A L L ES O N D E R
C O N T R O L E?
E EN KRITIS C H E BLIK OP D E D O OR D E DATARETENTIERIC HTLIJN IN H ET LEVEN G ERO EPEN DRIE H O E K S VERH O U DING TU SS EN D E WET BEWAARPLIC HT TELE C OMMUNICATIE G E G EVEN S , D E S TRA F VORD ERLIJK E TO E GANG S BEVO E G D H E D EN VAN OPS PORING S DIENS TEN EN H ET RE C HT OP
PRIVACY VAN D E
N E D ERLAND S E BURG ER
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A.M. ARNBAK, JULI 2009.
A L L ES O N D E R
C O N T R O L E?
E EN KRITIS C H E BLIK OP D E D O OR D E DATARETENTIERIC HTLIJN IN H ET LEVEN G ERO EPEN DRIE H O E K S VERH O U DING TU SS EN D E WET BEWAARPLIC HT TELE C OMMUNICATIE G E G EVENS , D E S TRA F VORD ERLIJK E TO E GANG S BEVO E G D H E D EN VAN OPS PORING S DIENS TEN EN H ET RE C HT OP
PRIVACY VAN D E
N E D ERLAND S E BURG ER
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21 JULI 2009 A.M. ARNBAK, 5749131 MASTERSCRIPTIE INFORMATIERECHT BEGELEIDER: MR. DRS. J.V.J. VAN HOBOKEN TWEEDE LEZER: PROF. DR. N.A.N.M. VAN EIJK INSTITUUT VOOR INFORMATIERECHT, UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM
[email protected]; TELEFOON: +31 - (6) 24 53 44 40 WENSLAUERSTRAAT 8-2HOOG, 1053 BA AMSTERDAM
1
C.J. Sykes, in: R. Whitaker, The End of Privacy: How Total Surveillance Is Becoming a Reality, New Press 1998, nr. 33.
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Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.8. PG EG L 105, 13 apr. 2006, p. 0054-0063. 7 Art. 1 Dataretentierichtlijn; Kamerstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.1. 8 PG EG L 201, 31 juli 2002, p.0031-0047. 9 Al kunnen bij de conceptuele scheiding van inhoud en transport de nodige vraagtekens geplaatst worden, zie par. 3.2.1. 10 Voor een uitgebreide lijst aan voorbeelden van verkeersgegevens: Stratix 2003, p.37-42. 11 Overweging 14 E-privacyrich17.,-6"89&:51.2;2;232-<"='--2-"32%(.,>2-"-55%"42"?%22412!"42"72-;12"2-"42"@&&;12"35-"42" eindapparatuur van de gebruiker, de reisrichting, de nauwkeurigheidsgraad van de locatiegegevens, de identificatie van de netwerkcel waarin de eindapparatuur zich op een bepaald tijdstip bevindt, en het tijdstip waarop de locatiegegevens >.,-"&A;2<75;2-BC"D21";551"?.,"7&:51.2;2;232-<">&57<"&E<:@%232-".-"42"F-privacyrichtlijn niet om de locatiegegevens die ook verkeersgegevens kunnen zijn, maar alleen om de gegevens die specifiek iets zeggen over de locatie van de gebruiker. 12 De wetgever heeft dit ook gedaan, vgl. de Wet bewaarplicht telecommunicatiegegevens, Ka merstukken II 2006-2007, 31145, nr. 2. 13 PB L 24, 03 jan. 1998, p.1. 14 Zoals facturering en de verkoop van eigen telecommunicatiediensten, zie verder art. 6 lid 2, 3 en 4 97/66/EG. 6
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PB EG L 281, 23 nov. 1995, p.0031-0050. Trb. 1988, 7. 17 Meeting of Justice and Interior Ministers of the G8, December 9-10 1997, Communique, Washington D.C. December 10, Communique Annex: Principles and Action Plan to combat High-Tech Crime. 18 WP 29, Aanbeveling 3/99 over de bewaring van verkeersgegevens door Internetaanbieders voor wetshandhavingsdoeleinden, 9 september 1999, 5089/99/NL/Def., p.7. 19 G%5H1"I2A&%1"J9F$K":&-H2%2-:2")00, Reconciling data protection and privacy requirements in the 21 st Century, 16-18 L&3B"M000!"K5.-1"NO%"5'"P&-1"4)Q%!"ABRB"Het rapport is te vinden via: <www.statewatch.org/news/2001/may/ILETS99report.doc> [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. Het ILETS heeft als eerste doelstelling om de zogenaamde International User Requirements (IUR), ontwikkeld door de Amerikaanse federale opsporingsdienst FBI in 1992, in de Westerse wereld te promoten. Op 15 januari 1995 werden zij overgenomen door de EU in de Council Resolution of 17 January 1995 on the lawful interception of telecommunications, Official Journal of the European Communities, 96/C 329/01. 20 L. Lessig, Code and other laws of cyberspace , New York: Basic Books 1999. Zie tevens Zwenne & Schmidt 2005, p.302. 16
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Een overzicht van dergelijke initiatieven in Europa is te vinden op: [geraadpleegd juli 2009].Vooral de Enfopol (Enforcement Police) resoluties blijken controversieel, zie: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 22 COM (2000) 385 def., p.2. 23 #S2%=&&A"35-"1272:&EE'-.:51.24.2-<12-)"'.1"5%1B"+"7.4"T"%.:@17.,-"0RU++UFV">57"'.12.-427.,="32%5-42%4"(&%42-".-6"83&&%" marketing van elektronische communicatiediensten of voor de levering van diensten met 1&2;23&2;42"(55%42C".-"5%1B"+" lid 2 E-privacyrichtlijn. 24 Statewatch, Data protection or data retention in the E U?, Report on surveillance of telecommunications, juli 2001. Zie: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 25 Working Party on Telecommunications, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parlia ment and of the Council concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector , 9337/01, 31 mei 2001. 26 S. Rodota, Letter to Mr. Persson, Art. 29 Working Party, Brussels, 7 jun. 2001. De brief is te vinden op: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 27 8W-42%"1@2"F'%&A25-"N&-32-1.&-"&-"D'E5-"I.;@1<"5-4"A'%<'5-1"1&"%'lings issued by the Court of Human Rights, any form of wide-<:572";2-2%57"&%"2XA7&%51&%O"272:1%&-.:"<'%32.775-:2".<"A%&@.?.124BC"A5-0374/2001, 24 oktober 2001, p.29. Deze reactie wordt gepubliceerd na 11 september, maar volgt op het voorstel van de Raad dat voor 11 september is gedaan.
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8I23.<2"4%5H1"A%.35:O"4.%2:1.32<"1@51":577"H&%"E5-451&%O"42<1%':1.&-"1&"A2%E.1"1@2"%212-1.&-"&H":%.1.:57"4515"H&%"5" %25<&-5?72"A2%.&4BC"W-.124"K1512<"P.<<.&-"1&"1@2"F'%&A25-"W-.&-!" Proposals for U S-E U counter-terrorism cooperation, 16 oct. 2001. Zie: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 29 8$&"1@.<"2-4"P2E?2%"K1512<"E5O".-12%"57.5"A%&3.42"H&%"1@2"%212-1.&-"&H"4515"H&%"5"7.E.124"A2%.&4",'<1.H.24"&-"1@2";%&'-4<" laid down in this pa%5;%5A@!".-"5::&%45-:2"(.1@"1@2";2-2%57"A%.-:.A72<"&H"N&EE'-.1O"75(BC SEC/2002/0124 def., 30 jan. 2002, onder artikel 15. 30 A5-0130/2002, 22 apr. 2002, p.19. 31 IP/02/783, 30 mei 2002. 32 IP/02/783, 30 mei 2002. 33 IP/02/783, 30 mei 2002. 34 COM/2002/0338 def, MR",'-B"*//*!"A'-1"Y"&-42%"8ZE2-42E2-1"YR"- Overweging 11; Amendement 46 - Artikel 15, lid MBC 35 De dataretentierichtlijn zal uiteindelijk op art. 15 lid 1 E-privacyrichtlijn gebaseerd worden, zie par. 1.4.
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36
COM/2002/0338 def, 17 jun. 2002, punt 4 onder 8ZE2-42E2-1"YR"- Overweging 11; Amendement 46 - Artikel 15, lid MBC 37 Meer informatie over de dataretentie verplichtingen in verschillende Europese landen is te vinden in het dossier van European Digital Rights: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 38 In de Eerste pijler, de Europese Gemeenschap die in het leven is geroepen om economische samenwerking te stimuleren, en niet in de Derde pijler, waarin de samenwerking tussen lidstaten op het gebied van opsporingsgerelateerde aangelegenheden is geregeld. Het recht van de pijlers van de Europese Unie komt uitgebreid aan de orde in par. 1.4. e.v. 39 Voor een uitgebreide bespreking van de totstandkoming van de richtlijn, wordt verwezen naar Mol Lous 2006 en Van Veen & Van Ginneken 2009. 40 Raad van de Europese Unie, 25 mrt. 2004, Declaration on combating terrorism, p.4/5, zie: [geraadpleegd juli 2009].
