6. CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

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6. CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY Key words: Construction, construction machinery, construction work, machinery, manufacturing, transportation, manipulation Annotation: Construction machinery is spread across all sectors of construction activities within the construction and also in all fields of civil engineering. The selection of the construction machinery depends on specific construction activity.

Construction machinery Construction machinery, or rather mechanical equipment for construction work, affect construction activities especially in terms of productivity and labour economics. But it also


influences it in terms of the quality of the construction work execution. The right selection and use of machinery is a prerequisite for a good result in the realization of a particular construction. Construction can be divided according to the nature of construction activities into several groups. A special category is formed by mechanical devices used to modify the building materials, such as equipment for crushing stones, and for manufacturing semi- finished products for construction, such as equipment for production of steel reinforcement into concrete, and for the production of lime and cement. Groups of construction machines machinery for ground works, foundation engineering machinery, machinery for production, transport and processing of mortar and concrete machinery, machines for handling and transportation of construction materials, machinery for lifting loads. In the following text there will be described basic building machines used in construction practice, especially in building construction. Machinery for ground works ExcavatorsShovel excavators are the most widely used machines in the construction activity. They can break and load rocks, dig trenches, etc. They are divided into singlepurpose ones, for always the same type of work, and a multi-purpose (universal) ones, to which various types of work equipment can be mounted. The working tool of those machines are shovels and grapples in different versions according to the type of work and soil. Shovel excavators are constructed in different designs of the chassis - wheel, automobile or crawler chassis. Wheel excavators of the tractor type have a special construction – “excavator – loader” with a shovel on the front and rear part. The so-called miniexcavators weigh 1-5 tons.


excavators

Bucket wheel excavators are designed for surface mining. So called buckets move on an endless chain and alternatively they are fixed to the paddle wheel. The buckets grind the soil and release it into the gutter. Trencher excavators - trenchers are used for digging narrow trenches for laying cables, drainage etc. According to their structure they are divided into bucket trenchers with buckets on the chain, paddlewheel trenchers with buckets on the paddlewheel, chain trenchers with blades on the endless chain and milling trenchers with so called teeth of hard metals.


Tractors To the tractor machines with conveyor belt, alternatively, with wheel chassis, can be added different types of work equipment. Dozers have a blade work equipment and they are used for surface mining of the earth. According to the activity of the blade we distinguish bulldozers – the blade moves vertically, angle dozers – the blade moves with transverse rotation,

tilt dozers – it is possible to rotate the blade on the edge. Rippers break materials, which are difficult to break, such as frozen earth, concrete roads, etc. with cutting edges (blades).

Picture: Dozers

Picture: Graders

A grader is a wheeled machine with space movable blade. It is used for raking topsoil, spreading the earth, covering trenches, profiling of ditches and for slope works. It works with an accuracy of 3-5 mm. Scrapers


A scraper is formed by a tractor set composed of a truck and a skip. It is used for surface breaking of soil in layers, pushing soil into the skip, moving and spreading the soil with partial compaction.

Compaction machines Soil compaction is performed by exerting static or dynamic load on the soil with the objective to prevent its further settlement and thereby to ensure the durability of the construction work. There are used static cylinders, where the compaction effect is produced by the weight of the cylinder, and vibrating cylinders that use shocks exerting on the soil. Other machinery for soil compaction is vibratory plates and vibratory rammers. In both cases they are smaller machines used to work in areas which are hard to reach or for a small-scale work.

Picture: Cylinder

Picture: Rammer

Picture: Plates


Machines for building foundations When making foundations of engineering constructions, or every time more frequently of residential and commercial buildings, there are used special methods that require specific machinery. Digging holes for drilled piles is done using crash kits - earth is mined with a grapple moving in a steel casing and suspended on the excavator´s rope, or using rotary rigs – the earth is mined by a spiral auger drill and it is spirally carried out of the drill well. The underground walls that capture the natural pressures and loads from the building form the new construction elements in deep foundation. Underground walls are excavated with the use of grapple or milling kits. For the pile driving of piles and sheet pilings into the ground there are used the shock rams, which are attached to the blades and insert piles into the ground using their own weight at the shock, or vibratory rams, which insert or alternatively pull out the piles into or out of the ground using vibration.

Picture: Drill Machinery for the production and transport of mortars and concretes Production of concrete and mortar


The production takes place either directly on site in individual concrete mixers, alternatively in construction site concrete plants (mortar plants), or in central – out of site factories and the concrete (mortar) is transported to the construction site. There are gravity concrete mixers - ingredients of concrete or mortar are mixed in a rotating drum with the use of blades and gravity. Forced pan concrete mixers - a mixture of ingredients of concrete or mortar is mixed using blades in the drum which are adjusted in various positions. They can be in the plate version (vertical axis drum) or the gutter version (horizontal axis drum).

