Editor-in-Chief. Cover image: NVKI-Nieuwsbrief Oktober 1998

?? Editor-in-Chief

Cover image:

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

126

Oktober 1998

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Editor-in-Chief).................................................................................................................................................126 Table of contents ................................................................................................................................................127 NVKI-Board News (Joost Kok).........................................................................................................................128 AI on the Web .......................................................................................................................................................... Programmme of the 10th NAIC in Amsterdam (Han La Poutré, and Jaap van den Herik) ........................128 Minutes of the General Assembly 1997 (Frank van Harmelen) ........................................................................... Agenda of the General Assembly 1998 (Frank van Harmelen) ............................................................................ New members of the NVKI Board .......................................................................................................................... A Proposal for a new NAIC (Luc de Raedt, Maarten van Someren)........................................................... 133 Belgian Editor (Edwin de Jong) .............................................................................................................................. The Research Group on Declarative Languages and Artificial Intelligence (Bern Martens)............................ ????(Jaap van den Herik)......................................................................................................................................1 BOK ?????(Hans van Ditmarsch, Jaap van den Herik, and Evert van de Vrie)................................................ Artificial Intelligence at KPN Research (Jan N.H. Heemskerk) .......................................................................... Applications of Ontologies and Problem Solving Methods (Asunción Gómez-Pérez and Richard Benjamins) A Year at the University of Calgary (Niek Wijngaards)....................................................................................... 10 Years AI in Utrecht - A Report on an Anniversary Seminar (Hans van Ditmarsch, Rens Kortmann)....... Section SIKS (Koen Versmissen) ..........................................................................................................................1 Section Knowledge Systems in Law and Computer Science (Section-editor Radboud Winkels) ....................1 Proefschriftbespreking (Ronald Leenes) ...................................................................................................... 1 Call for Papers.......................................................................................................................................................... DGNMR’99, Fourth Dutch-German Workshop on Nonmonotonic Reasoning Techniques and Their Applications ...................................................................................................................................... 148 1st IASTED, International Conference Law and Technology 1999 ........................................................ 149 Conferenties, Symposia, Workshops ............................................................................................................... 150 Email-adressen bestuursleden / Redactie NVKI-Nieuwsbrief / Hoe word ik lid? / Kopij / Oude nummers/Advertenties / Adreswijzigingen ........................................................................................... 151 Advertentie Bolesian ......................................................................................................................................... 152 De uitgave van de NVKI-Nieuwsbrief wordt in 1998 mede mogelijk gemaakt door de Stichting Informatica Onderzoek in Nederland (SION).

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

127

Oktober 1998

M A D R E T S M A N I C I A N H T 0 1 E H T

NVKI-BOARD NEWS

kr s i r i e a rH h t u C o ne e P m adm n L a a nv r a g po Ha r aP J

Joost Kok Chairman

é

This month I visited two conferences: the Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN) and the Benelearn conference.

TENTH NETHERLANDS/BELGIUM CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The PPSN conference was held in the centre of Amsterdam at a beautiful location: an old church building connected to the Barbizon hotel. The PPSN conference has an interesting format: it is a poster-only conference. There were a number of invited presentations, but all submitted papers were presented as posters. In this way, posters are not a kind of second choice accepted papers. The poster sessions were rather exhausting for presenters: sometimes they had to talk for almost two hours, but there was a general agreement at PPSN that it was a nice format for a conference. About 200 people attended the PPSN conference.

CWI, Amsterdam, November 18th and 19th, 1998 The Tenth Netherlands/Belgium Conference on Artificial Intelligence (NAIC'98) will be held in Amsterdam on November 18th and 19th, 1998. The NAIC is the annual NVKI conference on AI. This jubilee conference is organised by the CWI (Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science) and the Universiteit Maastricht, in cooperation with SIKS. The conference addresses state-of-the-art research in all domains of AI in the Netherlands and in Belgium. The conference contains new work and qualified work concurrently or very recently published elsewhere. The main objective is to bring together AI-researchers and to present actual research in the Netherlands and Belgium.

The Benelearn was held in Wageningen, in a surprisingly modern building. For example, in the conference hall part of the ceiling was made of glass, so one could look upstairs. There were about 45 people attending, both from the Netherlands and Belgium. It was a well-organized, one-day event about machine learning.

Examples of domain areas of the NAIC include intelligent agents, knowledge-based systems, neural networks, machine learning, games, natural language processing, knowledge representation and management, ontologies, planning, optimization, and genetic algorithms.

It is interesting to see that there is a trend towards smaller, more specialized conferences. The larger general-scope AI conferences still attract a lot of people, but the numbers are smaller than five to ten years ago. One can think of at least two reasons for this. First, the field of AI is so large that people might prefer to go to more specialized conferences. Second, most researchers (can) go only to conferences if they present a paper.

NAIC'98 consists of a scientific part and a business part. The scientific part consists of 50 papers, 4 demonstrations and an invited lecture by Luc Steels (VUB Brussel), entitled Bootstrapping Cognition through Language. The business part consists of projects on AI in electronic commerce.

Currently, the NAIC tries to find a balance between the PPSN and Benelearn types of conferences. For example, the NAIC combines specialized tracks, such as a special business session on AI in E-Commerce with more general gatherings in sessions and invited lectures. Anyhow, I hope that everybody will be able to attend the jubilee NAIC in Amsterdam because its main objective is to bring together AI-researchers and to present actual research in the Netherlands and Belgium.

We will celebrate the jubilee of the NAIC with several special acitivities. Some distinctive events will take place (see below), and a photo compilation of previous NAIC conferences will be exhibited. Also, there will be a conference dinner in the centre of Amsterdam and a happy hour (borrel) at the conference site (CWI).

This NAIC features several special events. These are:

SPECIAL EVENTS

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

128

Oktober 1998

k s a t b u S

c i t o b o R n i g n i n a e M n do n i t a a nz i o n c a i g x r e O L f ae l fS o h ng o u i t o u r l h o t

s tvt E g n o e e Vh g .T A P

SPONSORS

r o i v a h e B n o d e s a B n o c i x e L a f o t n e m

p go n l o e J v ee DD .h e D . T E

NAIC'98 is sponsored by Bolesian and KPN Research.

n o i t a s i n a g r O f l e S h g u o r h t s m e t s y S d n u o S f o

e rc e n o e Br g ee d m .E B

FURTHER INFORMATION

g n i m m a r g o r P c i g o L

Up-to-date information can be found at http://www.cwi.nl/conferences/naic/.

c i g o L f o n o t a s i l a i c e p S

ep y U e r h m c o S t t eo d .B D r o df n k a ,r o f o ws o em h m n a a a r r g VF o . r WAP

For further information, please contact

d n a , l a a W e d . A . D , e l e e t s a c e d n a V . H , e h g o o n y u r B . M

Carolien Pol, CWI, Kruislaan 413 ,1098 SJ Amsterdam, email: [email protected] phone: +31 20 592 4006, fax: +31 20 592 4199

C I A N f o s r a e Y 0 1 n o

g n i

n o i t c e p s o r t e R d n a e m o c l e W : g n i n e p O

g n i t e e m I K V N d n a h c n u L : 5 1 : 4 1 5 3 : 2 1

) r i a h c I K V N ( k o K . N . J

) r i a h c o c m a r g o r p ( k i r e H n e d n a v . J . H

s n o i s s e S l e l l a r a P : 0 3 : 5 1 5 1 : 4 1

) I W C r o t c e r i d ( n e s s r e m t r o O n a v . G

1 g n i r e e n i g n E e g d e l w o n K

) r i a h c o c m a r g o r p ( r t u o P a L . A . J

y b g n i v l o S s m n ei o l b t i o d r

eg r n u i t p c e p e g a L r a u dt s t g e to o n i a v BL n I : 0 0 : 1 1 0 0 : 0 1

n o i t i n g o C

h g u o r h t

n ePc o j i t e s eo T t naP m e d i t n x .o a A re dpP r p n Ad a , e n l l e gf i l n e l iu ms riF r a e y t Hc l l ai a nr a t ar v h a .CP F

é

c i g o L e t i n i f e D r o f s e i r e u Q e l b a v l o s n U

e e f f o c d n a n o i t p e c e R

: 0 0 : 0 1 0 3 : 9

km n m o d a r s g mo ar a P Rc i ng a o v L .y F z da n L a s ,d e l r l a a t w E o .T S

: 0 3 : 9 5 4 : 8

r e k s g c n m e i n t a c r e e g Dt o .er MDP

R E B M E V O N 8 1 Y A D S E N D E W PROGRAMME

d e t a r g e t n I hs t i t w e S g y n r i a nd n o n n i e tu p c o s a a r B t r e B d e .Rs J . a P B det c n p a a e p c ,S n v o o n C r / i e nc m o n Si a st .e r s N n . VI E

l e s s u r B B U V , s l e e t S . L


d e s a B e g d e l w o n K

r o f s

g n i n r a e L t n e m e c r o f n i e R l a

n l ei o e t k a c l e o l R B

c si mm ea l n l iy WD . Mf do n n a ,o i a t ma s c ef i m n i e e cs t Vp e y .S S Y

d n a , t d e a R e D . L , i k s o r e z D . S

. H

, n e l e m r a H n a v . F , l e s n e F . D , t e i r f l e g n E . J , k c E n a v . P

g n i n r a e L

1 s k r o w t e N n o i s i c e D

l

nn g o i i t s a r s a i P r o a g e n t i a c n b o u i t S a c fl i o p

a kt i r n e e Hm ne r e c d n nI a g v n .s i J . u H s dr k n o a w ,t k j e i N w r n e t o i i s U i .c Me .D H v . o Wk r .a J , M s r e g g k n n i n i n v o l u Do r .SP J

e g d e l w o n K r o f g n i n r a

gp ne n A e i rLn n e n s o r t mei t aI v e or a i d t L S i n s a nDi d u a l e n a q v z s i o .oclv i t MGAor h a e h m p c u r u s o Bn f n .UI S

