(Principles of Information System) 11 Knowledge Management & Learning Organization. Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia

Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia IKI-10400

Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi (Principles of Information System) 3 SKS

11 – Knowledge Management & Learning Organization

IKI-10400 Prinsip Prinsip Sistem Informasi

Pengertian (1 dari 4)

X

Data is fact O

O O

X

Satu atau lebih simbol yang merepresentasikan sesuatu Data = attribute + value Contoh : nomor 43

Information is interpreted data O O O

Data yang mempunyai makna/arti Information = object + attribute + value Contoh : pegawai nomor 43



X

Knowledge O

is derived from information with existing knowledge [Beynon]

O O O

O O O

is networked information [Beynon] capability to act [Liebowitz] is information combined with experience, context, interpretation, and reflection [Anonymous] Knowledge = object + relation + object Relation di ekspresikan dengan declaration atau rule Contoh : banyaknya jenis produk yg dihasilkan sama dengan jumlah jenis produk yg dijual



X

Knowledge · another view Input

Activity Activity

Output

(uses (usesknowledge, knowledge,e.g., e.g., to tomake makedecision) decision) X X X X

Data/Info · Decisions Info/Knowledge · New Knowledge Existing Knowledge · Validated Knowledge Unstructured Knowledge · Rules, Lessons, Procedures



X

Knowledge Information Information

X X X X

Activity Activity

Knowledge

comparison (membandingkan), connection (mengkaitkan), conversation (tanya-jawab), dan consequences (akibat)


Kepentingan Knowledge X

X

Knowledge sekarang sudah merupakan salah satu sumberdaya (resources) dari suatu organisasi Selain itu O O

O

O

Increased knowledge leads to increased capability to perform effectively Knowledge sesuatu yg kompleks dan sulit ditiru · generate longterm & sustainable competitive advantage Karyawan yang mempunyai banyak pengetahuan mengenai organisasi tsb, kalau keluar akan terasa sangat kehilangan Knowledge di-create dan digunakan oleh organisasi itu sendiri · organisational learning

Knowledge is power

Sharing knowledge is power


Organisational Knowledge (1 dari 3)

X X

X

X

Knowledge diperoleh secara individual dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan2 yg spesifik Setiap group dalam organisasi yang ada didalam organisasi karena pekerjaannya, mempunyai knowledge yg spesifik Setiap organisasi mempunyai organisational memory yang berisi pengetahuan mengenai bisnis proses dan lingkungannya Knowledge yang ada didalam organisational memory merupakan critical resources bagi organisasi, yang memungkinkan organisasi tsb melakukan bisnisnya dengan efektif dalam economic market



X

2 bentuk Organisational Knowledge O

Explicit Knowledge (Structured Internal Knowledge) ' '

O

Knowledge yang siap diakses, karena telah didokumentasikan dan tersusun dengan baik Objective, technical, rational, formalized, documented, codified, simple, no need for interpretation, teachable

Tacit Knowledge (Informal Internal Knowledge) · pengetahuan yg ada di dalam otak individu2 anggota organisasi ' '

Sulit diakses dan hanya bisa diakses dengan elicitation technique Subjective, cognitive, experiential, takes long to learn, expertise, high level skills



X

Knowledge dalam organisasi berdasarkan content-nya dibedakan menjadi O O O O

X

Declarative knowledge · knowing what Procedural knowledge · knowing how Reasoning knowledge · knowing why Linguistic · interpretation

Knowledge dalam organisasi berdasarkan susunannya dibedakan menjadi O O

Structured · procedure, manuals, courses, etc Unstructured · email correspondence


World

Basic Knowledge Processes (1 dari 2)

Research

Get Training

Produce New K

Acquire K

(Invent & Validate)

Browse Published Patented Knowledge

Acquire K, Produce & Transfer K

Individual/ Team Structure Store K

Transfer K

Instruct/Present K

Integrate K

Organizational Organization Learning

Expose to Best Practices Share K


Basic Knowledge Processes (2 dari 2) Market Research Acquire I/K

The Enterprise Produce K

Best Practices

Management & Administrative Processes Produce K

Planning

Training

Publish Strategic Plan (K)

Product Development

Produce K

K

Suppliers (Raw Mat’ls)

Support Customer

Market to Customer

Finance

Acquire I/K

BPR/ TQM

IT Info/K in KBases, K in docs, email

Manufacture

Ship

Key Components of Value-Chain Process

Implement Redesigned Process (K)

