Organisatie en Managment

Master TEW

Organisatie en Managment Slides + notities / prof Van den Bempt

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Organisatie&Management–Theorie&Cases Notities+slides TjitseVoortman

TableofContents Inleiding.................................................................................................................................4 Organisationalcrisis..........................................................................................................7 Thelogicoffailure.......................................................................................................................7 ‘…Ž—•‹‡•˜ƒŠ‡–ƒ”–‹‡ŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ Anatomyofahealthycorporation.........................................................................................9 Robinhoodcase.........................................................................................................................10 Importanceoforganisationalpurpose..............................................................................10 Organisatorischeeffectiviteit................................................................................................11 Naareeneersteomschrijving...............................................................................................11

Afurtherlookatmanagersandmanagement.......................................................12 1. Persoon.................................................................................................................................13

Afurtherlookatorganisingandorganisations....................................................13 Understandingthebasics.......................................................................................................14 Mechanicalefficiencytheories(ME)...................................................................................17 Humanrelationsandgroups.................................................................................................17 Motivation:earlierresarch....................................................................................................19

Motivatie.............................................................................................................................20 Whyismotivationsoimportant?.........................................................................................20 Herzberg(klassiekebenadering)........................................................................................20 McGregor(klassiekebenadering).......................................................................................21 Verderebenadering–Nohria(‘moderne’benadering)...............................................21 Implicaties....................................................................................................................................22

Organisatiesalsopensystemen.................................................................................23 Complexity...................................................................................................................................23 Systeem.........................................................................................................................................23 Gevolgenvandeafhankelijkheidaandeomgeving......................................................26 ”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‡Ž‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‹–‡‹–Ǧ‘–‹‰‡–‹‡„‡ƒ†‡”‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸ ‡”ƒ†‡”‹‰‡‹Š‡–•›•–‡‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͹ ”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ƭ˜‹”‘‡–Ȃ‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ Structuralcontingencytheory..............................................................................................29 Populationecology–Hannan&Freeman.........................................................................29 Resourcedependencytheory–Pfeffer&Salancik........................................................30 InstitutionaltheoryǦSelznick...............................................................................................31 EnactmentǦWeick.....................................................................................................................31 Samenvatting...............................................................................................................................31

Destructuurenstructurering.....................................................................................33 Doelvanorganisatiestructuur..............................................................................................33 Definitie:structuur...................................................................................................................33 Structureringsprobleem.........................................................................................................33 VerticaalstructuurconceptǦhiërarchie............................................................................34 HorizontaalstructuurconceptǦdepartementalisatie..................................................35 —…–‹‘‡Ž‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡•–”—…–——”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͷ ƒ”–‰‡”‹…Š–‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡•–”—…–——”ȋ†‹˜‹•‹‡ǡ’”‘†—…–ǡ‰‡‘‰”ƒˆ‹•…ŠȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͸ ƒ–”‹š•–”—…–——”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͹ ‘”‹œ‘–ƒƒŽ•–”—…–——”…‘…‡’–ǣ–‡†‡•‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͹ ”‹…‹’‡•˜ƒ•–”—…–——”Ǧƒ†ƒ…Š–•’—–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ Organisatiesalsconfiguraties...............................................................................................38 ͳǤ ‘‘Dž ”†‹ƒ–‹‡‡…Šƒ‹•‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻ



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ʹǤ –”—…–——”’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲ ͵Ǥ ‘–‹‰‡–‹‡ˆƒ…–‘”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ ‘…Ž—•‹‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͷ

Communicatie,“power”enconflicten......................................................................47 Hetcommunicatieproces........................................................................................................47 ƒŽ›•‹‰…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǧ ‘Šƒ”‹™‹†‘™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͺ Understanding“POWER”inorganisiations.....................................................................51 ‘…Ž—†‡”‡†ǥǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ Poweroforganisations............................................................................................................52 Sourcesofpower........................................................................................................................54 Conflicten......................................................................................................................................54 ‘ˆŽ‹…–”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠȂ”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͸ ƒ•‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡”†‹•ƒ•–‡”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͸

OrganisationalDecisionǦMaking................................................................................58 Thestorysofar–Eeninleiding............................................................................................59 Decisionmaking–Principles&limitations.....................................................................60 ConstraintsandtradeǦoffsindecisionǦmaking..............................................................61 Cognitivebiasesindecisionmaking...................................................................................62 Towardsamorerealisticviewondecisionmaking......................................................63 ͳǤƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›Ƭ†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͵ ʹǤ‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰ƒ•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ†‹…”‡‡–ƒŽ’”‘…‡••ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸Ͷ ͵Ǥ„Œ‡…–‹˜‹–›‹†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰ǦŠ‡…”—…‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’‡”…‡’–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ Towardsasummary.................................................................................................................66 šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‘”‡”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…˜‹‡™‘†‡…‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͸

Changemanagement......................................................................................................68 ExternalfactorsdrivingchangeǦWhy...............................................................................68 Howtodealwithplannedchange?......................................................................................70 ‡•–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•‹…Šƒ‰‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋ‘––‡”ȌǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͳ ‘™Ǧ“—‡•–‹‘ǣƒ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘†‡ŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͳ ‘™“—‡•–‹‘ǣƒƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ‘†‡ŽǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͵

Oncultureandthemanagementofculture............................................................75 Organizationalculture.............................................................................................................76 ‹ƒ‰‘•‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͸





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Inleiding 

”‘‡’•™‡”ǣƒ‹Ž‡ƒƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ǥ˜ƒ’‘—…‡̷—ƒǤƒ…Ǥ„‡ǡ†‡ƒ†Ž‹‡ƒǤ•Ǥ˜”‹Œ†ƒ‰ȋ͹ȀͳͲȌǤ ‹”•–…‘‡ǡˆ‹”•–•‡”˜‡†Ǩ ƒ–œ‹ŒǮ†‡ǯ˜‹Œˆ—‹–†ƒ‰‹‰‡˜‘‘”‘†‡”‡‹‰‡˜ƒ†ƒƒ‰ǫ x x x x x x x

——”œƒƒŠ‡‹† ‘†‹ƒŽ‹•‡”‹‰ ‘–‹—‹–‡‹–Ȁ™‹•–‰‡˜‡†Š‡‹†ȋœ‹‡‘†‡”Ȍ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡ ‘…‹ƒŽ‡Ȁ‡…‘‘‹•…Š‡–”‡†ȋ…”‹•‹•ǡ˜‡”‰”‹Œœ‹‰ǡœ‡‡”‡‡’”‘„Ž‡‡‹ Š‹ƒȌ ‘…—””‡–‹‡—‡„Ž‹Œ˜‡ƒƒ‰ƒƒ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•…Š‡–”‡†•ǣŽƒ‰‹‡–ƒŽ–‹Œ†‡˜‹†‡–ǡœ‡‡”˜‘‘”Š‘‘‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹•…Š‡„‡†”‹Œ˜‡ȋ’Š‹Ž‹’•Ƭ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǫǫȌ

