BIDANG ILMU : EKONOMI
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN DISERTASI DOKTOR TAHUN ANGGARAN 2010
Judul
Peneliti
: Peran Pemerintah dan Lembaga Adat dalam Pemberdayaan Industri Kecil dan Menengah (Studi pada Industri kerajinan di Provinsi Bali) :::: Ni Nyoman Y
Dibiayai Oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional sesuai dengan Surat Perjanjian Penugasan Dalam Rangka Pelaksanaan Penugasan Penelitian Disertasi Doktor Tahun Anggaran 2010 Nomor : 492/SP2H/PP/DP2M/VI/2010, tanggal 11 Juni 2010.
Universitas Brawijaya Malang 2010
RINGKASAN Pembangunan perekonomian Bali dengan mengandalkan industri pariwisata sebagai leading sector, telah mampu mendorong terjadinya perubahan struktur perekonomian daerah Bali. Bila dilihat dari peran sektor sekunder dan tersier dari segi pendapatan terus mengalami peningkatan, sedangkan sektor primer terus mengalami penurunan. Peran sektor sekunder utamanya didukung oleh industri kecil dan kerajinan rumah tangga (Rahyuda dkk, 2003). Bila mampu membuat industri kecil dan rumah tangga mandiri dalam berusaha, maka kehidupan masyarakat dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraaan lambat laun akan terwujud. Pemberdayaan ekonomi rakyat sangatlah penting untuk mengetahui potensi ekonomi lokal dari berbagai sektor, di samping perlu mengetahui potensi sumber daya manusianya. Potensi ekonomi lokal meliputi usaha menengah, mikro dan usaha kecil. Secara kelembagaan pengembangan ekonomi rakyat dapat dilakukan dengan mengambil kewilayahan, bisa desa atau banjar adat. LPD milik desa pekraman memiliki peran sangat strategis dalam penanggulangan kemiskinan melalui peningkatan fungsi sosialnya. Peningkatan fungsi sosial ini tidak saja dapat menguatkan tujuan LPD, yaitu peningkatan kesejahteraan anggota, tetapi juga meningkatkan komitmen dan kebersamaan para anggota terhadap LPD dan antar anggota (sesama) (Murjana 2009). Kepedulian krama terhadap saudara di lingkungan keluarga, tetangga, serta antar anggota masyarakat pada lingkungan banjar/desa adat yang menjunjung tinggi norma, adat dan budaya, keyakinan terhadap kepercayaan dari agama yang mereka anut, saling percara terhadap sesama dalam interaksi yang mereka lakukan adalah cerminan tingginya modal sosial dari krama. Tunduk pada aturan awig-awig yang berlaku di wilayah adat, tidak berani untuk melanggar karena itu adalah kesepakan bersama, takut bila melanggar akan dikenakan sangsi sosial. Semakin tinggi kepedulian krama akan lingkungan pada desa adat yang ditunjukkan oleh perilaku masyarakat yang santun sesuai dengan norma, saling percaya serta saling menghargai kepercayaan yang diberikan oleh orang lain juga dapat mencerminkan tingginya modal sosial. Norma-norma ini secara informal dapat mengatur hubungan antar satu individu dengan individu lainnya atau kelompok sehingga menimbulkan kepercayaan diantara sesamanya. Secara kriteria ekonomis atas dasar kepercayaan maka suatu kegiatan ekonomi dapat berlangsung secara produktif, efisien dan ekonomis. Norma melalui tradisi sejarah yang terbangun dari tata cara dan perilaku seseorang atau suatu kelompok masyarakat akan muncul modal sosial yang dapat mengatur kepentingan pribadi maupun kelompok. Norma-norma ini secara informal dapat mengatur hubungan antar satu individu dengan individu lainnya atau kelompok sehingga menimbulkan kepercayaan diantara sesamanya. Secara kriteria ekonomis atas dasar kepercayaan maka suatu kegiatan ekonomi dapat berlangsung secara produktif, efisien dan ekonomis. Perkembangan produktivitas IKM yang dihitung dari rasio antara nilai produksi dengan jumlah tenaga kerja tahun 2003-2008 menunjukkan perkembangan yang berfluktuasi dan cenderung