Oktober 1998

129

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

1 s c i t s i u g n i L d n a e g a u g n a L

Celebration of the NAIC Jubilee Invited Lecture by Luc Steels Special Business Track on Electronic Commerce Several Best Paper Awards

a r e m a C e v i t c A n a g n i s u s t c e j

eb mO en g a i p k l e c a Br .T T

s n o i t a r e p O l a n o t i s o p o r P d n a e c n e l a v i u q E : s e e

r aT mn eo t i n s a i c Z e .D H

r e n i d e c n e r e f n o C : 0 3 : 2 2 5 4 : 9 1

E M M A R G O R P

R E B M E V O N 9 1 Y A D S R U H T

n e e w t e b

s e i t i v i t s e F d n a ) " l e r r o B " ( r u o H y p p a H : 0 3 : 8 1 5 0 : 7 1

l a n i d r O

s e e r T i en i h f g e s o D t o c n e j y rb u o O r f B c i . g Mko r doL w n r ee a d nmr a o O r mF t a s r R i .AF J

r o f

1 s c i g o L

s e c n a t s i D g n

n o

i hi s c c o e i B D . C . J e dn o n n t a o o i ,nt t o a s r c M a i f h i i t s s o s a a P u l .Q C R

s n o i s s e S l e l l a r a P : 5 4 : 0 1 0 3 : 9 1 y g o l o n h c e T t n e g A

e g n a h C n o i t aa mm er n o e f VI n .f Y o di c n g a o t eL i l r a f l d e o g n M E .A J

s d r a t a n g e n g j i WA n .g E i . s J .e N D di c n r a e ,n r e u e G r T a .o f J , r n e g k i s n e o J D . l Ma n .o C i , t i rs e i o z p a m r B o .C F

g n i n o s a e R d e t a m o t u A g n i s U g n i d l i u B y r o e h

d n a , k e o H r e d n a v . W , r e o B e d . S . F , k j i E n a v . M . R

sT p l as mm l ar o Ko o .FT J

l a u d i v i d n I n e e s wm t e e t B s y S t sn n e o g i t A a l s i t n l a u r M T n

i r s e g e y n i e i r t a Mc l u u .t r b h a sc Cn . oo J CV . J


h c r a e S

l a n o i t a v i t o M e v i t c e

el l g o g C u r g b n r i e n k Va i r .t o R n w i a m dM a n e a rT ,o f z g c yn i l g i p r o u e l od Kd s o n e h i d t n u e u t i DMt t .AA B

k c o l B l a c i t i r C h t i w s

m te r l e b a o k r c jP h i c R r .pe a MoS h dSd n u a bh o ,o l J r e u a o Bgb n h ni a g v i l Vo e .S N P

1 e c r e m m o C E n o n o i s s e S s s e n i s u B ) h c r a e s e R N P K ( a m u o B . W

h c r a e s e R N P K n i e c r e m m o C E d n a s t n e g A

ah e :t e r n u o t a r d ee p s ma eB T e l du e d t a e h mc i t S s E e hr

u ei tt l l a i w r v e e p e g Dn c m n i .a e l a Y T t e p dn e tc n nn a c Ae i A , c t r i d f f e e o f a t E p a n l u o u i o wo t me P i .S NN E

e c r e m

m mo uC n g c in i D o .t r F c dl e n E a ,g ) n O i r Ro t Mn i AO / N M Bd An ( a g en e i r t B a i ed DE .M T

2 s c i t s i u g n i L d n a e g a u g n a L

s m h t i r o g l A y r a n o i t u l o v E

n o i t u b i r t t A p i h s r o h t u A d n a n o i s e h so n C a ma l j i c a i x P e .L H

g n i x i M d n a g n i r e t l i eF d k a c n o e l mB eg Kn i nl d a i v u .B C

g n i n r a e L l e e r g v a a u Z g .n J a dL n n a i ,l h u c f s m o r Ba nH e s d i s nn a o v i t .p A e c ,x s n E a g mn et i l e t e a g Dr .o WF

. G . A d n a , i r o i h c r a M . E , t r e m e H n a v . I . J , n e b i E . E . A

s gs n e i s n t u i sF me ev l i b t o p r a P d nA o i ta n c a f s h i t t i a w S ts n i m a h r t t i s r n o o g Cl yA r a y n r i a

kBnn o e g o i e t i n b t u i c l n v o n l e v o u e t E S F S

d e t a i d e M r e t u p m o C r o f m e t s y n S o dt i e a t t n n e e mm e u lg p r mA I e jnb l i A e i ! h s e r a e u e f g Vr e .A D B

s c i t o b o R

s r e t s o K . A . Wg n dl i n p a m ,a g n S o e J v et i d p .a B d . MA

c i t o b o R s u o m o n o t u A r o

kf a a g r n b i r n o n o a Vl .P F c i de t n r a o ,e s e h o c T i n s s a n l a o l i i Ms e ir v .c A eu . DS N


2 y g o l o n h c e T t n e g A

r o f k r o w e m a r F a s a l e d o

d n a , k e o H r e d n a v . W , r e o B e d . S . F , s k i r d n i H . V . K

sM n a e a c p n S e d .i R f . n R o Ct s d/ n n y a tg e i ,r s o A r i e r r b P e b c u eo c Lh .TS J

Oktober 1998

130

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

g n i n n e p s a r B . J . P d n a , n a m s e i W . F , n a W . M . D . A

a ; e

r t rn u e e C r T l .a l J dC n a a , h t n r c e o a g p o n p r u p u J p .SA J . ot F t n e , rgg n e A i k li u n t d o l J e .hu McM .Sv e C i t ,da e r t e r u i e b z p i a r o r t s B o i .D C F

e t a r o p Lr Po AC 3 na i n )i L ( g k n a i e r e p h S t t a n G e g An o ft i o a gm n r i o d f d n e I

b rm t e dn y e E e e s l a m Ma B n .mo t r h r n o i CF e v . g n J AAE . J

e d a r T n i s n o i s s i m r e P d n a s n o i

t a ng e i o l b h TO . t Wc e dr i n D a s ngt n a c i T a l e r .d t n H oo . MC Y

t

n re u g e A r T i t .l J u dM n a ,a f n o o n s n s o o v i t i a t a t a c s i i u t f o i Gr g ee .V R N ,dy n n n e a s a s n M i g l i es o n t er oDe Cln aO .n F r oo ,t r i f e s i o m zp a e r t ms B oy .CS F 2 e c r e m m o C E n o n o i s s e S s s e n i s u B

2 g n i r e e n i g n E e g d e l w o n K

n a t i r a m a S g n i t

a l nu a c T l a .C H e . h Y t r do n , a y ,r e e r b r b o o TR .e d . t v a r .e N b . i l We .D L

t e W n i g n i n u e t s r e d n

O )a t s m n e m i dr a g g n o i t r s P a l : e t c Be ( j sog r r p n e i g R v n e EEg W l nO e a g v e .PR e Mh n .T e T

n o s r e P

k i r e r o Hf n e d s e nr a u v t a .e J . F H d n l a a u ,s v i o V b a o s i a d Ku .Ao n N i t , a a c c i mm i f t i s a t o n n P e y d .DI E

g n i n i M a t a )D s y e i b r e e l c l ie r t s i m D m a o tC a DE ( d ne j iz i R m o nt a s v u .C F

2 s k r o w t e N n o i s i c e D

n a ; g n i k c e h C y t i r g e t

n tI r a n wi y Sc en d a .d Mn .u d C e . R H n o fi do t n u a so l ,eS p e e y j l T l a e m e S e i .h t r p R . TO R

r o f s l e d o M l a c i h p a r G g n i s

ru e s b n r o a i Bt e a c .m n D i e r dxe o n r f a p n I kpe A c t n l a i a r m e n i g o x i e t o i ap r i Wr .ap WVA


r e t . P . J . W , k a a r B r e t . T . M . W . E , k c n i r e g e i W . J . J . A . W

2 s n o i t a r t s n o m e D t n e g A i t l u M

d

c i n o r t c e l E n i

e v i t i d d A f o s e i t i l i b a p a C

. J . F , r e k n o J . M . C , n e s s i l e n r o C . F , r e i z a r B . T . M . F

g si n e t n t r E a e .L D dd n n a a s gnm r o e i e t Bt t a s y nn e e S s d y e np r z a z eu v .RF J

g rn u i r e e r k T ) n .oo r J B i t dr a n r ot a s ,fn e n r o e u s m t s c e i e l D et i n h r m c o r e CA t s .ty F n S e ( ,g r e e Ar c k n i e t o l m J .um MMo .AC C

nl e e i p a p t e a KD .d J . n H a s i d d s n a o a o n r ,B g t j a i i e D Nal nc .i a P . i J sd ,ne o O M i t .a r L o m . f i Y l x e .o n d r a o p mp M j A i c N i l t .a s J i n l . o i Mt i b a ab ,r i g o r ar u BVP

m e t s y S ( e r t n e C l l a C a t r o p p u S o t m e rt s u y e r S ) T t n .n o J e i t g dA a r n t a s in t ,l n o um e Me g n AD u J

h c n u L : 0 0 : 4 1 0 2 : 2 1


2 s c i g o L

c i n o t o n o m n o N f o s n o i s n e t x

d n a n o i t a m r o f n I r) o n f o i ta t n e r t ms nn o om tr l ie o v h n D j i E N m .yt e t A i s l y da S e n ( R a n p l o r a i o t u c d t a r n i s o n HVr a .AT H

eE r r d e n Ha .s H l e dd n o a ,M t e d i r e s f t l a m e r g e e t n n s Ee y .GS J

1 s n o i t a r t s n o m e D t n e g A i t l u M

n o i t a l i p m o nC e e e g v e d t e tl i w Wo .n C K dc t n i a r t ,S s o n Bo .N A

l o r t n o

F N C P r o f s r o t a r e p O t n e m e n i

ge f n e R h d Cn a s y s u n h o n i t e u i t N i t s .b H u . S S

uC a c ri e f d f a u r OT rt e n d e ng a A v i .l t R u dM n a ,dn ) e t m o uut i b k i a r k t r o t s s i tD S n o nrm a oe v .fD l We m d ,o e l t e s BMy S .A( C

e c r e m m o C E

s k r o w t e N l a r u e N

r o s n e S ' n i n o i t a z i l a c o L

d n a g n i n r a e L t n e m

en s ' o o e r r i c v a K n p .E S B

fi c o n o gr

n t n a c i t T e i l d .u E H .Ae n Y p ddO e t n a a r ,mo e o f e t u L s .Ar e M u f .o d R e c ,no m oP r ui t n a c g e i i f d D i a c r .e T F p ,S s y n h e lt o c Bar r m o e .r wm o H t . F s m u W o r .AT C R

Oktober 1998

131

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

M O S P B n i s n o i t a t n e s e r p e R e g d e l w o n K g n i t e r p r e t n I

f o e l b l e s

g n i s o l C d n a , C I A N t x e N , s d r a w A : 5 1 : 7 1 0 0 : 7 1

n kE o r Ka e .n N i . L J da n r a o ,f s s r t e s h t k si g r o o Kew .We t A dN . o Wo l a h r i ,e lu l e e k z N i e WLo n mi ni s a s m v e i r .a x g C e . MMR h c s o B n e d n a v . A d n a , s r e t j i e W . T

t r o p e r l a i c n a n i F

e b o t o s l a ( t r o p e r l a i c n a n i f e h t s t n e s e r p r e r u s a e r t e h T : ) e t i s b e W I K V N e h t n o d n u o f

