Towards a resilient city: Strengthening urban spa7al planning in Indonesia Hendricus Andy Simarmata presented at serial diskusi Forum Kajian Pembangunan (series 2)
Jakarta, 11.09.2012
Kelompok Studi Kota dalam Perubahan Iklim (KoPI) Program Pascasarjana Kajian Pengembangan Perkotaan Universitas Indonesia
Research Area and Members of KoPI Head of Urban Studies Program Advisory Board theme
CiKes in Climate Change (KoPI) Hendricus Andy Simarmata Manager Research EsK SuyanK
Sub-‐theme
Urban Planning and InsKtuKon Adriadi Dimastanto Raka Suryandaru Eriksson Simanjutak Mohammad Yogie
Social and Community Development Irene Sondang LaKfa Saridevi Puthing Amanah Utami
Dr. Komara Djaya Prof Abimanyu Alamsyah Dr. Rudi Tambunan Dr. Azrar Hadi Dr. Yopie S. Dra. WidyawaK MSP
SpaKal Mapping and InformaKon Heri Prasetyo Dharma Kalsuma Nala Hutasoit Osmar S.
Area of Research 2009 Macro (Na7onal Level) Mezzo (Provincial Level)
Micro City and Community level)
CVI (BRKP)
2010
2011
2012
2013
CC Impact (DNPI-‐BC)
Village Database (JICA)
CVI (BRKP) SEA-‐North
Jakarta (DKI)
Risk Mapping (BNPB)
RPB (BNPB)
CC –flood Impact (JICA)
AdaptaKon Planning* (IAP-‐START) CC-‐based ZR (IAP-‐START)
2014…
Outline • • • •
CiKes and Climate Change Role of SpaKal Planning Case study of Jakarta Lesson learnt
Why ciKes become important? • ConcentraKon of populaKon à Urban Millennium • Most of the ciKes lie on coastal area whose have the highest risk • CiKes are economic engine of countries, globally interconnected • CiKes have vital infrastructures for people • CiKes claimed as the highest carbon emi_er
2030
RURAL 40%
URBAN 60%
Why Climate Change Era? • 1988, IPCC established by WMO and UNEP • May 1992, UNFCCC, 195 countries, incl. Indonesia • 1990 à ICLEI, 1200 ciKes in 70 countries, incl. Jakarta • June 2006, the climate project’s Al-‐Gore, 9 supported countries, incl. Indonesia • 2008, DNPI via PresidenKal RegulaKon No.46/2008
Impact CC to ciKes •
•
•
Climate Change à shock (short-‐ term) and stress (long-‐term) In Indonesia, 50.3% was caused by drought, flood, landslides, wildfire, and windstorm since 1907-‐2007 (Pribadi, 2008) CC hit to all levels, incl. community level àInfluence their everyday life (more than 42,000 poor households within 531 slum areas in North Jakarta impacted (START, 2011) Impacts of CC are exacerbated with current inadequate management of rapid urbanizaKon process at city level and social-‐economic realiKes at the grass root level (UN Habitat, 2011)
Lesson from VAA in Indonesia –
–
–
–
The Gaps and future research for scaled-‐ down regional and local climate models should be reduced by providing more resources to climate modeling A mul7-‐dimensional approach to risk assessment is a prerequisite to effecKve development programs that incorporate climate change responses (adaptaKon). The verKcally and horizontally fragmented structure of governance is as much an opportunity as an obstacle to introducing responses to climate change. An uncertainty and limited data which have been uKlized for the climate projec7ons are very emergence to be improved Source: DNPI (2010)
Pekalongan case study
Need Resilience perspecKve – AdaptaKon to climate change requires a broader conceptualiza7on of equitable, legiKmate, and sustainable development in effecKve and resilient response – Building resilience is parKcularly important in areas such as coastlines, ciKes, agricultural land and industrial zones which are ooen the most impacted by humans, requires an integrated and systems approach. – Variety of tools and methods being integrated into planning processes, but need new approaches to urban planning and design
Source: ICLEI (2012)
The Need of Mainstreaming AdaptaKon into the SpaKal Planning
The Emergence of AdaptaKon Planning •
• •
