ISUE BESAR KEAMANAN PANGAN??

ISUTERORISME

dalam hubungannya dengan Perdagangan Pangan Internasional

Purwiyatno Hariyadi [email protected]

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

ISUE BESAR KEAMANAN PANGAN?? z z z z z z z z z

Microbial Hazards Chemical cont./ biological toxins Pesticide/Veterinary Drug Residues GMO’S and novel foods Allergens Growth hormones Misuse of Food Additives Adulteration Terorisme


Purwiyatno Hariyadi /SEAFAST Center/LPPM/IPB ... www.seafast.ipb.ac.id

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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Nuclear, Biological or Chemical agents to terrorize attack or terrorize a population •NBC – nuclear, nuclear biological, biological chemical •“Biochem” •“Chembio” •WMD – Weapons of Mass Destruction (Phillip L. Coule, M.D. Medical College of Georgia Assist. Assist Professor of Emergency Medicine Director, EMS and ECC)


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants (CDC)



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Bioterrorism is an event resulting from an intentionally introduced biological, chemical, or nuclear agent that would be devastating to people, animals, or crops . . . (Labuza, U of Minnesota)


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Bioterrorism is an event resulting from an intentionally introduced biological, chemical, or nuclear agent that would be devastating to people, animals, or crops . . .

Faktor Mutu Cita Rasa

Faktor Keamanan

Nilai Pangan =

Aman

Aman

Rohani

Jasmani

Gizi

Citra Lingkungan Fungsionalitas

Dll?? Ketersediaan

Sensori

Pilihan

x Harga

“waktu”



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Bioterrorism is an event resulting from an intentionally introduced biological, chemical, or nuclear agent that would be devastating to people, animals, or crops . . .

Faktor Mutu Cita Rasa

Faktor Keamanan

Aman Nilai Pangan TERORISME = Aman Rohani Jasmani x

Gizi

Citra Lingkungan Fungsionalitas Harga

Dll?? Ketersediaan

Sensori

Pilihan

“waktu”


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Menurut Mike Osterholm, Osterholm, penulis buku “Living Terrors”. . . . • 9/11 should not have been a surprise • More terrorist attacks “will come”… come”…not not “ if” • Our domestic food supply is very vulnerable • The foods we import p are at risk

. . . and we are not ready Purwiyatno Hariyadi [email protected]


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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Tantangan “bio”terorisme : • Tersedia banyak agen bioterorisme • Banyak agen yang stabil selama pengolahan, penyimpanan dan distribusi • Target sangat terbuka dan “easily accessible” • Caranya mudah • Bisa; dilakukan oleh “siapa p saja” j Æ membuat skema pencegahanya lebih sulit • Kurangnya kesadaran dan kewaspadaan publik thd potensi serangan Purwiyatno Hariyadi [email protected]

PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Tantangan “bio”terorisme : • Tersedia banyak agen bioterorisme Biological Agents of Highest Concern (Category A) • • • • • •

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) Yersinia pestis (Plague) Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) Variola major (Smallpox) Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Tantangan “bio”terorisme : • Tersedia banyak agen bioterorisme Other possible agents (Category B) • • • • • • • •

Brucella species (Brucellosis) Burkholderia mallei (Glanders) Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidiosis) Coxiella burnetti (Q (Q--fever) Ab i Arboviruses Mycotoxins Ricin toxin (castor beans) SEB ((Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B)


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Tantangan “bio”terorisme : • Tersedia banyak agen bioterorisme KENAPA? • Dapat menyebabkan penyakit melalui “aerosol” • Mempunyai stabilitas yang baik dalam bentuk aerosol • Morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi gg • Sulit didiagnosa dan/atau diobati • Beberapa bisa ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Jenis2 bahan pangan yang “vulnerable “ thd aksi bioterorisme : • • • • • •

B h/ Buah/sayur segar Susu dan produk2 susu Produk yang diolah minimal – siap saji Semua produk yang memungkinkan dilakukan “tampering” Pakan ternak dll


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Potensi Bioterorisme: “Pertanian ”atau pemasok bahan baku

• Pestisida • Air irigasi • Air pengolahan (untuk pendinginan/pencucian produk/buah/sayuran) • Tempat penyimpanan sementara • Pupuk, • Pekerja?? • dll Purwiyatno Hariyadi [email protected]


“Pertanian ”atau pemasok bahan baku

Trans portasi



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Trans portasi

Pusat/ Gudang Distribusi




Trans portasi

Pusat/ Gudang Distribusi

Pengolahan



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Potensi Bioterorism • • • • •

