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Sustainability (Keberlanjutan)
Sub Topik 1. Sustainable Development (Pembangunan berkelanjutan) 2. Waste Minimization (Minimasi Limbah) 3. Resource conservation and recovery (Konservasi dan pemanfaatan kembali sumber daya alam) 4. Water Sustainability (Keberlanjutan sumber daya air)
Sustainable Development (Pembangunan berkelanjutan) • Definisi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan adalah pembangunan yang memenuhi kebutuhan masa kini tanpa mengurangi kemampuan generasi mendatang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka sendiri (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: Our Common Future) • Konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan mencoba memperbaiki masalah keadilan antar generasi, dimana generasi sekarang tetap dapat menikmati kekayaan bumi secara adil, tanpa harus mengorbankan kepentingan generasi mendatang.
History of Sustainability • 1962: Rachel Carson publishes “Silent Spring” • 1970: – First Earth Day celebration – April 22nd – Nixon establishes EPA • Fueled by industrialization and overpopulation impacts
• 1972: First UN conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden 4
History of Sustainability • 1983 – UN establishes World Commission on Environment and Development – Purpose: examine world’s critical environment and development problems and formulate solutions
• 1987: Brundtland Commission Report – 3 components of Sustainable Development: Environmental protection, Economic growth, and Social equity – Defined Sustainable Development as… “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
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History of Sustainability • 1992: Rio Earth Summit – Over 178 governments adopted… • Agenda 21: a global blueprint and plan of action for sustainable development in the 21st century • The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development – 27 principles that express the rights and responsibilities of nations as they pursue human development and well-being • The Forest Principles – A guide for the management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests
• 2002: Third UN conference on Environment and Development, Johannesburg, South Africa
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SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN 1972,Stockholm Konsep Pembangunan • Balanced Development • Basic need • Pemerataan • Kualitas hidup
1992, Rio de Janeiro
2002, Johannesburg
Konferensi UNCED (United Nation Conference on Environment and Development) : • Prinsip-prinsip dasar pembangunan berkelanjutan • Agenda 21 Deklarasi Milenium Perkembangan 1972-1982 : Agenda Global Perubahan: PBB tahun 2000 • Meningkatkan kesejahte- • Target pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2000 raan penduduk • Kerjasama global antar • Meningkatnya hujan negara asam • Penanganan masalah • Lautan semakin kotor lingkungan secara lebih • Udara semakin tercemar efektif • Hewan & tumbuhan • Agenda jangka panjang banyak yg punah penanganan masalah • Mengusulkan komisi lingkungan • penyelamatan lingkungan ke Governing Council UNEP 5 Juni 1972 : • Konferensi khusus PBB, sepakat menyelamatkan bumi melului kerjasama antar bangsa • Pembentukan UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
1972
Komisi WCED (World Commision on Environment and Development), 1 Oktober 1984 : • Ketua : Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norwegia) • Wakil Ketua : Mansour Khalid (Sudan)
1982
1992
2002
SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN (2) 2002, Johannesburg
Deklarasi Johannesburg : • Dari asal muasal ke masa depan : komitmen pada pembangunan berkelanjutan, masyarakat global manusiawi, pilar-pilar pembangunan, tanggung jawab terhadap anak cucu • Dari Stockholm ke Rio de Janeiro ke Johannesberg : melindungi lingkungan, pembangunan ekonomi, dan sosial, serta memperkuat komitmen PB, merumuskan visi pembangunan umat manusia, kemajuan dilakukan dengan kesepakatan global • Tantangan global : kemiskinan, gap negara maju dan berkembang, lingkungan global terus mengalami kerusakan • Komitmen terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan • Multilateralisme adalah masa depan • Mari mewujudkannya
