DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2003. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 2005. 2. Widaya IW, Gandi. Konsistensi pelaksanaan program serta morbiditas dan mortalitas diare di era ekonomi dan krisis. Disampaikan pada Kongres nasional II Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia (BKGAI); 3-5 Juli 2003; Bandung,. 3. Dinas kesehatan kota Semarang. Profil Kesehatan Kota Semarang 2007, Pemerintah Kota Semarang, Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang, hal. 27. (cited June 11, 2008). Avaliable from: URL:http://www.dinkes-kota semarang.go.id/ 4. Walker-Smith J. Postenteritis diarrhea. In: E lebenthal, editor. Textbook of gastroenterology and nutrition in infancy. New York: Raven Press, Ltd; 1989. p. 1171-86. 5. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press. 1984. 5-27. 6. WHO. The treatment of diarrhea, a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 4th rev. Geneva, Switzerland : WHO Document Production Services, 2006. 7. Tim Pendidikan Medik Pemberantasan Diare (PMPD). Buku ajar diare. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 1999: 3-14. 8. WHO. Implementing the new recommendations on the clinical management of diarrhea, guidelines for policy makers and programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland : WHO Document Production Services, 2006. 9. Juffrie M, et al. Diare persisten. In : Modul Pelatihan Diare. 1st ed. UKK Gastro-Hepatologi IDAI 2009. 29-45.
71
10. Fontaine O. Evidence for the safety and evidence for the safety and efficacy of zinc supplementation in the management of diarrhea. Sari pediatri 2008 : 14 20. 11. Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JV. A Meta-analysis of the effects of oral zinc in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea. Pediatrics2008;121;326336 12. Hidayat, A. The effect of zinc supplementation in children under three years of age with acute diarrhoea in Indonesia. Med J Indones, 1998. 7(4); 237-41 13. Endang-Purwaningsih. A community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial of Iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian Infants : Effect on Child Morbidities. M Med Indones. 2005; 40(2); 52-60 14. Bhandari N, et al. Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily zinc supplementation in young north indian children. Pediatrics 2002;109;e86 15. Patel A , Dibley MJ, Mamtani1 M, Badhoniya1 N, Kulkarni H. Zinc and copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, (in press). (cited May 19, 2009). Avaliable in http : //www.physorg.com/news160724065.html 16. Szajewska H. Probiotics and prebiotics in pediatric : where are we now? Turkish journal of pediatrics 2007; 49: 231-244 17. Michael de Vrese3*, Marteau, PR. Probiotics and prebiotics: effects on diarrhea. J. Nutr. 2007. 137: 803S 811S 18. Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus to infant in hospital for prevention of diarrhea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994 Oct 15; 344 (8929) : 1046-9 19. Sazawal, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black R . Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2006; 6(6):374-82
72
20. McFarland LV, Elmer Gindian W, McFarland M. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention and Treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea. International Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics. 2006; 1(1); 63-76. 21. Van Niel, CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious in children: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2002; 109(4 ): 678-684 22. Shamir R, Makhoul IR, Etzioni A, Shehadeh N. Evaluation of a diet containing probiotics and zinc the treatment of mild diarrheal illness in children younger than one year of age. Journal of the american college of nutrition. 2005 : 370-5 23. Agustina R, et al. The effect of early nutritional supplementation with a mixture of probiotic, prebiotic, fiber and micronutrients in infant with acute diarrhea in Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16(3): 435-442. 24. Baldassano RN, Cochran WJ. Diarrhea. In : Altschuler SM, Liacouras CA, editors.
Clinical
pediatric
gastroenterology.
Philadelphia:
Churchill
WA,
Pediatric
Livingstone; 1998. p.9-18. 25. Guandalini S.
Acute
diarrhea.
In:
Walker
editor.
