Taufik Hery Purwanto, S.Si., M.Si. Laboratorium SIG Prodi Kartografi dan Penginderaan Jauh Jurusan Sains Informasi Geografis dan Pengembangan Wilayah Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada
Where is Wasior? What are the soil characteristics there? What is the land use pattern in Wasior District? Which is the main economic activity in Wasior District? What are the trends in rural and urban employment pattern in Wasior District? • Where would be a better location for opening a settlement in Wasior District? • Which is the shortest route to reach Wasior from Manokwari? • • • • •
Geographic Information information about places on the earth's surface knowledge about "what is where“ The 3 “W’s” of Geography • What is where • Why is it there • Why do I care
Textual Data VS Spatial Data
Vs
Textual data
Database “Not Easy to Interpret”
Spasial Data
Visualization “Worth a Thousand Words”
35.000 tahun
yang lalu, di dinding gua Lascaux, Perancis, para pemburu Cro-Magnon menggambar hewan mangsa mereka, juga garis yang dipercaya sebagai rute migrasi hewan-hewan tersebut. Catatan awal ini sejalan dengan dua elemen struktur pada sistem informasi gegrafis modern sekarang ini, arsip grafis yang terhubung ke database atribut. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_inform asi_geografis
34°26'41.00"N 119°48'26"W
6°29'30.00"S 106°50'58.00“E
Estimates are that 80% of all data has a spatial component – Data from most sciences can be analyzed “spatially” (ESRI)
CLUP GIS
Information System
+ Geographic Position
A means of storing, retrieving, sorting, and comparing spatial data to support some analytic process.
A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. (ESRI)
•
• • •
• •
‘GIS technology is to geographical analysis what the microscope, the telescope, and computers have been to other sciences.... (It) could therefore be the catalyst needed to dissolve the regional-systematic and human-physical dichotomies that have long plagued geography’ and other disciplines which use spatial information. GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of information within a single system – it offers a consistent framework for analyzing geographical data. By putting maps and other kinds of spatial information into digital form, GIS allows us to manipulate and display geographical knowledge in new and exciting ways. GIS makes connections between activities based on geographic proximity o looking at data geographically can often suggest new insights, explanations. o these connections are often unrecognized without GIS, but can be vital to understanding and managing activities and resources. o e.g. we can link toxic waste records with school locations through geographic proximity. GIS allows access to administrative records – property ownership, tax files, utility cables and pipes – via their geographical positions. Maps are fascinating and so are maps in computers and there is increasing interest in geography and geographic education in recent times. GIS gives a ‘high tech’ feel to geographic information.
– explicit geographic reference, such as a latitude and longitude or national grid co-ordinate – implicit geographic reference such as an address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name.
Latitude / Longitude
UTM
1. Automated Cartography 2. Remote Sensing (RS) 3. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 4. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
(Briggs, 1999)
Teknologi
Peranan teknologi dalam rangka peningkatan kemampuan teknologi GIS
Data Base Management System (DBMS) Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Menyimpan atribut untuk ditampilkan di GIS; Pelacakan data, penyortiran, penggabungan, penambahan, memperbarui, restrukturisasi, terkait table dan field-field.. Memperluas geometri data 2D menjadi data GIS 3D Kemampuan dalam rendering. Memperluas kemampuan GIS untuk survei tanah dan perekamannya dalam aspek legal/hukum, administrasi dan untuk tujuan perencanaan dan pembangunan. Meningkatkan fungsi GIS dalam pemetaan automatis dan peta pemeliharaan utilitas untuk umum seperti air, drainase, gas dan listrik. Meningkatkan akurasi lokasi dan obyek memverifikasi akurasi atribut dalam SIG; Kemampuan dalam navigasi dan tracking/pelacakan. Integrasi fungsi-fungsi SIG dan analisis dan hasil pengolahan data dan analisis data Sumber data Raster Integrasi GIS dan prosedur statistik Memperluas fungsi GIS untuk pengambilan keputusan
Land Information System (LIS) Automated Mapping/Facilities Mapping (AM/FM) GPS