2002
Menuju Pembangunan Berkelanjutan
Ekonomi Lingkungan Sosial
TRADITIONAL DECISION MAKING
Ekonomi
Sosial ECOECOSYSTEM HEALTH’ Lingkungan
ECOSYSTEM-BASED DECISION MAKING
KOMPONEN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
INDIKATOR PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN LINGKUNGAN KEBERLANJUTAN LINGKUNGAN DGN MENERAPKAN KONSERVASI ATAU DIVERSIFIKASI PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM, DAN KESELAMATAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL
• Terjaganya keberlanjutan fungsi-fungsi ekologis • Tidak melebihi ambang batas baku mutu lingkungan yang berlaku, nasional dan lokal (tidak menimbulkan pencemaran udara, air, tanah) • Terjaganya keanekaragaman hayati (genetik, spesies, dan ekosistem) dan tidak terjadi pencemaran genetika • Dipatuhinya peraturan tata guna lahan atau tata ruang • Tidak menyebabkan timbulnya gangguan kesehatan • Dipatuhinya peraturan keselamatan kerja • Adanya prosedur yang terdokumentasi yang menjelaskan usaha-usaha yang memadai untuk mencegah kecelakaan dan mengatasi bila terjadi kecelakaan
INDIKATOR EKONOMI
INDIKATOR SOSIAL
KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT
• Tidak menurunkan pendapatan masyarakat lokal • Adanya kesepakatan dari pihak-pihak yang terkait untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah PHK sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku • Adanya upaya-upaya untuk mengatasi kemungkinan dampak penurunan pendapatan bagi sekolompok masyarakat • Tidak menurunkan kualitas pelayanan umum untuk masyarakat lokal
• Adanya proses konsultasi ke masyarakat lokal • Adanya tanggapan dan tindak lanjut terhadap komentar, keluhan masyarakat lokal • Tidak menyebabkan konflik di tengah masyarakat lokal
Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 1. Berkelanjutan ekologis, yakni akan menjamin berkelanjutan eksistensi bumi. Hal-hal yang perlu diupayakan antara lain, a. memelihara (mempertahankan) integrasi tatanan lingkungan, dan keanekaragaman hayati; b. memelihara integrasi tatanan lingkungan agar sistem penunjang kehidupan bumi ini tetap terjamin; c. memelihara keanekaragaman hayati, meliputi aspek keanekaragaman genetika, keanekaragaman species dan keanekaragaman tatanan lingkungan.
2. Berkelanjutan ekonomi; dalam perpektif ini pembangunan memiliki dua hal utama, yakni, berkelanjutan ekonomi makro dan ekonomi sektoral. Berkelanjutan ekonomi makro, menjamin ekonomi secara berkelanjutan dan mendorong efesiensi ekonomi melalui reformasi struktural dan nasional. Berkelanjutan ekonomi sektoral untuk mencapainya; a. sumber daya alam dimana nilai ekonominya dapat dihitung harus diperlakukan sebagai kapital yang “tangible” dalam rangka akunting ekonomi; b. koreksi terhadap harga barang dan jasa perlu diintroduksikan. Secara prinsip harga sumber daya alam harus merefleksikan biaya ekstraksi/pengiriman, ditambah biaya lingkungan dan biaya pemanfaatan.
Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (2) 3. Berkelanjutan sosial budaya politik, meliputi: a. b. c. d.
stabilitas penduduk, pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar manusia, Mempertahankan keanekaragaman budaya dan mendorong partisipasi masyarakat lokal dalam pengambilan keputusan. e. respek pada human rights, kebebasan individu dan sosial untuk berpartisipasi di bidang ekonomi, sosial dan politik, dan f. demokrasi, yakni memastikan proses demokrasi secara transparan dan bertanggung jawab.
Kesepakatan Nasional dan Rencana Tindak Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Indonesian Summit on Sustainable Development, Yogyakarta, 21 Januari 2004) 1. Penegasan komitmen bagi pelaksanaan dan pencapaian pembangunan berkelanjutan sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan dan sejalan dengan komitmen global; 2. Perlunya keseimbangan yang proporsional dari tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan (ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan) serta saling ketergantungan dan saling memperkuat; 3. Penanggulangan kemiskinan, perubahan pola produksi dan konsumsi, serta pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan yang berkelanjutan.