gastrointestinal disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 4th ed. Ontario: Decker, Inc; 2004.p 166-79. 26. Roy CC, Silverman A, Alagille D. Diarrheal disorders. In Pediatric clinical gastroenterology. 4th edition. St Louis : Mosby-Year book, Inc. 1995. p.21663. 27. Fisher RG, Boyce TG. Gastrointestinal infectious diseases a problem-oriented approach. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2005. p420-43. 28. El Mouzan MI. Chronic diarrhea in children : Part I, physiology, pathophysiology, etiology. Saudi J Gastroenterol 1995;1:37-42 29. Fardah A, Ranuh RG, Sudarmo SM. Diare. [cited in August 2009]. Avaliable from: URL: http : www. pediatrik.com
73
30. Riedel BD, Ghishan FK. Acute Diarrhea. In Pediatric Gastrointestinal disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 2nd Ed. St Louis Missouri: Mosby;1996. p251-62. 31. Guarino A, De Marco G. Persistent Diarrhea. In : Walker WA. et al, editors. Pediatric gastrointestinal diseasse pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 4thed. Ontario: Decker Inc. 2004.p.180-91. 32. Veereman-Wauters, Taminiau J. Diarrhea. In: Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc; 2006. p151-7. 33. Wahbeh GT, Christie DL. Basic aspects of digestion and absorption. In : Wyllie R. Hyams JS, Kay M, editors. Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disease. 3rded. Philadelphia : Elsevier, Inc;2006.p.11-23. 34. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press; 1984.p.5-27. 35. Lubis CP. Peranan air susu ibu dalam mencegah diare dan penyakit usus lainnya. (cited January 19, 2009). .Avaliable from: URL : http : library.usu.ac.id. 36. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Manajemen laktasi, buku panduan bagi bidan dan petugas kesehatan di Puskesmas. Departemen Kesehatan RI Direktorat Jendral Bina Kesehatan Masyarakat Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat. Jakarta. 2005: p.810. 37. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Mercedes de onis, Ezzati M, et all. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposure and health consequenses. Lancet 2008; 371: 243-60. 38. Arifeen S, Black RE, Antelman G, Baqui A, Caulfield Becker S. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among infant in dhaka slums. Pediatrics 2001; 108;e67
74
39. Adisasmito W.
Faktor risiko diare pada bayi dan balita di indonesia:
systematic review penelitian akademik bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Makara kesehatan 2007; 11(1): 1-10 40. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto M.L, Larrea C, Prado MS. Childhood diarrhea and observed hygiene behavior in salvador brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 1032-1038 41. Partawihardja IS. Tinjauan terapi nutrisi pada diare anak. Pidato pengukuhan guru besar madya Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, 1994 42. Guidelines for management of acute diarrhea after a disaster. CDC. (last updated September 14, 2008; cited April 19, 2009). Avaliable from : http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/diarrrheaguidelines.asp 43. Rosalina I. Efikasi pemberian zinc pada diare dalam Naskah lengkap Konggres nasional III Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia. Penanganan optimal masalah saluran cerna dan hati pada anak. Surabaya 2007 44. Grooper S.S.et al. Micromineral,
Advanced Nutrition and Human
Metabolism. Fourth edition. USA, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, Inc. 2005. p. 417-446 45. Grider A. Zinc, copper, and manganese dalam Stipanuk MH. Biochemical, physiological, & molecular aspects of human nutrition 2nd ed. Missouri. Elsevier. 2006: p1043-65 46. Pudjiadi S. Ilmu Gizi Klinis pada anak. Edisi ke empat. Jakarta, Balai Penerbit FKUI, 2000 47. Baqui AH, Black RE, Walker CLF, Arifeen S, Zaman K. Zinc supplementation and serum zinc during diarrhea. Indian Journal of Pediatric. 2006; 73 (6) : 493-497 48. Bakri A. Peranan mikronutrien seng dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan diare dalam kumpulan makalah kongres nasional II badan koordinasi gastroenterology anak Indonesia (BKGAI). Bandung, 3-5 Juli 2003: p.132-39.
75
49. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function : the biological basis of altered resistence to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1998:68: 447S-63S 50. Rundles SC. Zinc and Immune function; The importance of zinc on health. Available in http://www.zincworld.org 51. Scott ME. Koski KG. Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites. J Nutr 2000; 130:1412S-20S 52. Roy SK, Behrens RH, Haider R, Akramuzzaman SM, Mahalanabis D, Wahed MA, et al. Impact of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in Bangladesh children with acute diarrhea and persisten diarrhea syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992: 15: p 289-96 53. Wapnir RA. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr 2000;130a: 1388S-92S 54. 1 Baratawidjaja KG. 6 ed Imunologi dasar. Jakarta. 2006. p. 6 33 55. Rahman MM, et al. Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Bangladeshi children: randomized double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2001;323; p.314-318. 56. Baqui AH, dkk. Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomized trial. BMJ 2002; 325;1059. 57. Aggarwal R, Sentz J dan Miller MA. Role of Zinc Administration in Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Illnesses: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2007;119;1120-1130. 58. meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;324;1361. 59. Cabana MD, et al. Probiotics in primary care pediatrics. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006; 45; 405.
