What are the benefits and side effects of. Activity 3.5. Consists of. Is the cleaning agent safe? Is it natural or artificial dye?

Un

it

3

What are the benefits and side effects of household chemicals?

Consists of

3

Unit

Activity 3.1

Household chemical classification

Activity 3.2

Identification of household chemical hazards

Activity 3.3

Is the cleaning agent safe?

Activity 3.4

Is it natural or artificial dye?

Activity 3.5

The impact of detergent on the growth of a mung bean Now that you know about household chemicals, now it is time to find out the substances that make up household chemicals. In this chapter, you will also learn about the benefits and side effects of household chemicals. As you know there are always chemicals around us every day, either natural chemicals or synthetic chemicals. We normally usecleaning agents such as soap and detergent to

clean our clothes. We also use a bleaching agent to bleach clothes and we use air freshener to freshen a room. To repel mosquitos and insects, we usually use repellents containing various types of chemicals. On one hand, these chemicals bring benefits to our lives. On the other hand, they also have negative side effects, not only to our health, but also to the environment

if they are not properly managed. We therefore need to understand what makes these chemical products hazardous, how to identify the hazardous substances contained in the products, how to safely use those products, and whether there are any safe alternative products to use instead of the hazardous chemicals.

What Are The Benefits and Side Effects of Household Chemicals?

43

Activity 3.1 Household chemical classification What is the definition of household chemicals? What are the differences among household chemicals? What substances are contained in household chemicals and what are their functions?

?

What d you nee Each GROUP needs:

Bahan Kimia Rumah Tangga” (The • Eight types of containers Ingredients of Household of household chemicals Chemical Products). (with their labels on), Cleaning agent - 2 types, • Computer with internet connection. Bleaching agent - 2 types, Air freshener - 2 types, Each STUDENT needs: Pesticide - 2 types. • Pencil and pen. • Textbook “Kandungan • Notebook. Zat dalam Produk

44


Unit

3

Wha you d t o Step 1 Draw the table beside in your notebook!

Chemicals No.

Step 2

1

Read the label on each household chemical container carefully! Identify their ingredients!

2

Step 3

5

Fill in the table with the results of your observation!

6

Brand

Main Components (Active substance)

Additional Components (Additive Substance)

Function

3 4

7 8 Observation Table

Discussion (Write in your notebook!) • Referring to the table, classify the household chemicals based on their main components! • The main component of the household chemicals is called an active substance. Referring to the table, identify the active substance and its functions by using to the textbook:

the same additive “Kandungan Zat dalam Produk Bahan Kimia substances? Explain! Rumah Tangga” (The • What is the function of Ingredients of Household each additive substance Chemical Products)! in the household chemicals? You may refer • In addition to the active substance, chemicals to textbooks or research also contain additive online. substances. Do the • Draw your conclusions household chemicals based on the activities! that have the same function also contain


45

Activity 3.2

Identification of hazardous household chemicals

?

What are the side effects of household chemicals? How can you identify hazardous household chemicals?

What d you nee Each GROUP needs:

Simbol bahaya dan peringatan

W you hat do Step 1 • Textbook: What makes a chemical product hazardous. • Computer with internet connection.

• Eight types of containers of household chemicals (with their label on), Cleaning agent - 2 types, Each STUDENT needs: Bleaching agent - 2 types, • Pencil and pen. • Notebook. Freshener - 2 types, Pesticide - 2 types.

46


Draw the table below in your notebook.

Step 2 Read the label on the containers carefully then identify the hazardous properties, the warnings, and the routes of exposure to the household chemical products.

Unit

No.

Product

Hazardous properties

Warnings

3

Risks of exposure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Observation table

Whato you d Step 3 Fill the table with the results of your identifications.

Step 4 To give you a hint, you can read in the textbook the chapter What makes a product hazardous?

Discussion (Write in your notebook!) • Referring to the table, which hazardous properties are the most frequently occurring in the products? • What are the most common warnings used?

