The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics PEMANFAATAN WEB CONCORDANCER DALAM KAJIAN REPRESENTASI SEMANTIK VERBA Rita Erlinda STAIN Batusangkar Abstrak Makalah ini membahas mengenai pemanfaatan Web-Concordancer sebagai satu alternatif sumber data penelitian dalam kajian linguistik. Perangkat ini menyediakan korpus elektronik (electronic corpus) yang menyediakan pemakaian kata yang dikedepankan (node, key word) dalam sebuah korpus yang diambil dari pemakaian bahasa yang benar-benar terpakai baik lisan maupun tulisan menurut pengurutan tertentu dan dilengkapi dengan konteks pemakaiannya. Di samping bisa diakses secara online dan gratis, korpus elektronik ini membantu peneliti dalam penyediaan data untuk menganalisis perilaku satuan-satuan bahasa yang ingin diselidiki. Misalnya, di dalam tulisan ini akan ditunjukkan bagaimana korpus elektronik membantu peneliti menganalisis perilaku verbs of saying (speak, say, talk dan tell) melalui Representatsi Semantik Verba (RSV). A. PENDAHULUAN Salah satu kesulitan yang dialami oleh peneliti bahasa dalam kajian-kajian bahasa adalah mendapatkan data penelitian secara cepat, murah, dan sahih. Mencermati hal ini, sesuai dengan perkembangan teknologi, ada sebuah perangkat lunak yang disebut dengan Web Concordancer yang menyediakan korpus elektronik (electronic corpus). Perangkat web concordancer ini sangat bermanfaat untuk membantu peneliti bahasa terutama dalam melakukan kajian struktur internal bahasa (representasi semantis) yang datanya berupa satuansatuan bahasa yang harus diambil dari bahasa yang benar-benar terpakai baik dalam ragam lisan maupun tulis. Tulisan ini akan menyajikan bagaimana sebuah kajian representasi semantis khususnya verba kelompok saying (verbs of saying) yang diwakili oleh empat buah verba, yaitu speak, say, talk, dan tell. Pengelompokkan ini didasarkan kepada semantic field/semantic domain dari aktivitas komunikasi yang dilakukan secara lisan. Makalah ini juga akan memperlihatkan bagaimana Web Concordancer sebagai korpus elektronik menjadi salah satu alternatif sumber data kajian yang memberikan konteks pemakaian verba. B.
PEMBAHASAN Pembahasan dalam makalah ini akan difokuskan pada 4 hal utama, yaitu (1) Apakah web concordancer itu? (2) verba kelompok saying (verbs of saying), (3) pemanfaatan web concordancer sebagai sumber data verb of saying, dan (4) analisis representasi semantis verb of saying 1. Apakah Web Concordancer itu? Web Concordancer adalah sebuah perangkat lunak (software) yang menyediakan fasilitas korpus elektronik (electronic corpus) bagi peneliti bahasa. Perangkat ini berupa susunan 129
The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics kata-kata yang muncul dalam teks berdasarkan pengurutan tertentu dengan menyertakan konteks pemakaian masing-masing kata pada setiap pemunculannya, (Kurnia, 2005). Berikut sebuah contoh hasil pelacakan pemakaian kata refuse yang terdapat di dalam sebuah korpus elektronik dengan menggunakan perangkat Web Concordance: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
There was really no reason to refuse, and Linda Kay had never ridden in ns to the regular budget. But they refuse, as do the Arab states, to support t time he might be on to something. A refuse bin at the Dumont turned up a flori in and prepare for heaven. You may refuse Him, spit on Him, call Him a devil, ission. And I was certain he would refuse". How infuriating all this was! y ex-musician to the center of the refuse-littered boxcar. Ernie crouched she was thirsty, she was about to refuse (never, never take candy from a stra nity has a constitutional right to refuse to accept persons it dislikes. The efend the Communist oppressors and refuse to acknowledge the right of self-det what management's cost accountants refuse to acknowledge, marginal operations