Remote sensing and Photogrammetry (RSP) Statistical Software (SS) Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) SES (Spatial Expert Systems) PSS (Planning Support Systems) Multimedia Systems (MS) Internet-based Systems (IS) Groupware Systems (GW)
Mengintegrasikan kemampuan Expert Systems dan fungsi GIS Memperluas fungsi GIS untuk perencanaan Meningkatkan visualisasi dari informasi geografi dengan penggunaan suara, video, gambar, hypertext dan hotlink Meningkatkan komunikasi, berbagi data (data sharing), joint task operation dan layanan online GIS Mengaktifkan beberapa pengguna (multiple users) di lokasi yang berbeda untuk melakukan tugas-tugas yang terkait dengan perencanaan dan pengambilan keputusan
EVOLUSI PEMANFAATAN DATA SPASIAL Era Komputer/ Sistem GIS menggunakan Peta Cetak
Internet
SIG 1970
1980
SDI 1 1990
Pemetaan Konvensional 1:25K 1:100K 1:250K
SDI 2 2000
Era ICT
Pemetaan Digital Seamless/Scalable/ Multi-dimensional
Information Management
? Spatial Information Management
"The Model-driven Approach to Geographic Information System Standardisation- Lessons Learned - " Dr. Arne J. Berre SINTEF, Oslo, Norway, SINTEF
Database Systems
GIS Spatial Analysis
Mapping
Technologies that know where they are – and provide information accordingly – move with the user – the cellphone, PDA, laptop, … Major applications – emergency calls – commercial uses Major concerns – privacy, surveillance Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara
Location Based Services (LBS). Geo Research Centre in Postdam, Germany, has established German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS). This system could generate tsunami early warning via internet, e-mail and mobile text message (see Deustche Welle, 2006). Early warning system is one of the most important application on pro-activeness stage of disaster anagement in order to minimise the fatality;
Future GISs • Scientific visualization and computer graphics will be increasingly integrated with GIS capabilities • Animated maps • Interactive maps • Augmented reality
Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, and David W. Rhind (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2 ed. New York: Wiley.ww.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/G176B/lecture10.ppt
The following matrix is a comparison of digital and manual mapping with respect to key activities: ACTIVITIES: PREPARATION
DIGITAL MAPPING PAPER MAPPING Initial version tedious to prepare but Start from scratch every time quick and efficient to monitor
STORAGE
Digital Database Standardized and integrated, compact memory capacity Quick retrieval Automatic search and replace by computer Systematically done Faster integration of complex, multiple spatial and non spatial data sets Faster
RETRIEVAL UPDATING OVERLAY
SPATIAL ANALYSIS DISPLAY
Easier and faster to prepare Better quality Slow
Different scales on different standards, voluminous and bulky Paper maps and tables Manual check and revision Expensive and time consuming
Time and energy consuming, slow Tedious and time-consuming
1.
Better work flow; • Ability to integrate different databases into one environment
2.
Higher quality information for decision-making; • Analysis of spatial data in a complex environment • Performs complex spatial analysis
3.
Better integration among different offices / departments; • Quicker access to information
4.
More efficient information dissemination. • Rapid production of specialized maps and graphic products • Ability to display and manage spatial data in a spatial context
All these lead to possible cost reduction and cost effectiveness.
Geographic phenomena
Real world
Computer representations
Visualitations
Aplication computing
Simulation world
GIS makes simplied models to represent real world models. The data model is transferred to a database that can handle digital data, from which the data can be presented.
Real World
Geographic phenomenon dened as a manifestation of an entity or process of interest that
• can be named or described, • can be georeferenced, • can be assigned a time (interval) at which it is/was present.
Layers in GIS
1. Data Retrieval 2. Map Generalization 3. Map Abstractions 4. Map Sheet Manipulation 5. Buffer Generation 6. Polygon Overlay And Dissolve 7. Grid Cell Analysis - Network Analysis 8. Measurement 9. Digital Terrain Analysis, And 10. Output Techniques
GIS Data REAL WORLD
GIS Data
Raster
Vector
Geometric Data • Point • Arc/Line • Region/Polygon • Surface
Link
Smart Map
(linking a database to the map)
• What is at …….? • Where is it …….?