ƒ–œ‹ŒǮ†‡ǯ˜‹Œˆ’”‹…‹’‡•˜ƒ‰‘‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǫ x x x x x

—‡˜‡”ƒ†‡”‡ ‘—‹…ƒ–‹‡ȋ‹–‡”Ƭ‡š–‡”Ȍ ‡—‰†‡Ž‹Œ„‡•–——”ȋ…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”ƒ…‡Ȍ ƒ”‡–•…ƒ‹‰ȋƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ‘’†‡Š‘‘‰–‡œ‹Œ˜ƒ–”‡†•‹†‡ƒ”–Ȍ Ȁ’‡‘’Ž‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ȋŒ‘‰‡‡•‡‹‡‡Œ‘‰„‡†”‹Œˆǡ‡–…ǤȌ

‘‡Ž‹•‘†‡werking˜ƒ„‡†”‹Œ˜‡„‡–‡”–‡„‡‰”‹Œ’‡Ǥ‘˜‡•–ƒƒ†‡’”‹…‹’‡• œ‹Œ‰‘‡†‡†—‹†‡Ž‹Œǡƒƒ”™‡‹‹‰…‘…”‡‡–ǡŽƒ–‡”™‘”†–†‹–˜‡”†‡”—‹–‰‡™‡”–Ǥ ‹Œ˜‘‘”„‡‡Ž†…‘–‹—Ö‡‹–ǡ†‘‘”™ƒ–™‘”†–†‹–„‡’ƒƒŽ†ǫǫ‹–•…Š‡ƒŽ‘‘’– †‘‘”Š‡‡Š±±Ž†‡…—”•—•ǨǨ 



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š–‡” ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡

–‡” ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ Ȉ

Ȉ ‘˜ƒ–‹‡ Ȉ ‰‡˜‹‰•ˆƒ…–‘”‡ȋ…‘…—””‡–‹‡ǡ …‘•—‡–‡ǡ‡–‡ǡǤǤǤȌ Ȉ ”‘†—…–ǦȀ†‹‡•–’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘ Ȉ –”ƒ–‡‰› Ȉ ƒ‰‘ Ȉ ”ƒ…Š‡Ȁ•‡…–‘”

‹•‹…‘„‡Š‡‡”•‹‰ȋ›‹‡Ž†˜••ƒˆ‡–›Ȍ ‹ƒ…‹´Ž‡‹††‡Ž‡ †‹Ǥ’”‘…‡••‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– Ȁ‡‘’Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡‡– ”‘…‡••‡ǡ„‡•Ž‹••‹‰‡ǤǤ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‡

‡•‹‰’”‘„Ž‡‡ȋŠ‘‡‹• ‘†Ǥ‘–™‘”’‡ǫȌ Ȉ –”—…–——” Ȉ ‘”‡Ž‡•–”—…–——” Ȉ ‘…‹ƒŽ‡•–”—…–——” Ȉ —Ž–——” Ȉ ‘…‹ƒŽ‡…‘–‡š–

‘–‹—Ö‡‹–

 ‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”‘„Ž‡‡‹•†—•‘’‰‡†‡‡Ž†‹͵ƒ•’‡…–‡ǤŽƒ•’‡…–Ž‡˜‡”–œ‡‡” ‰”‘–‡„‡Ž‡‹†•’”‘„Ž‡‡Ǥ ’”‹…‹’‡œ‹Œœ‡†—•‰‡Ž‹Œ™ƒƒ”†‹‰ǡƒƒ”‡‡•–ƒŽ ‘‡†‡˜‡”ƒ†‡”‹‰‡™±Ž„‹‡˜ƒ—‹–†‡‡š–‡”‡‘‰‡˜‹‰Ǥ‡œ‡ ˜‡”ƒ†‡”‹‰œƒŽ‡…Š–‡”‘’œ‹Œ„‡—”–™‡‡”˜‡”ƒ†‡”‹‰‡–‘–‰‡˜‘Ž‰Š‡„„‡‹†‡ –™‡‡ƒ†‡”‡‰”‘‡’‡Ǩ”œ‹Œ†—•spanningsvelden–—••‡†‡‰”‘‡’‡ǨǨǨ

 



ͷ

‘‹‰‡’”‘„Ž‡‡œ‹Œ˜‡‡Ž•–‡”‡”‹Š‡–‡‡„‡†”‹Œˆ†ƒ‹Š‡–ƒ†‡”‡ǡ˜„ǣ†‡ •–”—…–——”˜ƒ‡‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‡”‰‘‡‹Ž‹Œ–‡˜‡”ƒ†‡”‡ǡ–‡”™‹ŒŽ†ƒ–˜ƒ†‡ „”‘‘†Œ‡•œƒƒ‘†‡Š‘‡‡”‰‰‡ƒ‡Ž‹Œ‹•Ǥ ‘‘”„‡‡Ž†‡–‡”‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‡˜ƒ†‹–•…Š‡ƒǣ x

x x

™ƒ”–‹†‡”Žƒ–‡†‘‘””‘‘˜‡”„‘†ǣ‹••…Š‹‡‘†‡”†‡‡Ž˜ƒ†‡ †——”œƒƒŠ‡‹†’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹‡ǫǫŽ•Œ‡‡”—‘‰‹•ƒƒ‰‡†ƒƒŠ‡„–ǡ„‡ Œ‡‘‰‡Ž‘‘ˆ‡Ž‹ŒŽƒƒ–Ǥ‹‡˜‡”ƒ†‡”‹‰‹•†—•„Ž‹Œ„ƒƒ”‘‰Š±±Ž‘‡‹Ž‹Œƒ ʹͲŒƒƒ”–‹Œ†Ǥ ˆ”Ǥ ‘‘‰Ž‡Ž‹Œ–Š‡‡Ž•—……‡•˜‘Žǡƒƒ”„‡•–ƒƒ–‘‰ƒƒ”ͳ͵Œƒƒ”Ǥ”‘‡‰‡” ™ƒ• ‘‘œ‘‰‡•–ƒ”–Ǩ͵‹•‡‡˜‘‘”„‡‡Ž†˜ƒ‡‡˜‡‡Ž„‡–‡”„‡†”‹ŒˆǤ ‘”–—‡ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǣ™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†ƒ–’Š‹•‡”ǣ‹–‡” ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡ ƒŽƒ”–ƒƒ–•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹†‡šǣ‹–‡”ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡ȋ˜ƒ ™ƒŽƒ”–Ȍ™‘”†–‡š–‡”ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡˜ƒƒ†‡”‡„‡†”‹Œ˜‡ȋ˜ƒ •—’’Ž‹‡”•ȌǤ

