REGULASI ENERJI dan PERANG EKONOMI
Oleh DR ICHSANUDDIN NOORSY RDPU Banggar DPR-RI ,Jakarta, 12Maret 2012
Letter of Intent IMF : Reformasi Sektor Enerji
www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2002/ane/id/497-009.html
Indonesia ACTIVITY DATA SHEET PROGRAM: Indonesia TITLE AND NUMBER: Energy Sector Governance Strengthened, 497-013 STATUS: Continuing PLANNED FY 2001 OBLIGATIONS AND FUNDING SOURCE: $4,000,000 DA PROPOSED FY 2002 OBLIGATIONS AND FUNDING SOURCE: $4,000,000 DA INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 2000 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2004
Summary: The energy sector is critical to the Indonesian economy, generating nearly 30% of total Government of Indonesia revenues and serving as a major source of foreign exchange. However, massive national energy subsidies ($4.5 billion annually, or half of all energy revenues) bleed the national budget and reduce funding for critical education, health and other social programs. Poorly conceived energy policies have resulted in inefficient production and distribution by stateowned monopolies and wasteful energy consumption. Reform efforts have accelerated since 1999, however, and the Government of Indonesia energy sector reform agenda has focused on improving efficiency and attracting private sector investment. The few vested interests benefiting from the current structure and the lack of transparency remain as obstacles to reform. This strategic objective will strengthen energy sector governance to help create a more efficient and transparent energy sector. By minimizing the role of government as a regulator,
reducing subsidies, and promoting private sector involvement, a reformed energy sector can contribute billions of dollars in tax revenue. A more efficient energy sector will also have positive environmental impact, rationalize pricing, increase access to energy services, and help sustain Indonesia's natural resource base.
USAID has been the primary bilateral donor working on energy sector reform, which helps leverage larger multilateral loans. Key Results: At the strategic objective level, impact is demonstrated by increases in energy sector contributions to Government of Indonesia revenues and increases in emission units avoided (greenhouse gases, lead and other local pollutants). Achievement of this objective also relies on three key intermediate results: 1) energy sector reform implemented; 2) broader and more knowledgeable participation in energy sector reform; 3) environmentally friendly investments in the energy sector increased. Performance and Prospects: USAID intends to obligate a total of $4 million in DA in FY 2001 to strengthen energy sector governance and help create a more efficient and transparent energy sector. USAID advisors play a catalytic role in helping the Government of
Indonesia develop and implement key policy, legal and regulatory reforms. In 2000, the Government of Indonesia reduced energy subsidies by increasing electricity prices by 20% and fuel prices by 12%. Wary of public reaction to the price hikes because similar increases in 1998 led to street demonstrations, the Government of Indonesia, with USAID assistance, ensured that national and local parliaments, civil society organizations, media, and universities were involved in the decision. As a result, there was minimal public outcry. USAID also supported this process by providing policy analysis for energy pricing and subsidy removal. Additional increases are necessary and will require greater public understanding of the impact on the economy and on vulnerable groups. USAID will continue to provide technical analysis on the macroeconomic and microeconomic impact on industries and households, including a study on the impact of pricing policy on women and vulnerable populations.
USAID is helping restructure the electricity sector to open it to private competition, increase efficiency, and reduce the demand for scarce public funds in the sector. USAID advisors work directly with Government of Indonesia officials responsible for implementing power sector reform, revising draft electricity legislation and redesigning regulatory structures. USAID has provided much-needed assistance to the state electricity monopoly in improving power plant efficiency. The program has been replicated quickly within the monopoly as it prepares for sector restructuring. In FY 2001, USAID plans to provide $2.85 million in DA to incrementally fund
contractors under the Global Bureau Energy indefinite quantity contracts for energy analysis and policy assistance, and for assistance in restructuring the electricity, and oil and gas sectors. USAID helped draft new oil and gas policy legislation submitted to Parliament in October 2000. The legislation will increase competition and efficiency by reducing the role of the state-owned oil company in exploration and production. A more efficient oil and gas sector will lower prices, increase product quality for consumers, increase government revenues, and improve air quality. USAID will continue to work on developing implementing regulations for the oil and gas legislation. USAID, in partnership with an Indonesian NGO, has been instrumental in gaining the commitment of the state-owned oil company to phase out leaded gasoline in Jakarta by July 2001. USAID is assisting the Ministry of Energy's Oil and Gas Directorate to develop and implement a long-range fuel standards plan that will provide the foundation for refinery upgrade decisions and the production of cleaner fuels.
