THESIS
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS IN THE TRANSLATION OF BHAGAVAD GITA AS IT IS : NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSIS
I KADEK RESTU SUMARANAMA
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2015
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NEGATIVE EMOTIONS IN THE TRANSLATION OF BHAGAVAD GITA AS IT IS : NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSIS
Thesis for obtaining a Master Degree In the Master Program, Linguistic Program in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program, Udayana University
I KADEK RESTU SUMARANAMA NIM 1390161020
MASTER PROGRAM LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2015
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis was approved on June, 12th 2015 by
First Supervisor,
Second Supervisor,
Prof. Dr. N.L. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. NIP 19590917 198403 2 002
Dr. Dra. N.L.K. Mas Indrawati,Dip. TEFL,M.A. NIP 19591010 198503 1 004
Acknowledged by
Head of Master Program In Linguistic Department Postgraduate Program Udayana University,
Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University,
Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. NIP 19521225 197903 1 004
Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K). NIP 19590215 1985102 001
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This Thesis Has Been Examined on June 12th, 2015
The Board of Examiners according to Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No : 1632/UN14.4/HK/2015 Date : 12 Juni 2015
Chairman Members
: Prof. Dr. N.L. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. : 1. Dr. Dra. N.L.K. Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL, M.A. 2. Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A. 3. Dr. I Made Netra, M.Hum. 4. Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum.
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SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT
Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini : Nama
: I Kadek Restu Sumaranama
NIM
: 1390161020
Program Studi
: Magister (S2) Linguistik, Konsentrasi Penerjemahan, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Udayana
Judul Tesis
: Negative Emotions in the Translation of Bhagavad Gita as it is : Natural Semantic Metalanguage Analysis
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah tesis ini bebas plagiat.
Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai Peraturan Mendiknas Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2010 dan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan yang berlaku.
Denpasar, 12 Juni 2015
I Kadek Restu Sumaranama
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to dedicate my sincerest praise to God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for limitless blessing and incredible strength that help me pull off through the completion of this thesis entitled ‘’Negative Emotions in the Translation of Bhagavad Gita as it is : Natural Semantic Metalanguage Analysis’’. This thesis is composed as a partial fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Master Program, Linguistic Program in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. In this greatest opportunity I would like to extend my gratitude and commendation to Prof. Dr. N.L. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. as my first supervisor and equally to Dr. Dra. N.L.K. Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL, M.A. as my second supervisor for tireless assistances, heart-stirring supports, insightful ideas and many other countless contributions in the writing of this thesis. Furthermore, the expression of regard to the Rector of Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PD-KEMD, the Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp. S(K)., and the Head of Master Program, in Linguistic Department, Postgraduate Program, Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. There is also gratitude I would express to the members of examiner board, consisting of Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A., Dr. I Made Netra, M.Hum., and Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum. for all input, criticism and motivation given in increasing the quality of this paper.
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Equal thank I would also express to the college professors especially to the lectures of Translation Department for the lesson along with enriching and priceless experience, and also to all staff or officer of the Department of Linguistics whom I inflicted and complicated during my years in college, especially when it came to my finale years of study. Next is the extended expression of gratitude to some other parties whose contribution is less countable, they are; 1.
My family especially my parents; I Ketut Yama Dwipa and Ni Ketut Luntri for their endless support and continuous cheer. A little stumbling block has never dampened great determination and dream that you invest me. Other family members who always and certainly understand, therefore it never gets this easy and exciting to go through the ups and downs.
2.
My mates in 2013 Translation Study generation, whose great togetherness passes this fast yet memorably missed. May the best path be always destined to us all.
3.
Those pals who always ask at the same time motivate me to break legs. It triggers me working like a horse, staying up late with coffee on my longue, everything that costs me this work done.
4.
Yon and Mir; my two goofy creatures who chill me the pressure and exhaustion each day gives, especially regarding college. Hopefully we would match all the way through.
