Modul ke:
Psikologi Konseling Ketrampilan Dasar Konseling Fakultas
Psikologi
Program Studi
Psikologi
www.mercubuana.ac.id
Agustini, M.Psi., Psikolog
Observation Skills Ketrampilan Observasi berfokus pada tiga area: 1. Perilaku Non Verbal 2. Perilaku Verbal 3. Konflik, diskrepansi, dan inkongruensi
Observation: Nonverbal Behavior o Ekspresi Wajah 9 Alis dinaikkan, bibir dirapatkan, bibir menganga, dan sebagainya merefleksikan emosi klien. o Bahasa Tubuh 9 Postur tubuh, posisi duduk, gerakan tangan, tarikan nafas, dan sebagainya. o Hindari stereotype
Observation: Verbal Behavior o Sellective Attention 9 Clients tend to talk about what counselors are interested in and willing to hear. o Key Words 9 Perhatikan kata-kata yang ditekankan atau diberi perhatian oleh klien.
Observation: Discrepancies & Conflict • Konselor harus mewaspadai diskrepansi antara tindakan verbal dan norverbal klien selama wawancara. • Inkongruensi bisa mengindikasikan bahwa klien merasa tidak nyaman untuk mendiskusikan masalah tertentu atau klien tidak sepenuhnya bersikap jujur.
Active Listening Skills: Encouraging • Encouragers: A variety of verbal and nonverbal means that the counselor or therapist can use to prompt clients to continue talking. • Including head nods, open gestures, and positive facial expressions that encourage the client to keep talking. • Probing: exploring client’s statement to discover more stories about what the client has said; to make client explain more about his/her statement.
Active Listening Skills: Encouraging Nonverbal Encouragement • Berikan jarak 10-15 detik untuk diam, jangan berbicara tanpa henti. • Namun jangan terlalu lama, karena akan terlihat anda tidak tertarik atau tidak mendengarkan. • Gunakanan body language dan kontak mata namun jangan berlebihan.
Active Listening Skills: Encouraging Verbal Encouragement • Gunakan ‘hmm..’, ‘oke..’, ‘lalu..’ • Ulangi kata terakhir yang baru saja diucapkan klien dengan nada yang berbeda. • Uraikan perkataan yang diucapkan oleh klien sebelumnya.
Reflection of Content VS Reflection of Feelings (Paraphrasing)
o Paraphrasing ¾ Focused on the content and clarifies what has been communicated. ¾ The paraphrase will indicate to the client that you have heard what has been said and encourage him/her to move further to the discussion. o Reflection of feelings ¾ Identify the key emotions of a client and feed them back to clarify affective experience. ¾ Often combined with paraphrasing and summarizing.
Active Listening Skills: Reflection of Content • Used to be called as paraphrasing; feeds back to the client the essence of what has just been said by shortening and clarifying client comments. • Paraphrasing is not parroting; it is using some of your own words plus the important main words of the client. • The goal of paraphrasing is facilitating client exploration and clarification of issues.
Parroting • Dalam parroting, konselor hanya mengulang perkataan klien. • Ini hanya akan bermanfaat untuk memberikan garis besar cerita klien atau ketika meminta klien meneruskan penyataan yang belum selesai. • Jangan terlalu sering melakukan parroting.
Active Listening Skills: Reflection of Feeling ¾ How to identify client’s emotion? Through labeling client behavior with affective words such as ‘’sad’’, ‘’mad’’, ‘’glad’’ and ‘’scared’’. ¾ Primary emotions: 9 Sad: unhappy, depressed, tearful, etc. 9 Mad: angry, annoyed, hostile, etc. 9 Glad: happy, relaxed, comfortable, etc. 9 Scared: frightened, anxious, worried, etc.
Distinguishing Between Thought & Feeling • Klien kadang menggunakan kata ‘saya rasa’ untuk mendeskripsikan pikirannya, padahal perasaan dan pikiran jelas berbeda. • Perasaan umumnya diungkapkan hanya dengan satu kata. Misal: ‘sedih’, ‘marah’. • Pikiran umumnya diungkapkan dengan untaian kata, bukan hanya satu kata.
Active Listening Skill: Summarizing • Similar to paraphrases but are used to clarify and distill what the client has said over a longer time span. • Summarizations may be used to begin or end an interview, to move to a new topic, or to clarify complex issues. • Very useful for organize thinking about what is happening on the interview.
Active Listening Skills 4 Dimensions of accurate paraphrasing and summarizing: 1. A sentence stem: Sometimes using client’s name. Names help personalize the session. 2. Key words: The client’s exact own key words that they use to describe their situation. 3. The essence of what the client has said in briefer and more clear form. 4. A check out: Implicitly or explicitly, check with the client to see that what you have fed back to him or her is accurate.
Daftar Pustaka Gladding, Samuel T. (2014). Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession 7th edition. California: Person International. Singgih D Gunarsa.(2007). Konseling dan Psikoterapi. Jakarta: Gunung Mulia.