76
60. Boriello S.P, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Schrezenmeir J, Vaara M, et all. Safety of Probiotics that contain Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria. Clinical Infectious Disease 2003; 36: 775-80 61. Annonymous. Concepts for Modulation of the Intestinal Flora. (cited May 11, 2009). Avaliable from : http : // www.nutrition-partner.com/ data/ DF8A14B013DB4B 62. Heyman M. Effect of lactic acid acteria on diarrheal disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 : 19;2: 137S-146S 63. Szajewska H, Kotowska M, Mrukowicz J, Armaska M, Mikolajczyk W. Lactobacillus GG in prevention of diarrhea in hospitalized children. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 361-365. 64. Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R. Lactobacillus GG and breast feeding in prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J Pediatr Gastr Nutr 2002; 35: 527-531. 65. Chouraqui JP, Van Egroo LD, Fichot MC. Acidified milk formula supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhea in residential care setting. J. Pediatrt Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38 : 288-292. 66. Madiyono B, Moeslichan S, Sastroasmoro S, Budiman I, Purwanto SH. Perkiraan besar sampel dalam Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta. Sagung seto. 2002. p.259-86 67. Endang-Purwaningsih. Pengaruh suplementasi seng dan besi terhadap pertumbuhan, perkembangan psikomotorik dan kognitif bayi: uji lapangan di indramayu jawa barat. Disertasi program doctoral fakultas kesehatan masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta, 2001 68. Gibson RS. Nutritional Assesment. Oxford university press. 2005: p123-145 69. Sudigbia I. Pengaruh suplementasi tempe terhadap kecepatan tumbuh pada penderita diare anak umur 6-24 bulan. Universitas Diponegoro, 1990:7-37. Disertasi.
77
70. Adisasmito W.
Faktor risiko diare pada bayi dan balita di indonesia:
systematic review penelitian akademik bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Makara kesehatan 2007; 11(1): 1-10 71. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto M.L, Larrea C, Prado MS. Childhood diarrhea and observed hygiene behavior in salvador brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 1032-1038 72. King JC, Shames DM, Woodhouse LR. Zinc homeostasis in human. J Nutr 2000;130:1360S-66S. 73. Artana WD, Suraatmaja S, Aryasa KN, Suandi IKG. Peran suplementasi mineral mikro seng terhadap kesembuhan diare. Sari pediatric 2005:15-18
78
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2003. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 2005. 2. Widaya IW, Gandi. Konsistensi pelaksanaan program serta morbiditas dan mortalitas diare di era ekonomi dan krisis. Disampaikan pada Kongres nasional II Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia (BKGAI); 3-5 Juli 2003; Bandung,. 3. Dinas kesehatan kota Semarang. Profil Kesehatan Kota Semarang 2007, Pemerintah Kota Semarang, Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang, hal. 27. (cited June 11, 2008). Avaliable from: URL:http://www.dinkes-kota semarang.go.id/ 4. Walker-Smith J. Postenteritis diarrhea. In: E lebenthal, editor. Textbook of gastroenterology and nutrition in infancy. New York: Raven Press, Ltd; 1989. p. 1171-86. 5. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press. 1984. 5-27. 6. WHO. The treatment of diarrhea, a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 4th rev. Geneva, Switzerland : WHO Document Production Services, 2006. 7. Tim Pendidikan Medik Pemberantasan Diare (PMPD). Buku ajar diare. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 1999: 3-14. 8. WHO. Implementing the new recommendations on the clinical management of diarrhea, guidelines for policy makers and programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland : WHO Document Production Services, 2006.
79
9. Juffrie M, dkk. Diare persisten. In : Modul Pelatihan Diare. 1st ed. UKK Gastro-Hepatologi IDAI 2009. 29-45. 10. Fontaine O. Evidence for the Safety and Evidence for the safety and efficacy of zinc supplementation in the management of diarrhea. Sari pediatri 2008 : 14 20. 11. Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JV. A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Oral Zinc
in
the
Treatment
of
Acute
and
Persistent
Diarrhea.
