Facing the challenge of rheumatoid arthritis. A 13-year prospective study among patients and cross-sectional study among their partners.
Mathilde Strating
Funding: The research reported in this thesis was partly supported by the "Dutch Arthritis Association" and the Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (formerly called ”Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs).
Strating, M.M.H. Facing the challenge of rheumatoid arthritis. A 13-year prospective study among patients and cross-sectional study among their partners. Dissertation University of Groningen, The Netherlands – With ref. - With summary in Dutch ISBN 90-367-2572-0 © Copyright M.M.H. Strating, 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Drawing cover:
Hilda Strating
Printed by:
Grafimedia, Groningen
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Contents Chapter 1
General introduction
1
Chapter 2
Predictors of attrition
25
Chapter 3
Long-term course and outcomes in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis:
55
results from a 13-year prospective study. Chapter 4
Disability, social support and distress in rheumatoid arthritis:
79
results from a 13-year prospective study. In press: Arthritis Care and Research Chapter 5
Predictors of functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis:
99
results from a 13-year prospective study. Chapter 6
Contribution of partner support in self-management of rheumatoid
121
arthritis patients. An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Published online in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine January 9, 2006 Chapter 7
The differential effects of rheumatoid arthritis on distress of patient
141
and partner. In press: Psychology and Health Chapter 8
General discussion
165
Summary
197
Samenvatting
203
Appendices
210
Dankwoord
216
ICS dissertation series
219
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Appendices Appendix I
Physical self-management no
less than 30
30 - 60
1- 3
more than 3
min/week
min/week
hrs/week
hrs/week
Stretching exercises
1
2
3
4
5
Relaxation exercises
1
2
3
4
5
Walking for exercise
1
2
3
4
5
Swimming or aquatic exercise
1
2
3
4
5
Bicycling (also stationary bikes)
1
2
3
4
5
Other physical exercise
1
2
3
4
5
Excluded item: Swimming Cognitive self-management 1. When you’re in pain, do you try to decrease this by thinking about something else? 2. When you have problems due to your disease, do you solve this yourself (or perhaps by asking help from others)? 3. If you’re feeling depressed sometines because of your disease, do you try to continue most of your normal daily activities as much as possible? Excluded item: 4.
210
Do you take your disease into account in the composition of your nutrition?
Appendices
Communication 1. When you’re with a doctor or other social worker because of your disease do you always ask questions about the things you want to know? 2. When your doctor prescribes you a medicine, do you ask for the purpose and the side-effects of the medicine? Response categories: 1. always 2. most of the times 3. sometimes 4. selden 5. never
211
Appendix II Intention On a scale from 0% to 100% how likely is it that you will … 1. get regular physical exercise like bicycling, walking or swimming within the next 6 months? 2. ask your doctor if you have an appointment with him/her, what the goal and side-effects are of your medicines? 3. try to prevent your depressive feelings by maintain doing your daily activities? 4. try to enlighten your pain by thinking of something else? 5. try to solve problems due to your disease yourself? 6. ask information from your doctor or other health care provider about your disease? Excluded item: 7. On a scale from 0% to 100% how likely is it that you will take into account your nutrition to prevent the negative consequences of your disease? Response: 0
100
I will certainly not
212
I will certainly do so
Appendices
Appendix III Partner support for self-management Does it ever happento you that your partner 1. stimulates you in seeking distraction if you’re in pain because of your disease? 2. reminds you of taking your medicins? 3. helps you with solving problems you have because of your disease? 4. stimulates you in keeping yourself busy? Excluded items: 5. Does it ever happen to you that your partner goes with you to an appointment with your doctor? 6. Does it ever happen to you that your partner does exercises with you, goes biking, walking or swimming with you? 7. Does it ever happen to you that your partner tells you to pay attention to your nutrition?
Response categories: 1. seldom or never 2. now and then 3. regularly 4. often
213
Appendix IV Attitude with regard to self-management 1. Regular physical exercise counters the negative consequences of rheuma. 2. It is important to ask the doctor for the goal and side-effects of medicines. 3. It is important to know everything about rheuma and ask information from a doctor of health professional. 4. To prevent depressive feelings it is important to maintain as much as possible your daily activities. 5. Pain can be enlightened by thinking of something else. 6. One should solve his or her own problems due to rheuma. Excluded item: 7. Taking my arthritis into account with my nutrition helps to counteract the negative consequences of arthritis.