In FY 2001, USAID plans to provide $850,000 DA to support NGOs and universities in developing programs for raising awareness and supporting involvement of local government and the public of energy sector issues, including removal of energy subsidies and phase out of leaded gasoline. New decentralization laws have devolved the licensing of electricity businesses and management of non-oil and gas resources to local governments. USAID has helped establish a university network that can serve as a resource for local governments to address revenue sharing and regional pricing issues. The program will provide education on national policy issues and a forum for local governments to analyze and understand their own energy issues, provide input into national policy and develop their own local policy. In FY 2001, USAID plans to provide $300,000 in DA to support U.S. Department of Energy/Albany Research Center to partly fund the expansion of the performance and efficiency improvement program and possibly to support Indonesian and international NGOs in developing renewable energy and energy efficiency investment activities. Possible Adjustments to Plans: An increase or decrease in political will for energy sector reform may warrant adjustments to this objective. The appointment in 2000 of a private sector-oriented reformist as the new head of the State oil and gas company bodes well for reform agenda progress.
Other Donor Programs: USAID works closely with the Asian Development Bank (ADB)
and the World Bank on energy-sector reform. USAID assistance is leveraging a $20 million ADB power sector-restructuring loan, with USAID advisors playing project management and planning roles. The ADB and USAID worked together on drafting a new oil and gas law in 2000. Complementing USAID efforts, the World Bank has conducted comprehensive studies of the oil and gas sector, pricing policy, and provided assistance to the State electric company on financial and corporate restructuring. Along with USAID, Canada and the ADB are helping Indonesia develop an action plan for leaded gas phase-out and reducing overall transportation emissions. Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: The Energy Policy Analysis Office and Oil and Gas Policy programs are implemented by Advanced Engineering Associates International. The Institutional Strengthening for Electricity Sector Reform program is implemented by the Institute of International Education. The Power Plant Improvement program is implemented by Albany Research Labs, U.S. Department of Energy.
23 Nov 2001
UU No. 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Migas Pasal 28
(1) Bahan Bakar Minyak serta hasil olahan tertentu yang dipasarkan di dalam negeri untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat wajib memenuhi standar dan mutu yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. (2) Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak dan harga Gas Bumi diserahkan pada mekanisme persaingan usaha yang sehat dan wajar MK, 15 Jan 2005 :
Harga ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah UU 20 tahun 2002 tentang Ketenagalistrikan Dibatalkan MK pada 15 Des 2004 Metamorfosis UU No 30 tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan MK menolak JR