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41
8958/04, CRIMORG 36/TELECOM 82, 28 apr. 2004, p.1. Zie o.m. Van Veen & Van Ginneken 2009, p.6 onder verwijzing naar Kapteyn & Verloren van Themaat 2003. 43 Van Veen & Van Ginneken 2009, p.6. 44 Idem. 45 Idem. 46 De voorgestane regulering van de toegang omvatte het slechts toegang hoeven te verlenen tot de verplicht bewaarde gegevens aan andere lidstaten, indien de nationale autoriteiten van een lidstaat op grond van de eigen regels omtrent toegang de gegevens eveneens zouden mogen inzien. Vgl. Mol Lous 2006, p.353. Deze regeling was nodig in verband met het Verdrag van Straatsburg (Trb. 2000, 96) en de EU-Rechtshulpovereenkomst 2000. 47 Smits 2006, p.151; EDRI, EP rejects data retention proposal , 15 jun. 2005, te vinden op: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 48 Destijds niet alleen in de Nota Alvaro, maar ook door o.m. art. 29 WP Opinion 9/2004, 15 nov. 2004; art. 29 WP Opinion 4/2005, 21 okt. 2005; Breyer 2005. 42
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COM/2005/438 def., 21 sept. 2005. A6-0365/2005, 28 nov. 2005. 51 Een overzicht van de voorgeschiedenis van de dataretentierichtlijn is te vinden op: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 52 Van Veen & Van Ginneken 2009, p.4, noot 13 onder verwijzing naar het verslag van de JBZ-raad, 12 okt. 2005. 53 Idem. 54 Zo zou het goed mogelijk kunnen zijn dat de volgende voorzitter van de Europese Raad een van de tegenstanders van de Europese bewaarplicht an sich, dan wel in de vorm van een richtlijn was. Gezien de met een Kaderbesluit vereiste unanimiteit, is een mogelijk veto van (de nationale parlementen van) andere lidstaten omzeild met de Britse manoeuvre naar een richtlijn. 55 N&-<2.7"42"7)W-.&-"F'%&A[2--2, 7688/05, Bruxelles, le 5 avril 2005, p.8-10; Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, Brussels march 2005, 8958/2004 \ C6-0198/2004 \ 2004/0813(CNS). Zie tevens: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. Dit punt wordt in par. 1.5. uitgediept. 50
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A6-0365/2005, p.35. PRES/05/296. 58 A6-0365/2005, 14 dec. 2005. 59 Van Veen & Van Ginneken 2009, p.2. Rapporteur Alvaro kan niet leven met het compromis en laat zijn naam schrappen van het eindresultaat. Zie Mol Lous 2006, p.355. 60 Op basis van art. 12 lid 1 kan door lidstaten van deze bandbreedte naar boven worden afgeweken, indien specifieke omstandigheden een in de tijd beperkte verlenging van de termijnen rechtvaardigen. Kennisgeving aan overige lidstaten en de Commissie \ die binnen zes maanden oordeelt of de maatregel geoorloofd is ex art. 12 lid 2 \ is een vereiste. 61 Zie par. 1.5. 62 Van Veen & Van Ginneken, p.2. 57
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1.5. Zaak C-301/06 bij het Hof van Justitie <1/" *1" ,2*13/1@12920" +.2" *1" *./.31/12/9139-:/49S2" 9;" *1" +,,301;-:91*129;" +.2" 112" E>3,C1;1" G1F..3C49-:/" 2,0" 291/" +,4/,,9*?" O13F9S4" 92" *1" 49*;/./12" 98C41812/./91F1//12" F,3*12" +,,3G1319*" 12" G1:.2*14*D" ;/.3/12" *1H14I*1" /F11" 49*;/./12" *91" ;/11*;" /1012" *1" ,2/F13C39-:/49S2" +.2" *1" J,889;;91" ;/18*12"C"5134.2*D"01;/1>2*"*,,3"M4,F.@9S1ZZ"C",C"Z"S>49"!YYZ"112"C3,-1*>31"G9S":1/"K,I"+.2"T>;/9/91"92" U>V18G>30D" 0139-:/" ,C" :1/" ,2014*90" [email protected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Hijmans 2008, p.1792. In dit verband noemt Hijmans ook Kaderbesluit 2008/615/JBZ inzake de intensivering van de grensoverschrijdende samenwerking tussen lidstaten op het gebied van DNA-, vingerafdruk- en kentekengegevens (beter ?2=2-4"57<"#]%^E)_"2-"@21"3&&%<127"3&&%"22-"=542%?2<7'.1"35-"42"I554"&32%"@21";2?%'.="35-";2;232-<"35-" vliegtuigpassagiers in Europa, dat leidde tot het beruchte PNR-arrest van het Hof van Justitie (HvJEG 30 mei 2006, Parlement vs. Raad en Commissie, C-317/04 en C-318/04). 64 Smits 2006, p.151; EDRI, EP rejects data retention proposal , 15 jun. 2005, te vinden op: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 65 A6-0365/2005, p.35. Hijmans 2008, p.1973. 66 PRES/05/296. 67 HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council. 68 Kapteyn & Verloren van Themaat 2003, p.264. 69 HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council, punt 26.
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Idem, punt 78. Later herhaalt het Hof nogmaals dat de dataretentierichtlijn geen enkele regeling van de activiteiten van de overheid voor de wetshandhaving behelst, HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council, punt 86-92. 72 Idem, punt 83-85. De verschillen tussen al geldende dataretentieverplichtingen en tussen de te verwachten nieuwe regelingen, en het effect van deze uiteenlopende maatregelen op de werking van de interne markt, rechtvaardigde het nastreven van een harmonisering van deze maatregelen ten behoeve van de werking van de interne markt \ zo oordeelt het Hof, HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council, punt 69-72. 73 Zie uitgebreider Van Hoboken 2009, Teunissen 2009, Drijber 2009. 74 Idem, punt 70. 75 Van Veen & Van Ginneken 2009, p.8. 76 HvJEG 30 mei 2006, Parlement vs. Raad en Commissie, C-317/04 en C-318/04. 77 Teunissen 2009. 78 HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council, punt 86-92. 79 Van Hoboken 2009. 80 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08. 71
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G1C13@12" 92" *1" *./.31/12/9139-:/49S2D" +.2F101" *1" 03,2*;4.0" 92" .3/?" A&" E)(+13*3.0?" '*+,-../(01213..4" =,/"H91/"H9-:",C"03,2*"+.2"*1"E>3,C1;1"-,2;/9/>/9,2141";/3>-/>>3"01*F,2012"*9/";/.2*C>2/"92"/1"21812D" .4"9;":9S"13"291/"014>@@90"811"Q*1"*,,3"*1"'(Z)0-*$01&+--#=-)!'.7-#-15$-8),.;5)5-#@0)$1)4)U2W2OK)" " 8108. Deze scheidingslijn is zeker niet vrij van elke kritiek en kan in bepaalde opzichten kunstmatig lijken. Ik geef toe dat het beter zou zijn, de gehele problematiek van het bewaren van gegevens door de aanbieders van elektronische communicatiediensten en de wijze waarop zij samenwerken met de nationale wetshandhavingsautoriteiten te regelen in een enkele handeling die de coherentie tussen die twee elementen verzekert. Ook al valt dit te betreuren, de constitutionele structuur van drie pijlers noopt ertoe, onderscheid te maken tussen de actieterreinen. Het is in dit verband in de eerste plaats van belang de rechtszekerheid te waarborgen door de grens tussen de tot de verschillende pijlers behorende actieterreinen zoveel mogelijk te verduidelijken.C81
" 71H1" *,,3" :1/" E>3,C11;" -,2;/9/>/9,2141" 31-:/" 920101+12" C3,G418./91@" C" F.22113" :11I/" 112" 8../31014" G1/31@@920",C"*1"92/1321"8.3@/"12"F.22113",C"*1",C;C,3920"C"9;"291/".44112"G9S"*1"*./.31/12/9139-:/49S2" ..2" *1" ,3*1?" 52" G31*131" H92" @,8/" H9S" /,/" >9/*3>@@920" F.22113" 0101+12;" *91" G13>;/12" G9S" G1*39S+12" G1;-:[email protected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j8" 5@**-1) =$-) 4$<+-#*28]Z" K1/" S>39*9;-:1" +.->j8" G1/31I/" G9S" *1" *./.31/12/9139-:/49S2" :1/" ,2/G31@12" +.2" +,,3F..3*12" -?i?" G1C13@92012" 81/" G1/31@@920" /,/" *1" 310>413920" +.2" /,10.20" /,/" +13C49-:/" G1F..3*1" /141-,88>29-./910101+12;" +.2F101" :1/" 31-:/" +.2" *1" C9S413;D" 291/" H,H113" +.2F101" :1/" ,2/G31@12" +.2" ;.812:.20" />;;12" G1;-:[email protected]:19*" 12" /,10.20?" d113" 92/131;;.2/" +,,3" :1/" /,1@,8;/901" *1G./" 92H.@1" *./.31/12/91" 9;" *>;" *1" -,2;/./13920D" *./" 13" +,,3" *1" ;-:19*920" />;;12" G1;-:[email protected]:19*" 12" /,10.20" 92" *1" 81
HvJEG 14 oktober 2008, nr. C-301/06, Conclusie A-G Y. Bot, nr. 108 (eigen cursivering). zie in gelijke zin Drijber 2009, p.261. 82 Hijmans 2008, p.1794. 83 Hijmans 2008, p.1792/1793. 84 HvJEG 14 oktober 2008, nr. C-301/06, Conclusie A-G Y. Bot, nr. 77. 85 Een interessante vervolgvraag is derhalve of aanbieders in de gehele Europese Unie een medewerkingsplicht hebben, zoals in Nederland het geval is (zie par. 2.2.2. en 2.2.3.). 86 Hijmans 2008, p.1792/1793.
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1.6. Conclusie [9/"*1"+,,301;-:91*129;"+.2"*1"E>3,C1;1"G1F..3C49-:/"H9S2"112"..2/.4"..2*.-:/;C>2/12"/1"9*12/9I9-1312D" *91",C":>2"G1>3/"F113"19012"-,2;1i>12/91;":1GG12?"71"E>3,C1;1"G1F..3C49-:/"9;"13"01@,812"92"*1"+,38" +.2" *./.31/12/9139-:/49S2D" *91" 112" 41V" ;C1-9.49;" 9;" /12" ,CH9-:/1" +.2" *1" E(C39+.-`39-:/49S2D" ,C" H9S2" G1>3/" F113" 112" ;C1-9I91@1" F1/01+920;8../31014" 01G.;113*" ,C" *1" L39+.-3`39-:/49S2" >9/"#AA&?" 79/" +13,2*13;/14/" 112";.812:.20"/>;;12"*1"39-:/49S212D"8..3"92"I19/1";/..2"*1"39-:/49S212",C"01;C.2212"+,1/"81/"[email protected]^"H9S" ;/14412" H9-:" /12" *,14" *1" C13;,,249S@1" 41+12;;I113" /1" G1;-:13812D" 8..3" F9S@12" :913" +,441*90" +.2.I" *,,3" ..2G91*13;" /1" +13C49-:/12" /141-,88>29-./910101+12;" +,,3" 112" H1@131" C139,*1" /1" G1F.312" ,8" *1" G1;-:[email protected]:19*"+,,3",C;C,3920;*912;/12"/1"0.3.2*1312?"71".8G9+.412/1"G,,*;-:.C"+.2".3/?"Z"S,?".3/?"A" +13;>;".3/?"#&"49*"#"E(C39+.-`39-:/49S2B)!&1.1$;$*-#-18)%-#*@*)!+$=*5&5-1),@11-1) ..2G91*13;"+13C49-:/12" /1" G1F.312" /12" G1:,1+1" +.2" *1" ,C;C,39208B) $*) ;-5) =-) =&5&#-5-15$-#$'75+$<1) 1.0) *5-#,-#) 0-6.#=-1K) !&1.1$;$*-#-18)%-#*@*)!.441"..2G91*13;"8,1/12"?-6&#-128)9-)L@#.4-*-)?@#0-#),&1)7$-#@$5)1$-5)&F+-$=-1) ,I"E>3,C."H9S2"C13;,,249S@1"41+12;;I113"2>"113G91*90/",I"+.2",2*1301;-:9@/"G14.20".-:/?"" "
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87
Zie par. 5.3. Vgl. citaat op de vorige pagina, HvJEG 14 oktober 2008, nr. C-301/06, Conclusie A-G Y. Bot, nr. 108. 89 HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council, punt 57. 88
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90
Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.2, (Wet bewaarplicht telecommunicatiegegevens). Inmiddels geamendeerd, Kamerstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. A. 91 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.1. 92 Stb. 2007, 300. 93 Mac Gillavry 2006, p.394. Mac Gillavry zoekt de verklaring hiervoor in het leerstuk informationele privacy, dat pas laat tot ontwikkeling kwam in de Nederlandse rechtsorde. Art. 10 van de Grondwet stamt bijvoorbeeld uit 1988, terwijl de basis van het Wetboek van Strafvordering eerder gelegd is. 94 Mac Gillavry 2006, p.415-416. Zwenne & Schmidt 2005, p.298.
