Bidang Unggulan : Ketahanan Pangan
LAPORAN AKHIR HASIL PENELITIAN HIBAH BERSAING INSTITUSI BATCH I TAHUN ANGGARAN 2012
REMEDIASI TANAH YANG TERCEMAR Pb TAILING DENGAN TANAMAN INDIGENOUS DAN BIOCHAR Ketua Anggota
: Prof. Dr. Ir. Zaenal Kusuma, SU. : Ir. Bambang Siswanto, MS.
Dibiayai oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Melalui DIPA Universitas Brawijaya Nomor : 0636/02304.2.16/15/2012, tanggal 9 Desember 2011, dan berdasarkan SK Rektor Universitas Brawijaya Nomor : 366/SK/2012 tanggal 13 Agustus 2012
LEMBAGA PENELITIAN DAN PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2012
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ABSTRAK Pencemaran tanah disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain penggunaan bahan agrokimia yang berlebihan ataupun dari tailing yang berasal dari kegiatan penambangan emas rakyat skala kecil. Pertambangan emas rakyat memberikan dampak positif bagi kegiatan perekonomian berupa penyerapan tenaga kerja, maupun peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Namun, kegiatan ini juga berdampak negatif bagi area di sekitarnya khususnya lahan pertanian, karena tailing memiliki karakteristik kimia yang buruk, khususnya ditinjau dari kadar C-organik, N, P, dan K tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : memperoleh jenis tumbuhan yang mampu tumbuh optimal di tanah tercemar tailing serta berpotensi sebagai tanaman remediator; mengetahui macam bahan amandemen yang dapat memperbaiki karakteristik kimia tanah tercemar tailing; dan mempelajari mekanisme dan kemampuan penyerapan logam berat oleh tanaman remediator terpilih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : Chromolaena odorata berpotensi meremediasi tanah tercemar tailing, yang ditunjukkan dari berkurangnya kandungan logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) sebesar 7,3% dan 45,4% dari total logam berat awal di tanah; Pupuk kandang dan biochar yang dikombinasikan dengan ferosulfat (FeSO4) mampu menurunkan pH tanah tercemar tailing dari 9,1 menjadi 6-7 sekaligus meningkatkan kandungan C-organik, N, P, K, dan KTK tanah. Bahan amandemen biochar mampu mereduksi logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) sebesar 13% dan 68% dari total kadar merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) di awal percobaan; Chromolaena odorata memiliki kemampuan yang sama dengan Vetiveria zizainoides L. dalam menyerap logam berat merkuri (Hg) (5,8 mg kg-1 - 33,2 mg kg-1) dan timbal (Pb) (48 mg kg-1 – 92,00 mg kg-1). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kata Kunci : Remediasi, Tailing, Tambang emas rakyat, Tanaman Indigenous
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ABSTRACT Soil contamination is not only caused by excessive use of agrochemicals but it is also caused by tailings from artisanal gold mine activities. Artisanal gold mining has positive impact on people's economic activities such as employment, and improvement of the community welfare. However, it also has negative impact on the surrounding area, particularly agricultural land, because the poor chemical characteristics of tailings, especially C-organic, N, P, and K contents. The objectives of this study were to: obtain the type of plants that can grow optimally on tailing contaminated soils to be employed as potential remediator plants; find out the amendment materials that can be used for improving chemical characteristics of the tailing contaminated soils; study the mechanisms and capability of heavy metal absorption of selected remediator plants. The results showed that: Chromolaena odorata was a potential plant to remediate tailing contaminated soils, as indicated by decreasing mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) contents by 7.3% and 45.4%, respectively, of the total initial heavy metals content; manure and biochar combined with ferrosulfat (FeSO4) were capable to decrease the pH of tailing contaminated soils from 9.1 to 67 and increased the soil organic-C, N, P, K contents, and CEC. Application of biochar reduced mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) concentrations by 13% and 68% of the initial contents of total mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), respectively; Chromolaena odorata showed similar ability to Vetiveria zizainoides L. in absorbing mercury (Hg) (5.8 mg kg-1 to 33.2 mg kg-1) and lead (Pb) (48 mg kg-1 to 92.00 mg kg-1). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Keywords : Remediation, tailing, artisanal gold mine, indigenous plant
