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Kewirausahaan 1 Pengelolaan Keuangan
Fakultas
Fasilkom Program Studi
Kewirausahaan
»
www.mercubuana.ac.id
Henry Mappesona, MSc
10. Perencanaan dan operasionalisasi wirausaha •
Kaidah perncanaan usaha
•
Penentuan lokasi dan fasilitas pendukung
•
pengorganisasian sdm
•
Pendekatan mutu terhadap proses operasionalisasi
•
leadership
•
badan usaha
Faktor yang mempengaruhi desain struktural Stabilitas lingkungan usaha Ketersediaan sumber daya
jangkauan bisnis yang dilakukan Worldwide Operations
Environment Structural Design Organisation Size Seberapa besar sebuah organisasi sehingga mampu mempengaruhi bisnis utamanya
Organisation Strategy Technology
Strategi perusahaan untuk mencapai visi dan tujuan
Kemampuan teknologi yang digunakan dalam perusahaan
BENTUK STRUKTURAL PERUSAHAAN TYPE STRUKTURAL
DESKRIPSI
FUNGSIONAL
Top down, specialisesd department melaporkan kepada beberapa atasan, pusat keputusan berada di paling atas
DIVISIONAL
Setiap unit atau divisi mendedikasian terhadap 1 produk, area geografis, sharing technology atau customer base
MATRIX
Kombinsasi dari fungsional dan unit spesialisasi, unit pendamping membantu departemen fungsional
PROCESS BASED
Leader membawa tim strategis dengan tujuan orientasi pelanggan dalam sebuah proses pengembangan sebagai misi
NETWORK
Unit dalam sebuah perusahaan baik internal maupun external bekerja sama dengan perusahaan lain dengan perjanjian kerjasama yang menguntungkan
The Functional Structure Each department is a function common to the entrire organisation with its own chain of command. All join only at the top
General Manager
Finance
Advantages • • •
Administration & Support Service
Opertions
Disadvantages
Reinforces specialized • skills and resources Reduces duplication of • scarce resources Facilitates • communication within department
General Manager
General Manager
Works Best When…
Short-term focus on • routine tasks Business perspectives • are narrow Communication with • other department is reduced
Business environment is stable and predictable Organisation is small to medium in size Quality is maintained through routine tasks
The Divisional Structure Geographic Area
Product 1 Finance
Operations
Product
Product 2
Administration Safety & Environment
Customer Base
Product 3
Each divisional unit is responsible for either a product, geographical area, or customer base. Each division has its own functions such as finance, Operations, etc.
Advantages
Disadvantages
•
1. There is heavy • duplication of resources, skill, and expertise as each • division has its own functions •
Key interdependencies and resources within the division are coordinated to ward and overall outcome
Mubeery
Product 4
Works Best When….
www. Mubeena.biz
The organisation is very large in size Business environment is dynamic and always in flux Multiple product and customer types exist
The Matrix Structure
Function
Functional departments focus on specialized resources while lateral project/ product teams focus on outputs. Some employees will report to a functional manager and a product manager
Projects
finance
Project Termin 1
General Manager
Administration & Support Services
Operations
Safety & Environment
Commercial & Marketing
Project Termin 2
Advantages •
•
Interdependencies • between functional departcments are • managed well Skill diversification and training acroos funticions is easir
Disadvantages
Works Best When…
Difficult to manage and • control coordination • Employees may face unclear roles and • inconsistent • www. Mubeena.biz
Mubeery
The organisation is verry large Business environment is uncertain and unpredictable Higs level of technological interdependency across functions exists The goal is product specialization and innovation
The Process- Based Structure Financial Consultan
Corporate Mission and Strategic Prosses Key Support Process Owners Internal Audit Processes Process Owners, Coss Functional Team Members Expapancion and Major Project Processes Processes Owner, Cross-Functional Team Members
Product Express
Loghistic Specialis
Processes Owners
Consumer Analiys
Mareketing Specialist In Local Country Technology Consultan
Corporation is contered around key processes thaty define its work, drivent by Process Owners, Teams manage evertything from task execution to startegic planning whit team, customer-oriented goal.
Shared Service Processes Process Owners, Coss Functional Team Members Advantages • • • •
Dramatic Improvement Of speed, efficiency Adapst to envirinment changes rapidly Reduces boundaries between departments Lowers cost due to less overhead structure
Disadvantages • • • •
Threatening to middle managers , specialist Duplicates scarce resources Command-control mindsets must change Decision-making is longer in these tams www. Mubeena.biz
Mubeery
Works Best When…… • • • •
Business environment is uncertsin and changing Organisation is moderate to large in size Higs customer-oriented goals Non-routine and highly interdependent workflow and technologies required
The Network Structure An “Intetrnal Market Network” structure exists when the organisation estabishes each Subunit as an Independent Profit center Allowed to buy To each other and the external market
Major Projects Logistics Corportion Legal/ HR/PR /Audits Production
Expansion Project
• • •
Highly flexible without much managerial layers High individual participation and distinction Crosses departmental and geographical boundaries
Joint venture With Multinational corporation
Disadvantages •
•
Licensing Agremments With other nations Reasearch and Development Consortiums
Market Share
Operasions
Consumer Analiys
Advantages
The “Externally Networked Organisation” develops temporary relationships with external corporations and institutions to meet goal
Tough to manage numerous lateral relationships across many memmbers Hard to maintain commitment of members over time
www. Mubeena.biz
Mubeery
Contracts with Small comparies Match competition
Work Best When… • •
Business environment is dyinamic and always in flux Consumers demand highly customized service / products that require complax technology
Terima Kasih HENRY MAPPESONA, MSc
