*i:.:$"" walaupun pencanangan pMT-AS adalah
tersebut.
tanggal ztz luti 1996, namun kepada sekolah tetap dimintakan untuk memulai pro-gru. pada hari pertama masuk sekolah yaitu tanggar 15 Juli 1996_ (khurrrniu bagi yang telah siap). Ada kemungkinan PMT-AS tidak dapat dilaksanakan serentak oleh karena menurut keterangan dari daerah, sekolah-sekolah di daerah terpencil sering tidak dapat memulai pelajaran tepat pada awal tahun ajaran baru yang ditetapkan, karena adanya berbagai kesulitan. oleh karena itu oi u.u.rupa-desa, waktu dimulainya PMT-AS akan disesuaikan dengan kesiapan unuk mu.id dan guru.
y'
Pemasyarakatan (sosial marketing)
Menyiapkan strategi pemasaran sosial (social marketing) PMT-AS sehingga diketahui oleh masyarakat seluas-luasnnya. untuk itu t.tur, dibentuk Tim yang dikoordinir oleh Depkes dibantun PKK yang akan menyu*n;;rusaran sosial ini berikut pembiayaannya. secara ueituti dilakukan puiu'i..asyarakatan melalui media masa. Pemasyarakatan ini dapat pulu dilakukan dengan bekerjasama dengan {!rb W i 1-,1r1,itCpF,. Film yang dibuat oleh PUSTEKI{OM datat pula ditayangkan di media elektronika. Untuk pemantapan dan pelaksanaan PMT-AS pada tanggal 13 dan 14 Juni 1gg6 telah dipresentasikan informasi tentanj dihadapan para Bupati/walikota
pvr-As
dan Ibu BupatiAvalikota (Ketua Tim penggerak pKK Kabupaten/Kotamadya) yang meliputi antara lain teknis pelaksanaan, permasalahan yang mungkin timbul dan alternatifpemec unu*rvi. /
-/
Monitoring dan Evaluasi
;:'fi,lfill:i"
.ffi
pengumpulan data secara sistematis mulai daii permulaan akhir pelaksanaan. C|2/Rapim-7 I 4 / 9 6-2: t9 pM
p.iutilr*
sampai
6.
c/){elembagaan
'
sesuai dengan surat Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 41 I.4l4g6lpNrD tanggal 2g Maret 1996 tentang Pelaksanaan PMT-AS, t.luh terbentuk Forum Koordinasi PMT-AS tingkat kabupaten/kotamadya di 172 Kabuput.ffi G6ffitt yuitu ruuuputen Asahan di tropinsi Sumat eia Utaramenyatakan di daerahnya sudah tidak qsssveslvrrur5E.r' ada desa tertineeal.
-
,/
{/(
V{r"rriapanlainnya / ./
Poster sudah diuji coba di 3 propinsi dan perbaikan.
2
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//
:'' ,_----
Buku Pedoman Umum PMT-AS telah selesai dicetak ,-"Pengadaan obat cacing sedang dipersiapkan sK Menkes dengan pr. Kimia , Farma Pedoman pengembangan kebun sekolah yang akan dibagikan kepada ppl-, Sekolah, sedang dalam tuhup pencetakan Buku Budidaya Tanaman pangan pendukung i,Nar-as, e sudah selesai disusun dan siap dicetak.
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PROGRAM IDT MEMASUKI TAHUN KETIGA
t.
Memasuki tahun ketiga, program IDT telah mencakup 44o/o dari seluruh desa di Indonesia. Dari seluruh desa IDT yang kini berjumfah 28.223 buah ini,21 .783 desa 177Yol berada di luar Jawa-Bali. Dafam persen desa miskin per wilayah, Jawa-Bali 21o/o, Jawa-BaliSumatera 31o/o, dan untuk seluruh KTI 75o/o. Artinya di seluruh KTI yaitu Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Maluku lrian Jaya, hanya tinggal 25o/o dari seluruh desa tidak termasuk desa lDT.
il.
Tujuan program IDT untuk meningkatkan pendapatan penduduk miskin melalui bantuan modal, telah mampu menggerakkan roda ekonomi rakyat, baik di wilayah perdesaan maupun di wilayahwilayah pinggiran kota. Di wilayah-wilayah yang amat terisolasi seperti di kepulauan Sangihe Talaud, ekonomi rakyat mulai bergairah dan lalu lintas perdagangan kecil antarpulau (tibo-tibo), dan antarkota semakin ramai.
ilt.