• Mention three routes of exposure. Which route is the most common? • How can you prevent yourself from being exposed to the hazardous chemicals? • How can you prevent the chemical products polluting your household and the environment?

• What is the most hazardous product? How • Draw your conclusions based on this activity! can you determine that it is the most hazardous?


47

Activity 3.3

Is the cleaning agent safe?

?

Are the household chemical products that we use every day safe? How do the factories inform customers that their products are hazardous or not? Are there any safer and cheaper products available? What you need?

48

What you ne ed The CLASS needs: • Safe alternative products (for example, baking soda for scouring powder, vinegar or limewater for window cleaner). • Polisher foamTissue paper or cloth for each cleaning agent. • Two dried dirty dishes (for cleaning demonstration). • Dirty glass or mirror covered with fingerprints.

Each GROUP needs: • A cleaning product container with readable label (dish cleaner, or window cleaner). One container is for a pair of students. • Textbook.


Each STUDENT needs: • A passage about “Resep Produk Rumah Tangga yang Lebih Aman” (The Tips for Safer Household Products). • Pen and pencil. • Notebook.

Unit

3

W you hat do Step 1

Step 2

Take a cleaning agent! Read the label on its container carefully!

Complete the following worksheet!

Worksheet 1: The chemical substance of a cleaning agent 1. Write down the name of the product!______________________________________ 2. What is it used for?_____________________________________________________ 3. Does the label contain the warning “keep away from children”? _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Are there any signs on the label? What do they mean? (Hazardous, toxic, warning, attention, nontoxic, or no warnings) _____________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the hazardous properties? (Toxic, Corrosive, Ignitable/Flammable, Reactive/Explosive)_____________________________________________________ 6. Write down the safety instructions for the hazardous product! _____________________________________________________________________ 7. 8.

Are there any first-aid instructions on the label? If yes, write them down! _____________________________________________________________________ Are the storage instructions printed on the label? If yes, write them down! _____________________________________________________________________

9. How do the instructions recommend the empty container be disposed?_____________________________________________________________ 10. What alternative products are a safe substitute for this commercial product?______________________________________________________________


49

Step 3 Complete the following worksheet when your peers are comparing the cleaning agents.

Worksheet 2: Cleaning Agents Comparison The tested cleaning agent: ___________________ Price estimation: ______________ Warning information: _____________________________________________________ Is the product dangerous for children?

Yes 

No 

The tested alternative product: ___________________ Price estimation: ___________ Is the alternative product dangerous for children?

Yes 

No 

The cleaned surface: ______________________________________________________ Effectiveness: How effective is this product? Commercial cleaning agent Highly effective 

Effective 

Ineffective 

Effective 

Ineffective 

Alternative cleaning agent Highly effective 

(Write in your notebook!)

ion s s u c Dis

50

• Based on the price estimation, the effectiveness, and the ease of use of the


products, which product would you prefer to use and why. • Draw your conclusions based on the activity above.

Unit

3

SAFER HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS Function

Alternative Products and Tips

Window glass cleaner - Add a tablespoon of limewater or vinegar to a quarter of a tablespoon of water, then moisten a soft dry cloth to wipe Window the window glass. glass cleaner Tips: to avoid scratching, do not wipe the window glass under direct sunlight.

Baking soda and vinegar - Pour 1/3 cup of baking soda into the drain, add 1/2 cup of vinegar, let it stand for 3-4 minutes, then flush with boiling water. Water drain Preventive: To avoid clogged drains, use a strainer to filter food and cleaner human hair. Pour boiling water once a week down a drain to melt any fat attached to the channel. It is recommended to use a vacuum to remove blockages instead of chemicals. Wood cleaner

Olive oil or mineral oil and lemon Juice – Mix two parts oil with one part lemon juice. Polish the wood with a soft cloth.