Perpres 5/2006 ttg Kebijakan Energi Nasional
Blueprint BPH Migas, 2004 – 2020 Konsumsi BBM: Transportasi 47%, Industri 19,4%, RT 20,2%, Pembangkit Listrik 13,5% Jawa Bali 62%, Sumatera 20%, Indonesia Tengah dan Timur 18% Konsumsi domestik rata-rata naik 5% pertahun
UU No. 30/2007 Ttg
ENERJI
BAB II ASAS dan TUJUAN Pasal 2
Energi dikelola berdasarkan asas kemanfaatan, rasionalitas, efisiensi berkeadilan, peningkatan nilai tambah, keberlanjutan, kesejahteraan masy., pelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup, ketahanan nasional, dan keterpaduan dengan mengutamakan kemampuan nasional
P E N J E L A S A N
UU No. 4 / 2009 tentang Minerba
Pemerintah sebagai kuasa pertambangan, regulator dan pembuat kebijakan PNBP dan Pajak
23 Sept 2009
UU No. 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenaga Listrikan
November 2008
CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERJI 2007**) SUMBER DAYA
CADANGAN
PRODUKSI
RASIO CAD/PROD (TAHUN)
56.6 miliar barel
8.4 miliar barel*)
348 juta barel
24
Gas Bumi
334.5 TSCF
165 TSCF
2.79 TSCF
59
Batubara
90.5 miliar ton
18.7 miliar ton
201 juta ton
93
453 TSCF
-
-
-
ENERGI FOSIL Minyak Bumi
Coal Bed Methane (CBM) *)Termasuk Blok Cepu
**) Sumber : Litbang Dep ESDM, Maret 2008
HUMAN EXISTENT DEPEND ON THE PROPERTY THE PROPERTY DEPEND ON THE ASSET : LAND, AIR, SEA, SOCIAL n CULTURAL CAPITAL Penguasaan Asing pada Migas : 1. Chevron : 2. Total Indonesie E & P : 3. Pertamina dan Mitra : 4. Conoco Philips : 5. Medco : 6. CNOOC : 7. CNPC : 8. BP : 9. Vico Indonesia : 10. Kodeco Energy : 11. Lainnya : Sumber : Ditjen Migas, 2009
44% 10% 16% 8% 6% 5% 3% 2% 1% 1% 3%
Penguasaan Pertambangan lain : 70% dikuasai asing Penguasaan asing pada perbankan : 50,6%
Kepemilikan investor asing pada saham yang dicatat dan diperdagangkan di BEI : 70% 75% Broadband dikuasai asing Semua BUMN yang diprivatisasi, kepemilikan asing rerata 60% Industri Semen dikuasai asing 42%
(Rp.000)
Sumber: RAPBNP 2012, diolah
Bagi Hasil
Impor
DMO
Impor
DISTRIBUSI
KEUNTUNGAN
Pajak
Harga Akhir Pemakai
SUBSIDI BBM dan KENDARAAN DI JABODETABEK Uraian (Rb KL) Premium Mitan Solar Vol BBM Subsidi (RpT) 2010
Kuota Subsidi Realisasi
2005 17.734,3 11.355,4 25.530,8 59.747,4
2006 16.807,0 9.959,0 10.864,0 37.630,0
2007 17.929,0 9.850,0 10.864,0 38.643,0
2008 19.529,0 7.855,0 11.792,0 39.176,0
2009 21.120,0 4.569,0 12.035,0 37.724,0
2010 21.454,1 3.800,0 11.250,9 36.505,0
95,6
64,2
83,8
139,1
45,0
55,1
Premium
21,454 23,129 1,675
Mitan
Solar
Plat Putih tanpa Subsidi (KL)
11,250 12,859
Jabodetabek
500.000
Target JaBali
4.000.000
3,800 2,389 (1,411)
1,609
Kendaraan dan Jalan di Jabodetabek
Pertumbuhan Kendaraan dan Jalan (Okt '10)
Pribadi Umum
Mobil/thn 11% Motor/thn 50% Jalan/thn 1% Rugi krn macet/thn (Rp.T)
6.400.000 98,64% 88.477 1,36% 6.488.477 APA YANG DIMAKSUD DENGAN SUBSIDI (TIDAK TEPAT SASARAN ?)
25,2
SIAPA ORANG KAYA, BERAPA BANYAK ORANG MISKIN, KENAPA HARUS ADA BLT/PKH ?
Jumlah SPBU Pertamina COCO Shell Petronas Total Indonesia SEGERA
: 4460 : 46 : 45 (Penetrasi paling rendah di Asia. Pakistan 1400, Filipina 1000, Malaysia 900) : 19 : 5 : CHEVRON
Rencana SPBG (CNG) 108 di Jawa Bali Jika satu SPBG kapasitas 30-50 Kl Maka : 1 SPBG = 30000 / 30 = 1000 ; 50000 / 20 = 2500 16 SPBG = 16.000 mobil – 40.000 mobil perhari (???)