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95
De wetgever heeft met dit artikel willen verhelderen dat het aftappen en opnemen van telecommunicatie en de vordering van verkeersgegevens door opsporingsinstanties geoorloofd is op grond van art. 3 lid 2 95/46/EG jo. art. 15 lid 1 2002/58/EG: Ka merstukken II , 2003-2004, 28 851, nr. 3 (MvT), p.165. 96 Ka merstukken I, 2003-2004, 28 851, nr. C (MvA), p.28. 97 Inmiddels geldt er voor de aanbieders een medewerkingsverplichting, zie par. 2.2.2. 98 Stb. 2002, 31. 99 Handelingen I , 13. okt. 1998, nr. 3, p.46; Ka merstukken II , II, 1996-1997, 25 533, nr. A, p.19. 100 Stratix 2003, p.3. 101 Idem.
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Stb. 2004, 105. Ingevolge art. 126ng lid 1 Sv kunnen de algemene vorderingsbevoegdheden in het Wetboek van Strafvordering niet worden gebruikt voor het vorderen van telecommunicatiegegevens die op grond van art. 126n Sv of art. 126na Sv gevorderd moeten worden. 103 De Officier van Justitie kan deze artikelen dus niet bij een verkennend onderzoek aanwenden. Dan ligt de grondslag in art. 126gg Sv en geldt overigens ook he1":%.12%.'E"#2%-<1.;2".-?%2'="&A"42"%2:@1<&%42)B 104 Hand. II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 83, p. 5813; Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.283.
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Koops & Buruma 2007, p.85. Ka merstukken II, 2001-2002, 28 059, nr. 3 (MvT), p.8/9. 107 Ka merstukken II, 2003-2004, 29 441, nr. 3 (MvT), p.5. 108 Aan de notificatieplicht hoeft overigens pas te worden voldaan als de Officier het inzicht is toegedaan dat het &-42%>&2="-&1.H.:51.2"1&2<1551"35-(2;2"42"1&23&2;.-;"35-"42">.-<-242"8.-"@21"?275-;"35-"@21"&-42%>&2=C"55-"5%1B"M*+??" Sv, Ka merstukken II, 2003-2004, 29 441, nr. 3 (MvT), p.5. 109 Ka merstukken II, 2004-2005, 30 164, nr. 5, p.7; Chavannes 2008. Het sanctioneren van misbruik van toegangsbevoegdheden was overigens een wens van het Europees Parlement die de uiteindelijke tekst van de dataretentierichtlijn niet haalde. 110 G2"1&2;5-;<:%.12%.5"#32%42-=.-;)!"#%2427.,="32%E&242-)"2-"#55-(.,>.-;)"?.,"%2
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Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.32/33. Stb. 2000, 71. Zie tevens Smits 2006, p.156. Meer informatie over de werkwijze van het CIOT is te vinden via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 115 Stb. 2000, 71, p.16. 116 Ka merstukken II, 2001-2002, 28 059, nr. 3 (MvT), p.17. 117 Ka merstukken II, 2007\2008, 31 444 VI, nr. 1, p.64. 118 Ka merstukken II, 2003-2004, 29 441, nr. 3 (MvT), p.5. 119 Stb. 2002, 148. Huidige regeling: Stb. 2005, 32. 114
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Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.5, p.4. Stb. 2004, 394. 122 Commissie-Mevis 2001. 123 Ka merstukken II, 2001-2002, 28 059, nr. 3 (MvT), p.6. 124 Mac Gillavry 2004, p.204. 125 Commissie-Mevis 2001, p.5, p.7, p.44, p.50; Ka merstukken II , 2001-2002, 28 059, nr. 3 (MvT), p.3. 126 Bijvoorbeeld E.J. Dommering, Het ongebreideld verza melen van gegevens: de voorstellen van de Commissie-Mevis, Netkwesties, 1 november 2001, [geraadpleegd juli 2009]; E.C. Mac Gillavry, De voortstellen van de Commissie-Mevis ! dwangmiddelen voor de infor matiemaatschappij , NJB (76) 200130; maar jaren later ook nog in Koops & Buruma 2007, p.84. 121
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Ka merstukken II, 2001-2002, 27 925, nr. 10, Terroristische aanslagen in de Verenigde Staten, Brief van de Ministerpresident, Minister van Algemene Zaken en van de Ministers van Justitie, van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, van Financiën en van Defensie. 128 Smits 2006, p.148; Stevens, Koops & Wiemans 2004, p.1683. 129 Stb. 2006, 300. Wet van 1 juni 2006 tot wijziging van het Wetboek van Strafrecht, het Wetboek van Strafvordering en enige andere wetten in verband met nieuwe ontwikkelingen in de informatietechnologie. 130 Stb. 2006, 580. Wet van 20 november 2006 tot wijziging van het Wetboek van Strafvordering, het Wetboek van Strafrecht en enige andere wetten ter verruiming van de mogelijkheden tot opsporing en vervolging van terroristische misdrijven. 131 Er hoeft geen sprake te zijn van concrete verdenking, er komen dus veel onverdachte personen in beeld bij art. 126na 7.4"M"K3B"G2"%.<.:&)<">.,-"@.2%"-&;"H'-45E2-1272%!"-'"A2%<&-2-"&-42%"4.1"5%1.=27".-"?2274"=&E2-"&E451">.,!";2>.2-"?2A55742" feiten en omstandigheden, behoren tot een bepaalde verzameling personen. Daarmee zijn discriminatie en willekeur reële %.<.:&)
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132
Stevens, Koops & Wiemans 2004, p.1683; Smits 2006; Koops & Buruma 2007. Uitgebreid in het promotieonderzoek van Mac Gillavry 2004; Birnhack & Elkin-Koren 2003; en B.J. Koops, Strafvorderlijk onderzoek van (tele)communicatie 1838-2002. Het grensvlak tussen opsporing en privacy, Deventer: Kluwer 2002. 133 Mac Gillavry 2004, p.1. 134 Tevens door bijvoorbeeld Birnhack & Elkin-Koren 2003, p.34 e.v. 135 Birnhack & Elkin-Koren 2003, p.27. 136 Birnhack & Elkin-Koren 2003. 137 Voor een uitgebreide bespreking van de samenwerking tussen overheden en bedrijven in de praktijk en de sectoren die hier in het geding zijn, wordt verwezen naar Mac Gillavry 2004, hfd.4. 138 Het kaderbesluit van de Raad over het gebruik van gegevens van vliegtuigpassagiers in Europa, dat leidde tot het beroemde PNR-arrest van het Hof van Justitie (C-317/04 en C-318/04) geldt als berucht voorbeeld, evenals de door Birnhack en Elkin-Koren expliciet besproken maatregel dataretentie, Birnhack & Elkin-Koren 2003, par. IV.B.2., p.3741. 139 Mac Gillavry 2004, p.203. In gelijke zin rnhack & Elkin-Koren, p.26. 140 Mac Gillavry 2004, p.203/204 & p.585/586. 141 Mac Gillavry 2004, p.204. Zie tevens het in par. 3.2.2. besproken risico van sociale exclusie.
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I51@2-5'U$J9$"*//R!"ABM/B"G2"&32%.;2"4%.2";2<.;-5722%42"&-1(.==27.-;2-">.,-6"J_"8QA&(27" juridisch als technologisch, steeds meer mogelijkheden om (zelfstandig) onderzoek te ver%.:@12-BC"JJ_" 8QA5E274BC" 143 Rathenau/TILT 2007, p.37. 144 8a.,>.;.-;"35-"42"$272:&EE'-.:51.2(21"2-"42"a21"&p de economische delicten in verband met de implementatie van Richtlijn 2006/24/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van de Europese Unie betreffende de bewaring van gegevens die zijn verwerkt in verband met het aanbieden van openbare elektronische communicatiediensten en tot wijziging van I.:@17.,-"*//*UbcUFV"`a21"?2(55%A7.:@1"1272:&EE'-.:51.2;2;232-<_C!" Ka merstukken, 31145. 145 Zoals ook verwoord door GroenLinks-senator Strik, te lezen in het stenogram van de plenaire behandeling van wetsvoorstel 31 145 op 7 juli 2009, p.25, te raadplegen via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009].
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Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. A (GEWIJZIGD VOORSTEL VAN WET). Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. 14. 148 Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. 6. 149 Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. 13. 150 Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. 14. 147
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Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.27 onder verwijzing naar het rapport van Verdonck, Klooster & Associates dat onderzoek deed naar dit specifieke vraagstuk; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. D, tijdens de recentere expertbijeenkomst zijn de bevindingen door de experts herhaald. 152 Van Hoboken 2009. Meer informatie over de situatie in verschillende lidstaten is te vinden via Ka merstukken I, 20072008, 31 145, nr. C, p.28. Overigens betaalt de burger linksom (als belastingbetaler) of rechtsom (als consument) de rekening. 153 Aldus worden met het wetsvoorstel de gegevens van niet-verdachte burgers bewaard, waar zij met de Wet vorderen gegevens telecommunicatie al van niet-verdachte burgers gevorderd konden worden. Dit is een voorbeeld van een cumulatief effect van verschillende wetgevingsmaatregelen zoals besproken in par. 2.2.3. Bij dit specifieke cumulatieve effect zal in de scriptie nog enkele malen expliciet worden stilgestaan. 154 Ka merstukken I, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. A, p.7, art. A sub e vijfde streepje. Deze gegevens zijn wenselijk voor de identificatie van prepaid bellers. 155 Koops & Buruma 2007, p.88/89; Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.281. 156 J-"*//b"(.,>2-"d(2--2"e"K:@E.41"57"&A"@21"45-"<.-4<";2%'.E2"1.,4"?2=2-4">.,-"35-"22-"55-157"A%&;%5EE5)<" waarbinnen telecommunicatiegegevens door inlichtingendiensten in binnen- en buitenland worden opgevangen en (automatisch) geanalyseerd met het oog op terrorismebestrijding, zoals Echelon en het verzamelen van telecommunicatiegegevens van miljoenen Amerikanen door de Amerikaanse inlichtingendienst NSA. Zwenne & Schmidt 2005, p.298. Ka merstukken II , 2004-2005, 26 671, nr. 10, p.7; zie uitgebreid Ka merstukken II 2001!2002, 27 591, nr. 4; Rathenau/TILT 2007, p.57. 157 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.5, p.4.