’‡šƒ‡ǣ‡‡”•–‡ͳͲŽ‹Œ‡˜ƒ‡‡ƒ”–‹‡Žǣ„‡•’”‡‡‡Žƒƒ–œ‹‡˜ƒ—‹–…—”•—• ȋ‘ǤƒǤ‘‘±±˜ƒ†‡œ‡†”‹‡‡Ž‡‡–‡ǨǨȌǤ ‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡™‘”†–‡‡”‰‡œ‹‡ƒŽ•‡‡˜‡”œƒ‡Ž‹‰˜ƒ‡•‡‹‡‡ •‘…‹ƒƒŽ•›•–‡‡‡–†—‹†‡Ž‹Œ‡†‘‡Ž‡Ǥ ˆ”ǣ‡ƒ†‡”…ŠŽ‹–œ„”‡™‹‰…‘’ƒ›ǣŠ‡–‹•‘‘œ‡‡”‹–‡”‡••ƒ–‘–‡‹Œ‡ ƒƒ”„‡†”‹Œ˜‡†‹‡‹ˆƒŽ‹‰‰ƒƒǨǨ

 



͸

Organisationalcrisis Thelogicoffailure ‡Žƒ‰”‹Œƒ”–‹‡ŽǨ



  

͹

 ‡†”‹Œ˜‡™‡”†‡‹ʹ…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡´‰‡•–‘‡ȋ…”ƒ•Š‡•™ƒ”‡˜‘‘”ƒŽŠ‘‡Ǧƒ†‡Ȍǣ x

x

—”‘—–•›†”‘‡ǣ o ‡š…‡••‹˜‡‰”‘™–Šǣ‹–‡”ƒŽ…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘Ƭ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••†‡…”‡ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ”‡–…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǡˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ȋ–‡”—‰˜ƒŽŽ‡‘’†‡”†‡ œ‘”‰–˜‘‘”„‡’‡”‹‰‡ǨǨȌ

”‘‡‹„‡–‡‡–†ƒ–‘‘Š‡–™‡”ƒ’‹–ƒƒŽ–‘‡‡‡–ȋ‡‡” ˜‘‘””ƒƒ†ǡ‡‡”Žƒ–‡†‹‡‹‡–„‡–ƒŽ‡ǡ‡–…ǤȌǤƒ•Š‹•„‹Œƒ „‡Žƒ‰”‹Œ‡”†ƒ™‹•–Ǩ o ƒ—–‘…”ƒ–‹…Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǣ–‘‘’‘™‡”ˆ—Žǯ•ǡ–‘‘™‡ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹… „‘†‹‡•Æ˜ƒƒŠ‡–‰‡˜ƒŽ„‹Œˆƒ‹Ž‹‡„‡†”‹Œ˜‡ o —…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†…Šƒ‰‡ǣ‹†‡–‹–›Ž‘••ǡ…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘Ȁ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ž‘•– o ‡š…‡••‹˜‡•—……‡••…—Ž–—”‡ǣ‹…‡–‹˜‡•›•–‡‡‘’‹†‹˜‹†—‹’˜ ‰”‘‡’ǡŽƒ…‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡–”—•–ǨǨǨ  ÆŽ‡Šƒ„”‘–Š‡”•˜‘Ž†‡‡†˜‘ŽŽ‡†‹‰ƒƒ†‡œ‡‡‹•‡Ǥ ”‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ‰‹‰•›†”‘‡ǣ o •–ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰‰”‘™–Šǣ†”‘’‹ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡Ƭ…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹‘ o –‡–ƒ–‹˜‡…Šƒ‰‡ǣ‹•†ƒ–±…Š–˜‡”ƒ†‡”†‡ǡ–‘‘”‹‰‹†ǡ‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ o ™‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǣ™‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘”‡•–‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ o Žƒ…‹‰ƒ•—……‡••…—Ž–—”‡ǣŽ‘™†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡••†—‡–‘ „—”‘…”ƒ…›‘”…‘•‡•—ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡•ǡƒ†Žƒ…‘ˆ–”—•–‹’‡”•‘‡ŽǤ  Æ ˜‘Ž†‡‡†‘‘ƒƒƒŽ†‡œ‡‡‹•‡ǨǨǨ‡•–ƒƒ–’——”†‘‘”†‡‰”ƒ–‹‡ ˜ƒ„ƒƒ

Conclusiesvanhetartikel Recipeforsuccess: x x x x

ƒŽƒ…‹‰‰”‘™–Šȋ ˜‡”•—•ƒ”‡–Ȍ –ƒ„Ž‡…Šƒ‰‡–‘‡•—”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†•‡•‡ƒ‹‰ Šƒ”‡†’‘™‡”ƒŽ‰‹‹‰•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‡ƒŽ–Š›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡

Howtopreventfailure x x

ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”Ž›™ƒ”‹‰•›•–‡• ‘—–‡”‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ȋˆ‘”‡š‡’Ž‡ǡ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰”‘™–Šǡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ȍ

Implicationsformanagersȋ•‡‡ƒ”–‹…Ž‡Ȍ



ͺ

Anatomyofahealthycorporation



 ƒ–‘›‘ˆƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣ x x x x



”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ ‡š‡…—–‹‘ ƒŽ‹‰‡– ”‡‡™ƒŽ

ͻ

x

…‘’Ž‹‡–ƒ”‹–›

‹–œ‹Œ†‡„ƒ•‹•‡Ž‡‡–‡˜ƒ‡‡Ǯ‰‡œ‘†‡‘†‡”‡‹‰ǯȂ—‹–‰‡„”‡‹†‡—‹–Ž‡‰‹ †‡”‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ Ƈšƒ‡˜”ƒƒ‰ǣ™ƒ–„‘˜‡•–ƒƒ†‡–‡”‡‹Š‘—†‡ǡ‡™ƒ–Š‡–„‡–‡‡† „‹‡†‡•–”—…–——”Ǥ

Robinhoodcase ›’‹•…Š‰‡˜ƒŽ˜ƒ‡‡„‡†”‹Œˆ†ƒ–‹’”‘„Ž‡‡‘–Ǥ‹•–‰‡˜‡†Š‡‹†‘– ‘†‡”†”—‘†ƒ–”‡˜‡—‡•†ƒŽ‡‡‘•–‡•–‹Œ‰‡Ǥ”œ‹Œ˜‡”•…Š‹ŽŽ‡†‡‘’–‹‡•ǣ x x x x