Bahan baku dan ingridien Bahan pengemas Sabotase? Pemalsuan (adulterated ingredients) Errors in process (GMP and HACCP) vs true biobio-terrorism • Disgruntled employees

Pengolahan


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan “Pertanian ”atau pemasok bahan baku

Trans portasi

Gudang /Pusat Distribusi

Pengolahan

G d Gudang/ / Pusat Distribusi



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Potensi BIOTERORISME (Gudang/DIstribusi) • Sabotase oleh “outsiders” • sebelum pengiriman • Di tempat pemberhentian • dll • Penyelesian dan penerimaan sopir • Perlu “security checks”


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan “Pertanian ”atau pemasok bahan baku

Trans portasi


Supermarket /Ritel

Pengolahan




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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Potensi BIOTERORISME (di SUermarket/Toko/Ritel) • • • • • •

Bongkar Muat Barang Fresh produce area Open barrel dispensers Disgruntled employee Terrorist Tampering


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Æ Disgruntled employee atau teroris? COOK ACCUSED OF TRYING TO POISON DINERS September 16, 2002 Standard-Freeholder (Cornwall) 8 News JERUSALEM (AP) -- A Justice Ministry spokesman was cited as saying that an east Jerusalem Arab and former cook was indicted Sunday on suspicion of plotting to poison diners at a popular Jerusalem restaurant. The story says that Othman Kianiya, 22, a cook at popular Cafe Rimon, was the third man indicted as part of an alleged plot to poison drinks with a substance that slows the heart rate. In court, Kianiya told reporters: "I didn't do anything ... They didn't find any substance." Kianiya was to dissolve Digoxin tablets -- used to regulate the heartbeat but fatal in large amounts -- in the drinks of diners, according to an indictment of the two other men last week. Purwiyatno Hariyadi [email protected]


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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Æ persaingan bisnis atau teroris?


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Æ persaingan bisnis atau teroris? • Sepupu Chen Zhenping ingin mengembangkan bisnisnya sendiri • Menggunakan racun tikus - tetramine (rapid (rapid onset) onset) pada saat pagi hari (restaurant sedang ramai) • 49 mati (umumnya anak2) dan 300 sakit • RS kehabisan kamar • Mirip : Restaurant Mi di Guangxi – juga menggunakan racun tikus pada sup (57 sakit) • Kompetisi? Moral? Purwiyatno Hariyadi [email protected]


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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Æ “kerakusan” atau teroris?


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan Æ “kerakusan” atau teroris? • Upaya “memberikan” memberikan hasil pengukuran kadar protein yang lebih tinggi Æ harga lebih tinggi • Diperkirakan 300,000 korban, bayi Æ kerusakan ginjal • 860 bayi dirawat di RS • 11 bayi meninggal • Kompetisi? Moral?



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Fokus pada rantai produksi pangan “Pertania n”atau pemasok bahan baku

Transpor tasi

Rumah tangga


Supermarket/ Ritel

Pengolahan



PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Apa yang perlu dilakukan?

Bagaimana • To detect • To Deter • To Prevent



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Yang pertama; perlu ada paradigma baru : • Paradigma “ Food Defense”

Food Safety Programs

`

Food Defense Enhancements -Industry and Consumer Guidance


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? Yang pertama; perlu ada paradigma baru : • Paradigma “ Food Defense” • Preventation • ALERT (www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/alert.html_



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Food Defense? September 2002


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Food Defense? USDA Guidance for FoodFood-Bio Bio--security • Seal all outgoing food shipments with tamper tamper--proof, numbered seals that are included on the shipping documents. • Create a food security management team and coordinator for each plant or company. • Develop a plan for notifying the police of threats, responding to actual product tampering and evacuating a facility if necessary. • Conduct food security drills periodically. • Adopt procedures to trace the source of all raw materials, and to trace the delivery points of all finished products.



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PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Food Defense? USDA Guidance for FoodFood-Bio Bio--security (Con’t)

• Use guards, alarms, cameras or other security hardware on doors, windows, roof openings, railcars, bulk storage tanks and trailers. • Maintain a current list of plant workers with access to the building. • Control entry to a plant by requiring photo IDs and sign sign--in procedures. • Prepare a daily inventory of hazardous chemicals at the plant and investigate any missing items immediately.


PANGAN (OBAT) & TERORISME? - Food Defense? USDA Guidance for FoodFood-Bio Bio--security F Focus on Worker W k : •

Require security background checks

•

Everyone wears identity badges with pictures

•

All tanks sealed and locked

•

Illness reporting methods and requirements



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ISUE BESAR KEAMANAN PANGAN??

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