Multi purpose cleaner

Vinegar and baking soda – Add ¼ cup (50 ml) of vinegar and one tablespoon of baking soda to four litres of hot water. This mixture is safe to clean all kinds of surfaces. It can be washed off and is very effective. For a increased effectiveness, double the quantity of the added ingredients, but not the water.

Refrigerator Lemon juice – Dab lemon juice on a cotton ball or sponge and leave it cleaner in the fridge for several hours to neutralize the smell.


51

Activity 3.4 Is it natural or artificial dyes?

?

Most foods and beverages have interesting colours as a result of natural or artificial dyes. How can you differentiate between artificial and natural dyes?

52


Unit Whaeted you n Each GROUP needs: • • • • • • • • • •

7 cups mineral water. 1 tablespoon. 1 knife. 1 drop pipette. 1 pallet. 2 kinds of yellow tofu, @ 1 cuts? ½ glass of lime water. 1 turmeric extract. Food colouring. Fabric dye.

Each STUDENT needs: • Pencil and pen. • Notebook.

Step 1

3

Wha you t do

Before conducting the experiment, predict whether the tofu is dyed with natural or artificial dyes. Write your prediction in your notebook.

Step 2

Prepare an experiment to find out whether the tofu is dyed with natural or artificial dyes.

Step 3

Explain the steps of your experiment.

Step 4

Conduct the experiment as planned.

Step 5

Compare the colour of turmeric extract with the turmeric extract mixed with lime water.

Step 6

Compare the colour of an extract of tofu A mixed with lime water and the colour of turmeric extract mixed with lime water!

Step 7

Compare the colour of an extract of tofu B mixed with lime water and the colour of turmeric extract mixed with lime water.

Step 8

Compare the results of Steps 6 and 7 with the mixture of food colouring and lime water. You may also compare them with the mixture of fabric dye and lime water.

Step 9

Write down your observations in the table below.

Examples of the esperiment


53

No

Tofu

1

Tofu A

2

Tofu B

3

Turmeric solution

4

Food colouring

5

Fabric dye

The colour of tofu before it is dipped into the lime water

The colour of tofu after? It is dipped into the limewater

Observation table

Discussion (Write in your notebook!) • Draw your conclusions based on the table above! • Based on your experiment, which tofu used the natural dye and which one used artificial dye? Explain!

54

• Is your prediction similar to your observation results? Clarify why your prediction is the same with or different from the observation!


• Draw conclusions based on the experiment.

Unit

3

Most foods and beverages have interesting colours. Some foods have natural colours, but some are given artificial dyes to make them look more attractive. Natural dyes are extracted from plants, i.e. yellow is from turmeric, green is from pandan leaves, brown is from cocoa, red is from teak leaves, and orange is from carrots. Due to the limitation of natural dyes, food colouring is often made of chemicals that are well known as artificial dyes. Despite the interesting appearance of foods using artificial dyes, they can actually cause adverse health effects. However, it’s very difficult to distinguish which foods use natural or artificial dyes. To find out whether food colouring is natural or artificial, we can examine it using turmeric or lime water. Turmeric is a substance that can indicate the property of a solution: i.e., whether it is an acid or a base. If turmeric is dipped into a base solution, then the turmeric will turn red and if it is dipped into an acid solution, the colour will remain yellow. These concepts can be used to examine whether the tofu, for instance, uses natural or artificial dyes.

Coloring foods and beverages


55

Activity 3.5

The impacts of detergents on the growth of mung beans

?

What are the negative effects of detergent on the growth of mung beans?

56


Unit What d you nee Each GROUP needs:

• Detergent solution 0.01% and 0.1%, half a glass of each. • Mung bean, ± 15 grains. • Cotton. • Clean water. • 3 cups. • Balance. • 1 tablespoon. • 1 ruler.

Each STUDENT needs:

3

What you do Step 1

Formulate a hypothesis of the negative effects of detergent on the growth of mung beans.