Dari contoh di atas (concordance 1) dapat diinformasikan bahwa nomor baris yang tertera pada sisi kiri (1 s.d. 10) adalah jumlah kata kunci (key word) yang tersedia dalam sebuah korpus yang diminta sesuai dengan konteks kalimat pemunculan. Kemudian, tepat di tengah-tengah pada setiap baris (refuse) adalah kata yang dikedepankan (node, key word). Kata tersebut tersusun dengan warna yang berbeda dari kata-kata yang lain. Kata yang terletak setelah kata yang dikedepankan diurut secara alfabetis, diawali dengan refuse and (baris ke 1) sampai dengan refuse to (baris ke 10). 2. Verba Kelompok saying (Verbs of saying) Verb of saying adalah sekelompok verba yang digolongkan berdasarkan semantic domain/semantic field yang sama yaitu aktivitas komunikasi yang dilakukan secara lisan. Verba yang dimaksud antara lain adalah speak ‘berbicara’, say ‘berkata’, talk ‘berkata/berbicara’, dan tell ‘bercerita’, Van Vallin (1999) dan Wierzbicka (1987). 3. Pemanfaatan web concordance sebagai sumber data verb of saying Berikut ini akan dipaparkan bagaimana korpus elektronik ini membantu peneliti dalam penyediaan konteks pemakaian yang menggambarkan perilaku masing-masing verb of saying dimulai dari verba speak, say, talk, dan tell. Data yang ditampilkan hanya sebagai contoh saja (data yang ditampilkan hanya mewakili saja). Namun, dari data yang terbatas seperti, sekelumit generalisasi berkaitan dengan perilaku masing-masing verb of saying dapat diajukan. a. Verba SPEAK Perilaku verba speak dapat diamati pada data berikut yang diambil dari LOB corpus secara online melalui perangkat web concordance. 1 ourist of the pleasure of trying to speak a little Spanish. He had been told 3 ox on the first day. He refused to speak a word, and kept leaving his desk to 24 travel badly," he tells us, "and I speak French and Italian atrociously. I a
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The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics 27 na interview Eichmann told him: "I speak Hebrew and Yiddish fluently because 28 r and more usual version makes her speak her comment on the dead power of Sca 81 pay. I pray you let me continue to speak the tag. I played Hamlet once and h 84 o my study," he decided. "I have to speak to you about Pepita's education amo 85 for the first time when he came to speak to a College society, where he was r 86 wo bits of advice apply whether you speak to a crowd in the Town Hall or to h 87 chance of his being allowed even to speak to Ginevra again. He ran away, to m 88 's shoulders she forced herself to speak to Helen. "You've no call to be 89 rsed away. Mr. Jones again tried to speak to him, but without success. Mr 90 ird could be taught to talk 'if you speak to it nice and quiet.' Hal put 91 them a fair chance. And why did you speak to me the way you did, down there? 93 an embarrassment for him. He would speak to the secretary about it. He w 94 ers. Some of the surgeons never speak to the men but look at the tortured 97 he said. "Sir Arthur would like to speak to you." Thirty seconds later, S 99 the Minister says "the failure to speak two sentences can cause deep antagon 103 hire the question on the ability to speak Welsh was included as previously. T Dari data yang tersaji di dalam korpus di atas, verba speak diikuti oleh ARG2 (y) berupa nomina metalinguistik (metalinguistic nouns) yang dilambangkan sebagai α, seperti tersaji pada table berikut:
No Data 3 28 81 99
Data speak a word speak her comment speak the tag speak two sentences
Verba speak juga diikuti oleh ARG2 berupa β (the addressee) seperti tersaji pada tabel berikut:
No Data 84 85 88 89 93
94
Data speak to you speak to college society speak to Helen speak to him speak to secretary
speak to the men
Verba speak juga didampingi oleh ARG2 berupa γ (language used) seperti tertulis pada data berikut:
No Data 1 24 27 103
Data speak a little Spanish speak French and Italian speak Hebrew Yiddish speak Welsh
b. Verba SAY 1
when did I get a dress you did not say a word that is your shame and you h 131
