AN ANALYSIS OF PHRASAL VERBS FOUND IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVEL A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
A THESIS
BY ARMITA SARI SIREGAR REG. NO. 090705018
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013
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AN ANALYSIS OF PHRASAL VERBS FOUND IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVEL A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
A THESIS BY: ARMITA SARI SIREGAR REG. NO 090705018
Supervisor,
co- supervisor,
Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum
Dra. Persadanta Br. Karo, M.Hum
19600122 198601 1 001
19610204 198601 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013 vi Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum
19541117 198003 1 002
19504191 98102 2 001
vii Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The Examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 18th July 2013
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, ARMITA SARI SIREGAR DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM MY THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed : Date : July18th, 2013
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: ARMITA SARI SIREGAR
TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF PHRASAL VERBS FOUND IN KHALED
HOSSEINI’S NOVEL
A THOUSAND
SPLENDID SUNS QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed : Date
: July 18th, 2013
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Almighty god for blessing and leading me during all my life. Praise is to the prophet Muhammad SAW, the leader of messengers and guiding of faithful so that the writer could finish my study to fulfill one of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies , University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. Then, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, and all the staff for their help during the period of study in this faculty. In this chance, I would like to express my special gratitude to my supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum and my co-supervisor Dra. Persadanta Br. Karo, M.Hum for their support and beneficial suggestion, and their willingness to share time in correcting this thesis throughout the preparation of this thesis and the period of doing this thesis. I would like to thank to the Head of English Department Drs. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and the Secretary Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum for giving all facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this thesis. I also would like to thank to all lecturers who have given so much knowledge throughout my academic years. I also give thanks to Bang. Amran who always helps me in administration process. vii Universitas Sumatera Utara
My best, deepest appreciation and love are dedicated to my beloved parents, Doharman Siregar, and Wati, and also for My grand parents Alm. Parjo, Almh. Saparmi, Kakek Dalu, Opung Doli and Opung Boru who always pray, support, and advice me with their love. For my young brother Andri Mulyadi and my young Sister Annisa Pratiwi (ika), thanks a lot for your support, I really love you all. And I hope that I can make you proud of me. My special thank is dedicated to my best friend as TEENLIT in English Department Triana Lestari (Tayi), Henni Purwasih (Ma bro), Winda Widya Siregar (Biboy), and Zarlina (Ina) who always help and support me every time, for having great time together and spending our four years in sweet memories, love you and my lucky to know you. Also my friends Dewi Maya Sari, Erna Januarini, Sinta Puspitasari, Izal, Ade, Dinda, Chalie, Yuda, Bayu, Nurhasanah, Yuni, Arief Moenandar, Pratiwi, Fajar Sardi, Darmawan, and Surya Kencana who gives me inspiration to finish my thesis, and to all my classmate in English Department who always spend our great times together. A unique thanks is dedicated to my senior and junior in IMSI. Finally, I hope this thesis will give advantage for the readers. May the grace and love of the Almighty Allah SWT are with us all forever. Amin. Medan, 18th July 2013
Armita Sari Siregar No. Reg 090705018
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ABSTRACT This Thesis entitled An Analysis of Phrasal Verbs Found in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. The writer discusses about phrasal verbs found in this novel. Phrasal Verb verb is verb followed by particle. There are 3 problems discussed in this thesis, such as types of phrasal verbs, function of particles in phrasal verbs constructions and types of semantic distinctions found in phrasal verbs in this novel. In analyzing phrasal verbs, the writer applies some theories. In analyzing the types of phrasal verbs, the theory used from Greenbaun and Quirk (1973), Veres (1998), dan Vlad (1998) which state that there are 2 types of phrasal verbs; transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs. And Collins (1991) provides that the intransitive phrasal verb has only one pattern (V+ADV), and the transitive phrasal verb has 4 patterns, such as (V+ADV+N), (V+N+ADV), (V+PRON+ADV), and (V+REFL+ADV). In analyzing the function of particles, the theory used from Heaton (1985:114) provides 5 functions of particles found in phrasal verbs in this novel; 1). assuming a new or subsidiary meaning, 2). assuming a new or special meaning with a verb but do not change the normal meaning of that verb, 3). providing stress emphasis or a sense of completion, 4). functioning in a similar way to ordinary adverbs, helping to form a collocation which maintains a literal meaning, and 5). similar in function to prepositions. And the last, in analyzing the types of semantic distinctions, the theory used from Fraser (1976) which states there are 3 types of semantic distinctions found in phrasal verbs; figurative, literal and completive. As a result, it is found that based on the analysis of types of phrasal verbs, there are 2 types of phrasal verbs found in phrasal verbs in this novel; transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs. The intransitive phrasal verb has only one pattern (V+ADV), and