Pediatrics2008;121;326-336 12. Hidayat, A. The effect of zinc supplementation in children under three years of age with acute diarrhoea in Indonesia. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 1998. 7(4, December):. 237-241. 13. Endang-Purwaningsih. A community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial of Iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian Infants : Effect on Child Morbidities. MMI. 2005; 40(2); 52-60 14. Bhandari N, et al. Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily zinc supplementation in young north indian children. Pediatrics 2002;109;e86 15. Patel A , Dibley MJ, Mamtani1 M, Badhoniya1 N, Kulkarni H. Zinc and copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, (in press). (cited May 19, 2009). Avaliable in http : //www.physorg.com/news160724065.html 16. Szajewska H. Probiotics and prebiotics in pediatric : where are we now? Turkish journal of pediatrics 2007; 49: 231-244 17. Michael de Vrese3*, Marteau, PR. Probiotics and prebiotics: effects on diarrhea. J. Nutr. 2007. 137: 803S 811S 18. Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus to infant in hospital for prevention of diarrhea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994 Oct 15; 344 (8929) : 1046-9
80
19. Sazawal, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black R . Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2006; 6(6):374-82 20. McFarland LV, Elmer Gindian W, McFarland M. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention and Treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea. International Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics. 2006; 1(1); 63-76. 21. Van Niel, CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious in children: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2002; 109(4 ): 678-684 22. Shamir R, Makhoul IR, Etzioni A, Shehadeh N. Evaluation of a diet containing probiotics and zinc the treatment of mild diarrheal illness in children younger than one year of age. Journal of the american college of nutrition. 2005 : 370-5 23. Agustina R, et al. The effect of early nutritional supplementation with a mixture of probiotic, prebiotic, fiber and micronutrients in infant with acute diarrhea in Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16(3): 435-442. 24. Baldassano RN, Cochran WJ. Diarrhea. In : Altschuler SM, Liacouras CA, editors.
Clinical
pediatric
gastroenterology.
Philadelphia:
Churchill
WA,
Pediatric
Livingstone; 1998. p.9-18. 25. Guandalini S.
Acute
diarrhea.
In:
Walker
editor.
gastrointestinal disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 4th ed. Ontario: Decker, Inc; 2004.p 166-79. 26. Roy CC, Silverman A, Alagille D. Diarrheal disorders. In Pediatric clinical gastroenterology. 4th edition. St Louis : Mosby-Year book, Inc. 1995. p.21663.
81
27. infectious diseases a problem-oriented approach. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2005. p420-43. 28. El Mouzan MI. Chronic diarrhea in children : Part I, physiology, pathophysiology, etiology. Saudi J Gastroenterol 1995;1:37-42 29. Fardah A, Ranuh RG, Sudarmo SM. Diare. [cited in August 2009]. Avaliable from: URL: http : www. pediatrik.com 30. Riedel BD, Ghishan FK. Acute Diarrhea. In Pediatric Gastrointestinal disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 2nd Ed. St Louis Missouri: Mosby;1996. p251-62. 31. Guarino A, De Marco G. Persistent Diarrhea. In : Walker WA. et al, editors. Pediatric gastrointestinal diseasse pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 4thed. Ontario: Decker Inc. 2004.p.180-91. 32. Veereman-Wauters, Taminiau J. Diarrhea. In: Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc; 2006. p151-7. 33. Wahbeh GT, Christie DL. Basic aspects of digestion and absorption. In : Wyllie R. Hyams JS, Kay M, editors. Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disease. 3rded. Philadelphia : Elsevier, Inc;2006.p.11-23. 34. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press; 1984.p.5-27. 35. Lubis CP. Peranan air susu ibu dalam mencegah diare dan penyakit usus lainnya. (cited January 19, 2009). .Avaliable from: URL : http : library.usu.ac.id. 36. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Manajemen laktasi, buku panduan bagi bidan dan petugas kesehatan di Puskesmas. Departemen Kesehatan RI Direktorat Jendral
82
Bina Kesehatan Masyarakat Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat. Jakarta. 2005: p.810. 37. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Mercedes de onis, Ezzati M, et all. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposure and health consequenses. Lancet 2008; 371: 243-60. 38. Arifeen S, Black RE, Antelman G, Baqui A, Caulfield Becker S. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among infant in dhaka slums. Pediatrics 2001; 108;e67 39. Adisasmito W.