Waktu pengisian 30 liter = 10menit = 1000 x 10 = 166 jam ..\Enerji Migas\Vi Gas Formula BBkr Ramah Lingkungan.doc ..\Enerji Migas\2014-2015 BBM Capai Harga Keekonomian.doc ..\Enerji Migas\Blue_Print_BPH_Migas-Final 2004-2020.pdf
Produksi, Konsumsi dan Harga MINYAK MENTAH (ribu) Kebutuhan Indonesia Lifting Kekurangan
: 1.200 bl/h : 927 bl/h : 300 bl/h
MINYAK OLAHAN (BBM, ribu) Konsumsi : 1.150 bl/h (65 jt kl/thn) Prod. Kilang: 691 bl/h (39,5 jt kl/thn) Impor : 450 bl/h (25,5 jt kl/thn)
Apakah kenaikan harga minyak disebabkan biaya produksi minyak mentah naik ?
BPH Migas, 270808
Asumsi biaya produksi : •US$8/bl, maka = 8 x 9200 : 159 = Rp 462, 893 Rp500,-/l •US$12/bl, maka= 12 x 9200 : 159 = Rp694,339 Rp700,-/l
•US$28/bl, maka= 28 x 9200 : 159 = Rp1.620,125Rp1.625.-/l (sangat mahal) Biaya transportasi (tanker/pipa)-kilang (pengolahan)-transportasi (pipa)-penyimpanan-transportasi-SPBU (RETAIL) = 10 X BIAYA PRODUKSI HULU (Value added). MAKA HARGA JUAL PREMIUM (Keekonomian ?) RON 88 = Rp5.000,- (US$80) atau Rp7.000, (US$120)- atau Rp16.250,- (sangat mahal)
kompas.com BPKP , 24 Jan 2007: Biaya produksi minyak Indonesia per barrel mencapai 9 dollar AS per barrel. Di Malaysia yang hanya sekitar 3,7 dollar AS per barrel, atau di North Sea yang paling sulit pun juga hanya sekitar 3 dollar AS per barrel. Sejumlah temuan audit yang nilainya menonjol, antara lain, pajak perseroan dan pajak atas bunga, dividen, dan royalti Rp 6,242 triliun, kredit Investasi Rp 2,476 triliun, kelebihan pembayaran biaya home office Rp1,626 triliun, pembebanan tunjangan pajak Rp 860 miliar, pembebanan gaji ekspatriat tanpa izin kerja Rp 495 miliar, pembebanan biaya tanpa approval BP Migas Rp 470miliar, biaya depresiasi aset Rp 462 miliar, pengadaan barang dan jasa tidak sesuai ketentuan Rp 409 miliar, biaya yang tidak berkaitan dengan KKKS Rp > 204 miliar, pembebanan biaya legal dan konsultan Rp163 miliar. http://m.mediaindonesia.com 14 Maret 2012
Kepala BPKP Mardiamo menyatakan kesanggupannya melakukan internal audit thd perhitungan harga yang diusulkan Pemerintah ke DPR-RI
DEVELOPMENTALISM, KETERGANTUNGAN dan GLOBALISASI UNO WB
NEGARA-NEGARA INDUSTRI
KEBIJAKAN MAKRO
SEKTOR USAHA / MNC’s
KEBIJAKAN MIKRO
BIS
IMF WTO Multilateral/Internasional
NEGARA-NEGARA BERKEMBANG
SUMBER DAYA Ichsanuddin Noorsy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
G2G/B2B/B2G
PASAR Ichsanuddin Noorsy
Rostow, WW., 1979. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. NY: Cambridge Univ Press Bodenheimer, S, 1970. The Ideology of Developmentalism. Berkeley Journal Sociology 15 Cardozo, Fernando dan Enzo Faletto, 1979. Dependency and Development. Berkeley: UCLA Press Wallerstein, Immanuel., 1974 The Modern World System. NY: Academic Press Hudson, Michael, 2003. Super Imperialism. London: Pluto Press Stiglitz , Joseph E., 2002. Globalisation and Its Discontent. NY: WW Norton and Company