AdaptaKon to anthropogenic climate change may represent a new need, not only to choose acKon for responding for responding changes, but also to achieve successful adapta7on in the future (Smithers and Smit, 1997) à the discourse on adaptaKon strategies has been also brought in the context of sustainable development and then involved many development agencies can be imposed based on premeditated planning or it can take place without specific policy framework to implement it (Schippers, 2007:4) The drivers of adaptaKon planning : – At city level, driven by internal (city) goals and aims (Carmin, 2007) – At community level à some socie7es may strive to adapt (Adger et al. 2009) – At individual level à probably someone who needs to retain vitality and viability to adapt or to cope à the experiences can be considered as key informaKon sources for planning process. i.e. Mangrove plantaKon in Vietnam (UNDP, 2008), conservaKon of local biodiversity (McLean, 2009), and livelihood strategies (Hornidge & Schotes, 2012)
Key dimension of AdaptaKon Planning •
•
•
• • •
Kinds of climate hazard that need to be managed, either it is observed or expected changes in climate extremes, climate variability, and average climate. Scale of impacts that need to be addressed, it can be occurred in different hierarchy levels. Non-‐clima7c condi7ons that influence to the magnitude of changes that need to be adapted, such as social-‐economic, poliKcal and cultural, and other environmental condiKon as well Goals that need to be set up, can be either reacKve or anKcipaKve purpose Horizon 7me, can be either in the short term or long term period Ins7tu7ons that conduct the planning process, can be public or private or social organizaKon
Typology of adaptaKon planning Elements of planning
Type 1 Sectoral Planning Approach
Type 2 Development Planning Approach
Drivers
Increased risk on (urban) sector
Vision of sustainable development
Goals
To minimize the risk of the impacted sector(s) Climatic and non climatic (sectoral) data
To reduce the vulnerability of people Climatic and non climatic data Experts' knowledge
Methods/ Approaches Actors
Rational comprehensive planning Government or private institution
Participatory planning
Planning level
Regional to City level
National to City level
Data
!
Source: Simarmata, H.A. (2012)
Government and other stakeholders
Type 3 Certain Planning Approach (City) leader or stakeholder or individual initiatives To increase resiliency (city) Climatic and non climatic data Experiences of the actors Action planning Government, private institution, or community Regional level to Community level
Role of SpaKal Planning • Urban planning as a significant management tool for dealing with the unprecedented challenges facing 21st-‐century ciKes and a_aining the goals of sustainable urbanizaKon (2009 Global Report on Human Se_lements) • Goals: Socio-‐spaKal equity, environmental sustainability, and economic producKvity in urban area • Current approaches to planning in many parts of the world will have to changeà urban spaKal planning can help mainstream climate change consideraKons into urban development process
Source: UN Habitat (2010)
SpaKal Planning in Indonesia
Type(s) of SpaKal Planning SYSTEM
MAIN FUNCTION
ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY
ACTIVITIES
STRATEGIC VALUES Source BHK-DJPR 2010
Regional System
Intra Urban System
Conservation Area
National
Productive Area
Provincial
Urban Area
National Strategic Area
Districts/ Cities
Rural Area
Provincial Strategic Area
Districts/ Cities Area
SpaKal Planning System General Spatial Plan
Detailed Spatial Plan SP MAIN ISLANDS/GROUP ISLANDS
WILAYAH
RTRW National
Operational instrument if:
SP STRATEGIC NATIONAL AREA a.
General spatial plan can not be used as a base for implementation and controlling; and/or:
b.