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Ka merstukken I, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. C, p.30. Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.24. 160 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. E, p.4/5. 161 Van Hoboken 2009. 162 Ka merstukken I, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. C, p.15. 163 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.7. 164 Zie par. 3.2.3. & par. 3.3.1. 165 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.11. 166 Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr.9, p.34; Ka merstukken II, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.7 & p.26. 159
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167
Teunissen 2009. Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.7. 169 Ka merstukken II, 2001-2002, 28 059, nr. 3 (MvT), p.8/9. 170 Zie par. 2.2.2: sinds de Wet vorderen gegevens telecommunicatie kunnen bijvoorbeeld ook telecommunicatiegegevens van niet-verdachte burgers gevorderd worden nu betrokkenheid bij de verdachte voldoende is. Dit leidt ertoe dat niet alleen van de verdachte, maar ook van niet-verdachte burgers meerdere categorieën telecommunicatiegegevens, van een langere periode toegankelijk zijn voor opsporingsdiensten. 171 Ka merstukken I & II , 30 553. Het betreft hier het verzoek tot verstrekking van (delen van) een (geautomatiseerd) gegevensbestand bij aanbieder. De hiermee verkregen gegevens worden door de AIVD en MIVD gebruikt voor datamining en -profiling. Bij de bespreking van de implicaties van de nieuwe bevoegdheden wordt in de Memorie van Toelichting van 18 mei 2006 één regel gewijd aan de beschikbaarheid van telecommunicatiegegevens en de implicaties 35-"42"1&2;5-;.21"&A"42";2;232-<" die men in het kader van de eigen bedrijfsvoering voorhanden heeft en waarbij tevens in beginsel wordt aangesloten bij 42"(.,>2"(55%&A"42>2"4&&%"42"?24%.,32-"(&%42-"32%(2%=1f"E2-"@22H1"-&:@"22-"?2(55%A7.:@1"-&:@"22-"32%;55%A7.:@1BC" Ka merstukken II, 2005-2006, 30 553, nr. 3 (MvT), p.11/12. Na een vraag van de PvdA-fractie komt het Kabinet in een 7512%2"%25:1.2"=&%1"12%';"&A"42">&,'.<1".-"(2%=.-;";21%242-"4515%212-1.2%.:@17.,-6"42"3&%42%.-;
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Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.14. 8Z74'<"(&%41"?.,"42"=(57.H.:51.2"g2%-<1.;h";245:@1"55-"[[-"&H"E22%":512;&%.2i-"35-"delicten, zoals de delicten waarop naar de wettelijke omschrijving een gevangenisstraf van vier jaren of meer is gesteld en de andere, in artikel 67, eerste lid, van het Wetboek van Strafvordering aangewezen misdrijven BC" Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.4 (eigen cursivering). 176 Hand. II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 83, p. 5813; Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.283. 177 Bijvoorbeeld de Wet kraken en leegstand (31 560, nr. 2) die derhalve de betrokkene bij een van het kraken van een pand verdachte persoon binnen de vorderingsbevoegdheid van de OvJ brengt. 178 HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council, punt 86-92. 179 Kaderbesluit 2002/584/JBZ van de Raad van 13 juni 2002, PB EG L 190/01. 180 Vergelijk par. 100g van het Duitse Wetboek van Strafvordering, in te zien via [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 181 Zie par. 3.3.1. & par. 3.3.2.3. 175
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182
Mac Gillavry 2004, p.203-204. Aanbieders en opsporingsinstanties blijken in de praktijk geen tegenstrijdige maar gelijke belangen te hebben bij verstrekking. Zie par. 2.1. 183 Deze trends komen overeen met de bevindingen van de studie van het Rathenau Instituut en TILT, zie Rathenau/TILT 2007, p.10. 184 o.m. Ka merstukken II , 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.16. In gelijke zin Birnhack & Elkin-Koren 2003, p.37. 185 Art. 1 Dataretentierichtlijn; Kamerstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.1. 186 Rathenau/TILT 2007, p.7.
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2.5. Conclusie B..3" 92"*1":>9*901" ;9/>./91" 2,0";C3.@1"9;" +.2":1/">9/0.20;C>2/" +.2" .2,2989;1312",I" +13F9S*1312"+.2" /141-,88>29-./910101+12;D" 01G91*/" :1/" F1/;+,,3;/14" ,8" +39SF14" .4" :1/" /141-,88>29-./91+13@113" 81/" 187
Recent nog expliciet verwoord in de nadere Memorie van Toelichting: Ka merstukken II, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.6. Daarnaast in: Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.10; Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr.9, p.34. 188 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.9, p.19. 189 In extremere zin behoort het afschaffen van de in art. 6 jo. art. 9 E-privacyrichtlijn neergelegde hoofdregels voor de bescherming van de persoonlijke levenssfeer in de Europese telecommunicatiesector op de langere termijn tot de mogelijkheden \ naar Amerikaans model. 190 HvJEG 14 oktober 2008, nr. C-301/06, Conclusie A-G Y. Bot, nr. 108. 191 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 99; Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 149; zie tevens Groothuis 2006, p.808. 192 Zie o.m. Van Hoboken 2009.
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3.1. De toepasselijkheid van art. 8 E VRM K1/"31-:/",C"C39+.-`"G1;/../">9/"+13;-:94412*1"*9812;91;?"52"*1"49/13./>>3"F,3*/"291/",C"112*>9*901"F9SH1" 92+>44920"0101+12"..2"*1H1"*9812;91;D#A]"8..3"*>9*149S@"9;"*./"*1"G1;-:138920"+.2":1/"31-:/",C"C39+.-`" C" ,I" *1" 113G91*90920" +.2" *1" C13;,,249S@1" 41+12;;I113" C" 01;C1-9I9-113*" @.2" F,3*12" 92" 112" ;,-9.41(D" 112" 92I,38./9,2141("12"112"-,88>29-./91+1"*9812;91D"2..;/"*1"I`;91@1",801+92012"H,.4;":1/"19012":>9;"12" 193
Breyer 2005, Amici Curiae 2008, Ekker 2008, p.234-235: Dataretentie zou om twee redenen een inbreuk maken op het recht op vrije meningsuiting. Op de eerste plaats belemmert dataretentie de vrije toegang tot communicatiemiddelen, dat wil zeggen de vrijheid om zich onbevangen te uiten via telecommunicatie. Dit hangt samen met de inbreuk op het :&EE'-.:51.2;[email protected]!"57<E242"E&;27.,=2"#:@.77.-;"2HH2:12-)"4.2"='--2-"&A1%242-"4&&%"4515%212-1.2"`>.2"A5%B"TB*B_B"QA"42" tweede plaats worden telecommunicatiediensten significant duurder, terwijl lidstaten de aanbieders daarvoor niet hoeven te compenseren. Aldus wordt telecommunicatie wellicht onbetaalbaar voor het armste deel van de bevolking, zo luidt het argument. Het achterblijven van verplichte compensatie aan het bedrijfsleven kan ook inbreuk maken op het recht op eigendom, nu dataretentie de apparatuur van aanbieders inschakelt voor opsporingsbelangen, waardoor deze apparatuur niet langer gebruikt kan worden voor de eigen bedrijfsvoering. 194 In de literatuur komt deze vraag naar voren als de meest relevante, zie o.m. Groothuis 2006!"AB"c//6"8FV-lidstaten dienen de dataretentierichtlijn zoveel mogelijk EVRM-conform uit te leggen, en meer in het bijzonder met inachtneming 35-"42",'%.5=2"5%1B"c"FSIPBC 195 HvJEG 10 februari 2009, nr. C-301/06, Ireland v. Parliament and Council, punt 57. S5-"D&?&=2-"*//06"842"'.1
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*,,3"aa2".3/9@14D"2.8149S@".3/?"]"E6P<^"" 1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and fa mily life, his home and his correspondence. 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.
3&&#) @$5) =-) 5-#;-1) >F&;$+() +$F-AB) >7.;-A) -1) >'.##-*4.1=-1'-A) ;$1) .F) ;--#) --1).?<-'5) %&1) ?-*'7-#;$10) ,&1) 6.#=-1) &F0-+-$=B) 0--F5) =-) 1.5$-) >4#$%&5-) +$F-A) 1$-/" *931-/" *>9*149S@:19*" ,+13" *1" I19/149S@1" ;9/>./91;" F..392"*1H1"0131;C1-/113*"*912/"/1"F,3*12?"T.-,G;"p"B:9/1";-:39S+12"*./"13"0112">9/C>//12*1"*1I929/91" +.2"*1" /138"9;?"52"112"31-12/1" >9/;C3..@"011I/":1/"K,ID",2*13"+13F9SH920" 2..3" +141" 113*131" >9/;C3.@12D" $1%@++$10) 6-+,-) &*4-'5-1) $1) $-=-#) 0-%&+) .1=-#) >4#$%&5-) +$F-A) 6.#=5) %-#*5&&12) d-1) ?-7.-%-) %&1) =-) :14*13:19*"H9S2"*1H1":913,2*13">9/0149-:/^"" ! ++B""$@2"N&'%1"%2:577<"1@51"1@2":&-:2A1"&H"8A%.3512"7.H2C".<"5"?%&54"12%E"-&1"<'<:2A1.?72"1&"2X@5'<1.32"42H.-.1.&-. It covers the physical and psychological integrity of a person (see Pretty v. the United Kingdom, no. 2346/02, § 61, ECHR 2002-III, and Y.F. v. Turkey, no. 24209/94, § 33, ECHR 2003-IX). It can therefore embrace multiple aspects of the person's physical and social identity `<22"P.='7.l"3B"N%&51.5!"-&B"bTMR+U00!"m"bT!"FNDI"*//*-I). Elements such as, for example, gender identification, name and sexual orientation and sexual life fall within the personal sphere protected by Article 8 (see, among other authorities, Bensaid v. the United Kingdom, no. 44599/98, § 47, ECHR 2001-I with further references, and Peck v. the United Kingdom, no. 44647/98, § 57, ECHR 2003-I). Beyond a person's name, his or her private and family life may include other means of personal identification and of linking to a family (see mutatis mutandis Burghartz v. Switzerland, 22 February 1994, § 24, Series A no. 280-B; and Ünal Tekeli v. Turkey, no. 29865/96, § 42, ECHR 2004-X (extracts)). Information about the person's health is an important element of private life (see Z. v. Finland, 25 February 1997, § 71, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-I). The Court furthermore considers that an individual's ethnic identity must be regarded as another such element (see in particular Article 6 of the Data Protection Convention quoted in paragraph 41 above, which lists personal data revealing racial origin as a special category of data along with other sensitive information about an individual). Article 8 protects in addition a right to personal development, and the right to establish and develop relationships with other human beings and the outside world (see, for example, Burghartz, cited above, opinion of the Commission, p. 37, § 47, and Friedl v. Austria, 199
Dommering 2000, p. 26. Tevens E.J. Dommering, noot bij HR 9 januari 1987 ( Bespiede Bijstandsmoeder ), Computerrecht 1987-2, p.114, punt 4. Overigens bestaan ook smallere definities van dit begrip in de literatuur, waarbij de focus niet ligt op de selectieve contactlegging, maar specifieker op de intieme relaties tussen mensen, zoals de ;2>.-<%2751.2<"2-U&H"42"<2=<'272"%2751.2
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! e&'.?*)^)37$5-)%.-0-1)&&1)7-5)>#$075)5.)-*5&?+$*7)&1=)=-%-+.4)#-+&5$.1*7$4*)6$57).57-#)7@;&1)?-$10*A) *1"H912;F9SH1"+.2":1/"K,I"92"*1"H..@"L$";$":(*/10>"/,1^!Y%" 8A%.35:O":&EA%.<2<, to a certain degree, the right to establish and develop relationships with other human beings, especially in the emotional field for the development and fulfillment of one's own personality .C205
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203
EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 66. Jacobs & White 2006, p.245. 205 EHRM X v. Iceland, nr. 11 (eigen cursivering). 206 o5:&?<"e"[email protected]"*//+!"AB*Y+6"8A%.3512"7.H2".<"5"?%&54"12%E"-&1"<'<:2A1.?le to exhaustive interpretation. It matters little if an interference is considered as interference with correspondence, or with privacy, (...) since these notions should be :&-<.42%24"1&;21@2%"%51@2%"1@5-".-".<&751.&-BC" 207 EHRM Klass and others v. Germany, nr.26; Jacobs & White 2006, p.288. 208 EHRM Klass and others v. Germany, nr.26; Jacobs & White 2006, p.288. 209 EHRM Malone v. United Kingdom, nr. 84. 210 $272:&EE'-.:51.2;2;232-<">.,-"22-"8.-12;%57"272E2-1".-"1@2":&EE'-.:51.&-<"E542C!">.26"FDIP"P57&-2"3B"W-.ted Kingdom, nr. 84; EHRM Valenzuela Contreras v. Spain, nr. 47; EHRM Amann v. Switzerland, nr. 43; EHRM P.G. and J.H. v. France, nr. 42. 211 EHRM Copland v. The United Kingdom, nr. 43. 212 Groothuis 2006, p.799. 204
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213
G2>2"?2A57.-;"7'.416"8G2"W-.2"22%?.24.;1"42 grondrechten, zoals die worden gewaarborgd door het op 4 november 1950 te Rome ondertekende Europees Verdrag tot bescherming van de rechten van de mens en de fundamentele vrijheden en zoals zij uit de gemeenschappelijke constitutionele tradities van de lidstaten 3&&%137&2.2-!"57<"57;2E2-2"?2;.-<272-"35-"@21"V2E22-<:@5A<%2:@1BBC"Qo"*//*UN"T*bU/MB 214 OJ 2000/C 364/01. 215 HvJEG 29 januari 2008, nr. C-275/06, Promusicae v. Telefónica, nr.63-64. 216 Groothuis 2006, p.796. 217 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.24; Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr.9, p.17 & 35; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.12; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.7. 218 Bignami 2007, p.242. 219 Het EHRM besteed consequent meer aandacht aan de rechtvaardiging van een inbreuk onder art. 8 lid 2 EVRM, zie Jacobs & White 2006. p.288. Bijvoorbeeld in EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nrs. 84-86, waar wel aandacht wordt besteed aan de vraag of vingerafdrukken onder de bescherming van art. 8 EVRM vallen, maar niet wat nu precies de inbreuk is van het bewaren van vingerafdrukken van niet-veroordeelde burgers, oftewel hoe deze bewaring hun recht op privacy schaadt. 220 Jacobs & White 2006. p.288. 221 Zie par. 1.6.