KONSENSUS WASHINGTON
NEOLIBERAL
Masyarakat
Disiplin Fiskal
Pemodal Liberalisasi
Privatisasi
Masyarakat Ichsanuddin Noorsy
KONSENSUS LONDON
Menjelang berakhirnya bulan madu AS – RRC, Juni 2005
Consumption, Production, and Import Trends (1950-2007) Almost 50% of U.S. crude oil and petroleum products imports came from the Western Hemisphere (North, South, and Central America and the Caribbean including U.S. territories) during 2006. US imported only 16% of our crude oil and petroleum products from the Persian Gulf countries of Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. During 2007, US five biggest suppliers of crude oil and petroleum products were: Canada (18.2%), Mexico (11.4%), Saudi Arabia (11.0%), Venezuela (10.1%) Nigeria (8.4%)
Struktur Biaya Gasoline di AS Descriptions Crude Oil Cost Refinery Cost and Profits Storage Tank Fee
Distribution Cost, Marketing Cost and Profits State and Local Sales Tax
State Excise Tax Federal Excise Tax Retail Prices
March 01-04
March 05-07
March 08-11
Jakarta, Senin (1/11/10) SEKJEN OECD ANGEL GURIA : SAATNYA MENCABUT SUBSIDI BBM Empat tantangan dalam membangun perekonomian. Pertama, pentingnya pembangunan infrastruktur yang masih tertinggal dan pemerintah akan serius mengerjakan hal itu. Kedua legal reform, yakni harus melakukan segera reformasi hukum termasuk kejaksaan dan kepolisiaan. Tantangan ketiga, reformasi birokrasi. Keempat, yakni mengatasi kemiskinan melalui KUR, PNPM, PKH. Boediono mengatakan, hal itu dalam rapat dengan Sekjen Organisation for Economic Cooperation And Development (OECD) Angel Gurria. OECD selama ini melakukan survei untuk Asia Tenggara dan Indonesia diuntungkan akan keberadaan OECD ini dalam membuat kebijakan. Dalam surveinya tentang ekonomi Indonesia 2010, OECD menilai ekonomi Indonesia diakui tanggguh dalam menghadapi krisis ekonomi global dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.
Indonesia dinilai sudah saatnya memenuhi komitmen dan meninggalkan mekanisme subsidi yang tidak efisien, terutama subsidi energi, dan lebih fokus kepada program untuk memenuhi target pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka menengah sekaligus mengurangi kemiskinan. Dalam laporan Economy Survey of Indonesia 2010 yang dipublikasikan Senin (1/11), lembaga yang bermarkas di Paris itu menilai bahwa ekonomi Indonesia telah menunjukkan daya tahan yang kuat selama krisis ekonomi global. Karena itu Indonesia diminta memenuhi komitmennya untuk mencabut subsidi BBM. Indikatornya, tingkat Produk Domestik Bruto (GDP) riil pada 2009 sebesar 4,6 persen. Itu merupakan tingkat GDP ketiga terbesar dalam kelompok negara G-20, setelah China dan India.