ƒ•˜”ƒ‰‡ ‘…—””‡–‹‡ƒƒ˜‡…Š–‡

‡‘‰”ƒˆ‹•…Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‡ ǤǤǤ

‡Š‘‘’‘’–‹‡•†—•ǡƒƒ”™ƒ–‹‡•Œ‡ǫǫ‘‰‡Ž‹ŒŠ‡†‡‘†‡‡—œ‡–‡ƒ‡ œ‹Œǣ x x x

‘•–‡Ȁ„ƒ–‡ƒƒŽ›•‡ ǦƒƒŽ›•‡ ‘‡–•‡ƒƒ‹••‹‡˜ƒ‘†‡”‡‹‰ǫǮ‡…Š–˜ƒƒ”†‹‰Š‡‹†ǯǡ‡‡ƒƒ–ƒŽ ‘’–‹‡•ƒŒ‡•…Š”ƒ’’‡Ǥ

Æ™‡‡–™ƒƒ”˜‘‘”Œ‡•–ƒƒ–ƒŽ•‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡ǨǨ ˆŠƒ‡Ž‹Œ˜ƒ†‡‡—œ‡‹•‡Žƒ…–‹‡’Žƒƒ†‡”•ǤǤ

Importanceoforganisationalpurpose

 ‡––‘‡–•‡ƒƒ†‡‹••‹‡‹•†—•œ±±”„‡Žƒ‰”‹ŒǢ x x x x 

‹••‹‡ǣ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡ȋ˜ƒ—‹–‰–Ȍ‹•œ‡‡”„‡Žƒ‰”‹ŒǨ

‘ƒŽ•ǣ–ƒ”‰‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘’ƒ› –”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǣ–Š‡‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰‰‘ƒŽ•ȋƒ†˜‹•‹‘Ȍ Žƒ•ǣ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘‹’Ž‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ͳͲ

‘‘”„‡‡Ž†‡ǣ‹Ž‡˜‡”˜‡”Ž‘‘”  ‹†‡–‹–‡‹–ǡœ™ƒ”‡”‡„”ƒ†‹‰ȋ‹‡—™Ž‘‰‘ǡ ‡–…Ȍ‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‡–‡”—‰–‡™‡”‡Ǥ ‘‡”‘šǡ–”ƒ•‹•–‹‡˜ƒ’—”‡Šƒ”†™ƒ”‡ƒƒ”Ǯ–Š‡†‘…—‡–…‘’ƒ›ǯǤ͵ǡǤǤǤ ‡‹••‹‡‘‡–˜‘Ž†‘‡ƒƒǣ x x x x x x x x

‹‰‡˜‹‰ ‘…—• †‡–‹–‡‹–ȋ„‹‡Ƭ„—‹–‡Ȍ —‡Ž‡‰‰‡˜ƒ’”‹‘”‹–‡‹–‡ ‘‘Ž˜‘‘”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‡ ‡–‡”Ž‡‹†‡”•…Šƒ’ ’Ž‘••‡˜ƒ…‘ˆŽ‹…–‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‡

Organisatorischeeffectiviteit

 x x x

ǣŠ‡–”‡ƒŽ‹•‡”‡Ȁ„‡”‡‹‡˜ƒ†‘‡Ž•–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ǣ•›•–‡‡„‡ƒ†‡”‹‰ǣƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ…“—‹”‡‹’—–•ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‘ ‘—–’—–•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ȋ”‡•‘—”…‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ’”‘…‡••ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠȌ ‡‹˜—ŽŽ‹‰˜ƒDz‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‹–‡‹–dz‹•ƒˆŠƒ‡Ž‹Œ˜ƒŠ‡–•–ƒ†’—– ȋ•Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡƒƒ‰‡‡––‡ƒǡǤǤǤȌ

Naareeneersteomschrijving Organisatiesǣ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ•›•–‡™‹–Š‘”‡‘”Ž‡•• …‘•…‹‘—•‰‘ƒŽ•Ȁ†‹”‡…–‹‘• Management:”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡ •›•–‡ǡ‹•ƒƒ‰‡†ƒ††‹”‡…–‡†



ͳͳ

Afurtherlookatmanagersandmanagement ‹‡”‡ƒ†‡”—‡”ͳͷǨ‹–œ„‡”‰Ȃ‘—†‹‰‘—––Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”•ǯŒ‘„Ǥ ƒƒ‰‡”•‰‡‘’’‡Ž†ƒƒ†‡ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡ǣ x x x

‹Œ‡‡‡š–‡”ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡œƒŽ†‡ƒƒ‰‡”˜‘‘”ƒŽ‡‡•–”ƒ–‡‡‰ œ‹ŒǤ ‡ƒ†‡–‡‡†—‹†‡Ž‹Œ‡˜‹•‹‡Ȁ‹••‹‡ȋ…ˆ”Ǥ–‡˜‡ ‘„•Ȍ ‹Œ‡‡‹–‡”ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡œƒŽ†‡ƒƒ‰‡”˜‘‘”ƒŽ‡‡ Ž‡‹†‡”•ˆ—…–‹‡—‹–‘‡ˆ‡‡ȋ‘ˆŽ‹Œ†‡”ȌǤ ‹Œ‡‡†‡•‹‰’”‘„Ž‡‡œƒŽ†‡ƒƒ‰‡”˜‘‘”ƒŽ‡‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–œ‹ŒǤ

—–‹•‘Œ‡ƒŽ•ƒƒ‰‡”‹‡‡’‘•‹–‹‡–‡˜‹†‡™ƒƒ”Œ‹ŒŒ‡ƒ••‡–•Š‡–„‡•–—– —‹–•’‡Ž‡Ǥ ‹–‰ƒ‰•’—–˜ƒƒƒ‰‡”•Ƭƒƒ‰‡‡–™‘”†–˜ƒƒ˜‡”™‡œ‡ƒƒ”‘getting thingsdone’,Š‡–—Ž–‹‡‡†‘‡Ž˜ƒƒƒ‰‡”•Ƭƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ƒ–Ǯ‰‡––‹‰–Š‹‰•†‘‡ǯƒŒ‡‰‡†ƒƒ”‹Œ‰‡‘’͵ƒ‹‡”‡ǡmanagingon threelevelsǣ x

