141
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abe T, Sakurai, Kurata, Kawakami, Fukunaga. 1996. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution and daily physical activity: comparison between young and middle-aged women. Journal of Sports Medicine 30: 297-300. Aguilar C., Salinas. 2001. Lipids, apoprotein B, and associated coronary risk factors in urban and rural older Mexican populations. Metabolism Journal 50: 311-318. Ananta A, Evi N. A., Bakhtiar. 2005. Ethnicity and ageing in Indonesia 20002050. Asian Population Studies 1: 228-243. Ananta A. Evi N. A.. 2005. Report on Ageing at Provinces and Districts in Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore. Andrade F.C.D. 2006. Obesity and central obesity in elderly people in Latin America and the Caribbean – are we fat? XV Encontro Nacional de Estudos Populacionais, ABEP, realizado em Caxambú- MG – Brasil, de 18 a 22 de setembro de 2006. Babaroutsi E. et al. 2005. Quantitative ultrasound calcaneus measurements: normative data for the Greek population. Osteoporosis International 16: 280-288. Barrera GD, Bunout D, Gattas V. 2003. A high body mass index protects against femoral neck osteoporosis in healthy elderly subjects. Nutrition Journal 20: 769-771. Basuni A.J, Sri P. 2006. Laporan Hasil Analisis Data Densitas Mineral Tulang (DMT) di 16 Wilayah di Indonesia. Bogor: Puslitbang Gizi dan Makanan. Beers M.H., Robert B. 2006. The Merck Manual of Geriatrics Third Edition. Merck Research Laboratories. Bermudez I. O., Emily K.B., Katherine L T. 1999. Development of sex-specific equations for estimating stature of frail elderly Hispanics living in the Northeastern United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 992998. Bhatnagar et al dan Jason et al, diacu dalam Krishan Kewal. 2007. Anthropometry in forensic medicine and forensic science-‘forensic anthropometry’. The Internet Journal of Forensic Science 2: 1-14. Biro G, K. Hulshof, L. Ovesen, JA Amorim C 2002. Selection of methodology to assess food intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 525-532.
142
[BPS]. Biro Pusat Statistik et al. 2004. Prosiding Widyakarya Nasional PANGAN dan GIZI VIII Ketahanan Pangan dan Gizi di Era Otonomi Daerah dan Globalisasi. Jakarta: BPS. [BPS]. Biro Pusat Statistik. 2005. Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia Tahun 2005. Jakarta: BPS. Chumlea WC, Roche AF, Mukherjee D. 1984. Nutritional Assessment of the Elderly through Anthropometry. Columbus OH: Ross Laboratories. Chumlea WC, Roche AF, Steinbaugh ML.1988. Estimating stature from knee height for person 60-90 years of age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 33: 116-120. Chumlea, Shumei S. G., Kevin W., David C., Robert J. K., Clifford L. J. 1998. Stature prediction equations for elderly non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican-American persons developed from NHANES III Data. Journal American Diet Association 98: 137 – 142. Chernoff R. 2006. Geriatric Nutrition the Health Professional’s Handbook Third Edition. Canada: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Darmojo R. B., H. Hadi M. 1999. Buku Ajar Geriatri (Ilmu Kesehatan Usia Lanjut) edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit UNDIP Semarang.. Darmojo R. B. Trends in dietary habits of the elderly: The Indonesian case. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 11: S351-354. De Lucia, Lemma, Tesfaye, Demisse, Ismail. 2002. the use of arm span measurement to assess the nutritiona l status of adults in four Ethiopean ethnic groups. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 91-95. [Depkes RI]. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2005. Pedoman Tatalaksana Gizi Usia Lanjut untuk Tenaga Kesehatan. Jakarta: Direktorat Bina Gizi Masyarakat Ditjen Binkesmas Depkes RI. [Depkes RI]. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 1996. 13 Pesan Gizi Seimbang. Jakarta: Direktorat Bina Gizi Masyarakat Ditjen Binkesmas Depkes RI. Deputi I [Menkokesra] Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat. Lansia masa kini dan mendatang. http://www.menkokesra.go.id [15 April 2008]. Débora M., Rosely S.. 2005. Body mass index and measures of adiposity among elderly adults. Rev Sau de Publica 39: 1-6.
