Informal Settlement and Informal Housing Concepts and Policy Minggu 12
Trend Urbanisasi Global
UN-HABITAT, 2011
How many people live in Urban Area in INDONESIA?
2010: 49.9% of the 237.6 million
2012: estimated 54% of more than 240 million,
21.2% of the urban population is concentrated only in Jakarta urban area, (Jabodetabek).
Trend Urbanisasi: Indonesia
UNDESA, The number of urban population in Indonesia is projected up to 72.1% of total population in 2050
Urbanisasi dan Penyediaan Perumahan
“Salah satu tantangan urbanisasi terutama bagi negara berkembang adalah penyediaan affordable housing yang berkeadilan bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat”
What is “Housing”? What is “Settlement”?
Housing in Developing Countries Housing provision in developing countries: Conventional/formal Unconventional/informal. Conventional/formal: Melalui jalur resmi dari institusi yang diakui, seperti otoritas
perencanaan, bank, perusahaan pengembang, dan Mengikuti praktik legal, building standard, dan aturan pemecahan lahan dan guna lahan Menggunakan mode produksi industrial, dengan tenaga kerja yang digaji, material yang diproduksi secara modern, dan padat modal
Housing in Developing Countries Unconventional/informal: Di luar jalur resmi; Tanpa izin pembangunan resmi; Tidak mengikuti aturan guna lahan dan pemecahan lahan Menggunakan mode tradisional, padat karya, input tenaga kerja swadaya, material asli dan tradisional.
Housing in Developing Countries
Housing in Developing Countries Conventional -Private housing:
Speculative; developer-landowner; individual owneroccupier. Penyediaan stok yang terbatas Minat yang rendah oleh pengembang swasta untuk investasi di
bidang perumahan kaum miskin. Conventional -Public housing (owned by a gov. authority):
Direct; sites and services; settlement upgrading; Cooperatives; public-non public partnerships
Housing in Developing Countries Non conventional – Squatter housing
occupation of land without the permission of the owner or the erection or occupation of a building in contravention of existing legislation. People build/buy/rent an illegal dwelling
risk of eviction.
Central areas, next to the employment sources: more established families. Outer squatter areas, relative free from restrictive municipal legislation: larger households
less dependent on job proximity.
Non conventional - Slums:
legal permanent dwellings that have become substandard through age, neglect and subdivision into smaller occupational units such as rooms or cubicles.They develop either as a result of inadequate maintenance by a landlord, or of the internal subdivision of building by the residents themselves
Housing in Developing Countries Low-income rental h. (tenancy arrangements with cash
payment): A tenant rent a bed in a room (even by hour!) Central tenement areas for those who cannot pay a public transport or don’t have the time to commute Renting in established squatter settlements Renting of house plots, roof space or backyards, pavements or in public spaces (by paying officials for protection) Sharers
Free-rent tenants, who are permitted to occupy a dwelling with the owner or principal tenant and gives an in-kind contribution, like domestic work or child care
DEFINISI: Informal Housing dan Informal Settlement
Informal settlements, slums and other poor residential
neighbourhoods are a global urban phenomenon. Informal housing represents a large portion of housing market in developing countries; Informal settlement ada di banyak negara berkembang dalam bentuk dan nama yang berbeda-beda (squatter settlements, favelas, poblaciones, shacks, barrios bajos, bidonvilles, kampung, dsb).
Favella, Rio de Janeiro
Katchi Abadi, Islamabad
Unplanned Settlement, Dar es Salaam
Kampung, Jakarta
Pengertian (1) Beberapa istilah terkait: illegal, spontaneous, organic, unplanned Informal housing developments: “illegal and composed of
unauthorized colonies and squatter settlement.These are mostly evolved because of non-availability of housing in the legal housing market.The common characteristics of informal housing are insecurity of tenure, low standard of infrastructure and services” (Sivam, 2003) Informal Housing/Settlements: ‘human settlements, which for a
variety of reasons do not meet legal procedure (and have been built without respecting formal procedures of legal ownership, transfer of ownership, as well as urban planning regulations), prevail in their respective countries and hinder economic development” (Vienna Declaration on National Regional Policy and Programmes, 2004)
Pengertian Informal settlements: residential areas where
inhabitants have no security of tenure vis-à-vis the land or dwellings they inhabit, with modalities ranging from squatting to informal rental housing, 2) the neighbourhoods usually lack, or are cut off from, basic services and city infrastructure and 3) the housing may not comply with current planning and building regulations, and is often situated in geographically and environmentally hazardous areas (UN-HABITAT) 1)
Pengertian “Informal Housing” Formal housing is constructed following the building codes and
standards enforced by the national housing authorities, whereas Informal housing is built defying minimum standards of housing regulations.