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ABSTRAK
Dalam terjemahan, makna dan pesan tetap menjadi prioritas yang harus dipertahankan dan disampaikan. Penyampaian makna pada berbagai jenis leksikon mungkin dianggap sama menantangnya, namun leksikon emosi harusnya di antisipasi lebih. Kompleksitas emosi, khususnya emosi negatif dari bentuk ke makna membutuhkan perhatian dan penanganan yang serius. Dengan analisis terhadap tiga masalah, yakni prosedur terjemahan, pemetaan leksikon emosi negatif dari bahasa sumber dan penyesuaian semantis dari terjemahan emosi negatif, penelitian ini memanfaatkan aplikasi metode observasi dalam pengumpulan data dan qualitatif-deskriptif dalam analisis data. Analisis atau diskusi permasalahan mempergunakan teori prosedur terjemahan oleh Vinay and Darbelnet ( pada Venuti: 2000 ), teory Metabahasa Semantik Alami dengan tehnik parafrase dalam memformulasikan eksplikasi makna oleh Wierzbicka (1996) dan Goddard (2006), dilengkapi dengan teori skenario kognitif emosi (Wierzbicka :1999) dan makna (Leech:1974). Ditemukan bahwa teknik langsung dan oblique diaplikasikan dengan merata dalam terjemahan emosi negatif. Pemetaan telah dengan sukses pula menyederhanakan konsep emosi kedalam beberapa subtipe seperti emosi yang berkaitan dengan hal buruk telah terjadi, seperti unhappy, displeasure, upset, berkaitan dengan hal buruk dapat terjadi, seperti doubt, misgiving, hopeless, pessimistic, berkaitan dengan saya tidak ingin hal ini terjadi, seperti angry, disgusted, wrath, berkaitan dengan memikirkan tentang orang lain, seperti envious, hateful, resentful, berkaitan dengan memikirkan tentang diri sendiri, seperti, embarrassed, defamed, lament. Secara semantis, terdapat pula fenomena perubahan sense atau makna dari emosi negatif, seperti perubahan tipe emosi negatif, seperti dari frustration menjadi keputusasaan, perubahan intensitas makna, seperti, grief menjadi sedih, dari emosi negatif menjadi netral, seperti anxious menjadi ingin, dari negatif menjadi positif, seperti sympathetic menjadi kasih sayang, dari negatif menjadi non-emosi, seperti hesitate menjadi malas dan emosi negatif dalam bentuk figurative, seperti roaming senses, mind wander. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa terjemahan dan semantik sangat berkaitan dan saling mendukung dalam analisis emosi negatif. Terutama analisa Metabahasa Semanti Alami yang memberikan kontribusi signifikan tentang pemahaman akan leksikon yang diteliti, oleh sebab itu dalam hal ini bukan sekedar untuk mencari kesepadanan, namun pula bagaimana menyampaikan skenario kognitif, dan efeknya dalam hasil terjemahan; dan itu semua mampu dilakukan dengan teori Metabahasa Semantik Alami.
Kata Kunci : terjemahan, emosi negatif, pemetaan, penyesuaian makna, analisis Metabahasa Semantik Alami
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ABSTRACT
In translation, meaning and message remain priority to preserve and transfer. The transfer of meaning of any lexicons might be regarded as challenging, yet emotion lexicons should be anticipated more. The complexity of emotion, especially negative emotions of that form and meaning need serious concern and handle. Dealing with the analysis of three problems; translation procedures application, the mapping of source language negative emotions and semantic adjustment of negative emotions’ translation, the study earns the result by applying method of observation in collecting the data and qualitative-descriptive in analyzing the data. The analysis or discussion of problems utilizes theory of translation procedures (Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti :2000), Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory with paraphrasing technique in formulating explication by Wierzbicka (1996) and Goddard (2006), completed by cognitive scenarios of emotion (Wierzbicka :1999) along with meaning theory (Leech:1974). It is found that direct and oblique procedures are equally applied in translating negative emotions. The mapping also successfully simplifies the negative emotion concepts into bad things happened and related concept emotions, such as unhappy, displeasure, upset, bad things can happen and related concepts, such as doubt, misgiving, hopeless, pessimistic, I don’t want things like this to happen and related concepts, such as angry, disgusted, wrath, thinking about other people, such as envious, hateful, resentful, thinking about ourselves, such as embarrassed, defamed, lament. Semantically also some sense of negative emotions change, such as the change of negative emotion’s types, for example frustration into keputusasaan, the change of intensity, such as grief into sedih, negative to neutral emotion, such as anxious into ingin, negative to positive, such as sympathetic into kasih sayang, negative into non emotion, such as hesitate into malas, and negative emotion in form of figurative expression, such as roaming senses, mind wander. The study proves the translation and semantic analysis are relatable and supportive in negative emotion analysis. Natural Semantic Metalanguage analysis provides significant contribution in the understanding of the lexicons being investigated, therefore it is not simply to find their equivalence, however to transfer the cognitive scenarios and effect as well in the translation product.
Keywords : translation, negative emotions, mapping, semantic adjustment, Natural Semantic Metalanguage analysis
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INSIDE COVER ……………………………………………….. PREREQUISITE OF MASTER DEGREE ……………….. APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………….. THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ……………………………….. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………….………. ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………….. ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………….. TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………….……. LIST OF DIAGRAMS ……………………………………….. LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………….. LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………….. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………….. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 11 Background of the Study 1.2 Problems of the Study 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.3.1 General Objective 1.3.2 Specific Objective 1.3.3 Academic Objective 1.4 Significances of the Study 1.4.1 Theoretical Significance 1.4.2 Practical Significance 1.5 Scope of the Study
……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………...……... …………………………...…... ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ……………………………..… ……………………………….. ……………………………….. …………………….…....…….