143
Donini et al. 2000. Prediction of stature in the Italian elderly. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Ageing (JNHA) 4 . Edmun L.T.S., Emily K.T., Cora Y.W., Susan S. L. 2000. Predicting stature from knee height in Chinese elderly subjects. Asia Pacific J. Clinical Nutrition 9 :252-255. Fatmah. 2006. Persamaan tinggi badan lansia di panti werdha DKI Jakarta dan Tangerang. Media Gizi dan Keluarga 30: 48 – 57. Forbes G.B., Rheina J.G. 1970. Adult lean body mass declines with age: some longitudinal observations. Metabolism 19: 653-663. Garnero P, Munoz, Borel, Sornay P. D. 2007. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women, independently of bone mineral density. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90: 4829-4835. Gibson R. 2005. The Principles of Nutritional Assessment. Goya S. W., A. G. Shaper, Richard W. M., Peter H. W. 2005. Measures of adiposity in the identification of metabolic abnormalities in elderly men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81: 1313-1321. Guo S.S., Christine Z., Chumlea, Roger M. S. 1999. Aging, body composition, and lifestyle: the fels longitudinal study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70: 405-411. Hardy R., Robert J.. 1988. Introduction to Physical Anthropology 8th edition. Wed. Publ. Co. Hazzard W.R., Blass J.P., Halter J.B. 2003. Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology.. USA: The Mc-Graw Hill Companies. Helen A., Susan P.B., Mark L.V.N., Elizbeth G.R. 1991. Risk factors associated with falls and injuries among elderly institutionalized persons. American Journal of Epidemiology 133: 1179-1190. Hieranux J., Boedhi H. 1980. Physical measurements of the adult Hadza of Tanzania. Annals of Human Biology 7: 339-346. Hitz M. F., Jens E.B.J., Peter C. E. 2007. Bone mineral density and bone markers in patients with a recent low-energy fracture: effect of one year of treatment with calcium and vitamin D. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 86: 251-259. Hsu Y.H., Scott A. V., Henry A. T., Yan F., Tianhua N., Zhiping L. 2006. Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic
144
fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese Women. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 83: 146-154. Hughes A. V. et al. 2004. Anthropometric assessment of 10-y changes in body composition in the elderly. American Journal Clinical of Nutrition 80: 475482. Hurley R. et al. 1997. Comparative evaluation of body composition in medically stable elderly. Journal of The American Dietetic Association 97: 1105-1109. Hussmanns R. 2003. Statistical definition of informal employment: guidelines endorsed by the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour statisticians. Geneva: Bureau of Statistics International Labour Office. International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis http://www.iofbonehealth.org [2 Agustus 2007].
fact
sheet.
Janssen I., Anne F., Robert H., Robert R. 2002. Effects of an energy-restrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal fat, intermuscular fat, and metabolic risk factors in obese women. Diabetes Care Journal 25: 431-438. John P., . 2006. Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine Fourth Edition Vol 2. England: Wiley. Johnell O., O'Neill, Felsenberg, Kanis, C. Cooper, A. J. Silman. 1997. Anthropometric measurements and vertebral deformities. American Journal of Epidemiology 146: 287-293 Kerstetter, Kimberly O.B., Karl L. I.. 2003. Dietary protein and intestinal calcium absorption. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73: 990-991.. Kirchengast, Peterson B., Hauser G. 2001. Body composition characteristics are associated with the bone density of the proximal femur end in middle and old-aged women and men. Maturitas 39: 133-145. Kluger G., Meriem F. K. 1974. Human Development the Span of Life. Saint Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company. Koesoemanto S. dalam Erna Mutiara. 2007. Karakteristik Penduduk Lanjut Usia di Propinsi Sumatera Utara Tahun 1990. Medan: FKM-USU. Kusdiatmono W. 1987. Suatu kajian bentuk tubuh laki- laki dewasa [skripsi]. Bogor: Jurusan Statistika FMIPA IPB. Kusdhany L. 2003. Penentuan indeks densitas tulang mandibula perempuan pascamenopause dengan memperhatikan beberapa faktor risiko terjadinya osteoporosis (melalui pendekatan epidemiologi dan radiologi digital) [disertasi]. Jakarta: FKG UI.