L A R E N E G E H T F O S E T U N I M

d e w e i v e r p s a ( l f K 2 1 f o t l u s e r e v i t a g e n a s a h 6 9 9 1 *

) t e g d u b e h t n i

n i a g a , ) l f K 5 1 ( t l u s e r e v i t a g e n a n i a g a s a h 7 9 9 1 t e g d u b e h t o t g n i d r o c c a

P R E W T N A N I 7 9 ' C I A N E H T

*

G N I IR KU VD ND EL HE TH 7 F9 O9 Y1 LR BE MB EM SE SV AO N 2 1

0 1 ( t l u s e r e v i t a g e n a s a h n i a g a 8 9 9 1 f o t e g d u b e h T *

) l f K

s u o i v e r p e h t f o s e t u n i m d n a g n i t e e m s i h t f o a d n e g A g n i t e e m

n i e s a e r c e d a y b d e s u a c e r a s t l u s e r e v i t a g e n e s e h T

. s k r a m e r r a l u c i t r a p o N

e h T . s t s o c l a i r a t e r c e s h g i h e h t y b d n a , p i h s r e b m e m

e h t f o s n o i s s e s s o p e h t t a h t g n i t e e m e h t s m r o f n i r e r u s a e r t

s t n e m e c n u o n n A

d e r i u q e r y l l a i c n a n i f r i e h t o t d e c u d e r e b l l i w I K V N

l f K 0 1 y l r a e y e h t n o g n i t e e m e h t s m r o f n i n a m r i a h c e h T

. 9 9 9 1 n i m u m i n i m

. s r a e y e e r h t t x e n e h t r o f r o f . V . B n a i s e l o B f o p i h s r o s n o p s

s i h t r o f . V . B n a i s e l o B s e g d e l w o n k c a y l l u f e t a r g e H

e e t t i m m o c s t n u o c c A

. e r u t s e g t n a t r o p m i

. d e v o r p p a n e e b e v a h 4 9 9 1 d n a 3 9 9 1 r o f s t n u o c c a e h T

m o r f t n a r g e h t n o g n i t e e m e h t s m r o f n i n a m r i a h c e h T

n i s e g n a h c e m o s d e t s e u q e r s a h e e t t i m m o c s t n u o c c a e h T

e b l l i w t n a r g s i h t f o s l a w e n e R . 8 9 9 1 r o f l f K 5 . 7 f o N O I S

, e d a m n e e b e v a h e s e h T . 6 9 9 1 d n a 5 9 9 1 r o f s t n u o c c a e h t

. s r a e y g n i m o c e h t n i d e t t i m b u s

s t n u o c c a e h t f o l a v o r p p a e h t s t c e p x e r e r u s a e r t e h t d n a . e r u t u f r a e n e h t n i e e t t i m m o c

d r a o b e h t f o s e i t i v i t c A

f o t s i s n o c l l i w e e t t i m m o c s t n u o c c a e h t , r a e y t x e n e h t r o F

e h t , I K V N e h t f o t n e m e g a n a m l a u s u e h t s e d i s e B

. r e k n o J n j i l o h t a C d n a r e b i e r h c S s u u G

: d e n o i t n e m e r a s t n i o p g n i w o l l o f

s n o i t a c i n u m m o C I A

o t n e v i g n e e b e v a h s e e t n a r a u g t i d e r c r o s e i d i s b u S

t p o o t d r a o b e h t f o n o i s i c e d e h t s e v o r p p a g n i t e e m e h T

g n i n o s a e r c i n o t o n o m n o n

. r a e y r e p s e u s s i o w t r o f n o i t p i r c s b u s e v i t c e l l o c a r o f

r e t f A y t i n u m m o c I A n a i g l e B e h t h t i w n o i t a r o b a l l o C

7 9 ' V A V O R U E

) n o d n o L e g e l l o C l a i r e p m I ( t o g r e S k e r a M f o t i s i v A e h T

**

n a m r e G h c , t p u o Dh s k r o w *

n a i g l e B e h t f o l l o p c i n o r t c e l e n a , s n o i t a r e b i l e d e v i s n e t x e

e h t r o f g n i t e e m d e d n e t t a l l e w a d n a , y t i n u m m o c I A

e s u r o f y d a e r s i y r o t c e r i d p i h s r e b m e m c i n o r t c e l e n A

e h t f o l a v o r p p a s k s a d r a o b e h t , y t i n u m m o c I A n a i g l e B

7 9 ' C I A N f o s r e s i n a g r o e h t h t i w n o i t a r o b a l l o C

: l a s o p o r p g n i w o l l o f e h t r o f g n i t e e m

r e t t e l s w e N e h t n i s e l i f o r p y n a p m o c f o t e s A

*

I e r e A i u t t a u f e l b i s s o p a n o t n e p s n e e b s a h e m i t h c u M

hm c r t u o f Dn I de n n a i z a ng a i a g m l e e Bh t ei n h t s e nt i o i n u sm e l c m i t o r c a h c yr e a v e r s u e S r

***

. y t i n u m m o c I A n a i g l e B e h t h t i w n o i t a r o b a l l o c

p i h s r e b m e m y r a r o n o H

, n o i t a i c o s s a r u o o t s e c i v r e s g n i d n a t s t u o s i h f o e s u a c e B

. g n i t e e m e h t m o r f l a v o r p p a s u o m i n a n u

After extensive debate the meeting votes, and accepts the following with a large majority: 1. Point 1 of the above proposal is approved. The meeting gratefully makes use of the offer of

h t i w r e b m e m y r a r o n o h s a d e l l a t s n i s i k i r e H n e d n a v p a a J

Oktober 1998

132

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

1. The association chooses a new name to reflect the Belgian participation, and article 1 of our bylaws will be changed accordingly. 2. The Newsletter will publish contributions in English, French or Dutch. Contributions from the board will always be published in English.

Bolesian B.V. to discuss the options for the new name with their PR department. The new name will be decided upon in time for use at our yearly conference in 1998. 2. Point 2 of the above proposal is approved, with Joost Breuker stands down as board-member. The meeting elects by acclamation Henk Venema and Bernard Manderick as new board members. The meetings elects by acclamation Joost Kok as new chairman.

the additions that (i) English is the preferred language, and (ii) that a French-speaking member is added to the editorial-board. Elections Postma (newsletter editor, Univ. Maastricht), Luc de Raedt (Univ. Leuven) and Yao-Hua Tan (Erasmus Univ. Rotterdam). Of these, Ida Sprinkhuizen, Bernard Manderick and Frank van Harmelen will stand down this year, while the other members are willing to serve for another term, with Joost Kok continuing as chairman of our association.

Intentions of the new board for 1998 This point is removed from the agenda due to lack of time.

To fill these three empty seats, we have found three excellent candidates, namely Rineke Verbrugge (Univ. Groningen), Wiebe van der Hoek (Univ. Utrecht), and XXXXXX.

NAIC'97 & NAIC'98 For NAIC'97 we expect no additional expenditure because of credit-guarantees by Bolesian B.V. and CLIF (Computational Linguistics in Flanders). NAIC'98 will be held in November 1998 under its new name. The board is currently conferring with candidates for the local and programme-chair.

All of these three new candidates present themselves elsewhere in this Newsletter. T R O P E R L A I C N A N I F

Any other business Jaap van den Herik thanks Joost Breuker for his many years of service in the board. Jaap van den Herik thanks Yao-Hua Tan for his chairmanship in the past year. Jaap van den Herik asks the board to take more notice of our bylaws on the number of board members which are required to stand down each year.

r e p y u K n e z i u h k n i r p S a d I a n i g p t e n r e t n i r a a n g n i z j i w r e V E G G U R B R E V E K E N I R

G N I T E E M I K V N A D N E G A

I would like to introduce myself as a candidate for the NVKI Board. In 1993 I attained my Ph.D. at the University of Amsterdam on the purely logical subject of “Efficient Metamathematics”. In the five years since then, my research has moved to the field of applications of logic in AI.

Agenda voor de General Assembly of the NVKI, November 18, 1998 during the NAIC'98, at the CWI in Amsterdam - Agenda of this meeting - Minutes of previous meeting - Announcements - Activities of the board in the past year - Report from ECCAI - Financial Report - Accounts committee - Collaboration with the Belgian AI community - Future form of NAIC conferences

My postdoc time - half a year in Prague, a year in Gothenburg and finally half a year as Visiting Assistant Professor at MIT - provided ample opportunity to dive into new research problems within this field. Back in the Netherlands, I became Assistant Professor at the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam in Jan Treur’s AI-group from 1995 until 1997. During these two years I started to be interested in multiagent systems and in new methods for education. Since September 1997 I have been researcher and education developer at the University of Groningen, working for the national project Brede Onderwijsinnovatie Kennistechnologie (broad

The NVKI board for the coming year The current board consists of the following members: Joost Kok (Univ. Leiden, Chair), Frank van Harmelen (Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Secretary), Ida Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper (Univ. Leiden, Treasurer), Bernard Manderick (Vrije Univ Brussels), Eric

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

133

Oktober 1998

educational innovation in Knowledge Engineering). I find it very enjoyable to cooperate with researchers from the University of Utrecht, the Open University, CIBIT and the University of Maastricht on courses like Introduction to Knowledge Systems and Logic for One of the main subjects of my present research, on which I work together with Barbara Dunin-Keplicz of the University of Warsaw, is cooperative problem solving in multi-agent systems.

AI. For the latter course I developed the materials on epistemic logic for multi-agent systems, which I just finished trying out on a very enthusiastic group of students. met elkaar kan laten blijven communiceren en van elkaars werk laat kennisnemen, waarbij het voor de komende jaren heel belangrijk lijkt dat de `theoretici', en de ‘practici’ elkaars problemen gaan begrijpen om samen de AI een paar stapjes vooruit te helpen.