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3.2.2. Beschikbaarheid 52"*1"H..@"R$"10>"#1+E*+";$"6)*"O0A=*>"MA0?>7."+.2"]"*1-18G13"!YY]",,3*114*1"*1")3.2*"J:.8G13"+.2" :1/" EKP<" *./" .44112" .4" :1/" G1F.312" +.2" 0101+12;" 112" *138./1" 92*392012*1" 92G31>@" ,C" .3/?" ]" 49*" #" 228
[geraadpleegd juli 2009]. Op basis van een rapport van de Commissie van Toezicht betreffende de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten (CTIVD), in te zien via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 229 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.8. 230 Zo kan de afzender van een e-mailbericht volgens deskundigen, aan het woord in de expertbijeenkomst georganiseerd 4&&%"42"F2%<12"r5E2%!"57722-"@2%72.41"(&%42-"'.1"42">&;2-55E42"82-327&AA2-header van het berichtje en dat wordt ;2>.2-"57<"42".-@&'4"35-"@21"E5.7?2%.:@1BC"G2"P.-.<12%"&-1(.,=1"42"3%55;"4.2"42"NGZ-fractie hierover stelt, met het standpunt dat aanbieders de headers niet verplicht hoeven te bewaren en dat de afzender van een e-mailbericht herleidt kan worden uit andere verkeersgegevens. Volgens de experts kan op basis van die andere verkeersgegevens slechts worden aangegeven van dat de e-mail afkomstig i<"35-"42"8ZE<12%45E"FX:@5-;2"&H"r]LC!"-.21"35-"(27=2" eindgebruiker. Ka merstukken II , 2008-2009, 331 145, nr. D, p.13; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.11. 231 Breyer 2005, p.370; Amici Curiae 2008, p.6. 232 Asscher & Koops 2003, p.91; zie tevens par. 2.2.2.
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233
EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nrs. 78-83. EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 86. 235 Zie par. 2.4. 236 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.24; Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. 9, p.17; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.12. Recent nog in Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.8. 237 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08. 238 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 122-123. 239 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 122-123; Ekker 2008, p.232. In par. 123 oordeelt het nS2%HV6"8G.2"5-75<<7&<2"S&%%51<
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241
J. de Mul (et al.), ICT de baas?, Onderzoeksprogramma Internet en Openbaar bestuur, 2001. G2"P'7"e"q%.<<2-"*///!"ABYb6"8.42-1.12.1".<".-"42>2"-.2'(2"E551<:@5AA27.,=2":&-12X1";22-";2;232-!"E55%"22-" voort4'%2-42"&A;5326"42"3%55;"#(.2"?2-".=s)".<"E22%"45-"&&.1"55-"42"&%42!"(55%4&&%"4.1"%2H72X.232"A%&,2:1"35-"@21">27H" A%&E.-2-1"&A"42"5;2-45"<1551BC 243 JN$"4&21"12;2-(&&%4.;!"5-42%<"45-"@5732%(2;2"42",5%2-"#0/!">.,-"'.12%<12"?2<1"&E"&-<"7232-"-5"12"?&&1<2-B"q%.ssen 2007, p. 15. Zeer interessant is de oratie van Prof. Frissen: V. Frissen, De domesticatie van de digitale wereld, 25 juni 2004, [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. Zie in het bijzonder noot 8. 244 Breyer 2005, p.371. 245 Frissen 2007, p. 10; C. Haythornthwaite & B. Wellman, "#$%&'()%*(%)&+(&,-%*./0.&1+2%3, 2002, p. 7. 246 Ka merstukken II, 2004-2005, 30 164, nr. F, p.2 e.v. 247 Ekker 2008, p.233 onder verwijzing naar: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 248 Zie par. 5.3. 249 Breyer 2005; Amici Curiae 2008 (een uitwerking van het artikel van Breyer). 250 Reeds gesignaleerd in par. 2.3.2. en par. 2.3.3. 251 Breyer 2005, p.371. 242
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252
Breyer 2005, p.370; Amici Curiae 2008, p.6. EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 67. 254 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 122-123. Ekker omschrijft de zienswijze van het nS2%HV"57<"22-"2%=2--.-;"35-"22-"84'.427.,=2"<5E2-@5-;CB"F==2%"*//c!"AB*T*B 255 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.24; Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. 9, p.17; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.12. Recent nog in Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.8. 256 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 155-159. 253
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257
EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 86; Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 149; Groothuis 2006, p.808. 258 Zie de opmerking over de toezegging van de Minister op 7 juli jl. aan de Eerste Kamer aan het begin van par. 2.3. Al ziet deze toezegging op het terugbrengen van de bewaartermijn voor internetgegevens tot zes maanden, is het nog niet zeker of de reparatiewet waarin dit geregeld zal worden door de Tweede Kamer wordt aangenomen. Daarom wordt vooralsnog uitgegaan van een termijn van twaalf maanden voor zowel telefonie- als internetgegevens. 259 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.18. 260 Zie par. 2.2.2. 261 Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.285. 262 Idem.
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263
Chavannes 2008, p.245. Deze uitdrukking is ontleend aan Plato, die dit probleem als een van de centrale uitgangspunten neemt in zijn zoektocht naar de ideale staatsvorm. Zie o.m. Plato, De ideale Staat, Amsterdam: Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep 2005. 265 Breyer 2005, p.369. 266 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 100; Jacobs & White 2006, p.228. Amici Curiae, p.4. 267 EHRM Huvig v. France, nr. 26. 268 Zie bijvoorbeeld EHRM Silver a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 87. 269 EHRM Liberty a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 62. 270 EHRM P.G. and J.H. v. France, nr. 97; EHRM Huvig v. France, nr. 52. 264
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271
81@2"72327"&H"A%2:.<.&-"%2p'.%24"42A2-4<"1&"5":&-<.42%5?72"42;%22"&-"1@2":&-12-1"&H"1@2".-<1%'E2-1".-"p'2<1.&-!"1@2"H.274" .1".<"42<.;-24"1&":&32%"5-4"1@2"-'E?2%"5-4"<151'<"&H"1@&<2"1&"(@&E".1".<"544%2<<24C!""FDIP"S&;1"3. Germany, nr. 48; Daarnaast in bijv. EHRM Silver a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 88. 272 EHRM Silver a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 97; Jacobs & White 2006, p.232. 273 EHRM Silver a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 97; Jacobs & White 2006, p.232. 274 Jacobs & White 2006, p.232. 275 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 102. 276 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 101. 277 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 101.
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Jacobs & White 2006, p.232. Zie par. 3.3.2.1. t/m par. 3.3.2.5. 280 Jacobs & White 2006, p.226. 281 Groothuis 2006, p.809. 282 Van Hoboken 2009. 283 Cooper 2003, p.8. 284 Breyer 2005, p.367. 285 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.3. 279
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W13012;" F,3*/" 81/" -9SI13;" ,2*13G,>F*" F./" 2>" C31-91;" *1" ..2419*920" 9;" +,,3" :1/" /31II12" +.2" *1H1" 92G31>@8.@12*1" 8../31014" +,,3" #!" 8..2*12D" H,.4;" ;/9S012*1" -39892.49/19/;-9SI13;" ,I" /,121812*1" /133,39;/9;-:1"*3190920?"6,4012;"-9SI13;"+.2":1/"J=M"9;"13"H14I;";C3.@1"+.2"112"-,2;1i>12/1"*.4920"+.2"*1" -39892.49/19/" ,C" .441" I3,2/12" ;92*;" !YY!D" /13F9S4" :1/" C13-12/.01" ,C01:14*13*1" 89;*39S+12" ;/9S0/? !A!" 71" ;.812+.//920",+13"*1",2/F9@@14920"+.2"*1"-39892.49/19/"92":1/"31-12/"01C>G49-113*1"S..3G139-:/"!YY]"+.2" :1/"N<"G1+./":1/"+,4012*1"I3.0812/^!A$"" 8Het OM kreeg in 2008 van de regiopolitiekorpsen 4% minder misdrijfzaken te verwerken dan in 2007: het aantal zaken daalde van 243.100 tot 233.600. De instroom vanuit de bijzondere opsporingsdiensten (FIOD-ECD, SIOD, AIVD) daalde met 7% van 17.900 tot 16.600. De daling geldt voor vermogensmisdrijven, geweldsmisdrijven, 286
Smits 2006, p.151; EDRI, EP rejects data retention proposal , 15 jun. 2005, te vinden op: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]; art. 29 WP Opinion 9/2004, 15 nov. 2004; art. 29 WP Opinion 4/2005, 21 okt. 2005. 287 Ka merstukken I, 2004-2005, 23 490, nr. AM, tevens Ka merstukken I , 2004-2005, 23 490, nr. 372 (Motie-Vendrik c.s.); Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. B, p.1. 288 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr.3 (MvT), p.24; Ka merstukken II, 2007-2008, 31 145, nr.9, p.17 & 35; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.12; Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.7. 289 Breyer 2005; Zwenne & Schmidt 2005; Groothuis 2006; Amici Curiae 2008. 290 Bignami 2007, p.251. 291 Zie par. 3.3. 292 CBS StatLine, Cijfers geregistreerde criminaliteit , 18 juli 2008, in te zien via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 293 Jaarbericht Openbaar Ministerie, Landelijk cijferboekje jaarbericht 2008, peildatum 9 maart 2009, te downloaden via: < http://www.om.nl/actueel/publicaties/jaarbericht_2008/> [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. Een samenvatting is te vinden via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009].