145
Knous BL., Arisawa M. 2002. Estimation of height in elderly Japanese using region-specific knee height equations. The American J. Human Biology 14 3: 300-307. Krishan K. 2007. Anthropometry in forensic medicine and forensic science‘forensic anthropometry’. The Internet Journal of Forensic Science 2: 1-14. Larry, Marshall. 1992. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. American Journal Launer LJ., Harris T. 1996. Weight, height, and body mass index distributions in geographically and ethnically diverse samples of older person. Age Ageing 25: 300-306. Leite MCL, A Nicolosi. 2006. Lifestyle correlates of anthropometric estimates of body adiposity in an Italian middle-aged and elderly population: a Covariance Analysis. International Journal of Obesity 30: 926–934. Liangzhi X., Michael J.D., Chaterine E. 2003. Reliability and validity of a foodfrequency questionnaire for Chinese postmenopausal women. Public Health Nutrition 7: 91–98. Lin H., Odilia I. B., Katherine L.. 2003. Dietary patterns of Hispanic elders are associated with acculturation and obesity. Journal of Nutritional Epidemiology 133: 3651-3657. Luqman M. A. A. L.. 1997. Suatu penilaian statistika terhadap Indeks Massa Tubuh di Indonesia (a statistical evaluation of the Body Mass Index in Indonesia) [skripsi]. Bogor: Jurusan Statistika FMIPA IPB. Lovejoy J.C, Champagne C.M., de J.L, Xie H, Smith S.R. 2008. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition. International Journal of Obesity 10: no page. Lucia E, Lemma, Tesfaye, Demisse. 2002. The use of arm span measurement to assess the nutritional status of adults in four Ethiopian ethnic groups. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 91-95. Macao. 2007. The Macao outcome document of the high level meeting on the regional review of the implementation of the Madrid international plan of action on ageing. Mark H. B., Robert B. 1996. The Merck Manual of Geriatric Third Edition. Merck Research Laboratory. Marilene M, Diana L. 2002. Adolescent in the ergonomics context: anthropometrical and physiological data. Seria Mecanica Tom 47: 63-68.
146
Martalena P. 2000. Cross Cultural Comparison of Nutrition and Ageing in Indonesia and Other Communities. www:\healthy eating club [10 Juli 2007]. Mazess R.B., Howard S. B. 1991. Bone density in pre- menopausal women: Effects of Age, Dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, and birth-Control Pills. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 53: 132-142. Miller G.D. et al. 2000. Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: National Dairy Council. Mitchell J, Haan M.N., Steinberg F.M., Visser M. 2003. Body composition in the elderly: influence of nutritional factors and physical activity. Journal of Nutrition and Healthy Aging 7: 3. Mohanty S.P., Suresh B., Sreekumaran N. 2001. The use of arm span as a predictor of height: a study of South Indian women. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 9: 19-23. Myers, Takiguchi. 1994. Stature estimated from knee height in elderly Japanese Americans. J. Am. Geriatric Society 42: 157-160. Olivier G.. 1980. Societe d’Anthropologie du Sud-ouest Egalite des Chances et Biometrie. Bordeaux. Ono H.A., G. Monter C., J. Zamora, Cardoso, Posadas, Torres T., C Posadas. 2002. Association of visceral fat with coronary risk factors in a populationbased sample of postmenopausal women. International Journal of Obesity 26: 33-39. Omron Healthcare. 2006. Health Management by Checking the Body Fat (Use Fat Analyzer Scale). Tanpa penerbit. Ritz. 2004. Validity of measuring knee height as an estimate of height in diseased French elderly persons. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 8. Passmore R., J.V.G.A. Durnin. 1955. Human Energy Expenditure. Department of Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland and the Institute of Physiology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland. Pheasant S. 2000. Body Space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work Second Edition. Taylor & Francis. Perissinotto E., Pisent, C., Sergi, G., Grigoletto, F., Enzi, G.. 2002. Anthropometric measurement in the elderly: age and gender differences. British Journal of Nutrition 87: 177-186. Pini R., Elisabetta T., Chiara C., Francesca B., Mauro D. B., Giulio M., Niccolò Marchionni.. 2001. Accuracy of equations for predicting stature from knee
147
height and assessment of statural loss in an older Italian population. The Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56: B3-B7. Polit D. 1996. Data Analysis and Statistics for Nursing Research. Appleton & Lange Stamford, Connecticut. Ram B.S., Mohammad A. N., Raheena B., Gurpreet S. W., Amer S. T., Harbansh S Rissam. 1999. Body fat percent by bioelectrical impedance analysis and risk of coronary artery disease among urban men with low rates of obesity: the Indian paradox. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 18: 268273. Regidor E., Juan L. G. F. José R. B., Vicente D., Fernando R.-A.. 2006. Association of adult socioeconomic position with hypertension in older people. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60: 74-80. Riechman S. E et al. Association of physical activity and visceral adipose tissue in older women and men. Obesity Research 10: 1065-1073. Ritz P. 2004. Validity of measuring knee- height as an estimate of height in diseased French elderly persons. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 8: 386-388. Rizzoli R. 2006. The role of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis. Bone 42: 246-249. Rossman I. 1986. Clinical Geriatrics. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Russel Robert. M. Helen Rasmussen and Alice H. Lichtenstein. 1999. Modified food guide pyramid for people over seventy years of age. American Society for Nutritional Sciences. J. Nutr. 129: 751–753. Rutisshauser I.H.E. 1995. Body composition in Aboriginal Australians. Asia Pacific J. Clinical Nutrition 4: 73-76. Salim O., Rina K. 2005. Laporan Akhir Tinggi Lutut Sebagai Prediktor dari Tinggi Badan Pada Lanjut Usia. Bagian Ilmu Kedokteran Komunitas FKUniversitas Trisakti. Sanders K.M, G C. Nicholson, A M Ugoni, E Seeman, J A Pasco, M A Kotowicz . 2002. Fracture rates lLower in rural than urban communities: the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56: 466-470.