Another subject of research which intrigues me is approximate diagnosis, on which I cooperate with Annette ten Teije and Frank van Harmelen of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. This subject harks back to my old love, efficiency. I have been a member of the Committee of Logic in Europe since 1996. As a member of the NVKI Board I will be committed to strengthen cooperation among the AI-groups in the Benelux, both with respect to research and education. K E O H R E D N A V E B E I W Wiebe van der Hoek studeerde Wiskunde en Nederlands aan een Nieuwe Leraren Opleiding in Groningen, om vervolgens aan de RUG een vervolgstudie Wiskunde te doen. In 1992 promoveerde hij aan de VU te Amsterdam op een proefschrift getiteld 'Modalities for Reasoning about Knowledge and Quantities'. Zijn belangstelling gaat uit naar Logica's voor AI, in het bijzonder niet-monotoon redeneren, kennislogica en geloofsrevisie. Momenteel werkt hij als UD aan de werkeenheid `Intelligente Systemen" van de Universiteit van Utrecht en hebben vooral specificatie- en programmeertalen voor intelligent agents zijn belangstelling. Mede om de bruikbaarheid van dezetalen in de praktijk te onderstrepen heeft het Informatica Istituut in Utrecht sinds 1997 een bescheiden robot-laboratorium. Momenteel is hij associate editor van het tijdschrift `Studia Logica', bestuurslid van de Nederlandse RoboCup Organisatie en mede-organisator van een serie Nederlands-Duitse workshops over niet-monotoon redeneren en van een internationale congres-reeks over spel-theorie en kennislogica (LOFT). Binnen het Esprit network of excellence `Agentlink' heeft hij als taak het onderwijs binnen Europa dat betrekking heeft op agents, in kaart te brengen en te stimuleren. Hij hoopt dat de NVKI de vele talentvolle AI-onderzoekers en geinteresseerden uit de doelgroep

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

134

Oktober 1998

through both personal and scientific contacts. The strength of NAIC is therefore in bringing together different specialisations of AI and not in discussing new results that are presented here for the first time. This means that the work presented here should not necessarily be original for the specialisation but rather it should be new to the non-specialist, Dutch-Belgian NAIC audience. More specifically, it can be published before somewhere abroad or at a specialised workshop. It should not be too specialised. One can even argue that a really interesting but exotic result that cannot be explained adequately in about 30 minutes to a general AI audience should be rejected! Another good role is that of providing a platform for discussing preliminary work.

A PROPOSAL FOR A NEW NAIC Luc de Raedt and Maarten van Someren KULeuven and Universiteit van Amsterdam About the NAIC (and also around comparable events) there are several topics that are discussed again and again during the preparation of each new version of the event. These discussions take place among the organising bodies (such as NVKI) and also within the actual organisers and the programme committee. This year it came back once more. The most frequently debated topics are (a) the role of applications within a primarily scientific event, (b) the scope of the event (with respect to other events) and (c) the precise goal of the event: exchanging ideas, evaluating and discussing scientific state of the art results, presenting a broad overview of AI in X, in this case in the Netherlands and Belgium. The standpoint taken here has implications for the organisation of the conferences. It has implications for the type of papers to be attracted and presented, the evaluation criteria for contributions and accompanying measures, like the organisation of additional workshops, the format of presentations, etc.

(2) NAIC as a state-of-the-art AI conference One argument is that the overview approach will not include original publications, thus giving no scientific credits. Ever more departments allow their personal to attend only conferences that are associated with publications. They want to see value - read: pages published - for their travel money. Another argument is that AI needs to justify itself as a field in competition with well established disciplines like mathematics, logic and (perhaps to a somewhat lesser extent:) computer science. A national conference with an impressive rejection rate, an impressive looking proceedings, including at least some contributions that would also do well on a conference on general computer science or some subfield of it, will help to get AI a stronger position in the world of research councils, priority programs and all their committees. An overview event would not have this effect, because it could not point to such impressive status symbols.

In this note we want to discuss the last issue. We outline the extreme viewpoints and then give our own view. (1) NAIC as an overview conference (this view also goes under the heading of toogdag or dorpspomp conference). The argument in favour of this runs approximately as follows. In the Netherlands and Belgium one finds a wide range of areas and specialisations in AI research and development. The level of this work ranges widely from marginal to top-level. Some areas are even non-existent or (usually due to some tradition) are not part of AI although in the rest of the world they would be considered AI. However, because the countries are small, even taken together, the amount of work on specific topics is rather small, possibly with the exception of research on expert systems, knowledge-based systems, knowledge modelling, etc. which is done by a relatively large number of people. The effect of this is that NAIC does not work as a scientific forum for AI research. The level of reviewers and audience on a specialised topic will in general be too small and is likely to consist of persons who are already well acquainted with the work, This fact might partly explain why many of the (parallel) sessions at NAIC are only attended by few

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

A NEW FORM With NAIC's present format, even senior AI researchers often cannot really understand nor appreciate many of the technical research results presented at NAIC (except of course those results that are close enough to one's own research subfield). This does not mean that these research results are not exciting, it only means that they are often not accessible to fellow researchers in other subfields of AI.

participants, and why the interest in NAIC and NVKI has slowly but steadily decreased over the past

135

Oktober 1998

few years.

We want to stress that all these proposed categories are open for discussion. One prerequisite for this system to work is that there is a smaller Program Committee that takes responsibility for selecting all the invited speakers. Perhaps the composition of the Program Committee should also change significantly every year.

Therefore we are proposing a BNAIC in a radically different format. The goals of BNAIC should in our opinion be: 1) to disseminate recent AI results among fellow reseachers in BN 2) to stimulate and educate young AI researchers present the context, related work, importance, ...to an audience not in their particular subfields). 3) to give industry and fellow AI researchers an idea of what we are doing...

Of course, if one would choose for this kind of format for NAIC, it should be seriously evaluated after the first year. One might also choose to alternate between the classical NAIC and its renewed version.

We believe that these goals can be achieved by providing a mixed program that could consist of a combination of the following components (and perhaps other ones) :

In any case, we believe the advantages of the proposed format are : - they should allow to educate young AI researchers, - to give a feeling to industry about what is going on in AI and in Belgium and the Netherlands - to give experienced researcher the opportunity to present their work in detail (sometimes) - to give the audience the opportunity to get an overview of what's going on in AI in Belgium and the Netherlands, ...

a) a number (perhaps 5 or 6) of invited research talks by fellow researchers in Belgium and the Netherlands. These talks would be selected on the basis of the importance of the results achieved in the past year. For instance, when researchers from Belgium and the Netherlands get important international best paper awards - such as this year at ECAI and KDD - this could be an argument for inviting these researchers to present their work at NAIC. However, their talks would typically be longer than at technical conferences in order to allow the researchers to present the context of their work and to put their work into perspective. These talks would also serve as examples of excellent AI research for young AI researchers

BOK artikel Hans van Ditmarsch, Jaap van den Herik, Evert van de Vrie BOK-MODULEN EN ONTWIKKELAARS RUG

b) a number of invited tutorials (perhaps 5 or 6) by researchers in Belgium and the Netherlands. These tutorials are possibly based on tutorials presented at international conferences. This has the advantage that both experienced and young researchers in AI get to learn something about neighbouring fields. It could also attract industrial participants. c) a number of invited talks by principal researchers in Belgium and the Netherlands. They would present overviews of the activities in their lab. This should allow fellow researchers to understand what is going on in AI in BN. d) short (10-15 min) presentations by young AI researchers in order to give them the opportunity of learning to present and to get feedback. (only a short abstract would be screened for relevance) e) poster-presentation of work under d) f) demo sessions by both academia and industry

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

136

UU

Introduction to kwowledge development

x

Knowledge system development

x

Knowledge acquisition:

x

Natural language interfaces

x

Project management and methodology of KBS development

x

Knowledge representation and inference

x

x

Logic for Artificial Intelligence

x

x

Knowledge management

x

x

HvU cibit

UM

OU NL

x

x

x

x

x

x

x x

x

x

x

x

Oktober 1998

e s a e l p , m u i g l e B n i e c n e r e f n o c r o g n i t e e m , p o h s k r o w

R O T I D E N A I G L E B

e b . c a . b u v . i t r a @ n i w d e ( l i a m e n a e m d n e s

y r o t l a e r s o s b u r gaB L n o t e i J c e t eni e s d g r i e nl l i v e i w t n dn U I E l e a j i i c r i V f i t r A

m u i g l e B e d u l c n i o t e p o c s s t i d e n e d a o r b s a h I K V N e h T

l l i w e m a n w e n a , e g n a h c s i h t t c e l f e r o T . g r u b m e x u L d n a t u o b a n o i t a m r o f n i t a h t t n a t r o p m i s i t I . d e t p o d a e b e h t , e r o f e r e h T . r e t t e l s w e N e h t n i d e t n i r p e b o t t e g

r o t i d e n a h t i w d e d n e t x e n e e b s a h d r a o b l a i r o t i d e

g n i v a H . m u i g l e B m o r f s n o i t u b i r t n o c r o f e l b i s n o p s e r

e c u d o r t n i y l f e i r b t s r i f l l i w I , e l o r s i h t l l i f l u f o t d e t p e c c a . e r a s n a l p y m t a h w t u o b a d r o w a y a s n e h t d n a f l e s y m

Finally, if you have no idea what Belgian AI groups there are and are curious to know, have a look at a list put up by Luc De Raedt at http://www.cs.kuleuven. ac.be/~lucdr/belgium.html y l l a u t c a l l i w s e i r t n u o c e s e h t m o r f e c n e g i l l e t n I l a i c i f i t r A

N O P U O R G H C R A E S E R E H T

k n e H . f o r P f o p u o r g s m e t s y S d e s a B e g d e l w o n K

e j i r V e h t f o b a L I A e h t o t d e v o m I n e h T . r a a l e p p o K

T A ), I AN LE DV (U EE CL NF EO GY IT L I LS ER TE NV II LN A IU C E I H F I T T R A

e h t h t i w k r o w n o i t a u d a r g y m d i d d n a , y g o l o n h c e T f o

D N A S E G A U G N A L E V I T A R A L C E D

y t i s r e v i n U t f l e D t a s c i t a m r o f n I l a c i n h c e T d e i d u t s e v a h I

. M U I G L E B

D h P a g n i o d y l t n e r r u c m ' I e r e h w , l e s s u r B t i e t i s r e v i n U

h t i w t r i l f l a i t i n i n a r e t f A . s l e e t S c u L . f o r P h t i w

. n o i t a c i n u m m o c d n a e g a u g n a l f o n o i t u l o v e

n e v u e L t i se n t i e s t re r a v Mi n nU r e e B k e i l o h t a K

e h t s i t s e r e t n i f o t c e j b u s y m , g n i n r a e l t n e m e c r o f n i e r

