LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN HIBAH PENELITIAN STRATEGIS NASIONAL DIPA UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA TAHUN 2010
Judul
Ketua Anggota
: Ekstraksi Condensed Tannin (CT) dari Tanaman Semak dan Pohon dan Pengaruh Penambahannya dalam Pakan Konsentrat terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas Karkas Ternak Domba Ekor Gemuk : Prof.Dr.Ir. Kusmartono. : 1. Prof.Dr.Ir.Siti Chuzaemi, MS 2. Prof.Dr.Ir. Hartutik, MP 3. Ir. Mashudi, M.Agr.Sc
Dibiayai oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Melalui DIPA Universitas Brawijaya berdasarkan No.0114/023-04.2/XV/2010, Tanggal 31 Desember 2009 dan Berdasarkan SK Rektor Nomor : 035A/SK/2010 Tanggal 12 Februari 2010
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA MALANG 2010
RINGKASAN Ekstraksi Condensed Tannin (CT) dari Tanaman Semak dan Pohon dan Pengaruh Penambahannya dalam Pakan Konsentrat terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas Karkas Ternak Domba Ekor Gemuk Kusmartono, Siti Chuzaemi, Hartutik dan Mashudi Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan ekstraksi daun semak dan pohon terhadap produktifitas domba ekor gemuk (DEG) telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Nutrisi dan MakananTernak dan Laboratorium Lapang Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Brawijaya mulai Maret sampai dengan Oktober 2010. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 2 tahap, yaitu: [1] Penelitian in vitro untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan ekstrak daun semak dan pohon sebagai sumber condensed tannin (CT) dalam ransum yang terdiri dari rumput gajah dan konsentrat terhadap nilai produksi gas dan efisiensi sintesis protein mikroba (ESPM), dan [2] Penelitian in vivo untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan ekstrak daun semak atau pohon terpilih sebagai sumber CT dalam ransum yang terdiri dari rumput gajah dan konsentrat terhadap nilai konsumsi, kecernaan zat nutrisi, retensi N, pertambahan bobot badan (PBB) dan berat karkas. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian in vitro adalah 10 macam daun semak dan pohon yaitu (daun paitan (Tithonia diversifolia), daun mulberry (Morus macroura), daun ketela pohon (Manihot utilissima), daun api-api (Avicennia marina), daun kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), daun turi (Sesbania grandiflora), daun acacia (acacia vilosa), daun gliricidia (Glyricidia sepium), daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), dan daun kelor (Moringa oleifera), rumput gajah (Pennisetum purpureum) dan konsentrat (wheat pollard, dedak padi, bungkil kelapa sawit, bungkil biji kapuk, tetes, urea dan mineral. Sedangkan pada penelitian in vivo digunakan 18 ekor DEG dengan kisaran umur antara 8-9 bulan dan berat badan awal rata-rata 23,67kg ± 1,23. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah: T0=Rumput gajah (60%)+konsentrat (40%); T1 = T0 + CT 3% dari BK; T2= T1 + PEG; T3 = T0 + 3,5% CT; T4 = T3 + PEG; T5 = T0 + 4% CT, dan T6 = T5 + PEG. Pada penelitian in vivo perlakuan yang diberikan meliputi P0 = Rumput Gajah (60%) + Konsentrat (40%); P1 = P0 + ekstrak daun ketela pohon (ekuivalen dengan CT 3,5%); P2 = P1 + PEG. Data yang diperoleh pada penelitian in vitro dan in vivo dianalisis menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Kandungan zat nutrisi daun semak dan pohon berkisar antara 20,15% sampai 25,05% untuk BK; 78,34% sampai 86,80% untuk BO dan 19,34% sampai 24,21% untuk PK. Adapun konsentrasi CT yang tertinggi adalah daun acacia vilosa (8,86% BK) dan terendah daun kelor (0,02% BK). Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan memberikan pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap nilai total produksi gas dan ESPM. Nilai produksi gas terendah terjadi pada perlakuan dengan ekstrak daun ketela pohon 3,5% BK (45,9 ml/500 mg BK) dan nilai ESPM tertinggi juga diamati terjadi pada perlakuan yang sama (64,6 /kg BOTR). Disimpulkan bahwa hasil terbaik pada penelitian in vitro ini adalah penambahan ekstrak daun ketela pohon sebagai sumber CT yang diberikan sebanyak 3,5% BK, sehingga perlakuan ini digunakan pada` penelitian in vivo. Hasil penelitian in vivo menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penambahan ekstrak daun ketela pohon sebagai sumber CT sebanyak 3,5% BK meningkatkan secara nyata (P<0,05) nilai konsumsi BK (76,3 g/kg BB0,75) dibandingkan P0 (63,7 g/kg BB0,75) dan P2 (67,9 g/kg BB0,75), nilai konsumsi BO (66,5 g/kg BB0,75) daripada P0 (54,1 g/kg BB0,75) dan P2 (52,5 g/kg BB0,75) dan nilai konsumsi PK (7,0 g/kg BB0,75) dibandingkan dengan P0 (5,9 g/kg BB0,75) dan P2 (5,7 g/kg BB0,75). Nilai kecernaan BK, BO meningkat secara nyata (P<0,05), tetapi kecernaan PK tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) antar perlakuan dengan adanya perlakuan penambahan ekstrak daun ketela pohon. Namun demikian nilai retensi N pada perlakuan P2 secara nyata (P<0,05) lebih tinggi (15,6 g/hari) daripada P0 (9,1 g/hari) dan P2 (8,53 g/hari). Demikian juga PBB pada perlakuan P2 adalah tertinggi (62,79 g/hari) dibandingkan P0 (51,9 g/hari) dan P2 (52,85 g/hari). Dressing percentage perlakuan P2 paling tinggi yaitu 51,54% diikuti oleh P2 (49,61%) dan P0 (49,32%).