Secara rata-rata berkat program lDT, usaha kelompok-kelompok masyarakat/penduduk miskin telah meningkat 42To, terendah di wilayah Kalimantan (11o/ol dan tertinggi di Jawa-Bali (99olo). Ini menunjukkan bahwa program IDT rupanya sangat tepat dan cepat membantu penduduk miskin yang mampu berusaha bakulan atau memelihara ternak kecil (kambing) yang hasilnya dapat cepat dipasarkan. Tabel. 1 Jumlah Desa lDT, Dana IDT Per KK, dan Persentase Perkembangan Usaha Per Wilayah TA. 1994/1995
Wilayah
Jumlah Desa IDT
Sumatera Kalimantan Maluku, lrian Jaya Sulawesi Nusa Tenggara Jawa- Bali
Indonesia Jumlah
6.752 2.294 2.s50 1.944 90s
s00.907 176.129 197.s87 262.694
6.1 88
1.220.094
20.633
2.516.332
(Rata-Rata) ran Mendagt
Jumlah Penerima (KK)
Juni 1996
158.921
Nilai Penerimaan Per KK (Rp)
Perkembangan Usaha (%l
269.s91 260.491 258.114 148.O05 1 13.893 101.435
26,71
191.922
42,O2
11,O2
tad 16,68 18,40 98,94
?
tv.
Jumlah penduduk miskin yang telah "tersentuh" (menerima dana) program IDT TA 1994/95 adalah sebanyak 2.516.332 KK atau sekitar 11 ,1 juta jiwa atau 43o/o dari jumlah penduduk di bawah
garis kemiskinan. Sampai TA.
1995/1 996 jumlah penduduk miskin penerima dana IDT mencapai 2,8 juta KK atau 12,3 juta jiwa. Apabila antara 11 - 12 juta penduduk miskin ini pendapatannya telah naik rata-rata 42o/o, maka bisa diharapkan bahwa 3 tahun program IDT yang telah menyalurkan Rp 1,3 trilyun dana bantuan modal, kiranya sudah menghasilkan tambahan pendapatan nasional yang sangat berarti. Kenaikan yang relatif cepat dari pendapatan kelompok miskin berarti menyumbang pada upayaupaya pemerataan pendapatan antargolongan. V.
Satu Kajian Bersama yang dilaksanakan Pusat Pengkajian Dan Pengembangan Perekonomian Rakyat Yayasan Agro Ekonomika (Pusat P3R-YAE) pimpinan Prof. Sajogyo bulan Juni 1996, menemukan masih kurangnya keterpaduan dan koordinasi antarsektorsektor dalam pelaksanaan program-program penanggulangan kemiskinan di daerah. Namun yang sangat menggembirakan adalah bahwa kepedulian masyarakat terhadap masalah kemiskinan dan berbagai upaya masyarakat sendiri untuk membantu mengatasinya secara mandiri sudah benar-benar berkembang di semua daerah. Ini berarti program IDT sudah menunjukkan tanda-tanda menjadi gerakan masyarakat sendiri dalam mengatasi masalah kemiskinan masyarakat setempat.
vt.
Program IDT pada tahun ke tiga lebih ditingkatkan lagi melalui peningkatan pembangunan prasarana fisik yang menjadi salah satu penyebab kemiskinan penduduknya. Di wilayah-wilayah yang amat terpencil, bantuan prasarana fisik berupa jalan atau jemba-
tan, tambatan perahu, dan bahkan perahu motor,
benar-benar sangat dihargai penduduk. Dalam pAda itu mulai bulan Juli dimulai program baru yaitu PMTAS elhWt Makanan Tambahan Anak-Anak Sekolah) yang secara langsung membantu meningkatkan gizi anak-anak dengan memanfaatkan bahan-bahan makanan hasil pertanian/peternakanlperikanan setempat. Program ini pada
tahun pertama akan menyentuh 1,9 juta anak pada 19.000 SD di seluruh Indonesia. M
ubyarto
4 Juli 1 996