4.
Peningkatan kemandirian nasional.
5.
Penegasan bahwa keragaman sumber daya alam dan budaya sebagai modal pembangunan dan perekat bangsa.
6.
Perlunya melanjutkan proses reformasi sebagai prakondisi dalam mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan.
7.
Penyelenggaraan tata kepemerintahan yang baik, pengelolaan sumber daya alam, pola produksi dan konsumsi yang berkelanjutan, dan pengembangan kelembagaan merupakan dimensi utama keberhasilan pembangunan berkelanjutan.
8.
Perwujudan dalam pencapaian rencana pelaksanaan pembangunaan berkelanjutan bagi seluruh masyarakat, khususnya kelompok perempuan, anak-anak, dan kaum rentan.
9.
Perwujudan sumber daya manusia terdidik untuk dapat memahami dan melaksanakan pembangunan berkelanjutan.
10. Pengintegrasian prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan ke dalam strategi dan program pembangunan nasional.
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Journey to Sustainability
Sustainable View
Typical World View
SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT
Society
Journey to
ECONOMY Environment
Sustainability
Sustainable Society Sustainable Economy
Journey to Sustainability: Development of a Circular Economy Linear Economy* Natural Resources & Resource Industries •Air •Water •Land & Minerals •Energy •Biological
Industrial Processes, Distribution & Product Use
From Eugene Odum, Ecology, 1963 and www.Ecocycle.org, 2008
Waste & Pollution
Journey to Sustainability: Development of a Circular Economy Circular, Zero Waste, Economy* Natural Resources & Resource Industries •Air •Water •Land & Minerals •Energy •Biological
Industrial Processes, Distribution & Product Use
Environmental Industry From Eugene Odum, Ecology, 1963 and www.Ecocycle.org, 2008
Waste & Pollution
Zero Waste Movement* Zero Waste is emerging as a: – paradigm shift, – a new, comprehensive socio-technical system, that – addresses our resource use from product design to disposal – “Cradle to Cradle” -
* From www.EcoCycle.org
Zero Waste Movement There are four central concepts to the Zero Waste system: 1. Changing the Rules to support resource recovery; 2. Producer Responsibility to hold industry liable for creating less toxic and more efficient products; 3. Purchasing for Zero Waste to use our buying power as our voice for Zero Waste; and 4. Resource Recovery Infrastructure to build the processing and recovery systems to move us toward Zero Waste.
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Zero Waste System (Replace with Oakland version) Expand City Outreach & Technical Assistance and Lead by Example
Provide Incentives Before Ban or Mandate
Eliminate Waste by Designing Out of Products and Processes
Jobs from Design & Discards
Foster Sustainable and Green Businesses Resource Recovery Park Retailers Take Back Difficult to Recycle Materials Producer Responsibility
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Empowered Consumer
© Copyright Eco-Cycle, 2004 with text modifications by permission. www.ecocycle.org/zerowaste/zwsystem
Urban Ore® To end the Age of Waste
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Implications for Waste Management
Obsolescent “frontier” civilization: HEAT
ENERGY NON-RENEWABLE NONand RENEWABLE MATERIALS
CONSUMER SOCIETY CONVENTIONAL URBAN SYSTEM
HIGH THROUGHPUT WASTE & TOXINS
One--way flow of materials and energy One
Current waste management practices are unsustainable due to:
• waste of energy and materials • environmental degradation – poor disposal practices – toxic, hazardous, infectious waste => health and safety implications • poor institutional integration • lack of accountability for waste producers
Sustainable Integrated Waste Management Sustainable • consistent with principles of sustainability Integrated National Policy • functionally NATIONAL • across spatial and temporal scales PROVINCIAL • across jurisdictions REGIONAL MUNICIPAL LOCAL Local Policy
Sustainable integrated waste management practices must: • reduce material and energy wastage • protect environmental quality – minimize impacts of disposal – eliminate or treat toxic, hazardous, and infectious wastes
• improve institutional integration • increase accountability
Sustainable civilization: Energy Efficiency
Low-quality LowHeat Energy
ENERGY
LOW THROUGHPUT
RENEWABLE MATERIALS
CONSERVER SOCIETY Waste Minimization Toxics control
•Cyclical flows of materials •Appropriate energy usage
Low-volume LowNontoxic Waste Materials
Sustainable integrated waste management • is proactive, not reactive • aims to minimize waste throughout the life cycle of a product, from resource extraction to ultimate disposal • requires cooperation amongst individuals, jurisdictions, disciplines, and sectors • is based upon emerging principles of sustainability
Source Reduction
Reuse
Recycling Composting
Sustainable Integrated Waste Waste Management Exchanges
Source Separation
Landfill
Incineration?