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Konsentrasi CT dalam daun semak dan pohon sangat bervariasi yaitu dari 0,02% BK pada ekstrak daun kelor sampai 8,86% BK pada ekstrak daun acacia sehingga penggunaannya dalam pakan ternak perlu disesuaikan agar tidak menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap konsumsi dan produksi ternak. Penambahan ekstrak daun ketela pohon dengan CT (3,24% BK) pada level 3,5% BK mampu menurunkan nilai produksi gas (45,9 ml/500 mg BK), tetapi mencapai nilai Efisiensi Sintesi Protein Mikroba tertinggi diantara perlakuan yang diberikan (64,6 g/kg BOTR). Penambahan ekstrak daun ketela pohon sebanyak 3,5% BK dalam ransum tidak mengganggu palatabilitas pakan, sehingga dengan meningkatnya kecernaan BO diikuti pula dengan meningkatnya konsumsi pakan. Adanya CT dalam ekstrak daun ketela pohon telah mampu meningkatkan menekan tingkat degradasi protein dalam rumen dan meningkatkan pasokan protein yang dicerminkan dengan lebih tingginya nilai retensi N dan PBB serta dressing percentage.
SUMMARY Effects of Using Condensed Tannin (CT) Extracts from Shrub and Tree Leaves in Ration on Performance and Carcass Quality of Fat Tailed Sheep Kusmartono, Siti Chuzaemi, Hartutik dan Mashudi The study aiming for evaluating effect of adding condensed tannins (CTs) extracts from shrub and tree leaves on performance and carcass quality of sheep was done in Nutririon laboratory and Field laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University from March to October 2010. There were two studies conducted, namely: [1] In vitro trial to evaluate effects of adding CT extracts on gas production and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, and [2] In vivo trial to evaluate effects of adding CT extracts on feed consumptin, digestibility, N retention, body weight gain and dressing percentage. Ten shrub and tree leaves were used in this study, namely leaves of wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia, mulberry (Morus macroura), cassava (Manihot utilissima), api-api (Avicennia marina), caliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora), acacia (acacia vilosa), glyricidia (Glyricidia sepium), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), moringa (Moringa oleifera), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and concentrates (wheat pollard, rice bran, coconut cake meal, kapok seed meal, molasses, urea and mineral. In the study of in vivo 18 growing sheep aging of 8-9 months and weighing of 23.67kg (± 1.23 kg) were used. The treatments applied were: T0=Elephant grass (60%)+concentrate (40%); T1 = T0 + CT (3% DM); T2= T1 + PEG; T3 = T0 + CT (3,5% DM); T4 = T3 + PEG; T5 = T0 + CT (4% DM) and T6 = T5 + PEG. The treatmets applied for in vivo trial were: P0 = Elephant grass (60%) + concentrate (40%); P1 = P0 + cassava leave extract (equiivalent to 3,5% CT); P2 = P1 + PEG. Data obtained were analysed using Randomized Block Design. Proximate analyses showed that shrub and tree leaves contained DM ranging from 20.15% to 25.05%, OM ranging from 78.34% to 86.80% and CP ranging from 19.34% to 24.21%. CT concentration of acacia was the highest (8,86% DM) and moring was the lowest (0,02% DM). Statistical analyses showed that treatment significanty affected (P<0.05) values of total gas production and efficieny of microbial protein synyhesis. The lowest values of total gas production (45.9 ml/500 mg DM) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (64.6 g/kg BOTR) were observed in the treatment T3 (3.5% CT from cassava leave extract). Based on this result it was concluded that this treatment was the best and was used for further investigation using in vivo method. Results of in vivo showed that adding cassava leave extracts equivalent to 3.5% CT significanty increased (P<0.05) dry matter intake (76.3 g/kg BW0,75) than P0 (63.7 g/kg BW0,75) and P2 (67.9 g/kg BW0,75), organic matter intake (66.5 g/kg BW0,75) than P0 (54.1 g/kg BW0,75) and P2 (52.5 g/kg BW0,75) and crude protein intake (7.0 g/kg BW0,75) than P0 (5.9 g/kg BW0,75) and P2 (5.7 g/kg BW0,75). Digestibility values of DM, OM and CP increased significantly (P<0,05) due to treatment, except for CP digestibility. However, N retention for sheep receiving treatment P2 were significantly higher (P<0,05) (15.6 g/d) than P0 (9.1 g/d) and P2 (8.53 g/d). Similar results were obtained for daily weight gain where P2 were the highest (62.79 g/d) than P0 (51.9 g/d) and P2 (52.85 g/d). Dressing percentage of P1 was the highest (51.54%) followed by P2 (49.61%) and P0 (49.32%). It can be concluded that CT contained in shriub and tree leaves extracts ranged from 0.02% DM for moringa to 8.86% DM for acacia and the use of CT extracts needs to be carefully considered to avoid a detrimental effect for the animals. Adding CT extract from cassava leaves at 3.5% DM reduced gas production (45.9 ml/500 mg BK), but achived highest value of efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (64.6 g/kg BOTR). Furhter, in vivo trial resulted that adding the same amount of cassava leave extract did not reduce palatability, but rather increased OM digestibility and hence feed consumption was improved. N retention was increased due to CT in the cassava leave extract and this may have explained a higher input of N into duodenum which was further led to higer daily weight gain and dressing percentage.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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