x

x

ƒƒ‰‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȂǮ…‘–”‘Žǯǣ ›‘—ǯ”‡‰‡––‹‰–Š‹‰•†‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š…‘–”‘ŽǤ„ǣ’”‘ˆ‰‡‡ˆ–‘’†”ƒ…Š–’——” †‘‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‡–‡˜‡”•–”‡‡ǡ‹‡–‡‡”ǡ‹‡–‹†‡”Ǥ o ‡‰‡‡ˆ–‹ˆ‘†‘‘”‘œ‘ƒ†‡”‡–‡•–—”‡Ƭ–‡‘–‹˜‡”‡ǡŒ‡ …‘—‹…‡‡”– o ‡…‘–”‘Ž‡‡”–ǣ•–‡Ž–…‘–”‘Ž‡‡…Šƒ‹•‡‘’ ƒ ‡˜‡Ž‘’•›•–‡•ǡ†‡•‹‰‹‰•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ‹’‘•‡†‹”‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ o ‡ƒ†‹‰‹•‹†‡”„‡Žƒ‰”‹Œ ƒƒ‰‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š’‡‘’Ž‡ǣŠ‡‡ˆ–˜‘‘”ƒŽ–‡ƒ‡‡–†‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‡‡ ‡’‘™‡”‡–ǡŒ‡‡‡–œ‡Žˆ‰‡‡ƒ…–‹‡ǡƒƒ”•’‡‡Ž–†‡œ‡†‘‘”ƒƒ ƒ†‡”‡Ǥ o Ǯ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•–‘‰‡––Š‹‰•†‘‡ǯ o ‡ƒ†‹‰‹•Š‹‡”„‡Žƒ‰”‹Œ‡”ǡ‘’‹†‹˜‹†—‡‡Žȋ…‘ƒ…Š‹‰ǡ‹•’‹”‡”‡ǡ ‡–…ǤȌǡ‰”‘—’ȋ–‡ƒ•Ž‡‹†‡Ȍ‡—‹–Ž‡˜‡Žȋ˜„ǣ…—Ž–——”ȌǤ o ‹‹‰‹•‘‘‡”‰„‡Žƒ‰”‹Œǡ•–‡Ž‡–™‡”‡‘’ǦǮ‰ƒ–‡‡‡’‹‰ ™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǯǤ ƒƒ‰‹‰ƒ…–‹‘†‹”‡…–Ž›ǣŒ‡„‡–œ±Žˆ„‡–”‘‡„‹Œ„‡•Ž‹••‹‰‡ǡŒ‡‰ƒƒ– ƒ…–‹‡ˆ†‹‰‡‰‡†ƒƒ”‹Œ‰‡ǡ„‡’ƒƒŽ†‡†‹‰‡†‹‡Œ‡‹‡–˜‡”†‡”ȋ—–Ȍ †‡Ž‡‰‡”‡Ǥ‘™‡Ž‹–‡”ȋ’”‘Œ‡…–‡ȌƒŽ•‡š–‡”ȋ†‡ƒŽ•Ƭ‡‰‘…‹ƒ–‹‡•ȌǤ

‡„‡–ƒŽ•ƒƒ‰‡”‡‡•–ƒŽ•Ž‡…Š–•‘’±±˜Žƒ•–‡”ǨǨŽ•Œ‡„‹Œ˜Ǥ•–‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘”‹‡–‡†„‡–ǡ‹•Š‡–‡”‰‘‡‹Ž‹Œ‘‡‡ƒ…–‹‘†‹”‡…–Ž›Š‘—†‹‰ƒƒ–‡‡‡Ǥ ƒ–„‡–”‡ˆ–†‡œ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘‡–‡™‡‡–˜‘Ž‰‡†‡œƒ‡”‡‡‹‰Š‘—†‡ǣ ͳǤ ‡”•‘‘œ‡Žˆ ʹǤ —Ž–——”˜ƒ†‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡



ͳʹ

͵Ǥ ‹–—ƒ–‹‡ „‹Œ˜Ǥ‡š‹ƒǡŠ‹‡”ƒ‡”‹–‡”‡‡˜‡‡ŽŽƒ‰‡”‡‘‘†œ‹Œƒƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‡ƒŽ• ‰‡˜‘Ž‰˜ƒ†‡…”‹•‹•ǡ‡˜‡‡Ž‡‡”‘‘†œ‹Œƒƒ‡‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†˜‹‡™ ‡‡Ž„‡†”‹Œ˜‡Š‡„„‡‡‡„‹ƒ•‘’˜Žƒ˜ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒƒ†‡œƒ‡Ǩ

1. Persoon ‡•–‹ŒŽ˜ƒŽ‡‹†‹‰‰‡˜‡‹•˜ƒƒƒˆŠƒ‡Ž‹Œ˜ƒ†‡’‡”•‘‘œ‡Žˆǡƒ‡Ž‹Œǣ x x x x

ƒƒ”†‡‡‡”˜ƒ”‹‰‡ȋ‘’Ž‡‹†‹‰‡ǡ‡–…ǤȌ ‘‡†‡ƒƒ‰‡”œ‹Œ˜‡”‡‹•–‡—‹–˜‘‡”– ‡”•…Š‹ŽŽ‡†‡Ž‡‹†‡”•…Šƒ’••–‹ŒŽ‡ȋ’ƒ••‹‡ˆǡ‰‡†”‡˜‡ǡ‘’’‘”–—‹•–‹•…Šǡ †‡–‡”‹‹•–‹•…Šǡ‡–…ǤȌ ‡’ƒƒŽ–Š‘‡‡‡ƒƒ‰‡”ƒƒ‰‡†Ǥ o ‹ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‡ǡ‡•‡‘ˆ†‹”‡…–ǫ

ƒƒ‰‡”™‡–‡•…Šƒ’’‡œ‹Œ˜ƒƒ‡”‰‘”ƒ–‹‡ˆ„‡ƒ†‡”†Ǥ‘…ŠŠ‡„„‡ „‡’ƒƒŽ†‡‘†‡”œ‘‡‡”•Š‡–„‡Šƒ†‡Ž†ƒŽ•‡‡Folkloreǡ†ƒ–•–‡Ž–†ƒ–†‡ƒƒ‰‡” ˜‘Ž‰‡†‡˜‡”‡‹•–‡œ‘—‘‡–‡Š‡„„‡ǣ x x x x

–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”‹•ƒ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ǡ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…’Žƒ‡” –Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”‹•–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›„—‹Ž†‡”ȋ‘”‡‰—Žƒ”†—–‹‡•Ȍ –Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”‡‡†•ƒˆ‘”ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡ȋ Ȍ ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•„‡…‘‹‰ƒ•…‹‡…‡ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘

™‡”‡Ž‹ŒŠ‡‹†ȋFactsȌ‹•†‹–Š‡Ž‡ƒƒŽ‹‡–Š‡–‰‡˜ƒŽǣ x x x x

ƒƒ‰‡”•ƒ”‡•–”‘‰Ž›‘”‹‡–‡†–‘ƒ…–‹‘ƒ††‹•Ž‹‡”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒƒ‰‡”•’‡”ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ”†—–‹‡•ǡƒ†”‘—–‹‡• ƒƒ‰‡”•ˆƒ˜‘”–Š‡˜‡”„ƒŽ‡†‹ƒȋ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ…‘–ƒ…–•Ȍ ‹–—‹–‹‘‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ™‘”