. e c n e g i l l e t n I l a i c i f i t r A d n a s e g a u g n a L

o t d e t a l e r h c r a e s e r o d t a h t ) g n i k a e p s h c n e r F 7 , g n i k a . e I p A s

e v i t a r a l c e D y d u t s s r e b m e m s t i d n a ) h c t u D n i I A T D (

h c t u D 9 ( s p u o r g h c r a e s e r c i m e d a c a 6 1 o t s r e t t e l t n e s e v a h

I A L D d e m a n s i p u o r g h c r a e s e r t s e g g i b e h t , t n e m t r a p e d

I , s m i a o w t e s e h t f o r e m r o f e h t e r u s n e o t t p m e t t a n a n I

t a h t t A . e c n e i c S r e t u p m o C f o t n e m t r a p e D a s e r u t a e f

. m u i g l e B n i s p u o r g I A e h t h t i w r a i l i m a f e m o c e b d l u o h s

g n i r e e n i g n E f o y t l u c a F s ' n e v u e L U K . e v u e N a l n i a v u o L

I K V N e h t f o s r e b m e m g n i t s i x e e h t , y l e s r e v n o C . n o i t c n u f

n i d e t a u t i s d n a g n i k a e p s h c n e r F s i h c i h w n i a v u o L é

s t i d n a I K V N e h t f o e c n e t s i x e e h t f o e r a w a e r a h c r a e s e r

e d e u q i l o h t a C e t i s r e v i n U e h t h t i w d e s u f n o c e b t o n

e c n e g i l l e t n I l a i c i f i t r A n i d e g a g n e e r a t a h t s p u o r g n a i g l e B

, y a w e h t y b , d l u o h s t I . m u i g l e B n i y t i s r e v i n U g n i k a e p s

l l a t a h t y r a s s e c e n s i t i , l l a e v o b A . s t e c a f o w t s a h I K V N

h c t u D t s e g r a l e h t s i n e v u e L t i e t i s r e v i n U e k e i l o h t a K e h T

e h t h t i w t n e m e v l o v n i n a i g l e B e h t g n i s a e r c n i f o l a o g e h T

f o e s u e h t s n r e c n o c k r o w l a i t n a t s b u s h g u o h t l A

t s o m s i p u o r g e h t , ) w o l e b e e s ( s e g a u g n a l l a n o i t c n u f

n i n o i t i d a r t h c r a e s e r g n i d n a t s g n o l s t i r o f n w o n k l l e w

t r o f f e l a i t i n i n a g n i w o l l o F . g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l h t i w d n a

y l r a e d n a s e i t n e v e s e h t n i e h g o o n y u r B e c i r u a M y b

r e t a l e h t t u o h g u o r h t d e d n a p x e y l g n o r t s m a e t e h t , s e i t h g i e

5 2 t u o b a s r e b m u n y l t n e r r u c t I . s e i t e n i n y l r a e d n a s e i t h g i e

5 r e h t o n a d n a f f a t s t n e n a m r e p e r a 5 h c i h w f o , s r e b m e m

With respect to the second aim, the idea is to give one or two of these groups the opportunity to present themselves in the upcoming Newsletters. This edition features two such presentations. One is from the research group on declarative languages and artificial intelligence (DLAI) at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. The other presentation is from Starlab N.V., a research lab and commercial company at the same time.

. s r e h c r a e s e r c o d t s o p d e c n e i r e p x e e r a

k n i h t o t s r e h c r a e s e r n a i g l e B e g a r u o c n e o t e k i l d l u o w I

d e t a l e r I A e m o s s i e r e h t r e v e n e h w r e t t e l s w e N s i h t t u o b a

a g n i z i n a g r o e r a u o y f I . g n i n o i t n e m

h t r o w y t i v i t c a

c i t a m o t u a d n a n o i t a t e r p r e t n i t c a r t s b a , n o i t a t n e m e l p m i

n o s e s s u c o f p u o r g e h t n i h c r a e s e r t n e s e r p r o / d n a t s a P

c i t a m o t u a d n a n o i t c u d e d l a i t r a p , s i s y l a n a n o i t a n i m r e t

e g a u g n a l

g n i m m a r g o r p

c i g o l

s a

h c u s

s a e r a

Oktober 1998

137

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

), so that an announcement can be included in the Newsletter. Other welcome contributions are reports about such activities, about PhD defences or about an interesting conference you have attended, a review of a recent PhD thesis, messages about research in your group, announcements of new groups, book reviews, etc.

e n i h c a m r o f g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l f o e s u e h t s e i d u t s

, n o i t a s i l a i c e p s d n a n o i t a m r o f s n a r t m a r g o r p

e h t e t a e r c d e p l e h s r e h c r a e s e r n e v u e L . s e s o p r u p g n i n r a e l

c i g o l t n i a r t s n o c , g n i m m a r g o r p d n a g n i n o s a e r a t e m

g n i t i c x e s i h T . g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l e v i t c u d n i f o d l e i f

e g d e l w o n k d n a g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l , g n i m m a r g o r p

f o s n o i t a c i l p p a d n a e c i t c a r p , y r o e h t s e i d u t s e n i l p i c s i d

e v i t c u d n i , t s a e l s n a e m o n y b t u b t s a l d n a n o i t a t n e s e r p e r

s e l p m a x e m o r f s e l u r m a r g o r p g n i v o r p m i d n a g n i n r a e l

. g n i n i m a t a d d n a , g n i n r a e l e n i h c a m , g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l

. e g d e l w o n k d n u o r g k c a b d n a

M E T S Y S G O L O R P

l a r u t a n e d u l c n i n e v u e L n i d e s s e r d d a s n o i t a c i l p p A e g d e l w o n k d n a g n i n i m a t a d , g n i s s e c o r p e g a u g n a l

t n e g i l l e t n i n o k r o w s ' e h g o o n y u r B f o e k a w e h t n I

c i g o l e v i t c u d n i l a r e v e S . y g o l o n h c e t t n e g a d n a , y r e v o c s i d

e h t , s n r e c n o c n o i t a t n e m e l p m i r e h t o d n a g n i k c a r t k c a b

d n a d e t n e m e l p m i n e e b e v a h s m e t s y s g n i m m a r g o r p

n w o l b l l u f a d e t n e m e l p m i p u o r g ) h s i l l a m s l l i t s n e h t (

. y r t s u d n i d n a a i m e d a c a n i e s u r o f d e t u b i r t s i d

f no a i e g n l e o Bs a ew h M t I hB t i y w b rg e o h l t o e r g P o t g n mi t el t u s s y e s r e gh o l T o r . P M lI a B n o y i n s a s p e f m o o r p c

y t i v i t c a r o j a m a m o r f t r a p a : e v o b a d e n o i t n e m n e e b s a h t I

. t e k r a m e h t n o s m e t s y s t n a m r o f r e p t s o m e h t

a s a h o s l a p u o r g e h t , g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l f o d l e i f e h t n i

t a h t n i k r o W . g n i l b i s l a n o i t c n u f s t i n i t s e r e t n i g n i u n i t n o c

y l g n o r t s d e d n a p x e p u o r g e h t , s s e c c u s s i h t y b d e g a r u o c n E

m a r g o r p d n a n o i t a u l a v e l a i t r a p d e s s e r d d a y l n i a m d l e i f

n o h c r a e s e R . d e r e t n e e r e w s d l e i f b u s w e n l a r e v e s d n a

h c u s f o e s u e h T . s e g a u g n a l l a n o i t c n u f n i n o i t a s i l a i c e p s

, d e t p o d a y l e d i w a n i d e t l u s e r n o i t a t e r p r e t n i t c a r t s b a

r e h t o n a s i n o i t a c u d e r o f ) , . g . e e m e h c S ( s e g a u g n a l

f o s i s y l a n a c i t a m o t u a r o f k r o w e m a r f n w o d p o t l a r e n e g

d n a l a n o i t c n u f f o n o s i r a p m o c a s i s a , y d u t s f o t c e j b u s

n o i t a m r o f n i f o n o i t c e l l o c e h t s e l b a n e t I . s m a r g o r p c i g o l

l a r u t a n r o f g n i m m a r g o r p e v i t a r e p m i d e t n e i r o t c e j b o

f o n o i t u c e x e d n a n o i t a t n e m e l p m i t n e i c i f f e g n i t r o p p u s

. y r t s u d n i n i g n i s s e c o r p e g a u g n a l

e t e r c n o c d e t a r o b a l e y l l u f l a r e v e S . s m a r g o r p g o l o r P

. s s e n l u f e s u d n a r e w o p r i e h t d e v o r p e v a h s e c n a t s n i

s ' p u o r g e h t l l a t o n t a h t g n i t o n h t r o w s i t i , y l l a n i F

e r o m y l g n i s a e r c n i d e c u d o r p s a h s i s y l a n a n o i t a n i m r e T

: g n i m m a r g o r p e v i t a r a l c e d o t d e t a l e r y l t c e r i d s i h c r a e s e r

t c e t e d y l l a c i t a t s o t s d o h t e m l u f r e w o p e r o m d n a d e n i f e r

n i n o i t a p i c i t r a p d n a t s e r e t n i g n o r t s s i e r e h t , e c n a t s n i r o F

m a r g o r P . s m a r g o r p d n a s e i r e u q n e v i g f o n o i t a n i m r e t

e m i t k n i l , t n e m e g a n a m y r o m e m g n i n r e c n o c s t c e j o r p

e l i p m o c o t s y a w g n i d u l c n i , d e i d u t s s a w n o i t a m r o f s n a r t

l a t i g i D r o f n o i t a l i p m o c d e s i m i t p o d n a n o i t a s i m i t p o

e t i u q , r e t a l , d n a m a r g o r p a o t n i l o r t n o c d r a d n a t s n o n

. s r o s s e c o r P l a n g i S

c u

s ma ah r g r o e r t p t a l ce i t h a mT on . ) t u o a i t fd o e d ll o a r i t t n r a o p c r eo h ( t n o ,i y t l a e s v i i l s a i n c e e t x p e s

N O I T A R O B A L L O C L A N O I T A N R E T N I

s a , s k r o w e m a r f l a r e n e g e t i u q , d e t a c i t s i h p o s n i d e t l u s e r

l a i t r a p r o f s e p y t o t o r p h c r a e s e r d e c n a v d a s a l l e w

d n a s r e b m e m s t i , p u o r g I A L D e h t , s r a e y e h t t u o h g u o r h T

y n a n o e t a n i m r e t o t d e e t n a r a u g e r a h c i h w n o i t c u d e d

s a l a n o i t a n s u o r e m u n n i d e v l o v n i n e e b e v a h s p u o r g b u s