menurun. Berdasarkan data pada periode tersebut ternyata penurunan produktivitas secara rata-rata setiap tahun sebesar 5,30 persen. Informasi ini mengindikasikan bahwa IKM perlu diberdayakan serta diupaya untuk meminimumkan permasalahan yang dihadapi. Dengan demikian peran semua instansi terkait diharapkan mampu meningkatkan produktivitas IKM. Keberadaan lembaga adat dilihat dari peran sosial, budaya, ekonomi maupun keuangan dari LPD, diyakini mampu berperan dalam pembangunan serta menggali potensi ekonomi lokal. Kedekatan dari lembaga ini dengan masyarakat desa, akan
mudah diketahui apa sesungguhnya persoalan yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat setempat. Peran sosial lembaga adat dapat dirasakan dari adanya perhatian terhadap krama yang kurang mampu. Adanya peluang yang cukup untuk mendorong krama agar terlibat lebih banyak dalam proses produksi. Demikian juga dari segi budaya, maka lembaga adat memberikan pemahaman terhadap krama dalam berusaha serta menghasilkan suatu produk agar tetap memelihara, mempertahankan , melaksanakan serta menjaga adat dan budaya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh peran pemerintah yang telah dilakukan oleh Disperindag maupun instansi terkait terhadap pemberdayaan IKM yang ada di Provinsi Bali, 2) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh lembaga adat dilihat dari peran sosial, budaya, ekonomi dan keuangan terhadap pemberdayaan IKM yang ada di Provinsi Bali, 3) Untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan tingkat pemberdayaan pada IKM yang hanya didorong oleh peran pemerintah dengan IKM yang tidak didorong oleh peran pemerintah di Provinsi Bali, 4) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh modal sosial terhadap peran sosial, budaya, ekonomi dan keuangan lembaga adat pada IKM di Provinsi Bali.. Penelitian dilakukan di lima Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Bali yang mewakili seluruh populasi dari industri kerajinan. Masing-masing Kabupaten/Kota diwakili oleh satu desa. Pada masing-masing desa yang dijadikan sampel penelitian diambil sejumlah pemuka lembaga adat, serta pengrajin yang menghasilkan jenis kerajinan yang dapat mewakili populasi. Untuk mengetahui peran pemerintah/institusi terkait diambil beberapa pejabat yang berkompeten pada bidang masing-masing yang mendukung penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis kuantitatif. Analisis kuantitatif menggunakan teknik analisis SEM. dan SPSS. Analisis SEM merupakan pendekatan terintegrasi antara Analisis Faktor, Model Struktural, dan Anasisis Path. Salah satu langkah dalam teknik analisis SEM berkaitan dengan konversi diagram Path dalam model struktural yang terdiri atas konversi diagram path model struktural ke dalam model matematika dan konversi diagram path model pengukuran ke dalam model matematika. Analisis dengan pendekatan SPSS digunakan untuk menguji ada tidaknya perbedaan pemberdayaan pada IKM yang yang dorong oleh peran pemerintah dengan IKM yang tanpa didorong oleh peran pemerintah, menggunakan uji beda dua rata-rata. Setelah dianalisis maka dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan sebagai berikut.: 1) Ada pengaruh signifikan peran pemerintah terhadap pemberdayaan IKM di provinsi Bali. 2) Ada pengaruh signifikan peran lembaga adat dilihat dari peran sosial, budaya, ekonomi dan keuangan terhadap pemberdayaan IKM di provinsi Bali. 3)Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pemberdayaan pada IKM yang didorong oleh peran pemerintah dengan IKM yang tidak didorong oleh peran pemerintah. 4) Ada pengaruh signifikan modal sosial terhadap peran lembaga adat dilihat dari peran sosial, budaya, ekonomi dan keuangan.