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drugsdelicten, verkeersmisdrijven en voor misdrijven op het terrein van de openbare orde, zoals vernieling en brandstichting. Ook de jeugdcriminaliteit - een van de prioriteiten van het OM - is gedaald. De instroom van het aantal minderjarige verdachten daalde met 6% van 37.900 in 2007 tot 35.500 vorig jaar. De cijfers van het OM bevestigen het beeld uit de laatste Veiligheidsmonitor dat we in Nederland minder criminaliteit ervaren in onze woonomgeving. Voelde in 2005 een derde van de inwoners zich wel eens onveilig, in 2008 was dat gedaald tot een kwart van de populatie.C
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Zwenne & Schmidt 2005, p.298. Zie epiloog. 296 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. E, p.2. 297 Een proxy server is een server die tussen de computer en het internet staat. Bij gebruik van een proxy, wordt met een ander IP-adres over internet gesurft. Een lijst van proxy servers is te raadplegen via [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 298 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. D, p.14. In dezelfde zin ook Breyer 2005, p.369. 299 Breyer 2005, p.371; Zwenne & Schmidt 2008. 295
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Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. D, p.11. Ka merstukken I, 2008-*//0!"TM"MYb!"-%B"n!"ABT6"8@21"%5AA&%1"35-"42"FWI"=5-"\ naar de mening van de leden van de CDA-fractie \ .-"@21";2@227"-.21"57"<22-"&-42%?&'(.-;"35-"22-"75-;2%2"45-"42"E.-.E'E12%E.,-"(&%42-"?2<:@&'(4BC" Het rapport is bovendien in wetenschappelijke kringen fel bekritiseerd, bijvoorbeeld door Smits 2006, p.154. 302 O.m. art. 29 WP Opinion 9/2004, 15 nov. 2004; art. 29 WP Opinion 4/2005, 21 okt. 2005; Breyer 2005; Groothuis 2006; Amici Curiae 2008. Een tegengesteld geluid komt van Bignami, die zich kan vinden in het ontbreken van bewijs 35-"42"-&&4>55="35-"42"E551%2;27!"&E451"4.1"8'-%257.<1.:C">&'">.,-B"n.;-5E."*//R!"AB*bMB"P.,-<".->.2-<"4%'.<1"4.1".-" tegen het vereiste van noodzakelijkheid, zoals besproken gesteld door art. 8 lid 2 EVRM. 303 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 9, p.19. 304 Van Hoboken 2009; Drijber 2009, p.261. 305 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 99. 301
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306
Aangezien telecommunicatiegegevens meer inzicht gegeven in de persoonlijke levenssfeer van gebruikers dan vingerafdrukken (zie par. 3.2.1.), gelden de overwegingen uit EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom ook voor telecommunicatiegegevens. 307 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 119. G2"22%<12"(&&%42-"#.-"1@.<"%2
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Breyer wijst dan ook terecht op het ontbreken van wetenschappelijke kennis over zowel de positieve als negatieve gevolgen van dataretentie, en dat onomkeerbare maatregelen die indruisen tegen grondrechten van burgers op dat moment nog niet geoorloofd zouden moeten worden, Breyer 2005, p.371; Amici Curiae 2008, p.7. 311 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 127. 312 Ka merstukken II, 2008-2009, 331 145, nr. C, p.26. 313 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BvR 256/08, par. 140, 148, 150. 314 Zie par. 1.4. 315 Van Hoboken 2009. 316 Bundesverfassungsgericht 11 maart 2008, 1 BVerfG 256/08, par. 160.
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Breyer 2005, p.371; Amici Curiae 2008, p.7. Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.3/7; nr. C, p.20. 319 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.4. 320 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.7. 321 Te vinden in: Ka merstukken I , 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. F, p.4-7; Ka merstukken II , 2007-2008, 31 145, nr. 9, p.14-15. 322 De georganiseerde misdaad zal de bewaarplicht juist kunnen omzeilen door veel modernere vormen van telecommunicatie te gebruiken, zoals in par. 3.3.1.2. werd besproken. Dat er later in het onderzoek sprake kan zijn van nieuwe ontwikkelingen, is altijd het geval en vormt op zich geen argument voor het verlengen van een termijn: er zal immers altijd sprake kunnen zijn van bepaalde omstandigheden die het opsporingsonderzoek in de weg zitten. Nu telecommunicatiegegevens een steeds centraler onderdeel van het opsporingsonderzoek vormen, zal de situatie dat de met betrekking tot de verdachte gegenereerde telecommunicatiegegevens nog niet zijn ingezien door behoeftestellers zelden of nooit voorkomen. Als uit die gegevens blijkt dat een verdenking op onjuiste gegevens gebaseerd is, wordt de aandacht van het opsporingsonderzoek verplaatst naar andere verdachten. Bovendien wordt de notificatieplicht veronachtzaamd door het OM, waardoor de verdachte, nog voordat hij verdacht wordt, vaak niet eens weet of zijn 318
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Art. 29 WP Opinion 3/2006, 25 mrt. 2006, p.3. Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.4/5. 329 Jacobs & White 2006, p.233. 330 In de zaak S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom was het bestaan van consensus over de bewaring van biometrische gegevens een eenvoudige grond om de veel verdergaande inbreuken in het Verenigd Koninkrijk te verwerpen, EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 112. 331 EHRM Vogt v. Germany, nr. 48; Daarnaast bijvoorbeeld in EHRM Silver a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 88. 328
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332
EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 112. CBP 2007, p.7. 334 EHRM Klass a.o. v. Germany, nrs. 48-50. 335 Jacobs & White 2006, p.237. 336 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 103. 333
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EHRM P.G. and J.H. v. France, nr. 97; EHRM Huvig v. France, nr. 52. EHRM Vogt v. Germany, nr. 48; Daarnaast bijvoorbeeld in EHRM Silver a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 88 en EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 103. 339 Chavannes 2008, p.245. 340 EHRM Liberty a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 67. 341 EHRM Liberty a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 62-63. 342 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.23. 343 Ka merstukken II, 2004-2005, 30 164, nr. 5, p.7. Zie tevens par. 2.2.2. 344 Chavannes 2008. 345 EHRM Liberty a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 69. 338
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Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.23. Koops & Buruma 2007, p.86 en de omvangrijke verwijzing naar jurisprudentie van de HR aldaar. 348 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.18. 349 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. A, p.8. 350 Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.285. 351 Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3, p.19. 352 Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.285. 353 Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.285. De parallel met het ontbreken van toezicht op de aftapbevoegdheden, en het gebrek aan verantwoording door behoefstellers, schept evenmin vertrouwen. Zie Chavannes 2008, p.245. 354 Handelingen II, 2006-2007, nr.83, p.5836. 355 Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.285. 356 Solove 2008, p.361. 347
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Idem. D. Solove, "'4-%&56)&76)$+(8&)6&9+/%4&0(/&:)$%*&;+<=(/%*<)0(/+(8<&62&>*+-0?., San Diego Law Review, Vol. 44, 2007. 359 Chavannes 2008, p.245. 360 EHRM Vogt v. Germany, nr. 48; EHRM P.G. and J.H. v. France, nr. 97; EHRM Huvig v. France, nr. 52; EHRM Silver a.o. v. The United Kingdom, nr. 88. 361 Art. 29 WP Opinion 3/2006, 25 mrt. 2006, p.2. 362 Groothuis 2006, p.808. 363 Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.20. 358
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364
Zwenne & Schmidt 2005, p.302. Zwenne & Schmidt 2008, p.285. 366 Zie het stenogram van de plenaire behandeling van wetsvoorstel 31 145 op 6 juli 2009, p.21 (eigen cursivering), te raadplegen via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 365
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4.1. Bewaartermijn naar zes maanden371 71"92G31>@",C".3/?"]"49*"#"E6P<"F,3*/"G1C13@/"*,,3"/1",C/1312"+,,3"*1"@,3/;/"8,0149S@1"G1F..3/1389S2" +.2"H1;"8..2*12D"H,.4;"*1".3/?"!A"B)"12":1/"J=L"92"0149S@1"H92":1GG12"..2G1+,412?$_!"71"E13;/1"X.813" @.2" /9S*12;" :1/" C412.931" *1G./" ,C" _" S>49" .?;?" .I*F92012" *1" G1F..3/1389S2" +.2" /F..4I" 8..2*12" 1V" .3/?" #$?!." 49*" $" S,?" #$?%" 49*" $" F1/;+,,3;/14" 2..3" H1;" 8..2*12" /13>0" /1" G312012?" 71" E13;/1" X.813" :11I/" *9/"
369
Art. 29 WP Opinion 3/2006, 25 mrt. 2006, p.3; art. 29 WP Opinion 4/2005, 21 okt. 2005, p.8/9. Een mooi voorbeeld van dergelijk multidisciplinair onderzoek is de studie Internet & Privacy van Irma van der Ploeg en Jos de Mul, in: S. Zouridis, P. Frissen, N. Kroon, J. De Mul en J. van Wamelen (red.), Internet En Openbaar Bestuur , Den Haag 2001. In te zien via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 371 Inmiddels heeft de tijd deze korte paragraaf ingehaald. GroenLinks-senator Strik heeft getracht deze novelle via een motie af te dwingen; een nipte meerderheid van CDA, VVD, SGP en ChristenUnie heeft de motie echter niet gesteund. Zie Ka merstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. L. 372 Art. 29 WP Opinion 3/2006, 25 mrt. 2006, p.3. CBP 2007. 370
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79/" G1:14;/" 112" ;>G;/.2/9c41" 92C13@920" +.2" *1" /,10.20;G1+,10*:1*12" +.2" *1" NII9-913" +.2"
T>;/9/91?"'4"9;"112"G10312H920"+.2"*1"/,10.20"F12;149S@"+.2>9/"03,2*31-:/149S@"C13;C1-/91I\":1/"9;"H113"/1" G1/F9SI1412" ,I" *1" F1/01+13" *1" /,10.20;G1+,10*:1*12" +.2" ,C;C,3920;*912;/12" /,/" G1;-:[email protected]" /141-,88>29-./910101+12;" ,,9/" 2,0" ..2" ;/3120131" -39/139." H.4" ,2*13F13C12" /12" ,CH9-:/1" +.2" 112" 373
Wet implementatie EG-richtlijnen energie-efficiëntie, 31 320. Zie tevens: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 374 EHRM S. and Marper v. The United Kingdom, nr. 112. 375 Art. 29 WP Opinion 3/2006, 25 mrt. 2006, p.3. 376 De waarborgen tegen misbruik en toegang door onbevoegden bij de aanbieders en derde private partijen moeten overigens nog geregeld worden in een AMvB op grond van art. 13.5 lid 4 wetsvoorstel. 377 Kamerstukken I, 2008-2009, 31 145, nr. C, p.4/5. 378 Kaderbesluit 2002/584/JBZ van de Raad van 13 juni 2002, PB EG L 190/01.