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RINGKASAN Saat ini penambangan emas rakyat skala kecil di Indonesia terdapat sekitar 713 titik. Tailing yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan penambangan emas rakyat sebagian besar dibuang pada lahan pertanian, sehingga mengakibatkan produktivitas tanah menjadi rendah. Tailing adalah limbah hasil proses amalgamasi dan sianidisasi selama pemisahan bijih emas. Tailing mengandung logam berat dalam jumlah yang cukup tinggi sehingga berpotensi merusak lingkungan sekaligus berbahaya bagi kehidupan manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya. Untuk itu diperlukan pengelolaan yang tepat sehingga pencemaran logam berat tidak berbahaya bagi manusia, serta lahan yang tercemar dapat kembali menjadi lahan pertanian yang sehat. Solusi yang bisa dilakukan adalah menggunakan bahan amandemen untuk memperbaiki karakteristik tanah serta tanaman remediator untuk meremediasi tanah tercemar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Memperoleh jenis tumbuhan yang mampu tumbuh optimal di tanah tercemar tailing serta berpotensi sebagai tanaman remediator; (2) Mengetahui macam bahan amandemen yang dapat memperbaiki karakteristik kimia tanah tercemar tailing; (3) Mempelajari mekanisme dan kemampuan penyerapan logam berat oleh tanaman remediator terpilih, dan (4) Mempelajari potensi tanah pasca remediasi bagi pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman pangan. Penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahapan, yakni: (1) Eksplorasi tumbuhan lokal (indigenous) teradaptasi sebagai tanaman remediator dan analisis berat; (2) Kajian pengaruh penggunaan bahan amandemen terhadap perbaikan karakteristik kimia tanah ; (3) Kajian pemanfaatan jenis tanaman remediator dan bahan amandemen terhadap penyerapan logam berat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Chromolaena odorata berpotensi meremediasi tanah tercemar tailing, yang ditunjukkan dari berkurangnya kandungan logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) sebesar 7,3% dan 45,4% dari total logam berat awal di tanah; (2) Pupuk kandang dan biochar yang dikombinasikan dengan ferosulfat (FeSO4) mampu menurunkan pH tanah tercemar tailing dari 9,1 menjadi 67 sekaligus meningkatkan kandungan C-organik, N, P, K, dan KTK tanah. Bahan amandemen biochar mampu mereduksi logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) sebesar 13% dan 68% dari total kadar merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) di awal percobaan; (3) Chromolaena odorata memiliki kemampuan yang sama dengan Vetiveria zizainoides L. dalam menyerap logam berat merkuri (Hg) (5,8 mg kg-1 33,2 mg kg-1) dan timbal (Pb) (48 mg kg-1 – 92,00 mg kg-1). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kata Kunci : Remediasi, Tailing, Tambang emas rakyat, Tanaman Indigenous
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SUMMARY
As present, there are 713 spots of small-scale artisanal gold mine in Indonesia. Tailings generated from artisanal gold mining activities are mostly dumped on agricultural land in surrounding area that will in turn degrade soil productivity. Tailings are waste from amalgamation and cyanidation processes during gold ore separation. As tailings contain high amount of heavy metals, they are potential in damaging the environment and dangerous to living creatures. Therefore, tailing contaminated soil must be managed properly such that could be reused as healthy agriculture land. The use of either amendment materials or indigenous plants as remediator plants was an alternative way to remediate contaminated soil. The objectives of this study were to: (1) obtain the type of plants that can grow optimally on tailing contaminated soils to be employed as potential remediator plants, (2) find out the amendment materials that can be used for improving chemical characteristics of the tailing contaminated soils, (3) study the mechanisms and capability of heavy metal absorption of selected remediator plants, and (4) study the potential of post remediation soil for the growing food crops. The study consisted of three phases, i.e. (1) exploration of adapted local (indigenous) plants as remediator of heavy metals, (2) studying the influence of amendment materials on soil chemical characteristics, (3) studying the role of remediator plants and amendment materials on the absorption of heavy metals. The results showed that: (1) Chromolaena odorata was a potential plant to remediate tailing contaminated soils, as indicated by decreasing mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) contents by 7.3% and 45.4%, respectively, of the total initial heavy metals content; (2) manure and biochar combined with ferrosulfat (FeSO4) were capable to decrease the pH of tailing contaminated soils from 9.1 to 6-7 and increased the soil organic -C, N, P, K contents, and CEC. Application of biochar reduced mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) concentrations by 13% and 68% of the initial contents of total mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), respectively; (3) Chromolaena odorata showed similar ability to Vetiveria zizainoides L. in absorbing mercury (Hg) (5.8 mg kg-1 to 33.2 mg kg-1) and lead (Pb) (48 mg kg-1 to 92.00 mg kg-1). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Keywords : Remediation, tailing, artisanal gold mine, indigenous plant 6
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