the transitive phrasal verb has 4 patterns, such as (V+ADV+N), (V+N+ADV), (V+PRON+ADV), and (V+REFL+ADV). It is also drawn that all particles (off, out, in, up, over, on, down, away, around) used in phrasal verbs apply those two types. Based on the analysis of functions of particles in phrasal verbs constructions, it is concluded that there are 5 functions of particles found in phrasal verbs in this novel; 1). assuming a new or subsidiary meaning, 2). assuming a new or special meaning with a verb but do not change the normal meaning of that verb, 3). providing stress emphasis or a sense of completion, 4). functioning in a similar way to ordinary adverbs, helping to form a collocation which maintains a literal meaning, and 5). similar in function to prepositions. It is also drawn that all particles (off, out, in, up, over, on, down, away, around) used in phrasal verbs found in this novel have function to assume a new or subsidiary meaning, 4 particles (out, in, up, over) used in phrasal verbs found in this novel have function to assume a new or special meaning with a verb but do not change the normal meaning of that verb, 5 particles (off, out, up, over, down) used in phrasal verbs found in this novel have function to provide stress emphasis or a sense of completion, 6 particles (out, in, up, down, away, around) used in phrasal verbs found in this novel have function in a similar way to ordinary adverbs, helping to form a collocation which maintains a literal meaning, but only particle “down” that used in phrasal verb found in this novel has function which is similar in function to preposition. And the last, based on the analysis of types of semantic distinctions. It is concluded that there are 3 types of semantic distinctions found in phrasal verbs in this novel. It is also drawn that there are 9 particles (off, out, in, up, over, on, down, away) can be used as figurative phrasal verbs, there are only 6 particles (out, in, up, down, away, around) can be used as literal phrasal verbs and there are only 5 particles (off, out, up, over, down) can be used as completive phrasal verbs.
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ABSTRAK Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis Of Phrasal Verbs Found in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel A Thousand Splendid Suns, membahas tentang phrasal verbs yang ditemukan dalam novel. Phrasal verbs adalah kombinasi dari kata kerja + partikel, yang dibahas antara lain; jenis phrasal verbs, fungsi partikel dalam pembentukan phrasal verbs, dan tipe semantik yang ditemukan dalam phrasal verbs. Untuk menganalisis phrasal verbs digunakan beberapa teori. Dalam menganalisis jenis Phrasal Verbs digunakan teori Greenbaun and Quirk (1973), Veres (1998), dan Vlad (1998), yang menyatakan bahwa phrasal verbs diklasifikasikan dalam 2 kategori yaitu transitif dan intransitif phrasal verbs dan di dukung oleh teori Collins (1991) yang menyatakan bahwa Intransitif phrasal verbs hanya memiliki satu pola (V+ADV), transitif phrasal verbs memiliki 4 pola, yaitu (V+ADV+N), (V+N+ADV), (V+PRON+ADV), and (V+REFL+ADV). Untuk menganalisis fungsi partikel dalam pembentukan phrasal verbs digunakan teori Heaton (1985:114) yang menyatakan bahwa terdapat 5 fungsi yang ditemukan dalam pembentukan phrasal verb yaitu, 1). membentuk makna baru, 2). membentuk makna baru atau makna spesial namun tetap mempertahankan makna dari kata kerja itu sendiri, 3). menyatakan penegasan atau penyelesaian pada suatu action, 4). fungsi yang mirip dengan adverb namun tetap mempertahankan makna harfiah, dan 5). fungsi yang mirip dengan preposisi. Dan untuk menganalisis tipe semantik yang muncul dalam phrasal verbs digunakan teori Fraser (1976) yang menyatakan bahwa phrasal verbs secara semantik dapat diklasifikasikan dalam 3 bagian yaitu, 1). makna harfiah (literal phrasal verb), 2). makna kiasan (figurative phrasal verb), dan 3). makna penyelesaian (completive phrasal verbs). Dari hasil analisis terhadap phrasal verbs di novel ini ditemukan 9 partikel pembentuk phrasal verbs, yaitu partikel off, out, in, up, over, on, down, away, dan around. Hasil temuan lainnya: terdapat 2 jenis phrasal verbs yaitu transitif dengan 4 pola (V+ADV+N), (V+N+ADV), (V+PRON+ADV), and (V+REFL+ADV) dan intransitif phrasal verbs dengan hanya 1 pola (V+ADV) ditemukan di novel ini dan semua partikel yang membentuk phrasal verbs di novel ini memiliki 2 jenis phrasal verbs tersebut. Terdapat 5 fungsi dari partikel dalam pembentukan phrasal verb di novel ini, temuan lainnya bahwa semua partikel (off, out, in, up, over, on, down, away, around) dalam phrasal verbs memiliki fungsi partikel untuk membentuk makna baru, 4 partikel (out, in, up, over) dalam phrasal verbs memiliki fungsi partikel untuk menambah makna spesial namun tetap mempertahankan makna dari kata kerja itu sendiri, 5 partikel (off, out, up, over, down) dalam phrasal verbs memiliki fungsi partikel untuk menyatakan penegasan atau penyelesaian pada suatu action, 6 partikel (out,in, up, down, away, around) dalam phrasal verbs memiliki fungsi partikel yang mirip dengan adverb namun tetap mempertahankan makna harfiah, dan hanya partikel “down” dalam phrasal verb memiliki fungsi partikel yang mirip dengan preposisi. Terdapat 3 tipe semantik dalam phrasal verbs di novel ini, yaitu figurative, literal and completive phrasal verbs; 9 partikel (off, out, in, up, over, on, down, away, around) dalam phrasal verbs digunakan dalam bentuk figurative phrasal verbs, hanya terdapat 6 partikel (out, in, up, down, away, around) dalam phrasal verbs digunakan dalam bentuk literal phrasal verbs, dan hanya terdapat 5 partikel (off, out, up, over, down) dalam phrasal verbs digunakan dalam bentuk completive phrasal verbs.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page .................................................................................................................... i Supervisor’s Approval Sheet .................................................................................. ii Department’s Approval Sheet ................................................................................ iii Board of Examiner’s Approval .............................................................................. iv Author’s Declaration ................................................................................................ v Copyright Declaration ............................................................................................. vi Acknowledgement ................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................... ix Abstrak ...................................................................................................................... x Table of contents….......................…......……...........……………………………... xi List of abbreviations .............................................................................................. xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ….............................…………………....................... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study …………………………...……….........…..................... 9 1.3 Objectives of the Study …………………………………………....................... 9 1.4 Scope of the Study ………………………………………………....................... 9 1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...................................................... 11 2.1 Grammar………………………………..………………….............................. 11 2.2 Phrasal Verb .....………………………………….......................….................. 13 2.2.1 The Definition of Phrasal Verb ..................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Characteristics of Phrasal Verb ................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Types of Phrasal Verb ................................................................................... 18
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2.3 Particles ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Word Classes of Particle ..........…………………………................…......... 21 2.3.2 Positioning of Particle .................................................................................... 22 2.3.3 The Function of Particle ................................................................................ 23 2.4 Semantic Distinction ........................................................................................ 25
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH ...................................................... 28 3.1 Research Design .………………………………………....………..........…..... 28 3.2 Data and Data Source……………………………………………....…........... 28 3.3 Data Collection Procedures ............................................................................. 29 3.4 Data Analysis…………………………………………..................................... 29
CHAPTER IV: DESCRIPTION AND FINDING............................................... 32 4.1 Types of Phrasal Verbs .................................................................................... 32 4.1.1 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “off” ............................................... 32 4.1.2 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “out” .............................................. 35 4.1.3 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “in” ................................................ 36 4.1.4 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “up” ............................................... 37 4.1.5 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “over” ............................................ 39 4.1.6 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “on” ............................................... 40 4.1.7 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “down” .......................................... 41 4.1.8 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “away”............................................ 43 4.1.9 Types of Phrasal Verbs Using Particle “around” ....................................... 44 4. 2 The Functions of Particle in Phrasal Verb Constructions............................ 46 4.2.1 Function of Particle “off”............................................................................... 46 4.2.2 Function of Particle “out” ............................................................................ 48 4.2.3 Function of Particle “in” ............................................................................... 50 4.2.4 Function of Particle “up” .............................................................................. 52 xii Universitas Sumatera Utara
4.2.5 Function of Particle “over” ........................................................................... 54 4.2.6 Function of Particle “on” .............................................................................. 57 4.2.7 Function of Particle “down” ......................................................................... 58 4.2.8 Function of Particle “away” .......................................................................... 61 4.2.9 Function of Particle “around” ...................................................................... 63 4.3 Semantic Distinctions of Phrasal Verbs .......................................................... 65 4.3.1 Figurative Phrasal Verbs .............................................................................. 65 4.3.2 Literal Phrasal Verbs .................................................................................... 68 4.3.3 Completive Phrasal Verbs ............................................................................. 71 4.4 Finding ............................................................................................................... 73
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................................ 76 5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 76 5.2 Suggestion ......................................................................................................... 77
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 78
APPENDICES
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADV
Adverb
DO
Direct Object
IO
Indirect Object
N
Noun
NP
Noun Phrase
O
Object
PREP
Preposition
PRON
Pronoun
REFL
Reflexive Pronoun
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