General spatial plan can not cover huge area which need more detailed plan
SP STRATEGIC PROVINCIAL AREA
RTRW Province
SP STRATEGIC DISTRICTS AREA RTRW Districts/Cities DETAILED SP
PERKOTAAN
SP METROPOLITAN AREA
SP URBAN AREA IN DISTRICTS
SP SUB-DISTRICTS SP CITIES
SP CITIES STRATEGIC AREA DETAILED SP CITIES
Basic instrument for zoning regulation
Substance of spaKal planning SPATIAL PLANNING Structure plan Settlement System
Inter-cities System
Infrastructures Services Plan
Spatial Use Plan Productive Area
Conservation Area
Transportation Ecosystem Services
Intra Urban System
Energy Social Activities Telecommunication
Culture Activities Economic Activities
Sanitary and Security
Water Resources and Drainage Forest and/or green public space is about 30% of the planning area
How VA can influence the spa7al planning PENGUMPULAN DATA REGIONAL: FUNGSI & POSISI 1. Fungsi dan peran lokasi dalam konteks regional 2. Arahan pengembangan lokasi 3. Interaksi lokasi dengan wilayah regional
PENGUMPULAN DATA REGIONAL: KARAKTERISTIK 1. Data regional fisik 2. Data status hutan 3. Data regional demografi 4. Data ekonomi makro 5. Data sarpras wilayah 6. Data kerentanan bencana dan iklim
PENGOLAHAN DAN ANALISIS DATA REGIONAL Fungsi, peran, posisi dalam konteks keruangan regional
Keterkaitan lokasi dengan wilayah sekitarnya Daya dukung wilayah untuk pengembangan fisik Status hutan dan kemungkinan pengembangan Dukungan sumber daya manusia
TINJAUAN PERUNDANGAN 1. UU 32/2009 2. UU 26/2007 3. PP 26/2008 4. PP 15/2010 5. Permen PU 20/2011 8. dll
TINJAUAN AWAL WILAYAH 1. Gambaran awal keruangan wilayah regional 2. Gambaran awal keruangan lokasi internal
Sektor basis dan sektor unggulan perekonomian
PENGUMPULAN DATA INTERNAL LOKASI Data Kualitas lingkungan dan fisik dasar: daya dukung lahan, pola tutupan lahan, resiko bencana, kerentanan perubahan iklim Data pertanahan: status tanah, kepemilikan tanah, harga dan nilai tanah, informasi agraria lainnya Data demografi: struktur kependudukan, sistem sosial, pasar tenaga kerja, mata penc., tingkat pendapatan penduduk rata-rata Data ekonomi lokal: interaksi ekonomi masy setempat, interaksi ekonomi dengan negara tetangga, data ekonomi makro, komoditi unggulan setempat, harga-harga Data sarana dan prasarana dasar: jumlah, jenis dan sebaran sarana umum dan sosial, kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana dasar
Penyusunan kebutuhan data dan desain survey
Data kebencanaan: kerentanan terhadap bencana dan dampak perubahan iklim (kenaikan permukaan dan pasang)
KONSEPSI PERENCANAAN
Sistem interaksi regional Kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana dasar
RENCANA Tujuan Penataan Ruang
PENGOLAHAN DAN ANALISIS DATA INTERNAL
Rencana Struktur Ruang dan Jaringan Prasarana
Daya dukung untuk pengembangan fisik
Rencana Pola Ruang
Status kepemilikan lahan dan kemungkinan pengembangan
Penetapan Kawasan Strategis
Dukungan sumber daya manusia Sektor basis dan sektor unggulan perekonomian Kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana dasar beserta kebutuhan pengembangannya
INDIKASI PROGRAM PEMANFAATAN RUANG
PERANGKAT PENGENDALIAN PEMANFAATAN RUANG
Lack of CC tools of analysis
Should be added by CC tools i.e. VAA, RMA
Mainstreamed by adaptaKon planning