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL ………………….…………….…….... 2.1 Literature Review ……………………………...….…….. 2.2 Concepts …………….……………………………….... 2.2.1 Concept of Mapping ……………………………………….. 2.2.2 Concept of Emotion …………………………………..…… 2.2.3 Concept of Bhagavad Gita ……………………………….. 2.3 Theoretical Framework ……………………….………. 2.3.1 Translation Procedures ……………………………….. 2.3.2 Category of Emotion ………………………………….……. 2.3.3 Semantic Primes ……………………………………….. 2.3.4 Meaning …………………………………..…… 2.4 Research Model ………………………………..……....
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i ii iii iv vi viii ix x xiii xiv xv xvi 1 1 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9
10 10 17 17 18 20 21 22 30 39 42 46
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD …….……….….………. 3.1 Research Approach ……………………..….………………. 3.2 Data Source ………….………………….....……………….. 3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data .……….…..….... 3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data …………….…... 3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis ….…..…. CHAPTER IV NEGATIVE EMOTIONS IN THE TRANSLATION OF BGAGAVAD GITA AS IT IS : NSM ANALYSIS …………………………………………………. 4.1 Translation Procedures ………………………………..………. 4.1.1 Direct Translation …………………………………………. 4.1.1.1 Borrowing …………………………………………………. 4.1.1.2 Literal Translation …………………………………………. 4.1.2 Oblique Translation …………………………………………. 4.1.2.1 Transposition …………………………………………………. 4.1.2.2 Adaptation …………………………………………………. 4.2 The Mapping of Negative Emotions …………………………. 4.2.1 Bad Things Happened and Related Concepts …………. 4.2.1.1 Unhappy-like Emotions …………………………………. 4.2.1.2 Inconvenient-like Emotions …………………………………. 4.2.1.3 Greater Sadness-like Emotions …………………………. 4.2.1.4 Extreme Sadness-like Emotions …………………………. 4.2.2 Bad Things Can Happen and Related Concepts …………. 4.2.2.1 Doubt-like Emotions …………………………………………. 4.2.2.2 Alert-like Emotions …………………………………………. 4.2.2.3 Afraid-like Emotions …………………………………………. 4.2.3 I Don’t Want Things like this to Happen Related Concepts ………………………………………….. 4.2.3.1 Disapproval with Angry-like Emotions ………………….. 4.2.3.2 Disapproval with Unhappy-like Emotions ………………….. 4.2.3.3 Disapproval of Doing Something-like Emotions …...…………. 4.2.4 Thinking about Other People ………………………………...... 4.2.4.1 I Don’t Like Someone-like Emotions ………………………..… 4.2.4.2 Hateful-like Emotions ………………………………..… 4.2.4.3 I Feel Bad for Other People-like Emotions ………………...... 4.2.4.4 Always Thinking of Someone/ Something ( Agitated-like Emotion) …………………….…..… 4.2.5 Thinking about Ourselves ……………………………..…… 4.3 The Semantic Adjustment of Negative Emotions’ Translation ………………………………………………...… 4.3.1 Negative to Negative Emotions ………………………...… 4.3.1.1 Change of Negative Emotion Type ………………………...… 4.3.1.2 The Change of Intensity ………………………………...… 4.3.2 Negative Emotions to Neutral Emotions ………………...… 4.3.3 Negative to Positive Emotions ………………………...…
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49 49 50 51 52 55
56 56 58 58 63 68 69 77 81 83 84 88 92 104 108 108 115 120 125 126 130 132 137 137 139 143 146 152 158 160 161 176 188 194
4.3.4 Negative Emotions to Non Emotion …………..…...…. 4.3.5 Figurative Language Expressing Negative Emotions ….....……
200 214
CHAPTER V CONLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS …………. 5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………………. 5.2 Suggestions ………………………………………………….
227 227 230
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………...….………. APPENDICES ……………………………………...….………. Appendix 1 : Data of Negative Emotions ….…………….….……..
231 235 235
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LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram 2.1
Research Model ………………………………………
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Diagram 4.1
Semantic Mapping of Negative Emotions ……………
82
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1
Data Analysis of Translation Procedures
Table 4.2
Data Analysis of Semantic Adjustment in the Translation of Negative Emotions
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…………..
57
…………..
159
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Two Dimensional Representations of Emotions
……………………………………
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ENE
:
English Negative Emotion
INE
:
Indonesian Negative Emotion
MSA :
Metabahasa Semantik Alami
NSM :
Natural Semantic Metalanguage
SL
:
Source Language
TL
:
Target Language
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