Step 2

Arrange an experiment to answer the problem as well as testing your hypothesis by using the prepared materials.

Step 3

Do the experiment as planned! Observe and collect as much data as you need to test your hypothesis.

Step 4

Analyse your data then draw a conclusion.

Step 5

Report on your experiment.

• Pencil and pen. • Notebook.

Do you know what kind of chemicals soap and detergent are? Soap is a surfactant used for washing, bathing and cleaning. It is obtained by treating vegetable or animal fats and oils (olive oil, coconut oil, etc.) with alkaline (sodium hydroxide [NaOH], for solid soap and potassium hydroxide [KOH] for liquid soap). Detergent is a chemical compound called alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) or linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS), which is reacted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). ABS material is derived from petroleum processing. Detergent is similar to soap as it can remove impurities from an object, and it is hydrophobic (binding impurities) and hydrophilic (water-attracting).


57

The difference between soap and detergent: Soap • Soap is alkaline salts of carboxylic acid. • The soap molecules are more easily decomposed by bacteria. • Soap cannot be used in pure water because it reacts with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Detergent • Detergent is a sulfonate. • It is not as easily decomposed by bacteria. • Molecules of detergents do not react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. The detergent solution can damage a fish’s gills and respiratory organs. The foam of the detergent is suspected to cause the depletion of dissolved oxygen in water due to minimum contact with oxygen in the air. It therefore causes organisms in the water to die, which also disrupts the eating habits of fish. Even though research has found that there are several fish that can survive in a highly concentrated detergent solution, they can generally only live for 5 – 100 hours. Detergent solution that leaks into the ground can also decreasesoil fertility, which will disturb the plant and the soil. Detergent contains hazardous volatile chemicals that are harmful for certain plants. The level of detergent concentration affects the growth of the plant and if it is used constantly to water the plant, it will result in its death.

58


TES SUMATIF 1. Buatlah sebuah bagan dengan keterangan yang menguraikan hubungan atau saling keterkaitan antara PROTON, NEUTRON, ELEKTRON, ATOM, UNSUR dan MOLEKUL! (Lihat contoh atau teruskan bagan di bawah ini!)

ELEKTRON

tersusun atas ATOM

2. Ditinjau dari konsep atom, ion dan molekul, apa yang menyebabkan setiap jenis zat memiliki sifat yang berbeda-beda? 3. Dalam Activity sehari-hari dikenal bahan kimia alami dan bahan kimia buatan. Mengapa harus ada bahan kimia buatan? 4. Limbah deterjen jika tidak ditangani dengan baik bisa membahayakan lingkungan dan makhluk hidup. Jelaskan bagaimana caramu mengurangi bahaya limbah deterjen tersebut? 5. Pada kemasan suatu produk bahan kimia tercantum beberapa informasi yang berkaitan dengan: bahan penyusunnya, sifat bahaya, cara penggunaan, dan cara mengurangi bahaya jika terkena paparan. Coba jelaskan apa fungsi dan manfaat dari informasi-informasi tersebut bagi penggunanya!

59

Glosarium No 1 2

Istilah

Definisi

Alat Muschenbroek Alkyl Benzene Sulfonat (ABS)

Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur panjang pemuaian benda padat. Surfaktan yang menimbulkan buih tetap di air karena molekulnya sulit terurai oleh mikroorganisme. Partikel terkecil penyusun materi/zat yang masih memiliki sifat unsurnya. Semua materi dengan komposisi kimia tertentu.

3

Atom

4

Bahan Kimia Bahan Kimia Alami Bahan Kimia Buatan

5 6

Bahan kimia yang sudah tersedia di alam. Bahan kimia yang diperoleh melalui proses buatan manusia. Campuran berbagai bahan yang digunakan untuk membantu pembersihan. Sediaan yang diperoleh dari jaringan hewan atau tumbuhan dengan menarik sari aktifnya dengan pelarut yang sesuai kemudian memekatkannya hingga tahap tertentu.