. n o i t a s i l a i c e p s d o o g r e v i l e d t e y d n a m a r g o r p d n a y r e u q

e m t e L . s n o i t a r o b a l l o c d n a s t c e j o r p l a n o i t a n r e t n i s a l l e w

f o n o i t a c i l p p a e h t d n a d e p o l e v e d e r e w s r e v l o s t n i a r t s n o C

. s e n o l a n o i t a n r e t n i t s e g r a l e h t f o e m o s n o i t n e m y l n o

g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l t n i a r t s n o c o t n o i t a t e r p r e t n i t c a r t s b a

c i s a b t i r p s E I I d n a I g o l u p m o C e h t d e d u l c n i e s e h T

e v i t a n r e t l a s r e d i s n o c h c r a e s e r t n e c e R . d e t a r o b a l e s a w

a e d a c e d a t u o b a r o f d e t i n u h c i h w s n o i t c a h c r a e s e r

f o e s u e h t d n a g o l o r P n i g n i l b a t f o s n o i t a t n e m e l p m i

c i g o l n o s e r t n e c g n i d a e l s ' e p o r u E f o o s r o n e z o d

. s a e r a d e n o i t n e m e v o b a e h t f o t s o m n i g n i l b a t

n e v u e L . c i g o l l a n o i t a t u p m o c d n a g n i m m a r g o r p

f o e s u e h t n o d e s s u c o f p u o r g e h t f o t r a p , e l i h w n a e M

d n a n o i t a m r o f s n a r t m a r g o r p e h t d e t a n i d r o o c

d l e i f l l a r e v o e h t n i s e u s s i s s e r d d a o t g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l

g o l u p m o C e h t n i s e o d l l i t s t i s a m a e r t s b u s t n e m p o l e v e d

, g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l f o e s u e h T . e c n e g i l l e t n i l a i c i f i t r a f o

, o s l A . c i g o L l a n o i t a t u p m o C n o e c n e l l e c x E f o k r o w t e N

e g d e l w o n k r o f s u l u c l a c n o i t a u t i s d n a s u l u c l a c t n e v e

l l i t s ( I I d n a I P L I s t c e j o r p t i r p s E e h t s e t a n i d r o o c n e v u e L

t r a p A . d e i d u t s s a w g n i n o s a e r l a r o p m e t d n a n o i t a t n e s e r p e r

r o f s A . g n i m m a r g o r P c i g o L e v i t c u d n I n o ) g n i o g n o

s i h t , g n i n o s a e r l a r o p m e t o t s n o i t u b i r t n o c y n a m m o r f

e h t f o t s o m r e h t e g o t g n i r b s t c e j o r p e s e h t , g o l u p m o C

d n a t n e s e r p e r o t y a w e v i t a r a l c e d a d e t a e r c o s l a k r o w

. d l e i f e h t n i e s i t r e p x e h t i w s p u o r g n a e p o r u E

e h t h g u o r h t e g d e l w o n k e t e l p m o c n i h t i w n o s a e r

) c i g o l r e d r o t s r i f g n i m m a r g o r p c i g o l n e p o ( L O F P L O

I A L D f o p u o r g b u s l a i t n a t s b u s a , y l l a n i F . h c a o r p p a

d n a n g i s e d e h t n i e s i t r e p x e s t i f o l l a r o t s o m e t i n u

o t t r o f f e r o j a m a f o r a e y t s r i f s t i n i s i p u o r g e h t , y l t n e r r u C

Oktober 1998

138

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

a r o f h c r a e s e R N P K t a d e h c r a e s e r g n i e b y l e v i t c a s i I A

s i h T . + P L d e m a n y l i r a n i m i l e r p , e g a u g n a l g n i m m a r g o r p

o t e r a s n o i t a c i l p p a g n i k r o w y l r a E . s r a e y f o r e b m u n e g r a l

. s r a e y e v i f r e v o d n e t x e o t d e l u d e h c s s i r u o v a e d n e r o j a m

t r e p x E , . g . e ( s k s e d p l e H s a h c u s s a e r a n i d n u o f e b

o t e v a h e r o f e r e h t l l i w u o y , s t l u s e r l a n i f s t i t u o b a n r a e l o T

, y l t n e c e r e r o M . ) g n i n o s a e R d e s a B e s a C d n a s m e t s y s

e p o h e w , e l i h w n a e M . 2 0 0 2 r e b m e c e D l i t n u e c n e i t a p t r e x e

s t c u d o r p g n i r e v i l e d y b d e r u t a m n o i t u b i r t n o c I A s ' N P K

d n a g o l e n e B , C I A N t a s s e r g o r p s t i t u o b a u o y m r o f n i o t

, . g . e ( s a e r a n o i t a c i l p p a w e n l a r e v e s r o f s d o h t e m d n a

e c n e g i l l e t n i l a i c i f i t r a n i s e c n e r e f n o c d n a s p o h s k r o w r e h t o

, n o i t i n g o c e r h c e e p s , n o i t i n g o c e r r e t c a r a h c n e t t i r w d n a h

. c i g o l l a n o i t a t u p m o c r o / d n a

n a c t i , y l t n e u q e s n o C . ) g n i n i m a t a d d n a n o i t c e t e d d u a r f

s i d n a s e s i m o r p s t i s d l o h I A , N P K n i h t i w , t a h t d e t a t s e b

: t r o f f e r u o n i s u n i o j d n a e m o c n a c u o y , l l i t s r e t t e b r O

e n i l p i c s i d h c r a e s e r t n a t r o p m i n a r e v e n a h t e r o m d e d r a g e r

s c o d t s o p d n a s e t a u d a r g t s o p h t o b r o f s n o i t i s o p l a r e v e S

g n i w o l l o f e h t s A . s r u o v a e d n e n o i t a c i n u m m o c e l e t r o f

. e l b a l i a v a e r a

d e v l o v n i y l e v i t c a s i h c r a e s e R N P K , w o h s l l i w s n o i t c e s

I A ) n e v o r p ( r o f s a e r a w e n g n i t a g i t s e v n i h t o b n i

n a c u o y , d e r r i t s n e e b e v a h t s e r e t n i d n a y t i s o i r u c r u o y f I

I A w e n n o h c r a e s e r g n i t c u d n o c s a l l e w s a y g o l o n h c e t

t a e t i s b e W r u o t i s i v

g n i t a p i c i t r a p y b e n o d g n i e b s i r e t t a l e h T . s t n e m p o l e v e d

t a r o / i a t d ~ / e b . c a . n e v u e l u k . s c . w w w / / : p t t h

, s e m m a r g o r p h c r a e s e r l a n o i t a n r e t n i f o r e b m u n a n i

i a t d / h c r a e s e r / s i w c / e b . c a . n e v u e l u k . s c . w w w / / : p t t h

n o i t a r o b a l l o c d n a g n i t n e t a p , s e t u t i t s n i n o i t a s i d r a d n a t s

e b i r c s e d l l i w e w , n o i t a r t s u l l i n a s A . a i m e d a c a e h t h t i w

. s u t c a t n o c o t e t a t i s e h t o n o D

d n a y g o l o n h c e t t n e g a , g n i n i m a t a d n o s t c e j o r p

! n o o s u o y e e s o t e p o H

. l a v e i r t e r n o i t a m r o f n i a i d e m i t l u m

G N I N I M A T A D

N P K T A E C N E G I L L E T N I L A I C I F I T R A

y l t n e i c i f f e f o s s e c o r p e h t s a d e n i f e d e b n a c g n i n i m a t a D

H C R A E S E R

s n r e t t a p l e v e l h g i h g n i t s e r e t n i d n a l a i v i r t n o n g n i t c a r t x e c i g e t a r t s a e m o c e b s a h g n i n i m a t a D . s t e s a t a d e g r a l m o r f

r e v e n a n I . s e i n a p m o c s n o i t a c i n u m m o c e l e t r o f n o p a e w

k r e h k c s r ma e es e He .R H N . P N nK a J

e h t w o n k o t l a i t n e s s e s i t i , t e k r a m e v i t i t e p m o c e r o m

t e k r a m n i a t n i a m o t r e d r o n i s e r i s e d d n a s d e e n s ' r e m o t s u c

m o c e l e T N P K r o f e t u t i t s n i h c r a e s e r e h t s i h c r a e s e R N P K

e d u l c n i g n i n i m a t a d r o f s l o o T . s e s s e c o r p s s e n i s u b n i d e s u e b n a c t a h t e g d e l w o n k e l b a u l a v n i s t l u s e r d n a

s e d i v o r p g n i n i m a t a D . s r e m o t s u c w e n t c a r t t a d n a e r a h s

r u o i v a h e b l a i c o s m o r f g n i g n a r s a e r a n i k r o w s r e h c r a e s e r

a t a d s s e n i s u b h t i w s e s a b a t a d e g r a l o t n i s t h g i s n i l a i t n e s s e

r0 eh e h 0 Te5 fNy o .e l rr D t e a d i m s v i a o x r o d p r e p sd n p nA o u i o t a f . c o sg i a n a u w mhr s mc a e ory a c e e s l 0 e e R5 t t s r Ne e P v g r Ko a l s .e s ed i h r t n o t saa l i r r hh e o c b i ta h e wNL

d n a g n i n r a e l e n i h c a m , s c i t s i t a t s m o r f s m h t i r o g l a

T C I d n a h c r a e s e r l a c i n h c e t o t s e c n e i c s c i m o n o c e d n a

g n i t a g i t s e v n i s i h c r a e s e R N P K . e c n e g i l l e t n i l a i c i f i t r a

e r a y e h T . ) y g o l o n h c e t n o i t a c i n u m m o c d n a n o i t a m r o f n i (

g n i n i m a t a d e v o r p m i o t r e d r o n i s m h t i r o g l a w e n

y n a m e v r e s d n a n e g n i n o r G d n a m a d n e h c s d i e L n i d e s a b

n o i t c u d n i e l u r , n o i t a i c o s s a , g n i r e t s u l c s a h c u s s e s s e c o r p

n i a m o d g n i n i b m o c d n a , s k r o w t e n l a r u e n m o r f

e

d n a ( l a i c r e m m o c l a r e v e s t s e t e w , n o i t i d d a n I . e g d e l w o n k

rnt s e o n v e o m tst u a r o a p dse e a t e d a r r h p e c s p r eo a r e a o s tc e a r h o e t s h l sa t t i h n t h i u c w sr s a r e e e n s h i e t s e R u g b o t Ny sP ' r m o t oKa c r .o e y l r b e t a T n l u l No a Pc u t Kei r ft hv o

s e s s e c o r p s s e n i s u b e h t n i m e h t y l p p a d n a s t c u d o r p ) a t e b