ȋ‡šƒ‡˜”ƒ‰‡œ‹Œ‘‘‹–•Ž‡…Š–•±±†‡‡Ž–Š‡‘”‹‡ǡŒ‡‘‡–Ž‹‡ƒƒ”‡‡ƒ†‡” †‡‡Ž—‹–†‡–Š‡‘”‹‡ǨȌ

Afurtherlookatorganisingandorganisations ‘‡—‡™‡‡‡‰‘‡†„‡‡Ž†”‹Œ‰‡‘˜‡”†‡™‡”‹‰˜ƒ†‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡‡ „‹Œ„‡Š‘”‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǫ”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡•—‡Žƒ‰•˜‡”•…Š‹ŽŽ‡†‡ ‹˜ƒŽ•Š‘‡‡„‡‡‡™‘”†‡ǡ‰±±‡šƒ…–‡™‡–‡•…Šƒ’ǡ‹‡–‘”ƒ–‹‡ˆǤ ‡–‹•„‹Œ˜‘‘”„‡‡Ž†‹–‡”‡••ƒ–‘‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡•–‡„‡‹Œ‡ƒǤ†ǤŠǤ˜Ǥ organisatorischeprocessen†‹‡•ƒ‡ȋ‡ƒŽŽ‡‡•ƒ‡ȌŽ‡‹†‡–‘–‡‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒƒ–ǣ x



Workprocessesǣ’”‘…‡••‡‰‡”‡Žƒ–‡‡”†ƒƒ†‡’”‹ƒ‹”‡–ƒƒ˜ƒ†‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡ǡ„‹Œ˜‘‘”„‡‡Ž†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‡Ž‡’”‘…‡••‡‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‡˜‡ ’”‘…‡••‡ǤŽŽ‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‡‹–‡†‹‡Œ‡‘‡–†‘‡‘Œ‡’”‹ƒ‹”’”‘…‡• ‘‰‡Ž‹Œ–‡ƒ‡Ǥ ͳ͵

x

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o ’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•ǣ…”‡ƒ–‡ǡ’”‘†—…‡ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”’”‘†—…–•ƒ† •‡”˜‹…‡•–Šƒ–…—•–‘‡”•™ƒ–Ǥ o †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘…‡••‡•ǣ’”‘…‡••‡•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘””—‹‰–Š‡ „—•‹‡••αε“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†”‡‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‘˜‡‡–α凐Šƒ…‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†…‘””‡…–‹‰Žƒ…‘ˆ…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ Behavioralprocessesǣ‹ŽŒ‡†‡™‡”’”‘…‡••‡„‡–‡”Žƒ–‡˜‡”Ž‘’‡ǡ ‘‡–Œ‡˜‡”†‡”†‘‘”‰ƒƒ‹†‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡ǡ˜‡”™‹Œœ‡˜‘‘”ƒŽ ƒƒ”decisionǦmakingǡcommunicationƒ†learningǣ o ‘…—•‘‹‰”ƒ‹‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”’ƒ––‡”ǣ˜‡‡Ž„‡•Ž‹••‹‰‡œ‹Œ routinesǡ‘’‹•‹•‡‡Ǥƒƒ”‹†‹‡†‡‡š–‡”‡‘‰‡˜‹‰™‹Œœ‹‰– ‹•‡‡•–‡”‹œ‹…Š–‹†‡œ‡”‘—–‹‡•‘‘†œƒ‡Ž‹ŒǨǨ o ‡•–ƒƒ–‹‡–‘ƒˆŠƒ‡Ž‹Œ˜ƒ™‡”’”‘…‡•ǡ‡”‰‘‡‹Ž‹Œ–‡ †‡–‡…–‡”‡ o ‡ƒ”‹‰ǣ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ‘˜‡‡–ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ Ϊ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘  ‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘…‡••™‘”†‡Žƒ–‡”†‹‡’‡”—‹–‰‡™‡”–Ǥ  Changeprocessesǣ‡‡•‡“—‡–‹‡˜ƒ‰‡„‡—”–‡‹••‡†‘‘”Š‡‡†‡–‹Œ†ǡ Š‘‡Œ‡˜‡”ƒ†‡”–ƒŽ•‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡ǣ o ‘‡‹†‹˜‹†—‡ǡ‰”‘—’‡‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡•˜‡”ƒ†‡”‡ǡ‘–™‹‡Ž‡ ‡‰”‘‡‹‡ o ›ƒ‹‡ o ‹‡˜‡”†‡”ǤǤ

 ‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‹–‡‹–˜ƒ†‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡œƒŽ•–‡”ƒˆŠƒ‰‡˜ƒŠ‡–‘–™‡”’˜ƒƒŽ†‡œ‡ ’”‘…‡••‡Ǩ ȋ”‘…‡•α…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ–ƒ••ƒ†ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ––‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǧƒ†‘Ž›–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǧ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹’—–•‹–‘‘—–’—–• 

Understandingthebasics ‹Œ‡ƒƒ”†‡„ƒ•‹••‡˜ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‘”‹•…Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‹–‡‹–˜ƒ—‹–‡‡Š‹•–‘”‹•…Š ’‡”•’‡…–‹‡ˆǡŠ‹•–‘”‹‡˜Ȁ‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‘”‹•…Š‡–Š‡‘”‹‡Ǥ ‡Žƒ‰˜ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‘”‹•…Š†‘‡ŽǨ ‹œ‹…Š––‡”‹Œ‰‡‹†‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–‡˜ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡–Š‡‘”‹‡´Š‡Ž’–˜‘Ž‰‡† ‘†‡ŽȋŠ‹‡”‹™‘”†‡‰‡‡„‡†”‹Œ˜‡ǡƒƒ”–Š‡‘”‹‡´ȋ’‡”•’‡…–‹‡˜‡Ȍ‹ ‰‡’Žƒƒ–•–Ȍǣ