Response categories: 1. totally disagree 2. disagree some 3. don’t disagree and don’t agree 4. agree some 5. totally agree
214
Appendices
Appendix V Self-efficacy I am confident that I can … 1.
do daily relaxation exercises.
2.
do exercises prescribed by a physiotherapist on a daily basis.
3.
walk, bicycle or swim 20 minutes on a daily basis.
4.
solve problems due to my disease myself (or perhaps by asking help from others).
5.
always ask questions about the things I want to know when I’m with a doctor or other social worker because of my disease.
6.
continue most of my normal daily activities as much as possible when I’m feeling depressed because of my disease.
7.
ask for the purpose and side-effects when my doctor prescribes medicines.
Excluded items: 8.
decrease my pain by thinking of something else.
9.
take my disease into account in the composition of my nutrition.
Response categories: 1. totally disagree 2. disagree a little 3. not disagree/not agree 4. agree a little 5. totally agree
215
Dankwoord In de eerste plaats wil ik hierbij alle patiënten en hun partners bedanken voor hun medewerking. Ondanks het feit dat zij al vier keer hadden meegedaan, waren 129 patiënten nog steeds bereid om een vragenlijst in te vullen. Dankzij het werk van o.a. Boudien Krol en Dirk Doeglas in de opzet en uitvoering van de eerste vier metingen van dit project kon ik direct van start gaan met de vijfde meting. Voor de medewerking aan deze vijfde meting dank ik ook de reumatologen: Martin van Rijswijk en Miek van Leeuwen van het Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Sicco van den Burg van het Martini Ziekenhuis Groningen, Fetze Speerstra van het Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis Assen en het Refaja Ziekenhuis Stadskanaal, en Uwi Lim van het Scheperziekenhuis Emmen. Op deze plek wil ik mijn dagelijkse begeleiders Theo Suurmeijer en Wijbrandt van Schuur nomineren voor de beste begeleiders van het ICS-Groningen. Ik denk dat ik mijn geen betere begeleiders had kunnen wensen. Jullie hebben mij met veel enthousiasme en toewijding ingewijd in het leven van een wetenschappelijk onderzoeker. Theo bedankt voor je kritische en theoretische blik. Je hebt mijn theoretische blik doen verruimen en mijn analytisch inzicht doen verbeteren. Ik heb je begeleiding ervaren als een goede balans tussen ‘vrij laten’ en ‘sturen’. Wijbrandt bedankt voor je meedenken, niet alleen in methodologisch opzicht, maar ook in inhoudelijk opzicht. Waar het voor Theo en mij soms duidelijk was, zorgde jij dat ook nietinsiders wisten waar het over ging in mijn teksten. Natuurlijk ook bedankt voor je kritische oog op het Engels, als bijna ‘native’ speaker. Onze tweewekelijkse lunches waren niet alleen werkbesprekingen, maar ook momenten waarop we konden bijpraten. De afgelopen 2 maanden heb ik al gemerkt dat het wel een beetje kaal was zonder onze lunches, dus ik zal vast nog wel een keer bij jullie op de deur kloppen met mijn bekertje melk en brood. Voor het lezen en beoordelen van het manuscript wil ik de leden van de beoordelingscommissie, Prof. dr. R. Sanderman, Prof. dr. W. van den Heuvel en Prof. dr. R. Wittek hartelijk bedanken. Ook de leden van de DATE (Discussing Articles and Training in English) van het Noordelijk Centrum voor Gezondheidsvraagstukken (NCG) wil ik hartelijk bedanken voor het lezen en becommentariëren van conceptversies van bepaalde hoofdstukken.
