OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW DISPLACEMENT
FINAL PROJECT Arranged as one of requirement to finish the educational (S1) at Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Submitted by: Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama D 400 112 004
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA 2016
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APPROVAL PAGE Final Project the title is “OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE
USING
THE
CONFIGURATION
OF
COMPRESSION
SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW DISPLACEMENT” created by:
Name
: Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama
NIM
: D400 112 004
Arranged as one of requirement to finish the educational (S1) at Department of electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
It has been approved and authorized on: Day
:
Date
:
Approving, Supervisor I
Supervisor II
(Nurgiyatna, Ph.D.)
(Dedi Ary Prasetya, ST , M.Eng)
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AFFIRMATION PAGE
This final project has been maintained and be accounted in front of the council of final project examiner to complete tasks and fulfil the requirements for achieve a bachelor of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Day
: ..........................................
Date
: .......................................... THE TITLE IS OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING
THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW DISPLACEMENT The Council of Final Project Examiners:
1. Nurgiyatna, Ph.D.
.............................
2. Dedi Ary Prasetya, S.T., M.Eng.
.............................
3. Ir. Pratomo Budi Santoso, M.T.
.............................
4. Umi Fadlilah S.T., M.Eng.
.............................
Knowing Dean Of The Engineering Faculty
Chairman of Electrical Engineering
Ir. Sri Sunarjono, M.T., Ph.D.
Umar, S.T., M.T.
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PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, praise to the Almighty Allah SWT for the gracious mercy and termendous blessing that allow me to accompllish the bachelor final project entitled: observation of changes in limited distance using the configuration of compression spring and load cell as an alternative measurement of narrow displacement. This final project presented to fulfil one of requirements in accomplishing S-1 Degree in Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. My gratitude goes to people who involved in the process of this report directly or indirectly, including to: 1. Allah SWT for His abundance of grace. 2. Prof. Bambang Setiaji, as the Rector of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 3. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, M.T., Ph.D., as Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 4. Umar, S.T., M.T., as Head of Electrical engineering Departmenet, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 5. Nurgiyatna, Ph.D., as the first supervisor in this final project. 6. Dedi Ary Prasetya, S.T., M.Eng., as the second supervisor in this project. 7. Mr and Mrs Lecturer as the council of examiners in this final project. 8. Mr and Mrs Lecturers who guide and gave knowledges all this time to me. 9. My parents (HM. Purnomo Sidiq, S.H. and Dra. Ninik Sumarini) and my brother sister (Grand Andika Muhammad and Diera Zeinnita Maharani) who gave me a lot of love and supports in material and immaterial. 10. Friends of mine Sri Anis Fadhila Sari, S.Gz., Tri Rochayatun, S.T., Anastatia Yunanda Istiani, Sri Ardiyati Kusuma Wardhani.
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11. All my classmates who accompany me for four years in class (Lilik Setiyawan, S.T., Ilham Nur Zakaria, S.T., Dhucha Ajitama, S.T., Muhammad Puji Prasetyo, S.T.). 12. All the staff of Administration, Academic and non-academic staff, who have helped and provide convenience to the author during studying at Department of Electrical engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. 13. Friends in KMTE Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, electrical class of 2010, clas of 2011 and class of 2012 who have share all in the joy and sorrow. 14. And the other parts who can not I mentioned one by one, for all of the help I say thank you very much. I realize that in the preparation of this Final Project report have many weakness and still far from perfection. I hope this Final Project report can be useful for anyone who need it.
Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr.Wb.
Surakarta,
January 2016
Writer
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MOTTO “Perhaps you hate something, but it is very good for you. And perhaps you love something, even it is very bad for you. Allah knows, while you do not know” (Al-Baqarah: 216)
Annas bin malik said: the Prophet SAW has said: whoever out of the house to study and he in jihad fisabilah to return. (HR. Bukhari) “You may not control all the events that happen to you, but yoou can decide not to be reduced by them.” (Maya Angelou) “Friendship is always a sweet responsibility, never an opportunity.” (Kahlil Gibran) “It is literally true that you can succeed best and quickest by helping others to succed.” (Napoleon Hill) “A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity. An optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.” (Sir Winston Churchill) “Hakuna matata” (The Lion King)
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DEDICATION
This final project dedicated for: 1. Allah SWT, for His abundance of grace. 2. My father and my mother, millions words of sorry and thanks even not enough for all the sacrifices, sincerity, prays and affection given to me. I will make both of you proud, God love and protect them. 3. Grand and Diera, thank you for being my super sweet little brother and sister. I love you both. 4. My classmates Electrical Engineering 2011, thanks for all the memories we’ve been created. No money can buy our times together. 5. My friend on KMTE, Robot Research, AERO T-RTF Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
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CONTRIBUTION LIST
Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. In completion of the final project entitled “OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW DISPLACEMENT”, I declare that: 1. The idea from Mr. Dedi Ary Prasetya, ST., M.Eng. 2. The simulation and circuit figure using Proteus v7.10 SP3. 3. The program of alternative measurement of narrow displacement, I made by myself on my supervisor guidance and references from internet. 4. Preparation of the final project report are done by myself at boardinghouse and electrical engineering laboratory. I made this contribution list honestly, I am responsible for the content and the validity.
Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr.Wb. Surakarta,
January 2016
Supervisor I
The Author
Nurgiyatna, Ph.D.
Prima Jovita Permata D. P.
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DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakaatuh That marked hand in the following : Name
: Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama
NIM
: D400 112 004
Study Program: Electrical Engineering Title
: OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW DISPLACEMENT
Stated that the undergraduated thesis that I submit, this is really a work of my own, except citation and summaries that I mentioned sources in the discussion and bibliography, if in the future there is untruth in this statement then I am fully responsibe for the risk. Wassalamua’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakaatuh Surakarta,
January 2016
Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii AFFIRMATION PAGE ................................................................................... iii PREFACE ........................................................................................................ iv MOTTO ........................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... vii LIST OF CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................ viii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ............................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................... x TABLE OF FIGURE ....................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACTS................................................................................................... xv ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY ......................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Research Questions ............................................................................. 2 1.3. Problems Limitations .......................................................................... 2 1.4. Research Objectives ............................................................................ 2 1.5. Benefits Research ................................................................................ 2 1.6. Methods ............................................................................................... 3 1.7. Writing Methods ................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER II LITERATURE AND REFERENCES ...................................... 5 2.1. Literatures ........................................................................................... 5
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2.2. References ........................................................................................... 7 2.2.1. Arduino Uno ............................................................................ 7 2.2.2. Arduino Language .................................................................... 8 2.2.3. Load Cell .................................................................................. 9 2.2.4. HX711 Module ........................................................................ 9 2.2.5. LCD 2x16 ................................................................................. 10 2.2.6. Signal Conditioner ................................................................... 10 2.2.7. Compression Spring ................................................................. 11 2.2.8. Push Button .............................................................................. 12 CHAPTER III REASEARCH METHOD........................................................ 13 3.1. Time and Place .................................................................................... 13 3.2. Tools and Materials ............................................................................. 13 3.3. The Research Process .......................................................................... 14 3.4. Device System ..................................................................................... 15 3.5. Arduino Program ................................................................................. 18 3.6. Testing
for
Accuracy,
Relative
Error,
Repeatability,
Reproducibility, Hysteresis .................................................................. 20 3.7. Device Dimension ............................................................................... 22 3.8. Forms of Calculations ......................................................................... 24 CHAPTER IV THE RESULT AND ANALYSIS ........................................... 27 4.1. Measuring Device Main Function ..................................................... 27 4.1.1. Displacement Measuring Mechanism ...................................... 27 4.1.2. Measuring Procedure ............................................................... 29
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4.2. Accuracy Testing Based on The Certain Load .................................. 32 4.3. Accuracy Testing Based on The Certain Distance ............................ 35 4.4. Repeatability and Reproducibility ..................................................... 37 4.5. Hysteresis Testing .............................................................................. 39 4.6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Measuring Device ....................... 41 CHAPTER V CLOSING ................................................................................. 43 5.1. Conclusions ......................................................................................... 43 5.2. Suggestions ......................................................................................... 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 46 ATTACHMENTS ............................................................................................ 48
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LIST OF FIGURE Figure 2.1. Front view Arduino Uno Board ..................................................... 8 Figure 2.2. Load Cell ....................................................................................... 9 Figure 2.3. HX711 Module .............................................................................. 10 Figure 2.4. LCD 2x16 ...................................................................................... 10 Figure 2.5. Compression Spring ...................................................................... 11 Figure 2.6.Push Button ..................................................................................... 12 Figure 3.1. Flowchart Research ....................................................................... 15 Figure 3.2. Diagram Block Circuit ................................................................... 16 Figure 3.3.Flowchart System ........................................................................... 18 Figure 3.4 Device Dimension .......................................................................... 