ͳͶ

  ͳǤ MechanischeefficiëntieŠ‡‡ˆ–˜‘‘”ƒŽ„‡–”‡‹‰–‘–Š‡– •–”—…–—”‡‡ŽȀ†‡•‹‰’”‘„Ž‡‡ ƒǤ Scentificmgmtǣƒ›Ž‘” ȋDz”‹…‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒƒ‰‡‡–dzȌ ‹‡ƒ†‘–‹‘•–—†‹‡•ǣŠ‘‡”‹Œ‰Œ‡Š‡–™‡”„‡–‡” ‰‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡‡”†ǫǫˆ”ǣ…ƒŽŽ…‡–‡”•ǡ‹Œ‡ȋŠ‘‡‰”‘‘–‘‡–‡ •…Š‘’’‡œ‹ŒǫȌǡǤǤǤ ‡‡ˆ–Š‡‡Ž™ƒ–‰‡˜‘Ž‰‡‰‡Šƒ†ǣ ƒ ‡–‡•…Šƒ’’‡Ž‹Œ‡„‡ƒ†‡”‹‰˜ƒƒ”„‡‹† ƒ ‡–‡•…Šƒ’’‡Ž‹Œ‡–”ƒ‹‹‰Ƭ•‡Ž‡…–‹‡˜ƒƒ”„‡‹†‡”• ƒ ƒ‡™‡”‹‰–—••‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡ƒ”„‡‹†‘ †‘‡Ž•–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–‡„‡ŠƒŽ‡ ƒ ‡‡”‡˜‡”‡†‹‰‡˜‡”†‡Ž‹‰–—••‡‰–ȋ’Žƒ‹‰Ƭ •—’‡”˜‹•‹‰Ȍ‡ƒ”„‡‹†‡”•ȋ‡š‡…—–‹‰Ȍ „Ǥ Theoryofadministrationǣ ƒ›‘Ž ȋDz †—•–”‹ƒŽƬ ‡‡”ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ‘‡‡˜‡”™‡–‡•…Šƒ’’‡Ž‹Œ‹‰˜ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ˜”‘‡‰œ‹…Šƒˆ ™ƒ–†‡ˆ—…–‹‡•˜ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–™ƒ”‡Ǥ ƒƒ‰‡‡–α ƒ ‡…Š‹…ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ȋ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ ‘‡”…‹ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ȋ’”‘…—”‡‡–ǡ’—”…Šƒ•‡ǡ•‡ŽŽ‹‰Ȍ ƒ ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ȋ‘’–‹ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆ•…ƒ”‡…ƒ’‹–ƒŽȌ ƒ ‡…—”‹–›ˆ—…–‹‘ȋ’‡”•‘‡Žƒ†’”‘’‡”–›Ȍ ƒ ……‘—–‹‰ˆ—…–‹‘ȋ„‘‘‡‡’‹‰Ƭ…‘•–ƒ……‘—–‹‰Ȍ ‹–‡‹†Ž‡‹Œ™ƒŠ‹Œ–‘–†‡managerialfunctionȋplanningǡ organisingǡcommandingǡcoordinatingƒ†controllingȌǤ 

ͳͷ

‘”ƒ–‹‡˜‡”‡‰‡Ž•ǣ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

—‹–›‘ˆ…‘ƒ† •…ƒŽƒ”…Šƒ‹ȋ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ƭ†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰Ȍ •’ƒ‘ˆ…‘–”‘Ž •–ƒˆˆƒ†Ž‹‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ™‘” ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ƭ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–‡—”‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘‡Ž

‡‡Ž‡Ž‡‡–‡˜ƒ‡‡‘”‰ƒ‘‰”ƒœ‹Œ–‡”—‰–‡˜‹†‡Ǥ ‘Ž‰‡•†‡–Š‡‘”›‘‡–†‡œ‡‡‡Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š‹•…Š‡•–”—…–——” Š‡„„‡Ǥ’œ‹…Š‹•†‹–œ‡‡”‘‰‡Ž‹Œǡƒƒ”‹‡–‹†‹‡†‡ ƒ”–instabiel‹•Ǩ‡‹•–ƒ„‹‡Ž‡ƒ”–˜‡”‡‹•–Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‡ǡ‰‡‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ‡Ǥ  ‘‘”‡Ž‡ˆ—…–‹‡‘‡–REAW‹‰‡˜—Ž†™‘”†‡ȋ‹‡ƒ† ‘‡–responsibilityƬauthorityŠ‡„„‡ǡ‹‡ƒ††‡expertiseǡ ‹‡ƒ†‘‡–Š‡–werk†‘‡ȌǤ±‡”—–Š‘”‹–›Ƭ ‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘‡–‡ƒŽ–‹Œ†‰‡‘’’‡Ž†œ‹ŒǨ o Ƭǣǡ‹—‹–•Žƒ†˜ƒƒƬƬ o ǣ‘•—Ž–ƒ– o ǣƒ”„‡‹†‡” ‹‰‡Ž‹Œ™‘”†‡‡”™ƒ–‘’‡†‡—”‡‹‰‡–”ƒ’–ǡ‡‹•Š‡––‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‡ˆȀƒ‰‡Ž•ƒ•‹•…ŠǤǤ‘…Š†—‹†‡Ž‹Œ‡‹œ‹…Š–‡‹™–‡” ‘‡–‰‡„‡—”‡‹‰–ǡ‡–…Ǥ …Ǥ Theoryofbureaucracyǣ‡„‡” ȋDz–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†‡…‘‘‹…‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•dzȌ ‡”™‡–‡•…Šƒ’’‡Ž‹Œ‹‰˜ƒŽ‡‹†‹‰‰‡˜‡ ”‘–•–‘†‡œ‡‡”‰”‘–‡„‡†”‹Œ˜‡ǡŠ‘‡‰ƒŒ‡†‹‡Ž‡‹†‡ǫǫƒ†ƒƒ‰ ‘‘‘‰‹–‡”‡••ƒ–ǣœ‡‡”‰”‘–‡„‡†”‹Œ˜‡—‡Ž‡”‡˜ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ‡Ȁƒƒ–•…Šƒ’’‡Ž‹Œ‡™‡”‹‰˜ƒ•–‡†‡ǡŽƒ†‡‡–…Ǥ  ‡„‡”‘–™‹‡Ž†‡‘bureaucracyastheidealorganisationalform’ ȋ˜”‘‡‰‡”‡”‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ȌǤ‡œ‡Š‡‡ˆ–†‡˜‘Ž‰‡†‡karakteristiekenǣ ƒ ‡ŽŽ†‡ˆ‹‡†Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š›‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ Ž‡ƒ”†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ™‘” ƒ ›•–‡‘ˆ”—Ž‡•…‘˜‡”‹‰”‹‰Š–•ƒ††—–‹‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š’‡”•‘ ƒ ›•–‡‘ˆ’”‘…‡†—”‡•ˆ‘”†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• —Œ—‹•–Š‡–‘‰‡‡‡”†‡ǨǨǨ”‘‡‰‡”™‡”†Š‡–„‡–‡”‰‡ƒ…Š– ‘’‡”•‘‘Ž‹Œ–‡Šƒ†‡Ž‡‘œ‘˜”‹‡†Œ‡•’‘Ž‹–‹‡–‡‰‡ –‡‰ƒƒǤ ƒ •‡Ž‡…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ…‘’‡–‡…‡