. ) n e d e w S ( a i l e T d n a ) d n a l r e z t i w S ( m o c s s i w S f o

g n i n i m a t a d n w o r u o o t g n i d r o c c a e n o d s i s i h T . N P K f o

n o c i l i S n i p u t e s s a w t s o p t u o l a n r e t x e n a , y l t n e c e R

. ) y l l u f s s e c c u s a t a d g n i n i m ( S A D I M d e l l a c d o h t e m

h c r a e s e r e h T . g n i h c t a w y r t s u d n i r o f ) A S U ( y e l l a V

e h t n i n e k a t e b o t s p e t s d e r i u q e r e h t s e n i f e d S A D I M

o t n i d e d i v i d e b y l d a o r b n a c h c r a e s e R N P K f o s e i t i v i t c a

f o s l l i k s d n a e g d e l w o n k e h t s t c e j o r p h c r a e s e r l a n o i t a r e p o

s s e n i s u b e l b a t i f o r p o t n i d e t a l s n a r t e r a h c r a e s e R N P K

,n . .e g c o n n i t i a a n n s i i i m F m i adt t p nO a a d fd o u s s sae r s F e c c o r o :P r e p r ea v d sn i n t i a a a r e me s t i ol dda n S n a o et i d v aa n i t c c i l a p r g p e t n a n i t i l e a yc k l r ia h p g y i TM h

h g u o r h T . s t c e j o r p c i g e t a r t s d n a s t c e j o r p l a n o i t a r e p o

n i s e u s s i e s e h t n o e t a r o b a l e t o n n a c e w , y l e t a n u t r o f n U

g n o l n o s e s u c o f r e h t a r h c r a e s e r c i g e t a r t S . s e i t i n u t r o p p o

. r e p a p s i h t

w e n o t n i s s e n i s u b e h t r e e t s o t s e i r t t i s a s l a o g m r e t

s n o i t a c i n u m m o c e l e t c i m a n y d y l h g i h e h t n I . s n o i t c e r i d

Oktober 1998

139

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

. e c n a t r o p m i t a e r g f o e r a h c r a e s e r f o s e p y t h t o b t e k r a m

c i g o l e v i t a r a l c e d , n o i t a r e n e g w e n a f o n o i t a t n e m e l p m i

AI AND BUSINESS

h c r a e s e R N P K t a s t c e j o r p d e s a b n e g a y n a m , r a f s u h T

s i I A , g n i n i m a t a d n i h t i w l u f s s e c c u s g n i e b s e d i s e B

h c u s s e u s s i d d a o t p l e h s e u q i n h c e t I A w o h n w o h s e v a h

t n a t r o p m i o w T . l l e w s a s n i a m o d r e h t o y n a m n i d e i l p p a

e r a w t f o s e h t o t y t i v i t p a d a d n a g n i n r a e l , g n i n o s a e r s a

t n e g A n i d n u o f e r a h c r a e s e R N P K t a s t n e m p o l e v e d

e h t e h t o t t u p n i s e v i g o s l a e m m a r g o r p e h T . s m e t s y s

. l a v e i r t e R n o i t a m r o f n I a i d e m i t l u M d n a y g o l o n h c e T

, s t n e g A l a c i s y h P t n e g i l l e t n I r o f n o i t a d n u o F l a n o i t a n r e t n i

. d e c u d o r t n i y l t r o h s e b w o n l l i w s e h c a o r p p a e s e h T

f o y t i l i b a r e p o r e t n i r o f s d r a d n a t s s t e s h c i h w , ) A P I F ( . s m e t s y s t n e g a i t l u m

Y G O L O N H C E T T N E G A

L A V E I R T E R N O I T A M R O F N I A I D E M I T L U M

I A e r e h w a e r a h c r a e s e r g n i g r e m e n a s i y g o l o n h c e T t n e g A d e s a b t n e g A . n o i t a c i l p p a d n i f y l e t i n i f e d l l i w s e u q i n h c e t

g n i s a e r c n i n a o t d e l s a h B E W e h t f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h T

s e c r o f t a h t m g i d a r a p a s e t u t i t s n o c t n e m p o l e v e d e r a w t f o s

f o n o i t a s i l a e r e h t r o f s e u q i n h c e t d n a s d o h t e m o t n i t r o f f e

e r a w t f o s t n e d n e p e d n i f o r e b m u n a e t a t s n i o t s r e p o l e v e d

e r a e w h c r a e s e R N P K t A . s n o i t a c i l p p a a i d e m i t l u m

r i e h t e v a h h c a e n a c d n a s t n e g a d e l l a c e r a e s e h T . s t c e j b o

e h t f o e n O . s t n e m p o l e v e d e s e h t n i d e v l o v n i y l e v i t c a

e w d e d d a e r a s e u q i n h c e t I A n e h W . n o i t c n u f c i f i c e p s n w o

g n i l l e d o m e h t n i s i s e u q i n h c e t I A y l p p a e w e r e h w s a e r a

f o s t i f e n e b l a i t n e t o P . s t n e g a t n e g i l l e t n i f o k a e p s y a m

f o e r o c e h T . n o i t a m r o f n i l a u s i v o i d u a f o l a v e i r t e r d n a

n i d n u o f e b o t d e t c e p x e e r a e r a w t f o s d e s a b t n e g a

d n a n o i t c a r t x e e r u t a e f f o n o i t a r g e t n i e h t n i s i k r o w e h t

y t i v i t p a d a , y t i l i b o m , y t i v i t c a o r p s a h c u s s c i t s i r e t c a r a h c

d e n i a g e r a d l e i f s i h t n i s e c n e i r e p x E . g n i c n e r e f n i t p e c n o c

. n o i t a r e p o o c d n a , ) g n i n r a e l (

g n i s u s r o t a r t s n o m e d g n i d l i u b y b d e r a h s d n a

r e h t o h t i w n o i t a r e p o o c h g u o r h t d n a s l o o t t r a e h t f o e t a t s

e m m a r g o r p h c r a e s e r a d e t a i t i n i h c r a e s e R N P K , r a e y t s a L

. s e t u t i t s n i h c r a e s e r

d e s a b t n e g a e h t f o s t i f e n e b e h t g n i t a g i t s e v n i t a s m i a t a h t

d e t c u d n o c y l t n e r r u c e r a s t c e j o r p l a r e v e S . s e h c a o r p p a

s t n e m g a r f o e d i v d e s u e w r o t a r t s n o m e d e l p m a x e n a s A

t n e g A , g n i n o i s i v o r P e c i v r e S d e s a B t n e g A , g n i d u l c n i

a n i d e r o t s s i n o i t a m r o f n i e h T . n i a m o d r e c c o s e h t m o r f

d e s a B t n e g A , s t n a t s i s s A l a n o s r e P , w o l f k r o W d e s a B

. s e x e d n i f o r e b m u n a h t i w r e h t e g o t e s a b a t a d a i d e m i t l u m

y t i l a u Q e c i v r e S d e l l o r t n o C r e m o t s u C , e c i v r e S r e m o t s u C

e b n a c n o i t a m r o f n i e h t t a h t e r u s n e s e x e d n i e s e h T

. s t c e j o r p e s e h t l l a n i e l o r t n e n i m o r p a s y a l p I A . e r o m d n a

. e r o f e b d e u s s i n e e b r e v e n e v a h t a h t s e i r e u q y b d e v e i r t e r

t n e g A e h t e n i l t u o y l f e i r b w o n l l i w e w e l p m a x e n a s A

l a n o i t i d d a e r o t s o t s m h t i r o g l a n o i t c a r t x e e r u t a e f e s u e W

. t c e j o r p g n i n o i s i v o r P e c i v r e S d e s a B

. c t e , d n u o s , r u o l o c , s t n e m e v o m , e r u t x e t n o n o i t a m r o f n i d e s u e b n a c s e r u t a e f e s e h t s e l u r e g d e l w o n k g n i y l p p a y B

t s e u q e r n a c r e s u d n e n a y d u t s g n i n o i s i v o r p e c i v r e s e h t n I

. s t n e v e l a o g d n a s r e y a l p s a h c u s s t p e c n o c g n i c n e r e f n i r o f

l a b o l g e h t r e v o ) N P V ( k r o w t e n e t a v i r p l a u t r i v a r o f

e h t o t d a e l e c n a t s n i r o f n a c s e r u t a e f g n i w o l l o f e h T

t n e g a n a g n i s u p u t e s s i e c i v r e s s i h T . s k r o w t e n ) N D S I (

m a e t x a j A n a r o f y t i n u t r o p p o l a o g a f o g n i c n e r e f n i

t a h t s t n e g a f o s d n i k e e r h t h s i u g n i t s i d e W . h c a o r p p a d e s a b

e t a r e p o s t n e g a f o s e p y t e s e h T . s r e d i v o r p k r o w t e n

l l a m s l a o g l l a b e c n a t s i d

d n a

dk n c a a r t o i d u a d e r e t i h w m a r g o t s i h r u o l o c

: r e b m e m

e h t d n a , s r e d i v o r p e c i v r e s e h t , s r e s u d n e e h t r o f e t a r e p o

. h g i h e d u t i l p m a

m e t s y s t n e g a d e t u b i r t s i d y l l a c i h p a r g o e g a n i r e h t e g o t

g n i r o t s r o f s l o o t n o i t a t o n n a f o s t s i s n o c r o t a r t s n o m e d e h T

e r a s t n e g a e h T . s l a e d l a i c i f e n e b t s o m e h t t e g o t g n i y r t

r o f s l o o t y r e u q d n a e s a b a t a d e h t n i n o i t a m r o f n i e h t

n o i t a i t o g e n d n a , s e l u r e g d e l w o n k ) y z z u f ( h t i w d e p p i u q e

t a h t s w o h s k r o w s i h T . n o i t a m r o f n i e h t g n i v e i r t e r

. s e s a c r e i l r a e m o r f n r a e l n a c y e h t , e r o m r e h t r u F . s l o c o t o r p

r o f e t a i r p o r p p a s y a w l a t o n s i e l p m a x e y b g n i y r e u q

e r a s r e d i v o r p k r o w t e n n e h w s t s i x e s f f o e d a r t e l b i s s o P

s i k r o w e m a r f A . s e p a t o e d i v m o r f n o i t a m r o f n i g n i v e i r t e r

l l i t s s r e m o t s u c t n a t r o p m i r e h t o e l i h w d e k o o b y l l u f

s t p e c n o c d n a s e r u t a e f w o h s w o h s t a h t d e p o l e v e d g n i e b

e l b i s s o p a n o i t a i t o g e n h g u o r h T . h t d i w d n a b e r o m t s e u q e r

h c i r e l d n a h o t r e d r o n i d e n i b m o c e b n a c ) s c i t n a m e s (

t n e r e f f i d a n i N P V a g n i r e f f o y b d n u o f e b n e h t d l u o c l a e d