Attribute data
• Three general components to geographic information
Streets
Attributes
Geometry
Behavior Rules Streets and highways may not intersect
Examples of relations often exist between entities
GRAPHIC DATA • continuous: elevasi, curah hujan, salinitas air laut • area: - unbounded: penggunaan lahan, area pasar, jenis tanah, jenis batuan - bounded: batas kota/negara, persil - moving: massa udara, kumpulan binatang, kumpulan ikan • networks: jalan, pipa/kabel transmisi, sungai • points: - fixed: sumur, lampu jalan, alamat - moving: mobil, ikan, rusa
ATRIBUTE DATA * Categorical (name): - nominal • tidak ada tingkatan/urutan (ordering) contoh : tipe penggunaan lahan, nama kota - ordinal • ada tingkatan/urutan (ordering) • kelas jalan, orde sungai • tidak bisa digunakan untuk perhitungan aritmatika * Numerical - interval • tidak mempunyai nilai nol mutlak • tidak dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x contoh : temperatur (Celsius atau Fahrenheit) - ratio • mempunyai nilai nol mutlak • dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x • disajikan dalam tipe integer atau floating point [decimal fraction] sehingga dapat dipergunakan untuk perhitungan aritmatika contoh : pendapatan, umur, curah hujan
DATA Structure
Real World
H E
E P
H
R
Raster Representation R = River
E = Eucalypts
Vector Representation P = Pine Forest
H = House
R = River
VECTOR
VECTOR DATA
* Titik (node/point): 0-dimension • koordinat tunggal (x,y) • area/luasan nol contoh : pohon, sumur minyak, penempatan label
* Garis (arc/line): 1-dimension • dua ( atau lebih ] koordinat x,y yang dihubungkan
2
Contoh : daerah/propinsi, danau
x=7
1 7
Point: 7,2
8
2 Line: 7,2 8,1 1
contoh : jalan, sungai
* Poligon (polygon/region) : 2-dimensions • empat atau lebih koordinat x,y yang dihubungkan • koordinat awal dan akhir sama • area yang tertutup
y=2
7
8
2
Polygon: 7,2 8,1 7,1 7,2
1 7
8
RASTER
RASTER STRUCTURE
•
Header : berisi informasi penting mengenai kode file, jumlah band data yang dikandung, baris, kolom, tipe data, dan sebagainya.
•
Data : blok data layer raster.
•
Ancillary : berisi informasi tambahan yang biasanya meliputi data statistik citra yang bersangkutan.
•
Layer raster disimpan dalam format standar BIP (band-interleaved by pixel), BIL (band-interleaved by line), dan BSQ (Band Sequential), serta fomat kompresi RLE (run-length encoding)
RASTER STRUCTURE Contoh penyimpanan Layer(s) Raster:
A. data capture and preparation, B. data management (storage and maintenance), C. data manipulation and analysis, and D. data presentation.
Proses penanganan data spasial SIG
Classication of analytical GIS capabilities 1. Measurements 2. Mapping 3. Monitoring 4. Modelling 5. Management
Data PJ
Peta/Data Sekunder: Topografi, Geologi, Tanah, dll.
Pengolahan Citra Manual/Digital
Editing, Transformasi, Tagging
Survey Lapangan
Informasi Mutakhir
1. Pengukuran (Measurement) 2. Pemetaan (Mapping) 3. Pemantauan (Monitoring) 4. Pembuatan Model (Modelling) (Estes, 1990)
Informasi Sekunder Integrasi
Pemetaan, Inventarisasi
Pembuatan Model
Pemantauan, Monitoring
Pemetaan
Evaluasi
Prediksi
Kemampuan Lahan
Kebakaran hutan
Site Selection
Kekeringan
Perubahan Peng. Lahan
PETA RAWAN BANJIR
MONITORING
• • • • •
Peta (Map Layout) Tabel (Tables) Grafik (Chart) Laporan (Report) Kombinasinya
Hardcopy/Softcopy
1. Neraca Sumberdaya Alam
2. Wilayah Rawan Bencana Alam
3. Potensi Sumberdaya Air
4. Kesesuaian Lahan
Thank you