PERBANDINGAN SUBSIDI DAN BIAYA DANA APBN 2006 - 2012 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
94,6
116,86
223,01
94,59
139,95
195,28
168,55
BBM 64,21
83,79
139,1
45,03
82,35
129,72
123,59
Listrik 30,39
33,07
83,9
49,54
57,60
65,56
44,96
33,35
52,27
43,5
52,75
41,91
40,29
137,72
151,83
161,83
142,5
154,4
170,4
Bunga 79,1
79,8
88,4
93,8
88,4
106,6
123,1
Cicilan 52,7
57,92
63,43
68,03
54,1
47,8
47,3
Subsidi Enerji
Non Enerji
12,82
Bayar Utang 131,8
Production, Consumption, Imports n Exports Oil, 2009 Vol 9,934 1 Russia 9,760 2 SArabia 9,141 3 USA 4,177 4 Iran 3,996 5 China 3,294 6 Canada 3,001 7 Mexico 2,795 8 UAE 2,577 9 Brazil 2,496 10 Kuwait 11 Venezuela 2,471 2,400 12 Iraq 2,350 13 Norway 2,211 14 Nigeria 2,086 15 Algeria Source : EIA, 2011 Production
Consum ption
1 USA 2 China 3 Japan 4 India 5 Russia 6 Germany 7 Korea, So 8 Canada 9 SArabia 10 Brazil 11 Mexico 12 France 13 Iran 14 UK 15 Italy
Vol 18,771 7,867 4,394 3,110 2,922 2,452 2,188 2,157 2,146 2,138 2,071 1,870 1,670 1,646 1,543
Vol 9,631 1 USA 4,261 2 Japan 3,872 3 China 4 Germany 2,319 2,233 5 India 6 Korea, So 2,142 1,791 7 France 1,566 8 UK 1,440 9 Spain 1,397 10 Italy 11 Netherlands962 12 Singapore 942 881 13 Taiwan 650 14 Turkey 619 15 Belgium Im ports
000 bpd
Vol 7,614 1 SArabia 7,012 2 Russia 2,506 3 Iran 2,217 4 UAE 2,125 5 Norway 2,124 6 Kuwait 1,939 7 Nigeria 1,874 8 Angola 9 Venezuela 1,778 1,773 10 Algeria 1,764 11 Iraq 1,525 12 Libya 13 Kazakhstan 1,299 1,137 14 Canada 1,055 15 Qatar Exports
June 05
The end of honey moon US - PRC 1. The Economist 30 June 2007 Still No. 1 Militer, belanja pertahanan (45,7% dari total belanja pertahanan dunia), pengelolaan minyak, industri IT (knowledge base eco) 2. NewsWeek Des 07: Situasi politik ekonomi AS sejak 2001-2007 hanya memberi keuntungan kepada UE, Jepang, RRC dan bangkitnya perlawanan dari musuh potensial AS (Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Rusia, Iran) 3. Upaya Rusia menggeser Unipolar menjadi Multipolar: Kasus penempatan rudal di Polandia; Pertemuan Kawasan Kaspia 4. Biaya perang Irak (US$845 bn – 1T), badai Katrina (US$116 bn dari kebutuhan US$ 150bn), defisit perdagangan dg RRC US$ 261bn (07), Kerugian SPM (US$ 323 bn).
14 Juli 2008, harga minyak US$ 147/bl
IMPORTED INFLATION
News Week, Jan 2010 CORPORATE CAPITALISM VERSUS STATE CAPITALISM Wall Street Journal, 26 Oct 2011 Bail out US$ 350 bio
Manufacture Industrial War/ Trade War
Stimulus US$ 350 bio QE I +/- US$323 bio
KRISIS 2010-2011
Currency War
Economy War QE II US$ 600 bio QE III US$ 438 bio ???
ICT War
1984, Chevron (Standard Oil of California) bought and merged with Gulf Oil; 2001, merged with Texaco (who in 1984 had bought Getty Oil), to become ChevronTexaco, the 2nd largest oil company in the country, and 5th largest in the world. 2002, Shell Oil acquired a couple of Texaco's interests. Chevron
Shell
&
1987 British Petroleum purchased the remaining 45% of Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) and; 1998, merged with Amoco (Standard Oil of Indiana), and in 2000 merged
with Atlantic Richfield (ARCO). BP 1998, Exxon (Esso, Standard Oil of New Jersey) merged with Mobil (Socony, Standard Oil of New York) to become ExxonMobil, the biggest oil company in the country, and third largest company in the U.S. Exxon In 2001, Conoco (Continental Oil and Phillips Petroleum (Phillips 66) merged, to make Conoco Phillips, the 3rd largest oil company in the U.S., the 12th largest company, and the 6th largest oil company in the world.