Embedded in the planning process • Add data à: climaKc data (rainfall, temperature, sea temperature, high Kde) • Data Processing à trends and projecKon of CC • Data Analysisà Vulnerability Assessment (Sea Level Rise, Drought/Flood), Risk Assessment on Climate-‐related Disaster • Planning concepKon à adaptaKon measurement and adaptaKon cosKng
Photo taken from ZEF acKviKes at Uzbekistan (Hornidge, 2011)
Synchronize Adapta7on Plan to Spa7al Planning • Goals of planning à sounds resilient • Structure plan à add adaptaKon infrastructures • SpaKal use plan à risk-‐ concern • ImplementaKonà adaptaKon cosKng and governance • Controlling à special zoning regulaKon
Lesson from Jakarta
Current status and challenges •
•
•
•
Jakarta does not have concrete steps to tackle the problem of climate change Government focus on reactive programs rather than prevention to tackle the problem of climate change Lack of response maybe due to lack baseline data availability and research, as well as knowledge in climate change The spatial plan appears to include hazard analysis of Jakarta, but does not explain climate vulnerability level
Source: Firman et al (2011)
Not only Climate Change impacts: land subsidence •
•
‘The principal hazard faced by Jakarta is the increased frequency of flooding due to rising sea levels and rob (Kdal floods), and an increase in the volume of water needing to be managed by the city from increased and erraKc rainfall’ (World Bank, 2011:40) ‘Subsidence also increases the city’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change, including increased suscepKbility to Kdal flooding and potenKal damage to infrastructure as the land becomes unstable’ (World Bank, 2011:40)
Impact of SLR and Land Subsidence (Maximum scenario for 2050)
Source: Sofwan Hadi (2010)
Also the Poor LEGEND :
PETA LO KAS I G ENANG AN AI R D I D KI J AK AR TA TAH UN 2007 9 36
AH AN
41
PE SA NG GR
47 KE NG IA
KA
L
48
55
50
14 59
KECAMATAN SAWAH BESAR
BKT
CAKUNG DRAIN
KECAMATAN CILINCING
71
31
32
KECAMATAN KEMAYORAN
81
KECAMATAN KELAPA GADING
33 80
6 60
58
61
KECAMATAN PALMERAH
63
3
78
LI
KECAMATAN CAKUNG
BE KA SI
KECAMATAN CEMPAKA PUTIH
4
99
KECAMATAN PULO GADUNG
1
KECAMATAN KEMBANGAN
KA
98
5 KECAMATAN JOHAR BARU
58 7
KECAMATAN KEBON JERUK
KALI CAK UNG
79
80
73
TENGAH
82
KECAMATAN SENEN
84
64
62
KECAMATAN MATRAMAN
77
2
96
84 84
75 KECAMATAN TANAH ABANG
67
85
KECAMATAN MENTENG
KALI GROGOL
64
32
34
38
62
66
8 69
29
27
35
19
KECAMATAN GAMBIR
67
TANGERANG
KECAMATAN TAMAN SARI
56
49
65
59
22
31
KECAMATAN TAMBORA
61
KA LI
44
66
65
51
42
43
AN GK E
52
LI
46 KALI MOOKERVART
54
KECAMATAN GROGOL PETAMBURAN
KECAMATAN TANJUNG PRIOK
18
28 26
53
5
45
KA
40
6
LAMA
59
KECAMATAN CENGKARENG
39
51
21
36
30
70
43
KALI CAK UNG
14 15 16
10
30
KECAMATAN KOJA
25
KECAMATAN PADEMANGAN BARAT
17
28
41
27 23
KECAMATAN SETIABUDI
KALI BUARAN
NG DRAIN
38
68
KECAMATAN KALIDERES
24
20
12 13 13
CENG KARE
3
37
11
B
2
29
26
BK
KECAMATAN PENJARINGAN
94
19
KECAMATAN TEBET
88
KECAMATAN JATINEGARA
95
84
95
77 KECAMATAN MAMPANG PRAPATAN
97 88
74
KECAMATAN PANCORAN
KALI
69
KECAMATAN PESANGGRAHAN
88
CILIW UNG
73
86
KRAMAT KALI JATI
KECAMATAN KEBAYORAN BARU
86
86
86 KECAMATAN DUREN SAWIT
75
83
84
86
87
89
71
68 UK UT
KECAMATAN KEBAYORAN LAMA
BEKASI
89
KR
KECAMATAN MAKASAR
KECAMATAN KRAMAT JATI
72
90 KA
BA RU
TIM
74
LI S
UN TE R
KA
LI
KALI BAR U
72 KECAMATAN CILANDAK
UR
KECAMATAN PASAR MINGGU
BARAT
KALI
KALI PES ANGGRA HAN
70
91
72 KECAMATAN CIRACAS
91 93
93
KECAMATAN CIPAYUNG
KA
LI
KECAMATAN PASAR REBO
CIP IN AN G
93
KECAMATAN JAGAKARSA
