Introduction to
16
Chapter
Financial Management
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Sasaran Pembelajaran
Menjelaskan bagaimana perusahaan menggunakan akuntansi. Menjelaskan bagimana untuk menginterpretasikan laporan keuangan. Menjelaskan bagaimana mengevaluasi sebuah kondisi keuangan perusahaan.
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Analisis Akuntansi dan Keuangan Accounting Function Summary and Analysis of a Firm’s Financial Condition
Management decisions such as how much to produce and how many employees to hire Marketing decisions such as pricing and the amount of promotion necessary
Earnings of Firm
Value of Firm
Finance decisions such as the amount of debt financing versus equity financing that is appropriate MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Akuntansi Perusahaan menggunakan akuntansi untuk :
Proses : • Laporan kondisi keuangan • Mendukung keputusan • Pengendalian operasional perusahaan
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Pedoman
• GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) • FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) • SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) • IRS (Internal Revenue Service)
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Dua Jenis Akuntansi Keuangan (Financial): konsern dengan penyiapan informasi untuk review oleh pihak luar perusahaan. Manajerial (Managerial): konsern dengan menyiapkan informasi untuk riview pihak dalam perusahaan.
Business Online: Rutgers Accounting
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Pemriksaan untuk Pengendalian
Adalah sebuah evaluasi formal catatan-catatan yang telah digunakan untuk menyiapkan laporan keuangan perusahaan. Karyawan yang menganalisa dan Internal Auditors mengevaluasi perusahaan. Akuntan Publik yang bekerja
External Auditors untuk akuntan independen
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Dua Tugas pokok laporan keuangan R/L (Income) Mengindentifikasikan penghasilan, biaya-biaya, dan keuntungan perusahaan dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Neraca (Balance Sheet) Laporan Nilai buku harta (assets), hutang (liabilities), dan Modal (owner’s equity) daripada sebuah perusahaan pada saat tertentu.
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Contoh Laporan Rugi Laba Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling expense $1,500 General & administrative 1,000 Total operating expense Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense Earnings before tax Income tax (at 30%) Net income
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
$20,000 16,000 $ 4,000
2,500 1,500 500 $1,000 300 $ 700
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Contoh Neraca Assets (in thousands) Current assets Cash Marketable securities Accounts receivable Inventory Total current assets Fixed assets Plant and equipment Less accumulated depreciation Net fixed assets Total assets Liabilities & Owner’s Equity (in thousands) Current liabilities Accounts payable Notes payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Common stockholder’s equity Common stock Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Total owner’s equity Total liabilities and owner’s equity MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
$
200 300 500 1,000 $ 2,000 $10,000 2,000 8,000 $10,000
$
600 400 $ 1,000 $ 5,000 $ 1,000 2,000 1,000 $ 4,000 $10,000 © 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Analisis Rasio Ukuran kuantitas yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja laporan keuangan.
• Likuiditas (Liquidity) • Efisiensi (Efficiency) • Leverage (Pengungkitan hutang) • Profitabilitas (Profitability)
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Tiga rasio Profitabilitas Mengindentifikasi kinerja perusahaan untuk mendapatkan pengahasilan melebihi biaya-biaya. Return on Assets = Net Income/ Total assets Net Profit Margin = Net Income/Net Sales Return on Equity = Net Income/ Total Owners’ Equity
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Likuiditas Ukuran kemampuan perusahaan untuk membayar kewajiban jangka pendek. Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities
Acid-Test Ratio or Quick Ratio = Quick Assets/Current Liabilities
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Ukuran Efisiensi Digunakan untuk menganalisa bagaimana perusahaan mengelola assetnya dengan baik. Inventory Turnover = Costs of Goods Sold/Average Value of Inventory For A Period of Time Asset Turnover = Net Sales/Total Assets
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
Rasio Hutang (Leverage or Debt Ratios)
Derajat yang menggambarkan kemampuan perusahaan membayar kewajibannya jangka panjang. Debt to Owners’ Equity = Long-Term Debt/Owners’ Equity Times Interest Earned = Earnings Before Interest & Taxes/Annual Interest Expense
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters
© 2001 South-Western College Publishing