Test & Evaluation

Sell to Customer


Knowledge Management (1 dari 3)

·

·

X

Handling (menangani), directing (mengatur), governing (menguasai), or controlling (mengendalikan) of natural knowledge processes (acquire/validate, produce, transfer/integrate K) within an organization in order to better achieve the goals and objectives of the organization The process of creating value from an organization’s intangible assets Knowledge management ditujukan untuk menyediakan the best knowledge untuk right person pada waktu yang tepat (the right time)



X

X

X

Knowledge management dilaksanakan secara comprehensive, dng menggunakan metodologi full lifecycle & memanfaatkan people, process & technology Information is a prerequisite to effective knowledge · umumnya knowledge management baru dilaksanakan, apabila top management percaya pada ke-efektif-an information management Key process pada knowledge management O O O O

Create knowledge Capture & codify knowledge Distributed knowledge Sharing knowledge



[Laudon, page 316]

Share Knowledge

OA Systems Group Collaboration Systems • Groupware • Intranets

AI Systems

Capture & Codify Knowledge

• Expert systems • Neural nets • Fuzzy logic • Genetic algorithms • Intelligent agents

Distribute Knowledge

• Word processing • Desktop publishing • Imaging & Web publishing • Desktop database • Electronic calendars

Knowledge Work Systems • CAD/CAM • Virtual Reality • Investment workstations

Create Knowledge


The Essence of Knowledge Management INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL

Tacit

HUMAN CAPITAL (Individual) – – – – – –

Expertise Experience Capability Capacity Creativity Adaptability

SOCIAL CAPITAL (Team) – – – – –

Networks Relationships Interactions Language Patterning

ENTERPRISE KNOWLEDGE

Explicit

CORPORATE CAPITAL (Organization) – Intellectual Property – Processes – Databases – Flexibility


Learning Organization (1 dari 6)

X

Organizations O

O O O

where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together

[Peter Senge] X

Organization skilled at creating, acquiring, interpreting, transferring, and retaining knowledge, and at purposely modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights [David Garvin]



X

Syarat agar suatu organisasi bisa menjadi learning organizations [Peter Senge, 1990] O

System Thinking · lihat topik mengenai sistem '

'

O

Suatu kerangka berpikir (framework) untuk memahami structures, patterns, dan relationships yang membentuk organizational behavior Suatu disiplin untuk melihat sesuatu secara menyeluruh (seeing wholes)

Personal Mastery ' '

Organizations learn only through individuals who learn Komitmen individu · dengan kemampuannya untuk belajar sepanjang hayat (lifelong learning)



X


Mental Models '

'

O

Mental models menentukan bagaimana seseorang bertindak (norms) Model berupa personal pictures yang dapat dicontoh dan dipahami bagaimana mereka dapat mempengaruhi tindakan orang lain

Shared Vision ' '

'

Visi bersama semua anggota organisasi Kemampuan untuk memelihara gambaran masa depan (picture of a future) yang ingin dicapai Helps establish overarching goals



X


Team Learning '

'

·

Dibentuk team/group sebagai unit yang belajar (learning unit) · perlu dibangun terlebih dahulu kemampuan untuk melakukan diskusi dan dialog Team/group juga akan mendorong anggotanya untuk menyelaraskan pola pikirnya dengan pola pikir team/group dan organisasi

disebut the fifth discipline



X

Untuk mengubah organisasi menjadi learning organizations, diperlukan mengubah paradigma pembelajaran organisasi tsb Single Loop Learning

Double Loop Learning


Learning Organization (6 dari 6) ADJUSTMENT

Single Loop Learning

ERROR

ACTION INCREASE ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CURRENT NORMS

Double Loop Learning

NEGOTIATION OF NEW NORMS

ERROR RE-STRUCTURE ORGANISATION AL ACTION


Mind Mapping (1 dari 1)

SIngle loop

Organisational learning

Double loop Knowledge creation

Organisational memory Knowledge transfer Knowledge codification

Processes Explicit

Information management

[Beynon, page 448]

Informatics infrastructure

Knowledge Management

Knowledge

Supporting technology

Information

Knowledge systems

Data

Implicit

Tacit

(Principles of Information System) 11 Knowledge Management & Learning Organization. Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia

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