The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics 4 ishing with the Embassy Club let me say a few words about one of our most e 18 o let me have the contents and not say a word about it to anyone." Nick 21 oon be remedied. I wish now to say a word about the long-distance route 118 ened the things on it as though to say, Good morning, Inspector, and I hope 120 such a damned public place, or I'd say good-bye to you properly - you swee 134 is Mr. Butler, has just rung up to say he has some urgent news for you and 151 allenged him. "Just thought I'd say hello," he repeated awkwardly. "See 152 the cupboard. 'Aren't you going to say hello?' His mother stood and faced 166 red. I - I just thought I'd like to say how sorry I am." He looked at he 170 - that's your look-out. But I must say I think it's rather mean of you, es 222 extraordinary how it could hurt to say just one word. It would have be 233 against Kant. I do not propose to say more than a word about Jeremy Bentha 234 It was obvious that he had come to say more than good-bye. "I left some 333 d happened to him. He wanted to say something to prove it wasn't true. H 334 s it would be helpful if I were to say something, at this point, about the 335 ely, paused as if he were going to say something, then with a wave of his 343 t like you, and I suppose I should say thank you for - for wanting to marry 344 and a young thing who remembers to say thank you in a friendly way need not 375 financial trouble, Frank phoned to say that he was going to appear at the 379 "So what? You're not trying to say that Hewson would victimise Forrest 388 s, right in my throat, the urge to say that I loved her. The words came to 389 t always allow this. It is true to say that I practise as much as I can, th 398 getation, or just "vegetation," or say that it feeds on water plants. For o 549 thin the Nato alliance. "Let us say to Macmillan that he should press, I 579 e country", nor does Lord Salisbury say what he himself thinks Mr. Macleod 584 eeled and went off, leaving them to say what they liked to each other. But 585 to look back later in life and to say what was the most valuable of the gi 589 I wondered what Peter Rakosi would say when I told him I wanted to marry hi 592 larship, the parents had a right to say where she should have her education 594 this fair? Mr. Wilson does not say whether it is fair or not. And by th 595 desolation. We could, perhaps, say whether or not the attempt succeeded 598 im at his office: his Uncle Howard, say, whose nose had doubtless grown no 599 ee is a similar amount. You may say: "Why is it necessary to pay a fee t 609 I loved you, I'm afraid I wouldn't say yes!" There was silence. Wonderi 612 when accepting his next invitation, say, "Yes, I'd love to come, but let's Data di atas menyajikan bahwa verba say diikuti oleh ARG2 berbentuk α dengan kategori metalinguistic noun seperti terpapar pada table berikut: No Data 1 4 118 120 151 343 609
Data say a word say a few words say good morning say good bye say hello say thank you say “yes”
Selain didampingi oleh metalinguistic noun, verba say juga diikuti oleh indirect discourse complement, seperti pada table berikut:
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The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics No Data 388 584 589 592 599
Data say that I love her say what they liked to each other say when I told him I wanted to marry him
say where she should have her education say why is it necessary
Di samping itu, verba say juga dapat diikuti oleh Oblique ARG, seperti pada able berikut: No Data 549
Data say to Macmillan that he should press
c. Verba TALK 144 156 157 158 161 162 163 164 166 167 170 171 173 176 180 181
to Hyacinth, that he would have to talk seriously to his ex-wife. He had su for ever and never to see, touch or talk to another man. The whistle went an ‘ said Sam. ‘Why should you want to talk to me about Foster? It happened bef ld die too quickly. But I wanted to talk to someone. Every time I returned f ed music publisher as he paused to talk to a friend in Tin Pan Alley – Londo Knowing that she didn’t want to talk to anyone, not even to Fergus, Dian back-benchers better. He wanted to talk to Armstrong, but he had difficulty joint, and before he was ready to talk to Bismarck Jules Favre had reached he waited, thinking he was going to talk to her about his daughter, and what o and tell Nick Dowd we’ve come to talk to him about what happened last nig t?’ His tone was wary. ‘I never talk to men without names.’ ‘Choosey, t we must have you, as well. Let me talk to Mummy! I don’t suppose she’ll ra ind it difficult or embarrassing to talk to the child I give them a booklet he preferred to walk alone, and to talk to the peasants that he met. With th ‘My name is Singh, but I wanted to talk to you about Foster.’ ‘So many ville said, ‘Elizabeth – I must talk to you.’ She didn’t answer, and