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†Ǥ Managementscienceǣ ‘””‡•–‡” ‡”†‡”‡˜‡”™‡–‡•…Šƒ’’‡Ž‹Œ‹‰†‘‘”„‡™ƒ–‹ˆ‹…‡”‹‰ǡ˜ƒ±Ž ƒƒ‰‡‡–†‘‡‹Ǥ ƒ ‡„”—‹–ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹•…Š‡‘†‡ŽŽ‡Ƭ…‘…‡’–‡‘ Ǯƒƒ‰‡”‹ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ǯ‘’–‡Ž‘••‡ ƒ ƒ†ƒƒ‰†‡†ƒ‰˜‘‘”ƒŽ–‘‡’ƒ••‡Ž‹Œ‘’Ž‘‰‹•–‹‡Ƭ ’”‘†—…–‹‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ʹǤ Contingencydesignˆ‘…—•–œ‹…Š˜‘‘”ƒŽ‘’Š‡–‡š–‡” ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡ ͵Ǥ People&humanrelationsǣ˜‘‘”ƒŽ‡‡‹–‡”ƒˆ•–‡‹‰•’”‘„Ž‡‡Ǥ ͶǤ Power&politicsǣ„‡‡–Œ‡‡‡‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‹‰–—••‡†‡˜‡”•…Š‹ŽŽ‡†‡ –Š‡‘”‹‡´

Mechanicalefficiencytheories(ME) ‡‡•œ‘™‡Ž‡ˆˆ‹…‹´–ȋ†‘‹‰–Š‹‰•”‹‰Š–ȌƒŽ•‡ˆˆ‡…–‹‡ˆȋ†‘‹‰–Š‡”‹‰Š––Š‹‰•ȌǨǨ …‘‘”Š‘‘‰‘’„‡‹†‡†‹‡•‹‡•Ǥ ‹Œ˜‘‘”„‡‡Ž†Š‡–‡ˆˆ‡…–‹‡ˆ™‡”‡ƒƒ”Š‡–‡ˆˆ‹…‹´–‡ƒ•’‡…–ƒŽƒ–‡‹•˜‘‘”ƒŽ‡‡ •›’–‘‘˜ƒȋ•–ƒƒ–•Ȍ‘‘’‘Ž‹•–‡Ǥ ‹‰‡•…Šƒ’’‡˜ƒ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ǣ x x x x x x

‰‹˜‡‰‘ƒŽ•α冇ˆ‹‡–ƒ•• –‘‰”‘—’–ƒ••‹‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŒ‘„• –‘‰”‘—’Œ‘„•‹–‘ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡—‹–• –‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡–‘’Ž‡˜‡Ž†‡’ƒ”–‡–• αε–‘‹‹‹•‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ…‘•–‘ˆ…ƒ””›‹‰‘—–ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• α减’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ”‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ‰‹˜‡ȋ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ•’‡‡†ǡ†—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ƭ…‘•–•Ȍ o ‡”•‘‡‡Ž™‘”†–‰‡œ‹‡ƒŽ•‡‡’”‘†—…–‹‡ˆƒ…–‘”Ǩ

Humanrelationsandgroups ‹‡Ǯ›’‡ ǯȋ’‡‘’Ž‡ƬŠ—ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ȍ‹Š‡–•…Š‡ƒ‘†‡”Š‡–’—–Œ‡ Ǯ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‹…•ǯǤ ƒ–†‡–‡”‹‡‡”–†‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‡‘–‡Ǯ’”‘†—…‡”‡ǯ‘ˆ–‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’‡”‡ǫǫ ˆ”ǤHawthorneǦ•–—†›†‘‘”Ž–‘ƒ›‘ x x

›’‹…ƒŽ•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–—†‹‡•ǣŠ‘™–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› „›…Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡™‘”‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ™‘”‡”•ǫ š’‡”‹‡–•™‹–ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹–‡•‹–›…Šƒ‰‡•ǡ„”‡ƒ•ǡ™‘”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ‡–…Ǥ

‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‡˜ƒŠ‡–‡š’‡”‹‡–™ƒ”‡˜‡”„ƒœ‹‰™‡‡†Ǥ‡–‘‡ƒ‡˜ƒ Š‡–Ž‹…Š–†‡‡††‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–‡‹––‘‡‡‡ǡƒƒ”‡‡ƒˆƒ‡†‡‡††‹–‘‘ǨŽŽ‡‡ ƒŽ•Š‡–’‡”•‘‡‡Ž–‡”—‰‰‡‹‰ƒƒ”Š—‘—†‡™‡”’Ž‡‰‹‰‡Š—’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–‡‹– ™‡‡”‘Žƒƒ‰Ǥ ‡–‡š’‡”‹‡–”‹Œ•–‘‘Š‡‡Ž™ƒ–˜”ƒ‰‡ǣ



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‘‡—‡†‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‡˜‡”Žƒƒ”†™‘”†‡ǫ ƒ–‹•†‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‡ǡ‹–‡”’‡”•‘‘Ž‹Œ‡†›ƒ‹‡–—••‡†‡‡•‡†‹‡ƒƒ Š‡–™‡”œ‹Œǫ –—†‹‡•‘˜‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•’‡…–‡‹‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‡•œ‹ŒŠ‹‡”†‘‘”„‡Žƒ‰”‹Œ ‰‡™‘”†‡Ǥ‹Œ˜‘‘”„‡‡Ž†ǣ o ‘‡œ‹Œ‡•‡‰‡‘–‹˜‡‡”†ǫ o ‘‡‰‡†”ƒ‰‡œ‡œ‹…Šǫ ƒ–‹•†‡”‘Ž˜ƒŠ‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡–Š‹‡”‹ǫ

‹–Š‡–‡š’‡”‹‡–—‡™‡…‘…Ž—†‡”‡†ƒ–ǣ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

•›…Š‘Ǧ•‘…‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ™‘”‡”•‹•ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ™‘”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡– †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽǡ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ–™‘”‹• ‡› Š‹ˆ–‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡––Š‡‘”›ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘’—”‡Ž›‡…Šƒ‹•–‹…ƒ†‡…‘‘‹… ˜‹‡™‘ˆ™‘”‡”•‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ•–—†›‹‰–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǣ o ‘™†‘’‡‘’Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜‡‹‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ǫ o ‘™ƒ”‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†ǫ o ƒƒ‰‡”•ǯ”‘Ž‡ǫ o –…ǤǤǤ

‘”‰‡”˜‘‘”†ƒ–‡•‡‰‡‘–‹˜‡‡”†œ‹Œ‘–‡™‡”‡ǡ‰‡‡ˆœ‡ƒƒ†ƒ…Š–Ǩ AlternatieveverklaringenvanhetHawthorneǦexperiment:

 ‡‡‡”•–‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‡–Š‡‘”‹‡´™ƒ”‡˜‘‘”ƒŽ‰‡„ƒ•‡‡”†‘’†‡„‡Š‘‡ˆ–‡’›”ƒ‹†‡ ˜ƒƒ•Ž‘˜Ǥ



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