Picture: concrete mixer

Concrete and mortar transport The primary transport, i.e. transportation from the concrete mixing plant to the construction site (in the stack sampling), is referred to as TRANSPORTCONCRETE. For short distances there are used trucks with steel bath tub or bath tub containers. Automixers or truck mixers are suitable for greater distances because of avoiding segregation of the concrete mixture or the beginning of the solidification process. Automixers are filled with ready-made concrete, truck mixers are filled from the metering station with dry mixture of aggregate and cement and it is stirred up later on the spot.


Picture: Automixer Secondary transportation is a transportation of concrete at the construction site from the concrete mixers, sampling container or construction site concrete plant. Wheels, gutters and chutes, belt conveyors, cylinder baskets, motor trucks, or transport via pipelines with pumps are used for the manipulation with concrete. Machines for manipulation and transportation of construction materials

Trucks Road vehicles are classified according to the arrangement and purpose into flatbed with hard fixed body and dump trucks with folding tipper body. Off – road vehicles - dump trucks are robust machines with rigid or articulated chassis. Tow vehicles are connected behind basic trucks – on truck chassis, both as trailers or semi-trailers.


Picture: trailer truck

Shovel loaders Loaders are used for manipulation with powdery and lump materials and for excavation of light soils. Front loaders perform all operations front only and they are placed on a wheeled or crawler chassis. The so-called mini-loaders have an operating weight of 1-6 tons. Swivel boom loader have a boom with a shovel which can rotate up to 90 ° on both sides. Transport trucks, conveyors and material handling equipment Transport carts are designed for transporting powdery and lump materials on paved roads within short distances. According to their construction they are divided into the platform carts, body detail carts, pallet trucks and forklift trucks (lift over 1.5 meters). Conveyors are tracked equipment for horizontal or inclined transportation of building materials. Handling devices provide loading and unloading of materials from vehicles or their handling at the construction site, or else in plants. This group includes hydraulic arms mounted on trucks or other vehicles or telescopic handlers. Machinery for lifting loads Cranes


Cranes provide handling and moving loads vertically and horizontally within the defined area. Tower cranes can be designed on wheeled, automobile or crawler chassis. There are manufactured various types of cranes according to the nature of work, capacity and space for manipulation. Mobile cranes allow removing loads within short distances. They are available on automotive chassis, wheeled chassis for road or off-road operation and on crawler chassis.

Picture: crane

Picture: Crane

Construction elevators, platforms and walkways Construction elevator with a cab attached to the building structure is used for the transportation of passengers and cargo. Building platforms are guided by poles and anchored to the construction of buildings or free standing (up to 30 m). Building walkways are suspended by ropes on the beams anchored to the building construction and they are designed in particular for the work on facades. Mobile lifting platforms are telescopic, arm or scissor constructions that can replace a stable scaffolding.

ForPictuPireklift truck

lifting platform

telescopic construction


Picture 62: Forklift truck

Picture 63: Lifting platform

Picture 64:telescopic construction

Dictionary: bath tub container (n) /bɑːθtʌbkənˈteɪnəʳ/ blade (n) /bleɪd/ bucket trencher (n) /ˈbʌkɪt ˈtrenʧəʳ/ bucket wheel excavator (n) /ˈbʌkɪthwiːl ˈekskəveɪtəʳ/ compaction machine (n) /ˈkɒmpækʃənməˈʃiːn/ concrete (n) /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ concrete mixer (n) /ˈkɒŋkriːt ˈmɪksəʳ/ construction machinery (n) /kənˈstrʌkʃᵊnməˈʃiːnᵊri/ conveyor belt (n) /kənˈveɪbelt/ crane (n) /kreɪn/ crash kit (n) /kræʃkɪt/ cylinder (n) /ˈsɪlɪndəʳ/ cylinder basket (n) /ˈsɪlɪndəʳ ˈbɑːskɪt/ dozer (n) /ˈdəʊzəʳ/ forced pan concrete mixer (n) /fɔːstpæn ˈkɒŋkriːtˈmɪksəʳ/ grader (n) /greɪdəʳ/ grapple (n) /ˈgræpᵊl/

vanový přepravník radlice korečkový rýhovač korečkové rypadlo zhutňovací stroje beton míchačka stavební stroje pás jeřáb nárazová souprava válec válcový koš dozer míchačka s nuceným mícháním grejdr drapák