Faktor risiko diare pada bayi dan balita di indonesia:
systematic review penelitian akademik bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Makara kesehatan 2007; 11(1): 1-10 40. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto M.L, Larrea C, Prado MS. Childhood diarrhea and observed hygiene behavior in salvador brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 1032-1038 41. Partawihardja IS. Tinjauan terapi nutrisi pada diare anak dalam pidato pengukuhan guru besar madya Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, 1994 42. Guidelines for management of acute diarrhea after a disaster. CDC. (last updated September 14, 2008; cited April 19, 2009). Avaliable from : http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/diarrrheaguidelines.asp 43. Rosalina I. Efikasi pemberian zinc pada diare dalam Naskah lengkap Konggres nasional III Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia. Penanganan optimal masalah saluran cerna dan hati pada anak. Surabaya 2007 44. Grooper S.S.et al. Micromineral,
Advanced Nutrition and Human
Metabolism. Fourth edition. USA, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, Inc. 2005. p. 417-446
83
45. Grider A. Zinc, copper, and manganese dalam Stipanuk MH. Biochemical, physiological, & molecular aspects of human nutrition 2nd ed. Missouri. Elsevier. 2006: p1043-65 46. Pudjiadi S. Ilmu Gizi Klinis pada anak. Edisi ke empat. Jakarta, Balai Penerbit FKUI, 2000 47. Baqui AH, Black RE, Walker CLF, Arifeen S, Zaman K. Zinc supplementation and serum zinc during diarrhea. Indian Journal of Pediatric. 2006; 73 (6) : 493-497 48. Bakri A. Peranan mikronutrien seng dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan diare dalam kumpulan makalah kongres nasional II badan koordinasi gastroenterology anak Indonesia (BKGAI). Bandung, 3-5 Juli 2003: p.132-39. 49. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function : the biological basis of altered resistence to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1998:68: 447S-63S 50. Rundles SC. Zinc and Immune function; The importance of zinc on health. Available in http://www.zincworld.org 51. Scott ME. Koski KG. Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites. J Nutr 2000; 130:1412S-20S 52. Roy SK, Behrens RH, Haider R, Akramuzzaman SM, Mahalanabis D, Wahed MA, et al. Impact of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in Bangladesh children with acute diarrhea and persisten diarrhea syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992: 15: p 289-96 53. Wapnir RA. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr 2000;130a: 1388S-92S 54. 54 Baratawidjaja KG. 6 ed Imunologi dasar. Jakarta. 2006. p. 6 33 55. Rahman MM, et al. Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Bangladeshi children: randomized double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2001;323; p.314-318.
84
56. Baqui AH, dkk. Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomized trial. BMJ 2002; 325;1059. 57. Aggarwal R, Sentz J dan Miller MA. Role of Zinc Administration in Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Illnesses: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2007;119;1120-1130. 58. meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;324;1361. 59. Cabana MD, et al. Probiotics in primary care pediatrics. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006; 45; 405. 60. Boriello S.P, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Schrezenmeir J, Vaara M, et all. Safety of Probiotics that contain Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria. Clinical Infectious Disease 2003; 36: 775-80 61. Annonymous. Concepts for Modulation of the Intestinal Flora. (cited May 11, 2009). Avaliable from : http : // www.nutrition-partner.com/ data/ DF8A14B013DB4B 62. Heyman M. Effect of lactic acid acteria on diarrheal disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 : 19;2: 137S-146S 63. Szajewska H, Kotowska M, Mrukowicz J, Armaska M, Mikolajczyk W. Lactobacillus GG in prevention of diarrhea in hospitalized children. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 361-365. 64. Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R. Lactobacillus GG and breast feeding in prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J Pediatr Gastr Nutr 2002; 35: 527-531. 65. Chouraqui JP, Van Egroo LD, Fichot MC. Acidified milk formula supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhea in residential care setting. J. Pediatrt Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38 : 288-292.
85
66. Madiyono B, Moeslichan S, Sastroasmoro S, Budiman I, Purwanto SH. Perkiraan besar sampel dalam Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta. 2002 :259-86 67. Endang-Purwaningsih. Pengaruh suplementasi seng dan besi terhadap pertumbuhan, perkembangan psikomotorik dan kognitif bayi: uji lapangan di indramayu jawa barat. Disertasi program doctoral fakultas kesehatan masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta, 2001 68. Gibson RS. Nutritional Assesment. Oxford university press. 2005: p123-145 69. Sudigbia I. Pengaruh suplementasi tempe terhadap kecepatan tumbuh pada penderita diare anak umur 6-24 bulan. Universitas Diponegoro, 1990:7-37. Disertasi. 70. Adisasmito W.
Faktor risiko diare pada bayi dan balita di indonesia:
systematic review penelitian akademik bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Makara kesehatan 2007; 11(1): 1-10 71. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto M.L, Larrea C, Prado MS. Childhood diarrhea and observed hygiene behavior in salvador brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 1032-1038 72. King JC, Shames DM, Woodhouse LR. Zinc homeostasis in human. J Nutr 2000;130:1360S-66S. 73. Artana WD, Suraatmaja S, Aryasa KN, Suandi IKG. Peran suplementasi mineral mikro seng terhadap kesembuhan diare. Sari pediatric 2005:15-18
86
