PROCESS ECOSYSTEM: SPACING EUIS SUNARTI
SPACING Space (ruang) : salah satu hal yang dipersepsikan manusia tentang lingkungannya. (Process by which family members act on and in their spatial environment). Pengertian ruang termasuk persepsi jauh-dekat, luas-sempit, longgar-sesak, kurang nyaman-nyaman
CONCEPT
personal space Privacy Territoriality Crowding Density Mental map Stress
PERSONAL SPACE suatu batas maya yang mengelilingi diri kita yang tidak boleh dilalui orang lain Jarak intim : 0-18 inci / 0-0.5 m Jarak personal : 18 inci – 4 kaki / 0.5 – 1.3 m : jarak percakapan 2 sahabat / akrab Jarak sosial : 4 – 12 kaki / 1.3 – 4 m; jarak hubungan formal spt bisnis, dsb Jarak publik ; 12 – 25 kaki / 4 – 8.3 m; hubungan yang lebih formal spt penceramah
Faktor yang mempengaruhi
Jenis kelamin (laki-laki, perempuan) Umur (bayi, anak-anak, remaja, dewasa) Kepribadian (ekstrovert vs introvert) Suku bangsa (jerman, inggris, arab, Keadaan lingkungan (sempit-luas, gelap-terang)
PRIVACY Keinginan atau kecenderungan pada diri seseorang untuk tidak diganggu kesendiriannya. Dorongan untuk melindungi ego seseorang dari gangguan yg tdk dikehendakinya
Kadar & jenis privacy (Holahan, 1982) Gol 1; Tidak diganggu secara fisik : a) menyendiri, b) menjauh dr pandangan atau gangguan suara & kebisingan, c) keinginan untuk intim Gol II; menjaga kerahasiaan : a) jati diri, b) tdk mengungkakan diri terlalu banyak kpd org lain, c) tdk terlibat dengan tetangga
Privacy : inti dari personal space. Pelanggaran privacy berlebihan, menuju ketelanjangan sosial
TERRITORIALITY suatu pola tingkah laku yg ada hubungannya dg kepemilikan atau hak seo/ atau sekelompok org atas sebuah tempat atau suatu lokasi geografis. Mencakup personalisasi dan pertahanan thdp gangguan dr luar
Tk laku teritori manusia untuk privacy, sosial, komunikasi. Tk laku teritori hewan untuk survival. Naluri teritori Konsep kepemilikan berkaitan dg persepsi (lokasi jualan, tukang cukur DPR) Territoriality : alasan perang ,sengketa ind-malaysia, ind-singapur ? Contoh sehari-hari : Tempat parkir, tempat duduk, “reserve area”, kursi makan ayah, dll
Teritori sbg media komunikasi
Teritori primer; kamar, rumah, kantor Teritori sekunder, ruang kelas, kantin kantor, Teritori publik, tepat terbuka untuk umum; mall, pasar, puskesmas, rumah sakit, dll
CROWDING & DENSITY DENSITY (KEPADATAN) ; kendala keruangan (spatial constraint) CROWDING (KESESAKAN) : Respon subjektif thdp ruang yg sesak Dampak kesesakan dan kepadatan 1.
2.
3.