Dari data di atas diketahui bahwa verba talk diikuti oleh ARG2 (y) berupa β (the addressee), seperti pada data berikut:
No Data 164 171
Data talk to Bismarck Jules Favre talk to Mummy
Di samping itu, verba talk juga diikuti oleh obligue ARG, seperti pada data berikut:
No Data 166 167
Data talk to her about his daughter talk to him about what happened last night
Dari tabel di atas diketahui bahwa about his daughter dan about what happened last night adalah isi pembicaraan (α); to her dan to him merupakan the addressee (β).
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The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics d. Verba TELL 12 market, and though I hope I didn’t tell anyone my dilemma, Billy Rootes mu 16 e lounge.” “How much will you tell Dr. Halset about the reasons for my 25 ologize to your mother for me, and tell her I’m sorry I can’t stay to supp 31 ‘s sister, Adriana, when I went to tell her the news. Adriana had denie 36 told the class they were a fake. “Tell her what you think,” I said; but i 38 robably didn’t think you’d really tell Hilary about the man in Dallas.” 39 ay. I must see Terence tonight and tell him our news. I must also be in Lo 40 be pointless – but an insider can tell him that it has a point, namely, i 43 as you saw.” And she proceeded to tell him about her arthritis. He did not 47 d, unable to find words that would tell him her feelings. “Well, it mu 48 ng fast above. He wanted badly to tell him how sorry he was for the hard, 54 he would write to the Bishop and tell him that he had two non-active Chr 63 the professional psychologist to tell him what is best for him because e 64 is different. The psychologist can tell him what the variables are but not 86 sound hoarse, Fred. Calm down, and tell me exactly what happened,” came Co 87 hickens. But they are not going to tell me how to bring up my children.’ 88 n’t help feeling flattered. “Don’t tell me I win a point?” “Hell, no,” 89 ght below my window. Sometimes, to tell me it was time to get up, my elder 94 d off that he said quickly: “Don’t tell me that a Cadwell brought you up h 96 l. All very well for my friends to tell me that my son was doomed to a lon 103 to town. My idea was that he could tell me the facts on the way. But a mes 104 I am eighteen. Could you please tell me the meaning of this? - Mrs. W., 105 And while we are alone, will you tell me the real reason why you gave Ji 113 perhaps you will be kind enough to tell me where she has gone.’ And ithout 114 ointing the gun at her, “and then tell me where the brooch is.” “It’s 118 “On one condition,” said John. “Tell me who the little bird was.” “ 119 am to answer such a question. But tell me why you ask it?” I took a d 121 o end the inquisition. You didn’t tell me you had visited Haines, Cedric.” 122 don’t want me any more? Don’t tell me you’re willing to sacrifice your 135 rkie gasped, “You mean you \2gonna tell Mister Carlyle?” Dismounting, 137 ,” he said. “In the meantime I’ll tell my editor that the story’s a dead 138 me back. “I’m glad you made me tell my husband before naming the boys,” 139 d passed the chamois, I wanted to tell my mother something of my defeat ov 140 She was thinking of how she would tell Neil what her father had said abou 141 o as you can see. Just you go and tell Nick Dowd we’ve come to talk to him 145 ower to make binding rules, and to tell our questioner to seek for a rule 150 from the light in her eye I could tell she was on the brink of reading me 151 Now I must dry my eyes and go and tell someone about it. I am so excited 152 ad robbed the mail-van. I must tell someone, thought Joyce desperately. 