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4.3. Art. 126na lid 1 Sv: alleen toegang tot actuele gebruiksgegevens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
4.4. Toegang tot locatiegegevens tijdens mobiele communicatie beperken ! 71"/,10.20"+.2",C;C,3920;92;/.2/91;D"G9S+,,3G114*"*,,3"*1"NII9-913"+.2"T>;/9/91",C"03,2*"+.2".3/?"#!Z2" 49*"#"M+D"/,/"4,-./910101+12;"/9S*12;"8,G9141"/141-,88>29-./91"*91"92"*1".I014,C12"/F..4I"8..2*12"H9S2" 379
Stb. 2004, 394. Stb. 2004, 394. 381 Zie par. 2.3.3. en par. 3.3.2.3. 380
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! K913811" F,3*/" F1*13,8" 291/" *1" G1;-:[email protected]:19*" G1C13@/D" 8..3" *1" +13;/31@@920" *,,3" ..2G91*13;" ..2" ,C;C,3920;*912;/12"G10312;*?"71"/1389S2"+.2"*391"8..2*12"9;":913"01@,H12",8"..2;4>9/920"/1"H,1@12"G9S" *1"8,812/114"+.2"@3.-:/"H9S2*1"G9SH,2*131"G1F..3C49-:/?"" "
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4.5. Werken aan effectieve controle op opsporingsdiensten K1/"92;/14412"+.2"1II1-/91+1"+,3812"+.2"-,2/3,41"+,38/"112"+.2"*1"G14.2039S@;/1"..2G1+1492012"+.2"*9/" ,2*13H,1@D" +.2F101" *1" C,;9/91+1" >9/F13@920" ,C" +141" *11401G91*12" +.2" :1/" *./.31/12/91+3..0;/>@?" 71" 92G31>@" ,C" .3/?" ]" 49*" #" E6P<" F,3*/" G1C13@/D" 92" :1/" G9SH,2*13" 2>" *1" -:944920" 1II1-/12" .I21812" 12" :1/" +13/3,>F12" 92" *1" ,C;C,3920" @.2" /,121812?" 71" 31-:/+..3*90920" +.2" *1" 92G31>@" 1V" .3/?" ]" 49*" !" E6P<" F,3*/" 92" 49S2" 81/" *1" S>39;C3>*12/91" +.2" :1/" EKP<" 01G3.-:/D" *91" 112" 2.>F@1>3901" I,38>413920" +.2" F..3G,3012"/1012"89;G3>9@"12"F9441@1>3"+1319;/?"52*9+9*>141"G>3013;"F,3*12"G1/13"92";/../"01;/14*":>2" 382
Zie Besluit bijzondere vergaring nummergegevens telecommunicatie, Stb. 2002, 31. Ka merstukken II, 2006-2007, 31 145, nr. 3 (MvT), p.9/10; nr. 9, p.22/23. 384 Stb. 2004, 394. 383
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385
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393
Stb. 2004, 394. Adviescommissie Informatiestromen Veiligheid, Data voor daadkracht, Gegevensbestanden voor veiligheid: observaties en analyse , 1 sept. 2007. Her rapport onderzocht de systematiek van de regulering van informatiestromen uit (grote) gegevensbestanden in de publieke en private sector ten behoeve van de veiligheid. Te raadplegen via: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 394
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395
H. Albrecht, C. Dorsch, C. Krüpe, Rechtswirklichkeit der Auskunftserteilung über Telekommunikationsverbindungsdaten nach §§ 100g, 100h StPO, Max Planck Institut, feb. 2008, zie: [geraadpleegd juli 2009]. 396 Gesellschaft für Sozialforschung und Statistischen Analyse mbH, Meinungen der Bundesbürger zur Vorratsdatenspeicherung, 2 juni 2009, zie: [geraadpleegd juli 2009].
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397
[geraadpleegd juli 2009]. Ka merstukken I, 2007\2008, 31 200 VI, nr. F, pag.39. Aan het woord is hoogleraar Corien Prins. 399 Idem, pag.40. 400 C.J. Sykes, in: R. Whitaker, The End of Privacy: How Total Surveillance Is Becoming a Reality, New Press 1998, nr. 33. 398
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BIBLIO G RA FIE A. Jurisprudentie #$%"&'(")*+,-,-."&'("/."0*1$2.+."3.4..(+56'22.("" K+TE)"!A"S.2>.39"!YY]D"23?"J(!_&bYZD"L3,8>;9-.1"+?"O141It29-.?" K+TE)"#%",@/,G13"!YY]D"23?"J($Y#bYZD"J,2-4>;91"'()"k?"=,/?" K+TE)"#Y"I1G3>.39"!YYAD"23?"J($Y#bYZD"5314.2*"+?"L.349.812/".2*"J,>2-94?" ! 0*1$2..+"#$%"&$$1"/."7.56,.("&'("/."8.(+" EKP<"#$"819"#A_ZD".CC4?"Z]!&b_%D"TL";$":(*/10>U$" EKP<"_"*1-18G13"#A_ZD".CC4?"&%A$b_!D"T-10>G'A>*";$"6)*"O0A=*>"MA0?>7.U$" EKP<"Z";1C/18G13"#A_]D".CC4?"&Y!Ab_#D"TM/1''"1$7$";$"N*+.10GU$" EKP<"!&"8..3/"#A]$D".CC4?"&A%_b_!D"TRA/;*+"1$7$";$"6)*"O0A=*>"MA0?>7.U$" EKP<"!".>0>;/>;"#A]%D"WT"#A]]D"&$%"T#1/70*U?" EKP<"!%".C394"#AAYD".CC4?"###Y&b]%D"T-8;A?";$"V+10(*U?" EKP<"!%";1C/18G13"#AA!D".CC4?"#Y&$$b]$D"T-*+(@*?<1/;G";$"S8'=+A1U$" EKP<"!Z";1C/18G13"#AA&D".CC4?"#_]&#bA#D"QI7?=";$"N*+.10GU$" EKP<"$Y"S>49"#AA]D".CC4?"!_Z_#bA&D"TI1/*0@8*/1"%70=+*+1'";$"RE1A0U?" EKP<"#Z"I1G3>.39"!YYYD".CC4?"!__A]bA&D"TS.100";$"R9A=@*+/10>U$"" EKP<"!&";1C/18G13"!YY#D"WT"!YY$D"Z_YD"TP$N$"10>"W$-$";$"V+10(*U?"" EKP<"#_"I1G3>.39"!YY%D".CC4?"%%#&]bA]D"TN7+@*/AF"10>"7=)*+'";$"P7/10>U?" EKP<"!%"S.2>.39"!YYZD".CC4?"Z!Z#_bYYD"T%7E/10>";$"6)*"O0A=*>"MA0?>7.U$" EKP<"#"S>49"!YY]D".CC4?"&]!%$bYYD"TJAB*+=G"1$7$";$"6)*"O0A=*>"MA0?>7.U$"" EKP<"%"*1-18G13"!YY]D".CC4?"$Y&Z!bY%D"TR$"10>"#1+E*+";$"6)*"O0A=*>"MA0?>7.U?" " 9*-,+.":$(+,-,*,-$(.;."#$%"" =>2*1;+13I.;;>20;0139-:/"##"8..3/"!YY]D"#"=+P"!&ZbY]$" ! #$<."7''/" KP"!&"2,+18G13"!YY&D"<1*9.I,3>8"!YYZ(#D"TJG(7'XP*''*+'UD"8?2/?"'?K?"E@@13?!