216
Dankwoord
Verschillende mensen bij het ICS wil ik bedanken: Marijtje van Duijn voor de hulp en prettige samenwerking (zelfs op geografische afstand) bij hoofdstuk 7. Rie Bosman, Sietske Waslander en Jolanda Tuinstra wil ik bedanken voor de prettige samenwerking in de onderwijsprojecten. Jullie hebben mij het vak van docent bijgebracht en het daarbij horende enthousiasme. Natuurlijk ook de ICS-lunchgroep bedankt die qua aantal in de jaren wat is afgenomen en qua samenstelling is veranderd, daarom waag ik mij niet aan namen. Ook bij het NCG heb ik de afgelopen jaren rondgelopen en kennis en inzichten mogen opdoen en delen. Met name de DATE mensen wil ik hiervoor bedanken. Ik kijk nog steeds met veel plezier terug op een geweldige stage in Bloomington, USA, vandaar op deze plaats: Thanks to Jane McLeod, Joan Austin and Sibyl for having me around for three months. I enjoyed participating the courses and discussing things with you. Die stress die gepaard gaat met het schrijven van een proefschrift heb ik kunnen tegengaan door regelmatig te gaan sporten. Pap en Peet, bedankt voor de hardloopsessies (en Peet ik hoop dat je snel weer mee kan). Ook in karate kan ik nog steeds veel stress ontladen en weer energie opladen. Mijn sparmaatjes Edwin en Annie hierbij bedankt, en Norm bedankt voor de privé-lessen. Het buffer effect van sociale steun heeft bij mij in elk geval opgetreden, zonder die sociale steun had ik de stress niet aangekund. Daarom wil ik hierbij familie en vrienden bedanken voor hun steun en interesse. Patricia en Petra, bedankt dat jullie mijn paranimfen willen zijn. Patricia, bedankt voor de gezellige momenten waarop we konden bijkletsen en elkaar konden bijstaan bij de dagelijkse beslommeringen en frustraties van ons onderzoek. Veel succes bij het afronden van je eigen promotietraject. Petra, wie had gedacht dat we allebei in het onderwijs terecht zouden komen? Zullen we een keer ruilen? Jij het werk van mijn studenten nakijken en ik het werk van jouw kinderen? Lieve pap en mam, ook jullie van harte bedankt voor jullie steun en interesse. Jullie hebben altijd een luisterend oor gehad voor mij verhalen over mijn onderzoek en belevenissen op de universiteit en daar buiten. Dat dit proefschrift er ligt is mede dankzij jullie stimulering om er het beste uit te halen wat er in zit. Lieve oma, ook jij bedankt voor je interesse. Al tijdens mijn studie hoorde jij mijn verhalen aan als ik bij je kwam de ramen te wassen en dat ben je blijven doen,
217
ondanks dat je niet altijd wist hoe het leven er aan de universiteit aan toe ging. Lieve Norm, jij bent mijn steun en toeverlaat en weet mij altijd weer aan het lachen te maken met je humor. We hebben de laatste jaren heel wat van de wereld gezien en ik hoop dat ik nog heel lang met jou op deze aardbol mag vertoeven. Mathilde Strating Stadskanaal, maart 2006
218
Dankwoord
ICS dissertation series The ICS-series presents dissertations of the Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology. Each of these studies aims at integrating explicit theory formation with state-of-the-art empirical research or at the development of advanced methods for empirical research. The ICS was founded in 1986 as a cooperative effort of the universities of Groningen and Utrecht. Since 1992, the ICS expanded to the University of Nijmegen. Most of the projects are financed by the participating universities or by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). The international composition of the ICS graduate students is mirrored in the increasing international orientation of the projects and thus of the ICS-series itself. 1) C. van Liere, (1990), Lastige Leerlingen. Een empirisch onderzoek naar sociale oorzaken van probleemgedrag op basisscholen. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 2) Marco H.D. van Leeuwen, (1990), Bijstand in Amsterdam, ca. 1800 - 1850. Armenzorg als beheersings- en overlevingsstrategie. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 3) I. Maas, (1990), Deelname aan podiumkunsten via de podia, de media en actieve beoefening. Substitutie of leereffecten? Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 4) M.I. Broese van Groenou, (1991), Gescheiden Netwerken. De relaties met vrienden en verwanten na echtscheiding. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 5) Jan M.M. van den Bos, (1991), Dutch EC Policy Making. A Model-Guided Approach to Coordination and Negotiation. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 6) Karin Sanders, (1991), Vrouwelijke Pioniers. Vrouwen en mannen met een 'mannelijke' hogere beroepsopleiding aan het begin van hun loopbaan. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 7) Sjerp de Vries, (1991), Egoism, Altruism, and Social Justice. Theory and Experiments on Cooperation in Social Dilemmas. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 8) Ronald S. Batenburg, (1991), Automatisering in bedrijf. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 9) Rudi Wielers, (1991), Selectie en allocatie op de arbeidsmarkt. Een uitwerking voor de informele en geïnstitutionaliseerde kinderopvang. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 10) Gert P. Westert, (1991), Verschillen in ziekenhuisgebruik. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 11) Hanneke Hermsen, (1992), Votes and Policy Preferences. Equilibria in Party Systems. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 12) Cora J.M. Maas, (1992), Probleemleerlingen in het basisonderwijs. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 13) Ed A.W. Boxman, (1992), Contacten en carrière. Een empirisch-theoretisch onderzoek naar de relatie tussen sociale netwerken en arbeidsmarktposities. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 14) Conny G.J. Taes, (1992), Kijken naar banen. Een onderzoek naar de inschatting van arbeidsmarktkansen bij schoolverlaters uit het middelbaar beroepsonderwijs. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 15) Peter van Roozendaal, (1992), Cabinets in Multi-Party Democracies. The Effect of Dominant and Central Parties on Cabinet Composition and Durability. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 16) Marcel van Dam, (1992), Regio zonder regie. Verschillen in en effectiviteit van gemeentelijk arbeidsmarktbeleid. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 17) Tanja van der Lippe, (1993), Arbeidsverdeling tussen mannen en vrouwen. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 18) Marc A. Jacobs, (1993), Software: Kopen of Kopiëren? Een sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek onder PC-gebruikers. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 19) Peter van der Meer, (1993), Verdringing op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt. sector- en sekseverschillen. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 20) Gerbert Kraaykamp, (1993), Over lezen gesproken. Een studie naar sociale differentiatie in leesgedrag.
219
Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 21) Evelien Zeggelink, (1993), Strangers into Friends. The Evolution of Friendship Networks Using an Individual Oriented Modeling Approach. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 22) Jaco Berveling, (1994), Het stempel op de besluitvorming. Macht, invloed en besluitvorming op twee Amsterdamse beleidsterreinen. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 23) Wim Bernasco, (1994), Coupled Careers. The Effects of Spouse's Resources on Success at Work. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 24) Liset van Dijk, (1994), Choices in Child Care. The Distribution of Child Care Among Mothers, Fathers and Non-Parental Care Providers. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 25) Jos de Haan, (1994), Research Groups in Dutch Sociology. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 26) K. Boahene, (1995), Innovation Adoption as a Socio-Economic Process. The Case of the Ghanaian Cocoa Industry. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 27) Paul E.M. Ligthart, (1995), Solidarity in Economic Transactions. An Experimental Study of Framing Effects in Bargaining and Contracting. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 28) Roger Th. A.J. Leenders, (1995), Structure and Influence. Statistical Models for the Dynamics of Actor Attributes, Network Structure, and their Interdependence. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 29) Beate Völker, (1995), Should Auld Acquaintance Be Forgot...? Institutions of Communism, the Transition to Capitalism and Personal Networks: the Case of East Germany. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 30) A. Cancrinus-Matthijsse, (1995), Tussen hulpverlening en ondernemerschap. Beroepsuitoefening en taakopvattingen van openbare apothekers in een aantal West-Europese landen. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 31) Nardi Steverink, (1996), Zo lang mogelijk zelfstandig. Naar een verklaring van verschillen in oriëntatie ten aanzien van opname in een verzorgingstehuis onder fysiek kwetsbare ouderen. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 32) Ellen Lindeman, (1996), Participatie in vrijwilligerswerk. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 33) Chris Snijders, (1996), Trust and Commitments. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 34) Koos Postma, (1996), Changing Prejudice in Hungary. A Study on the Collapse of State Socialism and Its Impact on Prejudice Against Gypsies and Jews. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 35) Jooske T. van Busschbach, (1996), Uit het oog, uit het hart? Stabiliteit en verandering in persoonlijke relaties. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 36) René Torenvlied, (1996), Besluiten in uitvoering. Theorieën over beleidsuitvoering modelmatig getoetst op sociale vernieuwing in drie gemeenten. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 37) Andreas Flache, (1996), The Double Edge of Networks. An Analysis of the Effect of Informal Networks on Cooperation in Social Dilemmas. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 38) Kees van Veen, (1997), Inside an Internal Labor Market: Formal Rules, Flexibility and Career Lines in a Dutch Manufacturing Company. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 39) Lucienne van Eijk, (1997), Activity and Well-being in the Elderly. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 40) Róbert Gál, (1997), Unreliability. Contract Discipline and Contract Governance under Economic Transition. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 41) Anne-Geerte van de Goor, (1997), Effects of Regulation on Disability Duration. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 42) Boris Blumberg, (1997), Das Management von Technologiekooperationen. Partnersuche und Verhandlungen mit dem Partner aus Empirisch-Theoretischer Perspektive. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 43) Marijke von Bergh, (1997), Loopbanen van oudere werknemers. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 44) Anna Petra Nieboer, (1997), Life-Events and Well-Being: A Prospective Study on Changes in Well-Being of Elderly People Due to a Serious Illness Event or Death of the Spouse. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 45) Jacques Niehof, (1997), Resources and Social Reproduction: The Effects of Cultural and Material Resources on Educational and Occupational Careers in Industrial Nations at the End of the Twentieth Century. ICS dissertation, Nijmegen. 46) Ariana Need, (1997), The Kindred Vote. Individual and Family Effects of Social Class and Religion on Electoral Change in the Netherlands, 1956-1994. ICS dissertation, Nijmegen. 47) Jim Allen, (1997), Sector Composition and the Effect of Education on Wages: an International Comparison.
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ICS Dissertation Series
Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. 48) Jack B.F. Hutten, (1998), Workload and Provision of Care in General Practice. An Empirical Study of the Relation Between Workload of Dutch General Practitioners and the Content and Quality of their Care. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 49) Per B. Kropp, (1998), Berufserfolg im Transformationsprozeß. Eine theoretisch-empirische Studie über die Gewinner und Verlierer der Wende in Ostdeutschland. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 50) Maarten H.J. Wolbers, (1998), Diploma-inflatie en verdringing op de arbeidsmarkt. Een studie naar ontwikkelingen in de opbrengsten van diploma's in Nederland. ICS dissertation, Nijmegen. 51) Wilma Smeenk, (1998), Opportunity and Marriage. The Impact of Individual Resources and Marriage Market Structure on First Marriage Timing and Partner Choice in the Netherlands. ICS dissertation, Nijmegen. 52) Marinus Spreen, (1999), Sampling Personal Network Structures: Statistical Inference in Ego-Graphs. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 53) Vincent Buskens, (1999), Social Networks and Trust. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 54) Susanne Rijken, (1999), Educational Expansion and Status Attainment. A Cross-National and Over-Time Comparison. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 55) Mérove Gijsberts, (1999), The Legitimation of Inequality in State-Socialist and Market Societies, 1987-1996. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 56) Gerhard G. Van de Bunt, (1999), Friends by Choice. An Actor-Oriented Statistical Network Model for Friendship Networks Through Time. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 57) Robert Thomson, (1999), The Party Mandate: Election Pledges and Government Actions in the Netherlands, 1986-1998. Amsterdam: Thela Thesis. 58) Corine Baarda, (1999), Politieke besluiten en boeren beslissingen. Het draagvlak van het mestbeleid tot 2000. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 59) Rafael Wittek, (1999), Interdependence and Informal Control in Organizations. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 60) Diane Payne, (1999), Policy Making in the European Union: an Analysis of the Impact of the Reform of the Structural Funds in Ireland. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 61) René Veenstra, (1999), Leerlingen - Klassen - Scholen. Prestaties en vorderingen van leerlingen in het voortgezet onderwijs. Amsterdam, Thela Thesis. 62) Marjolein Achterkamp, (1999), Influence Strategies in Collective Decision Making. A Comparison of Two Models. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 63) Peter Mühlau, (2000), The Governance of the Employment Relation. A Relational Signaling Perspective. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 64) Agnes Akkerman, (2000), Verdeelde vakbeweging en stakingen. Concurrentie om leden. ICS dissertation, Groningen. 65) Sandra van Thiel, (2000), Quangocratization: Trends, Causes and Consequences. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 66) Rudi Turksema, (2000), Supply of Day Care. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 67) Sylvia E. Korupp (2000), Mothers and the Process of Social Stratification. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 68) Bernard A. Nijstad (2000), How the Group Affects the Mind: Effects of Communication in Idea Generating Groups. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 69) Inge F. de Wolf (2000), Opleidingsspecialisatie en arbeidsmarktsucces van sociale wetenschappers. ICS dissertation, Utrecht. 70) Jan Kratzer (2001), Communication and Performance: An Empirical Study in Innovation Teams. ICSdissertation, Groningen. 71) Madelon Kroneman (2001), Healthcare Systems and Hospital Bed Use. ICS/NIVEL-dissertation, Utrecht. 72) Herman van de Werfhorst (2001), Field of Study and Social Inequality. Four Types of Educational Resources in the Process of Stratification in the Netherlands. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 73) Tamás Bartus (2001), Social Capital and Earnings Inequalities. The Role of Informal Job Search in Hungary. ICSdissertation Groningen. 74) Hester Moerbeek (2001), Friends and Foes in the Occupational Career. The Influence of Sweet and Sour Social
221
Capital on the Labour Market. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 75) Marcel van Assen (2001), Essays on Actor Perspectives in Exchange Networks and Social Dilemmas. ICSdissertation, Groningen. 76) Inge Sieben (2001), Sibling Similarities and Social Stratification. The Impact of Family Background across Countries and Cohorts. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 77) Alinda van Bruggen (2001), Individual Production of Social Well-Being. An Exploratory Study. ICSdissertation, Groningen. 78) Marcel Coenders (2001), Nationalistic Attitudes and Ethnic Exclusionism in a Comparative Perspective: An Empirical Study of Attitudes Toward the Country and Ethnic Immigrants in 22 Countries. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 79) Marcel Lubbers (2001), Exclusionistic Electorates. Extreme Right-Wing Voting in Western Europe, ICSdissertation, Nijmegen. 80) Uwe Matzat (2001), Social Networks and Cooperation in Electronic Communities. A theoretical-empirical Analysis of Academic Communication and Internet Discussion Groups, ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 81) Jacques P.G. Janssen (2002), Do Opposites Attract Divorce? Dimensions of Mixed Marriage and the Risk of Divorce in the Netherlands, ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 82) Miranda Jansen (2002), Waardenoriëntaties en partnerrelaties. Een panelstudie naar wederzijdse invloeden, ICSdissertation, Utrecht. 83) Anne Rigt Poortman (2002), Socioeconomic Causes and Consequences of Divorce. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 84) Alexander Gattig (2002), Intertemporal Decision Making, ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 85) Gerrit Rooks (2002), Contract en Conflict: Strategisch Management van Inkooptransacties, ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 86) Károly Takács (2002), Social Networks and Intergroup Conflict. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 87) Thomas Gautschi (2002), Trust and Exchange, Effects of Temporal Embeddedness and Network Embeddedness on Providing and Dividing a Surplus. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 88) Hilde Bras (2002), Zeeuwse meiden. Dienen in de levensloop van vrouwen, ca. 1850 – 1950. Aksant Academic Publishers, Amsterdam. 89) Merijn Rengers (2002), Economic Lives of Artists. Studies into Careers and the Labour Market in the Cultural Sector, ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 90) Annelies Kassenberg (2002), Wat scholieren bindt. Sociale gemeenschap in scholen, ICS-dissertation, Groningen 91) Marc Verboord (2003), Moet de meester dalen of de leerling klimmen? De invloed van literatuuronderwijs en ouders op het lezen van boeken tussen 1975 en 2000. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 92) Marcel van Egmond (2003), Rain Falls on All of Us (but Some Manage to Get More Wet than Others): Political Context and Electoral Participation. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 93) Justine Horgan (2003), High Performance Human Resource Management in Ireland and the Netherlands: Adoption and Effectiveness. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 94) Corine Hoeben (2003), LETS' Be a Community. Community in Local Exchange Trading Systems. ICSdissertation, Groningen. 95) Christian Steglich (2003), The Framing of Decision Situations. Automatic Goal Selection and Rational Goal Pursuit. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 96) Johan van Wilsem (2003), Crime and Context. The Impact of Individual, Neighborhood, City and Country Characteristics on Victimization. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 97) Christiaan Monden (2003), Education, Inequality and Health. The Impact of Partners and Life Course. ICSdissertation, Nijmegen. 98) Evelyn Hello (2003), Educational Attainment and Ethnic Attitudes. How to Explain their Relationship. ICSdissertation, Nijmegen. 99) Marnix Croes en Peter Tammes (2004), Gif laten wij niet voortbestaan. Een onderzoek naar de overlevingskansen van joden in de Nederlandse gemeenten, 1940-1945. Aksant Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 100) Ineke Nagel (2004), Cultuurdeelname in de levensloop. ICS- dissertation, Utrecht.
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101) Marieke van der Wal (2004), Competencies to Participate in Life. Measurement and the Impact of School. ICSdissertation, Groningen. 102) Vivian Meertens (2004), Depressive Symptoms in the General Population: a Multifactorial Social Approach. ICS -dissertation, Nijmegen. 103) Hanneke Schuurmans (2004), Promoting Well-Being in Frail Elderly People. Theory and Intervention. ICSdissertation, Groningen. 104) Javier Arregui (2004), Negotiation in Legislative Decision-Making in the European Union. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 105) Tamar Fischer (2004), Parental Divorce, Conflict and Resources. The Effects on Children’s Behaviour Problems, Socioeconomic Attainment, and Transitions in the Demographic Career. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 106) René Bekkers (2004), Giving and Volunteering in the Netherlands: Sociological and Psychological Perspectives. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 107) Renée van der Hulst (2004), Gender Differences in Workplace Authority: An Empirical Study on Social Networks. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 108) Rita Smaniotto (2004), ‘You Scratch My Back and I Scratch Yours’ Versus ‘Love Thy Neighbour’. Two Proximate Mechanisms of Reciprocal Altruism. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 109) Maurice Gesthuizen (2004), The Life-Course of the Low-Educated in the Netherlands: Social and Economic Risks. ICS-dissertation, Nijmegen. 110) Carlijne Philips (2005), Vakantiegemeenschappen. Kwalitatief en Kwantitatief Onderzoek naar Gelegenheid en Refreshergemeenschap tijdens de Vakantie. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 111) Esther de Ruijter (2005), Household Outsourcing. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 112) Frank van Tubergen (2005), The Integration of Immigrants in Cross-National Perspective: Origin, Destination, and Community Effects. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 113) Ferry Koster (2005), For the time being. Accounting for inconclusive findings concerning the effects of temporary employment relationships on solidary behavior of employees. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 114) Carolien Klein Haarhuis (2005), Promoting Anti-Corruption Reforms. Evaluating the Implementation of a World Bank Anti-Corruption Program in Seven African Countries (1999-2001). ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 115) Martin van der Gaag (2005), Measurement of Individual Social Capital. ICS-dissertation, Groningen. 116) Johan Hansen (2005), Shaping Careers of Men and Women in Organizational Contexts. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 117) Davide Barrera (2005), Trust in Embedded Settings. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 118) Mattijs Lambooij (2005), Promoting Cooperation. Studies into the Effects of Long-Term and Short-Term Rewards on Cooperation of Employees. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht. 119) Lotte Vermeij (2006), What’s cooking? Cultural boundaries among Dutch teenagers of different ethnic origins in the context of school. ICS-dissertation, Utrecht.
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