21 Figure 3.5 Load base dimensions ..................................................................... 22 Figure 3.6 Sliding Cylinder Front View .......................................................... 22 Figure 4.1 Main Device of Digital Displacement Measurement ..................... 27 Figure 4.2 Measuring process .......................................................................... 29 Figure 4.3 Weight on base for set point adjustment ........................................ 30 Figure 4.4 Set point adjustment ....................................................................... 30 Figure 4.5 Measuring process display.............................................................. 31 Figure 4.6 Average deviations of all springs ................................................... 34 Figure 4.7 Accuracy of springs based on distance ........................................... 36 Figure 4.8 Comparison of deviation................................................................. 38 Figure 4.9 Graph of all spring ......................................................................... 41
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. Tools................................................................................................ 13 Table 3.2. Materials.......................................................................................... 14 Table 3.3. Spring characteristics ...................................................................... 17 Table 4.1. Accuracy testing (deviation from target) of spring A, B and C ...... 33 Table 4.2. Accuracy testing of springs based on the distance .......................... 35 Table 4.3. Average of deviation from spring A, B and C ................................ 38 Table 4.4. Hysteresis Value for Spring A, B and C ......................................... 40
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OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW DISPLACEMENT
Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama Department of Electrical Faculty Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Email :
[email protected]
ABSTRACTS The use of digital measuring devices is replacing various conventional or analog devices. Measuring displacement usually using caliper, accuracy is the main issue to obtain precise data. The use of sensor is one of the solutions to make digitized. This research conducted in observations of the distance changes on the compression spring that is placed on load cell. This research uses a mechanism where the spring length changing caused by compressive force. It can be sensed and measured digitally by Arduino based system and displayed using LCD 2x16. Data from sensor need to be gained before processed by using HX711. There are three types of wire diameter: 0.7 mm (spring A), 0.8 mm (spring B), 1 mm (spring C) and three push buttons as an input. Some testings conducted to get the data of set point, accuracy relative errors, repeatability, reproducibility, and hysteresis. Each testing conducted more than one to get the precious data in averages. In every spring observation, set point adjustment needs to obtain the constant value of spring which is used to get the displacement in millimeters. The testing method uses two measurement references, some certain loads and some certain distances as the target of digital measurement. The result of this observations can mention as follows: the accuracies of all spring used are defined by its deviation from the targets, come in range from 0.14 mm until 0.72 mm in averages. The relative errors of all the spring by using loads targets are Spring A: 0.99%, Spring B: 0.67%, and Spring C: 1.05%. On the other hands, relative errors by using distances targets are 1.55%, 1.41%, and 1.16% for Spring A, B, and C in sequence. The hysteresis appears on both manual and digital measurement. Its less than 0.3 mm on Spring A and arround 0.1 mm on Spring B and C. In general, Spring A has deviation < 1 mm on distance < 40 mm measurement, while Spring B and C have deviation < 1 mm on distance < 50. All of the spring indicate non linear accuracy on 0 cm – 9 cm displacemant range. Keywords: accuracy, Arduino Uno, compression spring, hysteresis, load cell sensor, relative errors, repeatability, reproducibility.
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PENGAMATAN PERUBAHAN JARAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI PEGAS TEKAN DAN SENSOR BERAT (LOAD CELL) SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGUKURAN PADA JARAK TERBATAS Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Email :
[email protected]
ABSTRAK Penggunaan perangkat ukur digital sudah semakin banyak menggantikan berbagai perangkat ukur konvensional atau analog. Pengukuran perubahan jarak pada suatu benda biasanya menggunakan jangka sorong, karena akurasi adalah faktor utama untuk memperoleh data yang tepat. Penggunaan sensor adalah salah satu solusi untuk membuatnya menjadi digital. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengamati perubahan jarak pada pegas tekan yang dikonfigurasikan dengan load cell. Prinsip kerja pengukuran ini adalah panjang pegas berubah karena dipengaruhi oleh gaya tekan. Perubahan ini dapat dirasakan dan diukur secara digital oleh sistem berbasis Arduino dan ditampilkan menggunakan LCD 2x16. Data dari sensor perlu dikuatkan sebelum diproses dengan menggunakan HX711. Ada tiga jenis diameter kawat: 0,7 mm (Pegas A), 0,8 mm (Pegas B), 1 mm (Pegas C) dan tiga tombol sebagai masukan. Beberapa percobaan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data dari set point, akurasi, relative errors, repeatability, reproducibility, dan hysteresis. Setiap pengujian dilakukan lebih dari satu kali untuk mendapatkan data dalam rata-rata. Dalam setiap pengamatan pegas, mengatur nilai set point perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan nilai konstanta pegas dan untuk mendapatkan nilai perpindahan dalam milimeter. Metode pengujian yang dilakukan menggunakan dua referensi pengukuran, beberapa beban tertentu dan beberapa jarak tertentu sebagai target pengukuran digital. Hasil dari pengamatan ini adalah : akurasi dari semua pegas yang digunakan dapat dilihat dari nilai simpangannya, antara 0.14 mm until 0.72 mm dalam rata-rata. Relative errors dari semua pegas dengan menggunakan beban sebagai target adalah Pegas A: 0.99%, Pegas B: 0.67%, dan Pegas C: 1.05%. Disamping itu, relative errors dengan menggunakan jarak sebagai target adalah 1.55%, 1.41%, dan 1.16% untuk Pegas A, B, and C secara berurutan. Hysteresis muncul pada pengukuran manual dan digital. Nilainya < 0.3 mm Pegas A dan sekitar 0.1 mm pada Pegas B dan C. Secara umum, simpangan Pegas A < 1 mm pada jarak < 40 mm pengukuran, sementara Pegas B dan C simpangannya < 1 mm pada jarak < 50. Semua pegas menunjukan akurasi yang tidak linear pada 0 cm -9 cm jarak pengukuran. Kata kunci: akurasi, Arduino Uno, pegas tekan, hysteresis, sensor load cell, relative errors, repeatability, reproducibility.
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