153 ctive test (asking my subjects to tell stories about pictures which were 160 imself to go there and... well, to tell the truth, he’d spied on her. For 165 st not be. It is essential she tell the child the facts of life in time 166 as wisdom still leaves him able to tell the difference. <10. my eyes desir 167 rrifying nothingness. You can only tell the direction of the land when the 168 in which he announced that he will tell the House of Commons on Tuesday we 169 it by Mr. Shinwell. True, he did tell the House that the Government had 170 r the players’ leaders are keen to tell the League: “We wish to negotiate 171 s, but he did know that you could tell the number of letters in the word b 176 aid reluctantly. “It was easier to tell the police.” But she did tell h 177 liberate?” “Kindly allow me to tell the story in my own fashion,” Edwar 134
The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics 178 179 181 182 183 185 186 187 188 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 206 213 219 221 225 226 228 235 247 253 255 258 261 262 263 287
of these three cases who lived to tell the tale that substantial amounts o tell the truth. You have sworn to tell the truth. You are on your oath. problem. But figures alone cannot tell the whole story. We must bear in m l, I’m away. See you later.” “Tell The Wop I want to see him.” “I . The heart has another way to tell the world it’s under strain. The p parents who said that they did not tell their children how to behave with Servant he’d go into politics and tell them a thing or two. But one da ce had come... “Why didn’t you tell them about me?” I asked, when he st e had written a terse postcard to tell them about the child and that was a her first term,” she went on. “I tell them that I insist on every child k sewhere was theirs. “But I did tell them that in a certain set of circu ple’s Fellowship I should have to tell them that it is a condition of comi atch for the prison flag that will tell them that Tess’s execution has bee m to spaceport stores right away. Tell them to deliver by six this evening at’s a terrible way to begin! Why tell them you are a novice? It’s their i ng about this. ‘But why don’t you tell them?’ It had all seemed so simple s wise as Frank was. How could he tell? There just wasn’t time to waste in responded to this call and who can tell to what new enterprises these init strikers and is now beginning to tell. Today’s Ghanaian Times (motto: qually uncertain if I should even tell Tom my brother, for if we did share edings came the question: ‘And now tell us what you think of our farm.’ Th body, and his scientific henchmen tell us how they have been using their t and why is the moralist needed to tell us what we ought to do? What is the elf took time off from the keys to tell what HE thinks about it. “It’s mos ere? I can’t understand, how can I tell what you’re talking about? What is bjectively and it was not easy to tell whether the best lines had been dra o fornication, how could the girls tell which men they liked and which the that morning in August, but I can tell you all about Dorcas Mallory. I ca tarted the conflagration? We won’t tell you anything about those seething u all about Dorcas Mallory. I can tell you of these things that no one – ou will have to believe me when I tell you that my suspicions were not yet sir,” he said blandly. “I’d better tell you the truth, I think. No need fo wo to six years. I am going to tell you the stories of four such couple That’s Gene all right. Say, did he tell you what a rotten deal he’s got, a our love?” “Did my eyes never tell you what I looked for in yours?” ask your wine-conscious guests to tell you where it comes from. It will c r memory, find the reason for it, tell your husband about it and this slig
Dari data di atas terlihat bahwa verba tell dapat diikuti oleh ARG2 berupa α (utterance noun) seperti pada contoh data berikut:
No Data 160
Data tell the truth
Di samping itu verba tell juga dapat diikuti oleh ARG2 berupa β (the addressee) dan diikuti oleh oblique ARG berupa α (content of utterance), seperti contoh data pada tabel berikut:
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The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics No Data 31 48 113 140 263
Data tell her the news tell him how sorry he was for the hard tell me where she has gone tell Neil what her father had said about tell you where it comes from
Dari pengamatan terhadap perilaku keempat verb of saying dapat disimpulkan seperti berikut: a. speak
b. say c. talk d. tell
y = α (metalinguistic noun) y=β y=γ y = α (metalinguistic noun; indirect discourse compliment) y=β y = α (utterance noun) y=β
4. Analisis representasi semantis verb of saying Masing-masing kelompok verb of saying ini memiliki makna konseptual (conceptual meaning) yang membantu pengguna bahasa membentuk konsepsi dalam pikirannya. Makna konseptual ini dapat diformulasikan secara konkrit sehingga makna yang dimaksudkan oleh penutur/penulis (intended meaning) sama dengan makna yang ditangkap oleh pendengar/pembaca (interpreted meaning). Proses memetakan makna secara metabahasa ini disebut dengan representasi semantis. Analisis representasi semantis verba (RSV) merupakan formalitas makna secara metabahasa yang menggambarkan hubungan antara verba (V) sebagai inti (nucleus) dengan argumen (ARG) yang menyertainya, (lihat Van Vallin, 1999). Di dalam teori Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), representasi semantis melibatkan tiga hal yaitu (1) kelas V, (2) struktur logis kelas verba, dan (3) peran semantis ARG pendamping V. Verb of saying ini termasuk verba aktivitas dengan struktur logisnya do(x, [predicate (x) or (x,y)]), direpresentasikan dengan do dan verba express, (lihat Van Vallin, 1999). Representasi semantik verba ditentukan oleh argumen (ARG) yang menyertainya. ARG1 (x) dari kelompok verb ini berfitur [+HUMAN] dengan peran semantis AGEN yang bersifat instigator. Sedangkan ARG2 (y) yang mengikuti verbaverba ini terlihat bervariasi. ARG2 (y) memiliki tiga variabel internal yang berbeda yang dilambangkan dengan α adalah isi pembicaraan (content of the utterance), yang memiliki 4 kategori yaitu (1) nomina metalinguistik 9metalinguictic nouns), (2) nomina tuturan (an utterance noun), (3) nomina berupa topik pembicaraan (a noun referring to a topic of conversation), dan (4) kompelemen wacana tidak langsung (an indirect discourse complement). β adalah mita tutur (the adressee) dan γ adalah medium/bahasa yang digunakan (language used). C. PENUTUP Web concordancer adalah sebuah software yang menyediakan korpus elektronik yang bisa diakses secara online dan gratis. Korpus ini sangat membantu peneliti dalam penyediaan data seperti kelompok verb of saying secara cepat dan lengkap dengan konteks dimana verba-verba tersebut benar-benar dipakai. Keempat verba ini memiliki perilaku yang berbeda walaupun ada juga persamaannya. ARG2 keempat verba ini memiliki 3 variabel internal yang dilambangkan dengan α, β, dan γ. 136
The International Seminar on Muldiciplined Linguistics D. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Cobb, Tom. Compleat Lexical Tutor. Retrieved at March 3rd, 2010. Available from http://www.lextutor.ca/concordancer/cncord_e.html Erlinda, Rita. 2005. Representasi Semantis Verbs of Saying. Makalah yang disajikan dalam KOLITA 3 Kurnia, Nany. 2005. Mencermati Bahasa dengan Concordance. Makalah yang disajikan dalam KOLITA 3 Greaves, Chris. Web Concordance. Retrieved at March 3rd, 2010. Available from http://vlc/polyu.edu.hk Van Valin, Robert . D. and Lapolla, Randy. J. 1999. Syntax: Structure, Meaning and Function. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press Van Valin, Robert. D. 2003. A Brief Overview of Role and Reference Grammar retrieved at 28th May 2003 at http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/research/rrg/RRGpapers.pdf Wierzbicka, Anna. 1987. English Speech Acts Verbs: A Semantic Dictionary. Australia: Harcourt Brace Javanovich Publishers 1996. Semantics: Primes and Universals. New York: Oxford University Press
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