Waste Audits Transfer Stations Waste to Energy?
Waste Management Hierarchy
RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
Sumber: Zero Waste Alliance
Sumber: Zero Waste Alliance
Resource Recovery Production - Consumption Model Social Structure Infrastructure Resource Recovery
Resource Extraction, Harvesting
Harvesting
Extraction
Process, Modify Resources
Convey, Transport
Consume
Discard
Discarded Materials, Wastes Damaged Ecological Resources (Renewable) Carrying Capacity
Minerals, Metals, Fuels Resources (Non-Renewable)
Not Economically Retrievable
Conditions for Sustainability • Renewable resources (ecological) – Use < Regeneration
Non-renewable resources (minerals, fuels)
Use < Development of renewable substitutes
Pollution emissions
Emissions < Carrying capacity of environment
The Debate Over Sustainability Resource Constrained
Resource Abundance
Ecological Resources (Renewable) Reaching carrying capacity
Substantial ecological damage
Impending resource shortages
Little ecological damage
Carrying capacity not in jeopardy
Minerals, Metals, Fuels Resources (Non-Renewable) Technology not capable of making additional needed resources economically available
No real resource shortages
Impending Resource Shortages Technological advances will continue to “save the day”
No real resource shortages
WATER SUSTAINABILITY
Principles Regarding Sustainability in Water Resources “The sustainable development of water resources is a multi-dimensional way of thinking about the interdependencies among natural, social, and economic systems in the use of water. In this view, our efforts to achieve economic vitality should occur in the context of the enhancement and preservation of ecological integrity, social well-being, and security.”
Source: Kranz, Gasteyer, Heintz, Shafer, and Steinman (2004)
Sustainability of Water Resources Involves: - policies, plans, and activities that improve equality of access to water - recognizes that there are limits and boundaries of water use beyond which ecosystem behavior might change in unanticipated ways - requires consideration of interactions occurring across different geographic scales: global, national, regional, and local - challenges us to look to the future and to assess and understand the implications of decisions made today on the lives and livelihoods of future generations and the ecosystems upon which they depend. Source: Kranz, Gasteyer, Heintz, Shafer, and Steinman (2004)
Relationship among goal, criteria, indicators and measures within capital. GOAL
Develop Sustainable Water Resources Adequate water supply
CRITERIA
INDICATORS
Ecosystem water supply
MEASURES Hydroperiod
Natural variability
Natural Capital
Agricultural & utility water supply
Residential water supply
Water demands
Water demands
Reservoir stage
Economic Capital
Reservoir stage
Social Capital
Develop Sustainable Water Resources
GOAL
CRITERIA
Adequate Water Supply for Agriculture
INDICATORS
Water Quality Water Recycling
Proportion Groundwater/ Surface Water Supply
Adequate Water Supply for Electric Production
Annual Precipitation Rate
Groundwater Withdrawal Depth Irrigation Water Cost
Snow Pack Condition Mean Reservoir Depth
Present Flow Rate/10 yr Average Flow