Pola umum Informal Housing Meksipun bentuk dan proses tebentuknya informal housing berbeda-beda di berbagai tempat, tapi memiliki pola umum yang sama: traditional squatter settlements occupying public land without legal title or permit; and 2) settlements established on privately-owned illegal subdivisions with no official building and occupation permits. 1)
Karakteristik Informal Housing Beroperasi di luar legal framework; Lemahnya security of tenure terhadap tanah dan bangunan; Dominan pembangunannya dilakukan secara swadaya Kekurangan akses terhadap layanan infrastruktur dasar.
Proses Informal Housing Invasion; Squatting in marginal location; Extra-legal subdivision; Renting and subletting;
Commercialization of Informal Housing
Fase Perkembangan Informal Housing Pemicu: unaffordability or sometimes unavailability of housing in legal housing market
Beberapa keluarga mulai membangun Lahan publik yg rumah tidak ditempati
Jumlah semakin banyak, modal sosial dan solidaritas terbentuk
Kebutuhan terhadap prasarana lingkungan
Kebutuhan terhadap fasilitas umum
Build where nobody else wants to build
Logic of Settlement Development
Faktor pendorong timbulnya Informal Housing Informal settlements disebabkan oleh berbagai macam faktor yang
saling berkaitan: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Pertumbuhan populasi, rural-urban migration, Kekurangan perumahan yang layak dan terjangkau bagi kaum miskin perkotaan, Pemerintahan yang lemah (policy, planning, land and urban management resulting in land speculation and grabbing), Kerentanan ekonomi dan pekerjaan bergaji di bawah standar, Diskriminasi dan marjinalisasi, Pemindahan karena konflik, bencana alam, dsb.
Ada kaitan antara pertumbuhan informal settlement dengan minimnya penyediaan rumah dan tanah yang terjangkau
Isu-isu Informal Housing/Settlement Kurangnya pengakuan terhadap informal settlement yang
berujung pada penggusuran paksa. Peran pemerintah dalam penyediaan perumahan terus memudar. Kondisi penyediaan infrastruktur dasar perumahan yang kurang layak slum Masih terbatasnya pembiayaan untuk pembangunan perumahan dan pembukaan alternatif pembiayaan untuk kaum miskin dalam skala besar. Terbatasnya data yang akurat dan terstandar mengenai informal settlement.
Isu-isu Informal Housing/Settlement Kebijakan pembangunan di level nasional dan lokal yang
mengkoneksikan antara urban planning, financing, dan legal components terkait informal settlement masih belum jadi prioritas. ‘no forced eviction’ policies still need to be institutionalized Usaha untuk meningkatkan efektivitas land management dan adopsi berbagai konsepsi land tenure masih terbatas. Kurang respon pemerintah untuk mendukung penghidupan masyarakat yang tinggal di informal settlement.
Policy for Informal Housing
Beberapa Area Kebijakan Intervensi Slum upgrading Intervensi land and housing market
meningkatkan akses kepada sumber daya perumahan yang berkeadilan untuk penyediaan affordable housing Penyederhanaan prosedur formal, cth: Land titling Building permit Building standard, dsb
Formalisasi/regularisasi
Formalisasi dan Regularisasi Formalization – formal recognition of extralegal properties in
unplanned/informal areas – through identification of property rights and registration in a local property register and issuance of property licenses. Formalization does not therefore necessarily involve cadastral surveying, upgrading of basic infrastructure services or spatial planning or reorganisation of the area Formalisasi dapat membantu untuk: − Mengecek transaksi lahan dan properti yang dilakukan secara
informal. − Mengecek over densifikasi. − Meningkatkan property rights dan nilainya.
Formalisasi dan Regularisasi • Regularisation – a process of restructuring, upgrading
infrastructure services and legalising property rights • Resettlement. A programme to relocate people/re-settle persons who have been displaced from their land. Resettlement could be a component of regularization • Keberhasilan program/projek resettlement sangat bergantung
pada: i) Dukungan politik yang kuat, ii) Partisipasi dari komunitas dan aktor lainnya, iii) Negosiasi, dialog, dan penciptaan kesadaran di anatar
komunitas yang terdampak.
Beberapa Rekomendasi Kunci Proteksi penggusuran paksa adalah prioritas utama, Desentralisasi tanggung jawab land management, dan
memberdayakan pemerintah daerah untuk mendorong tenure upgrading dan regularisasi, Melindungi “penggusuran” kaum miskin oleh mekanisme pasar, Pemberian property title harus dibingkai untuk kepentingan jangka panjang Mendorong kepemilikan komunal merupakan opsi yang penting. Mengeksplorasi teknik manajemen lahan yang inovayif, seperti “land sharing, land banking, dsb” Membangun sistem informasi spasial dan local land registration
Beberapa Key Drivers Pengakuan terhadap informal settlement dan tantangan di
slum area, Pengarusutamaan hak asasi manusia, Kepemimpinan pemerintah Systemic and city-wide/’at scale’ approaches. Integrasi manusia dan sistem Pengembangan proses pengumpulan data yang partisipatif, terstandar, dan terkomputerisasi
