DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Halaman Judul ..................................................................................................... i Halaman Persetujuan Pembimbing .................................................................. ii Halaman Pengesahan Skripsi ............................................................................ iii Halaman Pernyataan .......................................................................................... iv Halaman Persembahan ...................................................................................... v Kata Pengantar .................................................................................................. vii Kutipan Undang-Undang ................................................................................... ix Daftar Isi .............................................................................................................. x Daftar Bagan ...................................................................................................... xiii Daftar Tabel ....................................................................................................... xiv Daftar Grafik ...................................................................................................... xv Daftar Singkatan ................................................................................................ xvi BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................... 1 A. B. C. D.
E. F. G. H. I.
Alasan Pemilihan Judul ......................................................................... 1 Latar Belakang Masalah......................................................................... 4 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................. 16 Kerangka Teori ..................................................................................... 17 1. Kepentingan Nasional (National Interest) ...................................... 17 2. Ketahanan Pangan (Food Security)................................................. 23 Argumen Pokok .................................................................................... 27 Metode Penelitian ................................................................................. 27 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................. 29 Jangkauan Penelitian ............................................................................. 29 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................... 30
BAB II KETENTUAN PERDAGANGAN DALAM WTO DAN DINAMIKA TAHAPAN PERUNDINGAN DI BIDANG PERTANIAN WTO ... 31 A. Latar Belakang Terbentuknya Organisasi Perdagangan Internasional . 31 1. GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade) .......................... 32 2. WTO (World Trade Organization) ................................................. 33 x
3. Persetujuan-Persetujuan WTO ........................................................ 38 4. Prinsip-Prinsip Dasar WTO ............................................................ 43 5. Sistem Organisasi WTO ................................................................. 45 B. Masuknya Komoditas Pertanian dalam Rezim Perdagangan Internasional .......................................................................................... 49 1. Ketentuan Perdagangan Produk Pertanian dalam Kerangka GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade) ...................................... 50 2. Ketentuan Perdagangan Produk Pertanian Pasca Implementasi Terbentuknya WTO (World Trade Organization) .......................... 51 3. Persetujuan Bidang Pertanian WTO ............................................... 54 C. Dinamika Perundingan di Bidang Pertanian WTO ............................... 61 BAB III POSISI INDIA DALAM NEGOSIASI BIDANG PERTANIAN DI WTO, PENOLAKAN INDIA TERHADAP PAKET BALI 2013 DAN RESPON NEGARA-NEGARA BERKEMBANG TERHADAP SIKAP INDIA DI PERTEMUAN TINGKAT MENTERI WTO KE9............................................................................................................. 63 A. India Dalam Negosiasi Bidang Pertanian Di WTO Sebelum Paket Bali 2013....................................................................................................... 63 1. Awal Keterlibatan India di WTO dan dalam Negosiasi Pertanian . 63 2. Posisi India dalam Negosiasi Pertanian Periode Doha Development Agenda (2001) ................................................................................. 69 3. Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Sikap India Dalam Pertemuan WTO di Sektor Pertanian .............................................................................. 75 B. Penolakan India Terhadap Paket Bali 2013 .......................................... 78 1. Proses Negosiasi Paket Bali 2013 ................................................... 78 2. Public Stockholding for Food Security ........................................... 81 3. Usaha India dan Negara-Negara Berkembang Memperjuangkan Isu Public Stockholding for Food Security Dalam Bali Package ......... 82 C. Respon Negara-Negara Berkembang Terhadap Sikap India Dalam KTM Ke-9 WTO 2013 ................................................................................... 86 1. Kelompok Negara-Negara Dalam Isu Pertanian WTO................... 86 2. Upaya Negara-Negara Berkembang Untuk Mencapai Kesepakatan ......................................................................................................... 91 BAB IV KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL DAN UPAYA INDIA MEMBANGUN KETAHANAN PANGAN, SERTA SIKAP INDIA UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN POSISINYA HINGGA AKHIR PROSES NEGOSIASI KTM WTO KE-9 ........................................ 93 A. Kepentingan Nasional India Dalam Bidang Pertanian ......................... 93 1. Kondisi Pertanian India ................................................................... 93 2. Peningkatan Hasil Sektor Pertanian India ....................................... 97 3. Kebijakan Ketahanan Pangan India ............................................... 102 4. Ancaman Terhadap Ketahanan Pangan ......................................... 109 B. Sikap India Untuk Mempertahankan Posisinya Hingga Akhir Proses Negosiasi KTM WTO Ke-9 ................................................................. 112 1. Faktor-Faktor Eksternal Yang Mendukung India Akhirnya Menyetujui Bali Package…………………………………………115 xi
2. Faktor-Faktor Eksternal yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan India .... 117 3. Keberadaan India dalam Sistem yang berlaku di dalam WTO ...... 119 BAB V KESIMPULAN .................................................................................... 121 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
xii
DAFTAR BAGAN
Halaman Bagan 1.1Konsep Kepentingan Nasional Menurut Paul R. Viotti dan Mark V. Kauppi .................................................................................................................. 19 Bagan 1.2Latar Belakang Kondisi Ekonomi dan Tujuan Kebijakan Luar Negeri India ..................................................................................................................... 22 Bagan 2.1 Struktur Organisasi WTO ................................................................... 47
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel 1.1 Sasaran Pemotongan Subsidi dan Proteksi Berdasarkan Angka........... 8 Tabel 2.1 Dinamika Perundingan WTO di Bidang Pertanian .............................. 62 Tabel 3.1 Matriks Kelompok Negara dan Isu Pertanian yang Diperjuangkan .... 90 Tabel 4.1 Total Angkatan Kerja di India Berdasarkan Sektor yang Menyerap Tenaga Kerja ........................................................................................................ 98 Tabel 4.2 Usulan Draft Bali Package ................................................................. 113
xiv
DAFTAR GRAFIK Halaman Grafik 4.1 Total GDP India.................................................................................. 97 Grafik 4.2 Hasil Pertanian Ditinjau dari Wilayah atau Distrik ........................... 101
xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
AOA
: Agreement on Agriculture
AAY
: Antyojana Anna Yojana
AMS
: Aggregate Measurement of Support
BJP
: Bharatiya Janatha Party
DDA
: Doha Development Agenda
GATT
: General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
GDP
: Gross Domestic Product
FAO
: Food and Agriculture Organization
FDI
: Foreign Direct Investment
FTA
: Free Trade Area
IMF
: International Monetary Fund
ITO
: International Trade Organization
HAKI
: Hak Kekayaan Intelektual
HPP
: Harga Pembelian Pemerintah
KTM
: Konferensi Tingkat Menteri
LDCs
: Least Developed Countries
MFN
: Most Favored Nations
NAMA
: Non Agricultural Market Access
PPA
: Protocol of Provisional Application
PDB
: Produk Domestik Brutto xvi
PDS
: Public Distribution System
PSH
: Public Stockholding
RTA
: Regional Trade Agreement
SDT
: Special and Differential Treatment
SP
: Special Products
SSM
: Special Safeguard Mechanism
TF
: Trade Facilitation
TRQ
: Tariff Rate Quota
TRIPS
: Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights
TRIMS
: Trade Related on Investment Measures
WHO
: World Health Organization
WTO
: World Trade Organization
xvii