SUMMARY
The economic development of Bali by relying on tourism industry as the leading sector, has able to lead to the economic structure changing occurred in Bali. It can be viewed from the roles of secondary and tertiary sectors from income aspect that is increasing continuously, while for the primary sector is decreasing. Secondary sector role mainly supported by small industry and household handicraft (Rahyuda, et. al.2003). If it can make small industry and household to be independent in business, so that society life with the aim to increasing the prosperity can be achieved sooner or later. Empowering the economy of society is very important to know the local economic potency from many field, besides the need for counting on the potency of human resources. The local economic potency include middle, micro, small industries. Institutionally, empowering the economy of society can be done through taking regionally, either village or neightborhood organization. LPD belongs to village of pekraman has strategically role in solving the problem of poverty by increasing its social function. The increasing of social function is not only to strengthening LPD’s purpose, that is the increasing of its members prosperity, but also to improving the commitment and togetherness of its members with LPD and between fellow members (Murjana, 2009). The care of krama for the brothers in the family, neighborhood, and between members of society on neightborhood organization environment / customary village that give respect highly on norms, custom and culture, the belief on religion that they profess, trust between the fellows in the interaction they build are the reflection of the highly social capital from krama. Submit to awig-awig rule that applied in customary region, not having courage to break the rule since it has been general agreement among the people, fear of social sanction if they break it. The higher of the regard on krama to environment of customary village that shown by the behavior of the people being well-mannered according to the norms, trust each other and mutual respect for the trust given by other people may also reflect the highly social capital. These norms informally can arranged the relationship between one individual with others or groups, thereby trust between these fellows may be achieved. In the economical criterion based on trust, the economic activities can carried on productively, efficiently and economically. Norms through historical tradition built from manners and behaviour of one or a society group will emerge social capital that is able to arrange individual and group interest. These norms informally can arranged the relationship between one individual with others or groups, thereby trust between these fellows may be achieved. In the economical criterion based on trust, the economic activities can carried on productively, efficiently and economically. The development of IKM productivity calculated from ratio between production value with the number of labor on the year 2003-2008 showed fluctuative development and tended to decrease. Based on the data on that period the average of productivity decreasing on each year was 5,30%. This information indicated that IKM needed to be empowered and meant to minimize the problem faced. Thus, the role of all related agency is expected to improve the productivity of IKM. The existence of customary institution viewed from social, culture, economic and financial roles from LPD, believed able to contribute role on the development and explore local economic potency. From the closeness of this institution with the people of village, will be known easily what problems faced by the local society. The social role of customary institution can be seen from the care to krama that is less capable. There is sufficient opportunity to encourage krama to be more involved in the process of production. Also from the culture aspect, customary institution gives understanding on krama in making effort and producing a product by keeping, maintaining, regarding, carrying, and protecting mores and culture.
The objectives of the research are: 1) To find the government role done through Disperindag (department of industry and trade) and related institutions on the empowerment of IKM existed in Bali, 2) To find the influence of customary institutions viewed from social, economic, culture, and financial roles on the empowerment of IKM existed in Bali, 3) To find whether there is or there is no difference on empowerment level between IKM that only supported by the government role with IKM that is not supported by the government role in Bali, 4) To find the influence of social capital on social, culture, economic, and financial roles of customary institution to IKM in Bali. The research conducted in five regencies/cities in Bali representing all population from handicraft industry. Each cities/regencies represented by one village. On each village that is being the research sample, chosen some customary institution figures, and also some craftsmen that produce kinds of handicraft that can represent the population. To find the role of government related institutions, chosen some competent officials on each field that support this research. The research applies quantitative analysis approach. Analysis quantitative applies SPSS and SEM analysis technique. SEM analysis is an integrated approach between Factor Analysis, Structural Model, and Path Analysis. One way in SEM Analysis technique related with path diagram conversion in structural model that of path diagram conversion structural model to mathematic model and path diagram conversion measurement model to mathematic model. Analysis by using SPSS is applied to examine whether there is or there is no difference on empowerment level between IKM that only supported by the government role with IKM that is not supported by the government role, using average two difference test. After making the analysis can be drawn some conclusion as follow: 1) There is significant influence of government role on the empowerment of IKM in Bali; 2) There is significant influence of customary institution role viewed from social, economic, culture, and financial roles on the empowerment of IKM in Bali; 3) There is significant difference on the empowerment of IKM that is supported by government role with IKM that is not supported by the government; 4) There is significant influence of social capital on the customary institution role viewed from social, economic, culture, and financial roles.
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