Conoco VS
CNPC/ CNOOC/Sinopec, Gazprom, NIOC, PDVSA
http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/0922/Obama-at-UN-summit-foreign-aid-is-core-pillar-of-American-power
Obama at UN summit: foreign aid is 'core pillar of American power' At the UN Wednesday, President Obama unveiled a plan to revitalize US foreign aid programs, which have been marginalized since the end of the cold war. By Howard LaFranchi, Staff writer posted September 22, 2010 at 8:49 pm EDT United Nations, N.Y. — President Obama on Wednesday unveiled a policy directive that defines the pursuit of global development as a “core pillar of American power.” Under the directive, development and foreign assistance are for the first time elevated to the level of key factors in US national security and economic policy. The long-awaited policy pronouncement seeks to give order and coherence to the country’s multibillion-dollar foreign assistance programs. Foreign-aid experts say these programs have lost effectiveness and been marginalized since the end of the cold war.
The White House directive, which Mr. Obama announced in New York at a UN antipoverty summit, calls for focusing US development dollars on proven partners and regions in greatest need. It foresees a tighter linkage of foreign aid to national security interests. Obama told representatives of more than 145 countries attending the Millennium Development Goals Summit that the new policy would promote global development for the 21st century. It will be focused more on economic growth and the “democratic governance” that fosters human potential, he said, than on old assistance models that too often simply managed misery.
He offered food aid as an example of the change. The new approach would seek to empower communities to meet their own food needs, rather than continuing with old models that simply provided food for decades. “That’s not development,” he said, “that’s dependence.”
Envisioning the “hard choices” to be made among countries and regions, the policy statement says “the US must focus its efforts in order to maximize long-term impact.” “The United States cannot do all things, do them well, and do them everywhere,” the directive states. USAID's renaissance? One objective of the new policy is to reinforce a nascent revitalization of the US Agency for International Development, or USAID. The one-time lead development agency floundered during the post-cold-war years as development duties splintered among a dozen federal departments and as successive administrations sidelined it. Responding to the policy’s unveiling, USAID Director Rajiv Shah said that his agency is “transforming our capabilities to support the president’s new development policy.” He added: “USAID is poised and ready to reclaim our place as the world’s premier development agency." Reaction to the new policy in the development and foreign-aid community was largely positive.
The Rebirth of the Liberal Creed: Paths to Neoliberalism in Four Countries1 Marion Fourcade-Gourinchas Princeton University Sarah L. Babb University of Massachusetts at Amherst AJS Volume 108 Number 3 (November 2002)
Semakin tinggi tingkat kebebasan pasar, semakin rendah tingkat efektivitas kebijakan pemerintah, semakin tinggi risiko bisnis
LIBERALISASI PASAR DOMESTIK
JASA KEUANGAN: •PASAR MODAL •PERBANKAN •ASURANSI SOSIAL
ALIRAN MODAL •FDI •Investasi Portofolio •External lending and Borrowing •Pembiayaan Ekspor – Impor
Non diskriminasi Kebebasan repatriasi Basis produksi Produksi apa, diproduksi siapa, dipasarkan ke mana, bagaimana skalanya
APAKAH SEMUA KOMODITAS TUNDUK PADA MEKANISME PASAR BEBAS ?
STABILITAS HARGA DAN PENGELOLAAN PEMERINTAHAN YANG BAIK MERUPAKAN HAJAT HIDUP ORANG BANYAK
SOLUSI Renegosiasi kontrak (Bagi Hasil dan Cost Recovery) Sekuritisasi kontrak Insentif produksi Sumur Baru tidak untuk Asing Revitalisasi Kilang Investasi baru: Sumur Kilang Penyimpanan • Transaksi G to G
Konversi enerji pada Power Plant dan Transportasi Publik eMining (Hentikan pencurian) Benahi Transportasi Publik Batasi kepemilikan mobil Realokasi dan redistribusi APBN Sebarkan pembangunan infrastruktur Berhenti berutang dan jadwal ulang ULN Ubah haluan ekonomi dari mekanisme pasar ke ekonomi konstitusi Amandemen UU Sektor Enerji
Disampaikan pada Pansus BBM DPR-RI, 4 Sept 2008