B. Literatuur =++56.1">"?$$2+"@AAB" U?f?" ';;-:13" p" E?T?" X,,C;D" 613@113;0101+12;^" 112" S>39*9;-:1" 12" /1-:29;-:1" 92+12/.39;./91D" '8;/13*.8^"N//,"J3.8F92-@14"!YY$?" =4-5-":*1-'."@AAC" L?"=31`13"Q,2"G1:.4I",I"%$"E>3,C1.2",30.29H./9,2;RD"R8B.A''A70"(70(*+0A0?"=)*"1(=A70"B+78?)="70"4" W8/G"YZZ4":+*/10>";"%780(A/"7<"=)*"&8+7E*10"O0A70,"&8+7E*10"P1+/A1.*0="%1'*"%![Z2XZ4D"]"'C394"!YY]D" H91^" u://C^bbFFF?+,33./;*./12;C19-:13>20?*1b98.01;b*./.v31/12/9,2vG391IvY](Y%(!YY]?C*Iw"" n013..*C4110*"8..3/"!YYAo" D-<('4-"@AAE" f?" =902.89D" P+A;1(G" 10>" /19" *0<7+(*.*0=" A0" =)*" &8+7E*10" O0A70\" 6)*" K1=1" ]*=*0=A70" KA+*(=A;*D" J:9-.0,"T,>32.4",I"52/132./9,2.4"U.FD"M>8813"!YY_D"6,4?"]D"2,?"#D"C?"!$$(!&&?" " _]"
D-1(6'5F">"0;F-(G?$1.("@AAH" ')1F*\"6)*"]**.*+?*0(*"7<"=)*"" R=1=*" A0" =)*" KA?A=1/"&0;A+70.*0=D"69390929."T,>32.4",I"U.F"p"O1-:2,4,0`D"6,4?"]D"N-/?"" !YY$?" 71" >C*./1" +.2" ,@/,G13" !YY&" 9;" 92" /1" H912" +9.^" " u://C^bbC.C13;?;;32?-,8b;,4$bC.C13;?-I8h.G;/3.-/v9*x$]#Y!Yw" n013..*C4110*"819"!YYAo?" D;$F"@AA@" "2G2)_+.,B)>-*="+*()="7E"E+A;1(G$"&*0"70>*+@7*F"011+">*"B*=*F*0A'";10")*="B*?+AE"^E+A;1(G^"A0")*=" !"#"$%&'#()"')*+"$,-&&'()$"./01D"712"K..0^"=,,8"!YY!?"" D1.I.1"@AAH"" L?"=31`13D"6*/*(7..80A(1=A70'">1=1"+*=*0=A70"10>")8.10"+A?)='\"=)*"(7.E1=1BA/A=G"7<"B/10F*="=+1<1=1" +*=*0=A70"9A=)"=)*"&%-]D"E>3,C1.2"U.F"T,>32.4D"6,4?"##D"!YY&D"2,?"$D"C?"$Z&($_&?" :DJ"@AAE" " S>;A*'" %_P" D*='70=9*+E" A.E/*.*0=1=A*" &8+7E*'*" ]A()=/AC0" K1=1+*=*0=A*," !!" S.2?" !YY_?" " uFFF?-GCF1G?24b*,F24,.*;v.*+bH!YYZ(Y#&%!v!?C*Iw"n013..*C4110*"8..3/"!YYAo?" :6'&'((.+"@AAC"" " P?7?"J:.+.221;D"I**/"=1E',"9*A0A?";*+10=977+>A0?D"<1*9.I,3>8"Q!YRD"!YY]D"23?"ZD"C?!%&?" :$44-++-.G8.&-+"@AAK" J,889;;91"M/3.I+,3*1349S@1"0101+12;+130.3920"92"*1"92I,38./918../;-:.CC9SD"N*?*;*0';*+?1+A0?" A0"R=+1<;7+>*+A0?$"`A*89*"B*;7*?>)*>*0"=7=")*=";7+>*+*0";10""?*?*;*0'" =*0" B*)7*;*" ;10" '=+1<;7+>*+/ACF" 70>*+@7*FD"..201G,*12"819"!YY#?" :$$2.1"@AAB" 7?" J,,C13D" #*.7+10>8." 7<" /19'" (70(*+A0?" =)*" /*?1/A=G" 7<" >1=1" +*=*0=A70" 9A=)" +*?1+>" =7" =)*" +A?)='" ?81+10=**+>" BG" =)*" &8+7E*10" %70;*0=A70" 70" -8.10" ]A?)='D" J,+920/,2" p" =>34920" I,3" L39+.-`" 52/132./9,2.4D"#Y",@/?"!YY$D"/1"3..*C41012"+9.^" "" uFFF?C39+.-`92/132./9,2.4?,30b-,>2/391;b>@b;>3+1944.2-1bC9v*./.v31/12/9,2v818,?C*Iw" " n013..*C4110*".C394"!YYAo?"" 9."8*;"@AAK" T?"*1"<>4"Q1/".4?RD":%6">*"B11'HD"N2*13H,1@;C3,03.88."52/1321/"12"NC12G..3"G1;/>>3D"!YY#?" 9."8*;">"L1-++.("@AAA" T?"*1"<>4"p"6?"f39;;12D"O0>*+"(70'=+8(=A70D"52I,*3,81"!YYY?" 91-MN.1"@AAO" L?=?" 739SG13D! `77=" BAC" -;W&N" 2Z" <*B+81+A" YZZ3," 0+$" %![Z2XZ4," :+*/10>" ;$P1+/A1.*0=" 10>" %780(A/D" <1*9.I,3>8"Q!#RD"!YYAD"23?"ZD"C?!&Z(!Z#?! P'("9-MF">"P'("#$$%"@AAQ" L?" +.2" 79S@D" f?" 6.2" K,,ID" '?" +.2" P9S2" p" U?" dF..@" Q1*;?RD" 6)*7+G" 10>" E+1(=A(*" 7<" =)*" &8+7E*10" %70;*0=A70"70")8.10"+A?)='D"'2/F13C12(NVI,3*^"52/13;12/9."!YYZ?"" 9$44.1-(<"@AAA" E?T?"7,8813920"1?.?D":0<7+.1=A*+*()=D"'8;/13*.8^"N//,"J3.8F92-@14"!YYY?"" 9$44.1-(<"@AAO" E?T?" 7,8813920D" 2&') 34&) 56(0"$7) '"") 56(0"$1) '&&$) 38,(.9#&'(1:) #") %&';") <";) '&&$) .9++"$.,=%") A0<7+.1=A70*/*"E+A;1(GB)$1K)92)h$**-#B)>_@1=-+)".#5#-5#-'75A)M1.0)5-)4@?+$'-#-1O2)! 0FF.1"@AAC" '?K?"E@@13D"K8A='*"F+A=A*F"7E">*"&8+7E*'*"B*911+E/A()=";10"=*/*(7.?*?*;*0'D"L39+.-`"p"592I,38./91D" 2,+18G13"!YY]D".I4?"&D"C?"!$#(!$Z?" L1-++.("@AAC"" 6?"f39;;12D"K*">A?A=1/*">A1'E7+1D"P,//13*.8^")13")>9S;"!YY]?" 31$$,6*-+"@AAQ" 9;D!K*"B*911+E/A()=";10";*+F**+'?*?*;*0'"BAC"A0=*+0*="*0"=*/*<70A*"*0">*";*+)78>A0?"=7=")*=" +*()="7E"**+BA*>A?A0?";10">*"E*+'770/ACF*"/*;*0''<**+D"WTJ<(=>441/92"Q$#RD"!YYZD"23?"ZD"C?"_A!(]##?" _A"
#-M4'(+"@AAC" K?"K9S8.2;D"a;*+">*";*+91()=A0?*0";10")*="I*+>+1?";10"JA''1B70"7E")*="?*BA*>";10"" E+A;1(G" *0" +*()=')10>)1;A0?D"WT="Q]$RD".I4?"!AD"!YY]D"C?"#_A#(#_A&?" P'("#$N$F.("@AAO" T?6?T?"+.2"K,G,@12R"`77="BAC"-;W&N"2Z"<*B+81+A"YZZ3,"0+$"%![Z2XZ4,":+*/10>";$P1+/A1.*0="10>"%780(A/D" L39+.-`"p"52I,38./91"Q_YR"!YYAD"23?"&AD".I4?"!D"C?"]Z(]]?"" #$%6*-+"@AAQ" k?"K,I:>9;D"#A0A.8.)1+.70A'1=A*"A0")*="&8+7E**'"+*()=D"71+12/13^"X4>F13"!YYZ?" )'5$N+">"S6-,."@AAQ" J?"N+1`"p"P?J?'?"B:9/1"Q%/:"1*9/9,2RD"6)*"&8+7E*10"%70;*0=A70"70")8.10"+A?)='D"NVI,3*^"NVI,3*" [29+13;9/`"L31;;"!YYZ?"" ?'2,.I(">"P.1;$1.("&'("T6.4'',"@AAB" " L?T?)?" X.C/1`2" p" L?" 6134,312" +.2" O:18../D" -*=" +*()=" ;10" >*" &8+7E*'*" O0A*" *0" ;10" >*" " &8+7E*'*"N*.**0'()1EE*0D"71+12/13^"X4>F13"!YY$?" ?$$2+">"D*1*4'"@AAE" =?T?"X,,C;"p"k?"=>3>8.D"V7+.**/"'=+1<+*()="*0":%6B)$1K)_2e2)V..4*B)>[5#&F#-'75)-1)DPdAB)9-1)G&&0K) M*>"!YY_D"C?"__(#!#?"" 8'5"3-;;'&1I"@AAU"" E?J?" <.-" )944.+3`D" #*=" 9A/" *0" >10F," **0" +*()=';*+?*/ACF*0>" 70>*+@7*F" 011+" >*" .*>*9*+FA0?" 110" '=+1<;7+>*+A0?">77+"B*>+AC;*0D"W9S81012^"B,4I"410.4"C>G49;:13;"!YY%?"" 8'5"3-;;'&1I"@AAQ"" E?J?"<.-")944.+3`D"-**<="8"*;*0";77+">*"0A*89*"D*="E7/A=A*?*?*;*0'HB)$1K)>[(*5--;)$1)",2/F9@@14920^" r$?-#)b;$'.#@;)Z2)V1$00-AB)j$<;-0-1K)3.+F)r-0&+)"@?+$*7-#*)UJJR?" 8$;"V$*+"@AAQ" U?L?" <,4" U,>;D" &*0" &8+7E*'*" B*911+E/A()=" ;77+" ;*+F**+'?*?*;*0'\" >*" %7..A''A*" 1/'" B*91F*+" ;10" )*=" 7E'E7+A0?'B*/10?D"MEB"Q&%RD"23?"]AD",@/,G13"!YYZD"C?$&!($&_?"" J1.56';"@AAH" M?"L31-:.4D"KA+*(=A;*'"A0"&%"/19,"NVI,3*^"NVI,3*"[29+13;9/`"L31;;"!YY&?" 7',6.('*WTXVT"@AAE" '?" 61**13D" =?T?" X,,C;D" L?" *1" K13/D" I10" E+A;1(GE1+1>AC'" =7=" (70=+7/*'=11=\" #A'>11>!" *0" =*++*8+B*'=+AC>A0?"A0"`*>*+/10>"110")*="B*?A0";10">*"Y2'=*"**89D"712"K..0^"P./:12.>bO5UO"!YY_?" Y4-,+"@AAQ" '?K?K?" M89/;D" R=+1<;7+>*+/ACF" 70>*+@7*F" ;10" =*/*(7..80A(1=A*D" W9S81012^" B,4I" 410.4" C>G49;:13;" !YYZ?"" Y$;$&."@AAU"" 7?T?"M,4,+1D"6)*">A?A=1/"E*+'70\"6*()07/7?G"10>"E+A;1(G"A0"=)*"A0<7+.1=A70"1?*D"W1F"k,3@^"W1F"k,3@" [29+13;9/`"L31;;"!YY%?" Y$;$&."@AAC" 7?T?"M,4,+1D"K1=1"#A0A0?"10>"=)*"R*(8+A=G!JAB*+=G"K*B1=*D"[29+13;9/`",I"J:9-.0,"U.F"P1+91F"Q_%RD" !YY]D"23?"_&D"C?"$%$($Z!?"" Y,.&.(+R"?$$2+">"S-.4'(+"@AAU" U?"M/1+12;D"=?T?"X,,C;?"p"L?"B918.2;D"&*0"'=+1<;7+>*+/ACF*"?*?*;*0';*+?1+A0?"0A*89*"'=AC/D"WTG"Q_ARD" !YY%D"23?"$!D"C?"#Z]Y(#Z]Z?" Y,1',-Z"@AAB" M/3./9V" J,2;>4/920" )3,>C" =?6?D" a0>*+@7*-) 3>"<&$"') 2"$-""$(;";"?"'() #99$) 6*/*(7..80A(1=A*110BA*>*+'D"E92*3.CC,3/">9/01G3.-:/"..2":1/"B1/12;-:.CC149S@"" N2*13H,1@("12" 7,->812/./91-12/3>8"+.2":1/"<929;/1391"+.2"T>;/9/91D"M-:9C:,4^"M/3./9V"" !YY$?" " " ]Y"
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