148
Sanila M, A. Kotaniemi, J. Vikari, H. Isomaki. 1993. Height loss rate as a marker of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 13. Sanjur Diva, Maria Rodriguez. 1997. Assessing Food Consumption Selected Issues in Data Collection and Analysis. Cornell University. Santos J.L., Albala C., Lera L., Garcia C., Arroyo P., Perez-Bravo F. 2004. Anthropometric Measurements in the Elderly Population of Santiago, Chile. Nutrition 20 (5): 452-457. Schlenker E. 1993. Nutrition in Aging. Washington DC: National Academy Press. Setiati S. 2008. Pengaruh sinar ultraviolet B matahari terhadap konsentrasi vitamin D dan hormon paratiroit pada perempuan usia lanjut Indonesia. Jurnal Kesmas 2: 147-153 Shahar S., Ng. See Pooy. 2003. Predictive equations for estimation of stature in Malaysian elderly people. Asia Pacific J. Clinical Nutrition 12: 80-84. Shatenstein B., MJ Kergoat, S. Nadon. Anthropometric changes over 5 years in elderly Canadians by age, gender, and cognitive status. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56: 483488. Sharami. 2008. Risk factors of osteoporosis in women over 50 years of age: population based study in the North of Iran. Journal of Turkish-German Gynecol Association 9: 38-44. Shetty P.S. W.P.T. James. 1994. Body Mass Index a Measure of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Adults. FAO. Soekirman et al. 2006. Hidup Sehat Gizi Seimbang dalam Siklus Kehidupan Manusia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Sorg MH. 2005. Forensic Anthropology. Forensic Science an Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Technique. Streeten Elizabeth E., Kathleen A. R., Daniel J. M., Toni I. P., Alan R. S., Braxton D. Mitchell. 2005. The relationship between parity and bone mineral density in women characterized by a homogeneous lifestyle and high parity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90: 4536-4541. Suleiman S. 1997. Lifetime calcium intake and physical activity level on bone mass and turnover in healthy, white, postmenopausal women. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 66: 937-943.
149
Sutriyati. 1998. Pembandingan metode BMI dan LBMI sebagai indikator status gizi orang dewasa di ibukota propinsi [skripsi]. Bogor: Jurusan Statistika FMIPA IPB. Sunusi M. 2006. Kebijakan Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia. Jakarta: Ditjen Pelayanan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial Departemen Sosial RI. Suriah AR, T J Chong, B.Y. Yeoh 1998. Nutritional situation of Chinese community. Singapore Medical Journal. Suzane C.H., Yu-ming C., Jean L.F. 2005. Educational level and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Chinese women. American Journal of Epidemiology 161: 680-690. Taggart H. D. Craig , K . McCoy. 2003. Healthy elderly individuals do not inevitably lose bone density and weight as they age. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 39: 283 - 290 Takao S. 2001. Risk factors for osteoporosis in Asia. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 19: 133-141. Tanchoco C., C. Charmaine A.D. 2005. Arm span and knee height as proxy indicators for height. FNRI. Tayie F., Agyekum S, Owusu-Ahenkora M, Busolo D, Adjetey-Sorsey E, Armah. 2003. Arm span and half-span as alternatives for height in adults: a sample from Ghana. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 3: 1-6. The Netherlands Nutrition Council. 1979. Nederlandse Voedingsmiddlelentabel. 32nd edition Gravenhage: Voorlichtingsbureau voor de Voeding. Vu T.T., Nguyen Cong Khan, Nguyen Thi Lam, Le Bach Mai, DucSon Nguyen Trung Le, Bui Thi Nhung. 2005. Determining the prevalence of osteoporosis and related factors using quantitative ultrasound in Vietnamese adult women. American Journal of Epidemiology 161: 824-830. Tori H. 2006. Osteoporosis: strategies for prevention and management. Tucker L.A., Marshall J. Kano. 1992. Dietary fat and body fat: a multivariate study of 205 adult females. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56: 616-622. Tucker K. Bone mineral density and dietary patterns in older adults: the Framingham osteoporosis study. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 76: 245-252.