7

Deterjen

8

Ekstrak

9

Elektron

Partikel penyusun atom yang bermuatan negatif.

10

Hipotesis

Dugaan awal dari suatu permasalahan yang masih harus dibuktikan kebenarannya.

11

Ion

Atom yang memiliki muatan baik positif maupun negatif.

12

Isotop

13

Jalur Paparan

Atom unsur yang memiliki jumlah neutron yang berbeda. Jalur masuk suatu bahan kimia ke dalam tubuh (contoh: melalui mata, hidung, pori-pori kulit, dan lain-lain).

14

Kata Sinyal

Kata peringatan yang tertera pada kemasan produk bahan kimia.

15

Linier Alkyl Sulfonat (LAS)

Surfaktan yang limbahnya dapat diuraikan.

16

Massa Jenis

17 18 19 20

60

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Model Atom Molekul Molekul Senyawa

Perbandingan antara massa benda dengan volume benda tersebut. Dokumen tertulis mengenai suatu bahan kimia berbahaya yang memberikan informasi mengenai potensi bahaya serta penanganannya. Penggambaran dari struktur suatu atom. Gabungan dari dua atau lebih atom. Gabungan dari dua atau lebih atom yang berlainan.

No

Istilah

21

Molekul Unsur

22

Muatan listrik

23

Multitester

24 25 26 27

Neutron Nomor Atom Nomor Massa Nukleus

28

Piktogram

30

Produk Alternatif Proton

31

Rumus Kimia

29

32 33 34

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Sifat Bahaya Surfaktan (Surface Active Agent)

35

Tabel Periodik

36

Titik Didih

37

Titik Leleh

38

Unsur

39

Zat Aktif

40

Zat Tambahan

Definisi Gabungan dari dua atau lebih atom yang sejenis Muatan dasar yang dimiliki oleh suatu benda yang menyebabkan benda tersebut dapat mengalami gaya pada benda lain yang berdekatan yang juga memiliki muatan. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur kuat arus, tegangan, maupun hambatan dari suatu rangkaian listrik. Partikel penyusun atom yang tidak memiliki muatan. Jumlah proton dalam suatu atom. Jumlah dari proton dan neutron dalam suatu atom. Inti atom yang terdiri dari proton dan neutron. simbol bahaya melalui penampakan gambar yang menyerupai/ meniru keadaan fisik objek yang sebenarnya dengan warna hitam pada latar belakang oranye. Produk yang memiliki kegunaan yang sama. Partikel penyusun atom yang bermuatan positif. Cara ringkas memberikan informasi mengenai perbandingan atom-atom yang menyusun suatu senyawa kimia tertentu, menggunakan sebaris simbol zat kimia, nomor, dan juga simbolsimbol lain seperti tanda kurung, plus (+), minus (-). Sebuah alat yang digunakan untuk melihat struktur permukaan sebuah benda dalam tingkat atomik. Potensi bahaya yang dapat diberikan oleh suatu bahan kimia. Senyawa kimia yang memiliki dua ujung yang berbeda interaksinya dengan air, yaitu ujung yang suka terhadap air dan yang tidak suka terhadap air (misal, suka terhadap minyak). Tabel yang berisi kelompok unsur yang tersusun secara periodik berdasarkan sifat fisika dan kimianya. Suhu dimana suatu zat cair akan mendidih. Suhu dimana suatu zat padat akan mulai berubah wujudnya menjadi cair. Zat yang tersusun dari atom-atom yang sama. Unsur atau senyawa yang merupakan penyusun utama dari suatu bahan kimia yang memiliki efek khusus sesuai dengan fungsinya. Unsur atau senyawa yang merupakan penyusun tambahan dari suatu bahan kimia.

61

What are the benefits and side effects of. Activity 3.5. Consists of. Is the cleaning agent safe? Is it natural or artificial dye?

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