92
PETA IKHTISAR
NOMOR LEMBAR
NOMOR PETA
NOMOR PEMERIKSAAN
SKALA 1 : 40000
DEPOK
J AYA RAYA
PEMERINTAH DAERAH KHUSUS IBUKOTA JAKARTA
DINAS TATA KOTA
The poor in Jakarta are extremely vulnerable to the hazards described in the previous secKons -‐ in parKcular to flood-‐related disasters -‐ but are also highly resourceful and adapKve in responding to and surviving them
Source: Firman et.al (2011)
Risk Mapping of Penjaringan Findings: Risk Mapping based on climaKc data is very different among agencies. It depends on the scale of data, methods, and Kme of data It’s not sufficient enough if applied to the community level, or even city level Lesson Learnt: Need Insight from people who are live in the high risk and low risk area to understand the value of risk Planning Consequences: -‐ Flood control infrastructures -‐ Re-‐planning land use, if possible -‐ Apply zoning regulaKon
Zoning Regula7on: Learn From FEMA Special Flood Hazard area: The land area covered by the floodwaters of the base flood is the Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) on NFIP maps. The SFHA is the area where the NaKonal Flood Insurance Program's (NFIP's) floodplain management regulaKons must be enforced and the area where the mandatory purchase of flood insurance applies. The SFHA includes Zones A, AO, AH, A1-‐30, AE, A99, AR, AR/ A1-‐30, AR/AE, AR/AO, AR/AH, AR/A, VO, V1-‐30, VE, and V
Na7onal Flood Insurance Program's (NFIP's) Guidance
Lesson Learnt •
•
• • • •
There is lack of data in terms of types and depth of scale related to climate change data, which makes it difficult to conduct any meaningful assessment of the climaKc condiKon and the climate modeling is sKll weak in providing the accuracy of future scenario (Firman et al. 2011). The limited research available regarding the adaptaKon planning concentrated almost exclusively on integra7ng technical climate indicators/scenarios into planning methods as defined and categorized from natural scienKsts and engineers. The adaptaKon planning as indicated only from the technical scienKsts' point of view might not be at all congruent with the vulnerable people's percepKon. To study only based on technical science would not get at the essen7al meaning of the adapta7on planning as experienced by the vulnerable people. We need to know more about the 'experiences' of individuals on a phenomenon and the meaning they ascribe to their everyday life. We needs to harness its long tradi7ons to integrate poverty reducKon with climate change acKons and focus on capacity building of vulnerable groups are the keys (Rabe, 2011)
Source: Simarmata (2012)
Further research • •
•
SpaKal planning requires trans-‐disciplinarity approach ‘The core idea of transdisciplinarity is different academic disciplines working jointly with prac77oners to solve a real-‐world problem. It can be applied in a great variety of fields’ (Haberli et al, 2011) Transdisciplinary research, therefore, aims at idenKfying, structuring, analyzing and handling issues in problem fields with the aspiraKon: – to grasp the relevant complexity of a problem, – to take into account the diversity of the lifeworld and scien7fic percep7ons of problems, – to link abstract and case-‐specific knowledge, and – to develop knowledge and pracKces that promote what is perceived to be the common good
Thank you
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