gravity concrete mixer (n) /ˈgrævəti ˈkɒŋkriːtˈmɪksəʳ/ grind (v) /graɪnd/ gutter (n) /ˈgʌtəʳ/ handling device (n) / ˈhænd.lɪŋ dɪˈvaɪs/ chassis (n) /ˈʃæs.i/ chute (n) /ʃu:t/ mortar (n) /ˈmɔː.təʳ/ motor truck (n) /ˈməʊ.təʳ trʌk/ ripper (n) /ˈrip.əʳ/ rotary rig (n) /ˈrəʊ.tᵊr.i rig/ scaffolding (n) /ˈskæf.ᵊl.dɪŋ/ scraper (n) /ˈskreɪpəʳ/ shock ram (n) /ʃɒk ræa/ shovel excavator (n) /ˈʃʌv.ᵊl ˈek.skə.vei.təʳ/ shovel loader (n) /ˈʃʌv.ᵊl ləʊdəʳ/ skip (n) /skip/ swivel boom loader (n) /ˈswɪv.ᵊl buːm ləʊd/ trench (n) /trentʃ/ trencher excavator (n) /trentʃəʳ ˈek.skəveɪ.təʳ/ trencher (n) /trentʃəʳ/ truck (n) /trʌk/ vibratory plate (n) /ˈvaɪ.brə.tᵊr.i pleit/ vibratory rammer (n) /ˈvaɪ.brə.tᵊr.i ræm/

míchačka spádová (gravitační) škrábat žlab manipulační zařízení podvozek skluz malta motorov vozík rozrývač rotační souprava lešení skrejpr nárazové beranidlo lopatové rypadlo lopatový nakladač korba otočný nakladač příkop příkopové rypadlo rýhovač tahač vibrační deska vibrační pěch

Questions: 1) What is a shovel excavator? 2) What is the difference between a bulldozer and angle dozer? 3) What machinery can be used for handling and transportation of construction materials? 4) What machinery can be used for lifting loads?


5) What machinery can be used for transportation of material on construction sites?

Exercises: 1) Complete with the correct form of be able to. a) (+) If I lived in the city center, I ______________ to go out every weekend. b) (?) ______ you _________ to come to my birthday party next Saturday? c) (-) I ______________ to learn Chinese since a moved to China. d) (+) She used to ____________ play tennis very well when she was only 10. e) (?) ______ you ever _________ to run 100 meters in a minute? 2) Complete with can / can´t, or could / couldn´t . a) When I was a child, I ________ play hockey very well. b) _________ you open the window, please? It´s so hot in here. c) When I left the university, I _________ find a job for a long time. d) I don´t want to go to the disco, I _________ dance. e) Excuse me, ___________ you help me with my luggage, it´s very heavy.

3) Odd one out.

1) bucket

blade

chassis

mixer

2) gutter

rock

trench

mine

3) dig

grind

excavator

break

4) rammer

concrete

mortar

earth

5) truck

conveyor

handling device

scraper


4) Match the types of construction machinery with the kind of work they are used for. 1. SHOVEL EXCAVATORS

2. DOZERS

3. RIPPERS

4. GRADERS

5. CRANES

A.

B.

C.

D. E.

are used for raking topsoil, spreading the earth, covering trenches, profiling of ditches and for slope works provide handling and moving loads vertically and horizontally within the defined area break materials, which are difficult to break, such as frozen earth, concrete roads they can break and load rocks or dig tranches are used for surface mining of the earth


4) Complete the sentences with can or a form with be able to and the words in italics. count start

find work

give

investigate

meet

put forward

1) We don’t seem to be able to find your letter in our files. 2) You ___________________on me to help with the party. 3) You ___________________me a call at home. 4) The builders said that they might ____________work today. 5) When the satellite is launched next week, scientists _____________the rings around Saturn in more detail than ever before. 6) I doubt that he___________again; his injuries are so severe. 7) We were refused our request, without even___________our arguments. 8) We________outside the cinema, if that’s okay with you.

Source: Hewings, M., 2004

Mind map: Mixers Dig Construction site

cranes

Scaffolding

Shovel excavator

Machines and tools

Bucket

Ground works

Trenches Dozers


Solutions: 1) Complete with the correct form of be able to. a) (+) If I lived in the city center, I would be able to b) (?) Are you able

go out every weekend.

to come to my birthday party next Saturday?

c) (-) I haven´t been able

to learn Chinese since a moved to China.

d) (+) She used to be able to play tennis very well when she was only 10. e) (?) Have you ever been able to run 100 meters in a minute? 2) Complete with can / can´t, or could / couldn´t . a) When I was a child, I could play hockey very well. b) Could / Can you open the window, please? It´s so hot in here. c) When I left the university, I couldn´t find a job for a long time. d) I don´t want to go to the disco, I can´t dance. e) Excuse me, can / could you help me with my luggage, it´s very heavy.

3) Match the types of construction machinery with the kind of work they are used for. 1. D 2. E 3. C 4. A 5. B 4) Od done out. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

bucket gutter dig rammer truck

blade rock grind concrete conveyor

chassis trench excavator mortar handling device

mixer mine break earth scraper


5) Complete the sentences with can or a form with be able to and the words in italics. 2) can count 3) can give 4) be able to start 5) will be able to investigate 6) will be able to work 7) being able to put forward 8) can meet

Bibliography HEWINGS, M. Advanced Grammar in Use. CUP. Cambridge, 2004. 340 p. ISBN 0-52149868-6.

6. CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

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