150
Tyagie R., Satwanti Kapoor, Anup Kumar K. 2003. Body composition and fat distribution pattern of urban elderly females, Delhi, India. Coll. Anthropology 29 (2): 493 – 498. UNFPA. 2007. State of World Population 2007. Willett W. 1998. Nutritional Epidemiology second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. [WHO]. World Health Organization Expert Committee. 1999. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. WHO. [WHO]. World Health Organization. 1994. Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Geneva: WHO. [WHO]. World Health Organization. 2002. Active Aging: a Policy Framework. Geneva: WHO. Kung W.C. A et al. 1998. Age-related osteoporosis in Chinese: an evaluation of the respons of intestinal calcium absorption and calcitropic hormones to dietary calcium deprivation. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 68: 12911297. Wikipedia. 2003. Tempe. http://wikipedia. [23 Juni 2008]. Wright Helen. S, Daniel J. Lago, Valerie Bernardo, John L. Beard. 1990. Nutritional assessment of homebound rural elderly. Journal of Nutrition 120 (11): 1535-1537. Woo J. Osteoporosis in the elderly-data in Hong Kong Chinese and a review of the literature. Journal Hongkong Medical Association 43: 189-192. Xiao F.W., Yunbo D., Henry M., Kim B. 2004. Body segment lengths and arm span in healthy men and women and patients with vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis International 15: 43-48. Zamzam K., Fariba R., Lu Ann K. Johnson, Glenn I. Lykken, Janet R. Hunt. 2003. Hunt. Controlled high meat diets do not affect calcium retention or indices of bone status in healthy postmenopausal women. The Journal of Nutrition 133: 1020-1026.
151
LAMPIRAN 1 FOTO-FOTO PENGUKURAN ANTROPOMETRI LANSIA
Gambar 14. Responden usia 65 tahun di Kabupaten Wonogiri.
Gambar 15. Responden usia 60 tahun di Kabupaten Wonogiri dan usia 70 tahun di Kabupaten Magetan.
152
Gambar 16. Pengukuran panjang depa lansia perempuan di Kota Surabaya.
Gambar 17 Pengukuran panjang depa lansia laki- laki di Kota Yogyakarta.
153
Gambar 18 Pengukuran tinggi lutut lansia perempuan di Kota Surabaya.
Gambar 19 Pengukuran tinggi lutut lansia laki- laki di Kabupaten Magetan.
154
Gambar 20 Pengukuran tinggi duduk lansia laki- laki di Kota Surabaya.
Gambar 21
Pengukuran tinggi duduk lansia perempuan di Kota Surabaya.
155
Gambar 22 Pengukuran persen lemak tubuh dan lemak viseral lansia perempuan di Kota Semarang.
Gambar 23. Pengukuran persen lemak tubuh dan lemak viseral lansia laki- laki di Kota Yogyakarta.
156
Gambar 24 Pengukuran densitas massa tulang lansia laki- laki di Kab. Gunung Kidul
Gambar 25
Pengukuran densitas massa tulang lansia perempuan di Kota Yogyakarta.
157
Gambar 26.
Pengukuran berat badan lansia perempuan di Kota Surabaya.
Gambar 27. Pengukuran tinggi badan lansia laki- laki di Kota Surabaya.
158
Gambar 28 Wawancara dengan lansia perempuan di Kab. Gunung Kidul bersamaan dengan kegiatan posbindu lansia.
Gambar 29
Suasana kegiatan pengumpulan data di posyandu lansia Kota Semarang.
159
Gambar 30 Tempe manding makanan khas masyarakat Kab. Gunung Kidul.
Gambar 31. Nasi tiwul makanan khas masyarakat Kab. Gunung Kidul.
160
Gambar 32
Tewel/gori/nangka muda mentah makanan khas lansia di 6 lokasi penelitian.
Gambar 33 Tape singkong (poteng) makanan khas lansia di 6 lokasi penelitian.