Pd penyakit dan patologi sosial ; 1. reaksi fisiologik; tekanan darah meningkat 2. Penyakit fisik; psikosomatik, meningkatnya angka kematian 3. Patologi sosial; meningkatnya kejahatan, bunuh diri, penyakit jiwa, kenakalan remaja Pd tingkah laku sosial 1. Agressi 2. Menarik diri dr lingk sosial 3. Berkurangnya sikap menolong 4. Kecenderungan lbh banyak melihat sisi jelek org lain Pd hasil usaha dan suasana hati 1. Hasil usaha & prestasi kerja menurun 2. Suasana hati (mood) cenderung lebih murung
HOUSING
Shelter is a basic human need, which must be satisfied before higher-order can be meet The basic functions which shelter performs (Fabun, 1971) : 1. The support of homeostasis through limiting solar radiation as expressed through temperature 2. Protection against discomforts from changes in weather 3. Protection against predators 4. Privacy for biological activities 5. Symbolic communication
THE IMPACT OF SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT ON FAMILIES
HOUSING DENSITY & CROWDING HOUSING DESIGN AND FAMILY FUNCTIONING
FAMILY TRANSACTIONS WITH THE SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT
PERCEIVING & EVALUATING THE SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT DECIDING FOR CHANGE CONSEQUENCES OF MOBILITY
HOUSING DENSITY AND CROWDING A household defined as overcrowded if the number of persons exceeds the number of rooms
Interaction among adults are impaired. Intimate exchanges (such as lovemaking) cannot be carried out in positive, children transmitted Infectious disease are easily spread. Respiratory disease, skin problem, accident Inadequate sanitation & other characteristic of substandard housing produce feelings of poor self esteem Cannot carry on positive social interaction Synonymous with crimes (at least trend to) Erode quality of life
HOUSING DESIGN & FAMILY FUNCTIONING
Dimensions of the housing environment are related to dimensions of the family.
Dimension of housing environment: size, materials, number & layout of rooms, number & organization of objects, amount of closed vs open space, ratio of glass to non glass materials, color, convenience to shopping & schools facilities, quality of neighborhood, relationship to landscape outside, or proximity to other dwellings
Dimension of family: impact action
Size, stage of life cycle, social class, religion, communication style, division of labor, decision making patterns, and value orientation
PERCEIVING & EVALUATING THE SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT
Residental Satisfaction Satisfaction is an evaluation, based on what one has done in past & on sights set for future. Satisfaction is also based on comparison. Perceiving & evaluating are colored by the resources families bring to these processes. Result of The Lansing study indicates: People may perceive neighborhood characteristics inaccurately. Their satisfaction depend on their perceptions & not on actual condition.
Interior Design Perception & evaluation are important processes in understanding not only families feelings about their home & neighborhood, but also their feeling & actions about interior spaces of the home .
DECIDING FOR CHANGE
Active process by which families make decisions & carry them out concerning change in the spatial environment. Families may regard a move as temporary, other may regard the move as permanent Geographical mobility rates historically reflect high occupational instability, custom, and social mobility Changing the spatial environment is just one of possible outcomes of the family’s perceiving, spacing, valuing, and deciding processes.
CONSEQUENCES OF MOBILITY
Clearly, geographical mobility has no general effects when applied to such diverse populations with correspondingly disparate motives, resources, & life circumstances Many residential moves do not disrupt social roles markedly even though the family may be moving to a different community Adjustment to a move will be easier if the family has substantial material & psychological resources with which to ease their transition Particularly if a move has been eagerly anticipated, few families are willing to admit that the change they had worked for so hard has turned out to be a bust
Nine policy alternatives Conserving energy in housing (Yearns, 1987)
Install heavy insulation Cool no lower than 85 F Close off rooms in the winter Heat no higher than 65 F Build homes partly underground Reduce the size and number of windows Build smaller homes Stop building homes in the country Build homes that share side walls
PRAKTIKUM EKOLOGI KELUARGA
ANALYSIS AND WRITE YOUR EXPLANATION ON :
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
DECISION MAKING AS CONFLICT MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING REFLECTS FAMILY PERCEPTION, NEED, & VALUES DECISION MAKING REFLECTS INTERACTION PATTERN POWER & AUTHORITY AND DECISION MAKING DECISION MAKING AND INFORMATION PROCESSING
SEBUTKAN CONTOH KASUS PERILAKU KELUARGA YANG :
DIPANDANG MELANGGAR PRINSIP KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN ALAM DIPANDANG BERDAMPAK NEGATIF TERHADAP KEHARMONISAN LINGKUNGAN SOSIAL
ANALISIS PROSES DECISION MAKING DI KELUARGA YANG MENYEBABKAN KELUARGA BERPERILAKU TERSEBUT ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI DECISION MAKING DI KELUARGA TERSEBUT