. a t a d a i d e m i t l u m

t n e g a e h t f o s t i f e n e b e h T . e c i r p d e c u d e r a t a t o l s e m i t

f o n o i t a m o t u a l a t o t e h t n i d n u o f e b o t e r a h c a o r p p a d e s a b

r o f t n a t r o p m i e r a s t c e j o r p f o d n i k s i h t n i s e c n e i r e p x E

r o f e c n a l a b t i f e n e b t s o c d e v o r p m i , e c i v r e s N P V e r i t n e e h t

e h t s a h c u s k r o w n o i t a s i d r a d n a t s o t t u p n i g n i r e v i l e d

n e e w t e b n o i t a i t o g e n c i m a n y d h g u o r h t r e s u d n e e h t

n I . ) p u o r G t r e p x E s e r u t c i P n o i t o M ( d r a d n a t s 7 G E P M

s e i t i l i b a p a c g n i n r a e l o t e u d s e c i v r e s d e s i l a n o s r e p , s t n e g a

s a d e m a e r t s e b l l i w a t a d o e d i v e h t d r a d n a t s 7 G E P M e h t

. h t d i w d n a b f o e g a s u t n e i c i f f e d n a

. s t c e j b o t n e d n e p e d n i

Oktober 1998

140

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

S K R A M E R G N I D U L C N O C y l e v i t c a s i t a h t e t u t i t s n i e g d e l w o n k a s i h c r a e s e R N P K e h T . s e i g o l o n h c e t w e n f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t n i d e v l o v n i

University of Amsterdam

s i e c n e g i l l e t n I l a i c i f i t r A t a h t w o h s e v o b a s e l p m a x e s i g n i n i M a t a D . a e r a e d i w a n i d e h c r a e s e r d n a d e i l p p a

ABSTRACT

s e u q i n h c e t I A e r e h w N P K r o f a e r a n o i t a c i l p p a e h t y l r a e l c t n e g A s a h c u s s d l e i f t n e g r e m E . t s o m

g n i h s i r u o l f e r a

The workshop on Applications of Ontologies and Problem Solving Methods (PSMs), held in conjunction with the 13th Biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI’98), was held on the 24th and 25th of August 1998. Twenty-six people participated and sixteen papers were presented. Participants included scientists and practitioners from both the ontology and PSM communities. The first day was devoted to paper presentations and discussions. The second (half) day, a joint session was held with two other workshops: “Building, Maintaining and Using Organizational memories” and “Intelligent Information Integration”. The reason for the joint session was that in all three workshops, ontologies play a prominent role, and the goal was to bring together researchers working on related issues in different communities. The workshop ended with a discussion about the added value of a combined Ontologies/PSM workshop compared to separate workshops.

d n a e g a r o t s n o i t a m r o f n i a i d e m i t l u M

d n a y g o l o n h c e T

f o n o i t a c i l p p a e h t r o f s n i a m o d g n i s i m o r p m r o f l a v e i r t e r y l e d i w y d a e r l a e r a s t n e g A t n e g i l l e t n I . l l e w s a I A g n i e b s e m i t e m o s s i a i d e m i t l u . a mi d te n m e i g l i l l e l t e n t i n i s da n a o t dd e e t r p r e e c f c e a r y l g n i m e e s

w o h s s n o i t c e s

e v o b a e h t

h g u o h t l A

f o r e b m u n a t a h t y l e k i l y r e v s i t i s t c e j o r p t n e d n e p e d n i r a e n y r e v e h t n i n o i t c n u j n o c n i d e i l p p a e b l l i w s e u s s i a y a l p t h g i m s e u q i n h c e t I A e h t , y l g n i t s e r e t n I . e r u t u f , g n i n i m a t a d h t o b e r e h w e l p m a x e n A . e l o r t s y l a t a c e b n a c d e n i b m o c e r a a i d e m i t l u m d n a s t n e g a t n e g i l l e t n i s e v i e c e r r e m o t s u c a , e r e H . g n i t e k r a m 1 o t 1 n i d n u o f t n e g i l l e t n i y b d e r e h t a g s i t a h t n o i t a m r o f n i d e s i l a n o s r e p a t a d a i d e m i t l u m d e t u b i r t s i d y l l a b o l g s u o i r a v m o r f s t n e g a , s e r u t c i p ) g n i v o m ( f o g n i t s i s n o c n o i t a m r o f n i e h T . s e c r u o s a y b d e t n e s e r p d n a d e t a l l o c y l l a i c e p s s i , o i d u a d n a t x e t . e g a p b e w l a u t r i v a n o t n e g a e c a f r e t n i t n e g i l l e t n i , y l d n e i r f st s ' y u a p d o h t c r a e s ne i R tN n P a K t r o p m i

e r a

s o i r a n e c s

h c u S

d n a t e k r a m s n o i t a c i n u m m o c e l e t

INTRODUCTION

y l l a m i t p o o t N P K r o f r e d r o n i m e h t g n i s i l a e r n i t r o f f e . s r e m o t s u c r i e h t e v r e s

One of the main motivations underlying both ontologies and problem-solving methods (PSMs) is to enable sharing and reuse of knowledge and reasoning behavior across domains and tasks. PSMs and ontologies can be seen as complementary reusable components to construct knowledge systems from reusable components. Ontologies are concerned with static domain knowledge and PSMs with dynamic reasoning knowledge. In order to build full applications of information and knowledge systems from reusable components, both PSMs and ontologies are required in a tightly integrated way. The integration of ontologies and PSMs is a possible solution to the "interaction problem" [3], which states that representing knowledge for the purpose of solving some problem is strongly affected by the nature of the problem and the inference strategy to be applied to the problem. Through ontologies and PSMs this interaction can be made explicit and taken into consideration.

N O I T A M R O F N I k r e k s m e e H . H . N n a J . r D h c r a e s e R N P K n e g n i n o r G D C 0 0 7 9 , 0 0 0 5 1 x o B O P 5 1 4 2 2 1 3 0 5 0 : x a F , 8 4 0 1 2 8 5 0 5 0 : l e T m o c . n p k . h c r a e s e r @ k r e k s m e e h . h . n . j : l i a m E d n u o f e b n a c h c r a e s e R N P K t u o b a n o i t a m r o f n i l a r e n e G / l n / h c r a e s e r / m o c . n p k . w w w / / : p t t h : n o

APPLICATIONS OF ONTOLOGIES AND PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS

ONTOLOGIES

Asunción Gómez-Pérez and V. Richard Benjamins Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and (SWI)

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

141

Oktober 1998

Ontologies aim at capturing domain knowledge in a generic way. An ontology therefore provides a commonly agreed understanding of a domain, which may be reused and shared across applications and groups [14]. Ontologies provide a common vocabulary of an area and define -with different levels of formality- the meaning of the terms and the relations between them. Ontologies are usually organized in taxonomies and typically contain modeling primitives such as classes, relations, functions, axioms and instances [8].

the ontologies in order for users to decide which ontology best suits their purpose. These problems are probably the cause for the relatively small number of known applications up to now in areas like knowledge management, ontology-based brokers, natural language generation, enterprise modeling, knowledge-based systems, and interoperability between systems.

Until now, few domain independent methodologies have been reported to build ontologies. Uschold’s methodology [14], Grüninger and Fox’s methodology [9] and METHONTOLOGY [5, 7] are the most representative ones, which have in common to start from the identification of the purpose of the ontology and the need for domain knowledge acquisition. However, having acquired a significant amount of knowledge, Uschold proposes codification in a formal language, while METHONTOLOGY proposes expressing the ontology at the knowledge level as a set of intermediate representations based on tabular and graph notations.

PSMs describe the reasoning process of a knowledge-based system (KBS) in an implementationand domain-independent manner. A PSM defines a way of how to achieve the goal of a task. It has inputs and outputs and may decompose a task into subtasks. In addition, a PSM specifies the data flow between its subtasks. Control knowledge determines the execution order and iterations of the subtasks of a PSM. Control knowledge can be specified in advance, if known, or can be opportunistically determined at run time depending on the dynamic problem-solving situation [1]. Problem-solving methods can be used to efficiently achieve goals of tasks through the application of domain knowledge [6]. They can play several roles in the knowledge engineering process, such as guiding the acquisition process of domain knowledge and facilitating KBS development through their reuse.

PROBLEM-SOLVING METHODS

Several languages can be used to formalize the content of an ontology at the symbol level. Usually, a language is attached to a given ontology server. The most representative languages are Ontolingua [8], CycL [10] and Loom [11]. Ontolingua is the language used by the Ontology Server [4], CycL is the language used in the Cyc project and Loom is the language used by the server called Ontosaurus [13].

Work on PSMs covers different areas such as the identification of task-specific PSMs (for diagnosis, planning, assessment, etc.), how to store and index PSMs in libraries, how to formalize PSMs, etc. The difficulty of reusing PSMs is that one has to find the right PSM (that does -part of- the job), check whether it is applicable in the situation at hand, and modify it to fit the domain. In order to reuse PSMs successfully in a real-life application, one has to understand these processes. Recently, a few industrial applications have seen the light, which shows that reuse of PSMs is also interesting from an industrial point of view (e.g., see four papers in [2]). One of the reasons that there are not many successful industrial applications is due to the fact that reuse is still more an art than an engineering practice. Current research and projects are working towards this.

Although ontologies can be used [14] for communication between systems, people and organizations, for interoperability between systems, and to support the design and development of knowledge-based and general software systems, the number of applications built that use ontologies to model the application knowledge are small. That is, many times such ontologies have been built just for a given application without special consideration for sharing and reuse. There are several problems that make difficult the reuse of existing ontologies in applications: dispersion of ontologies over several servers; the formalization differs depending on the server at which the ontology is stored; ontologies on the same server are usually described with different levels of detail; and there is no common format for presenting relevant information about In the past years, several separate workshops on ontologies (e.g. ECAI'94, '96; IJCAI'93, '95,

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

AIM OF THIS JOINT WORKSHOP ON ONTOLOGIES AND PSMS FOIS'98) and PSMs (e.g. KAW'96, '98; IJCAI'97) have been organized that focused largely on

142

Oktober 1998

theoretical aspects such as engineering, designing, building, maintaining and using ontologies and PSMs, and less on applications. As a result, there is now reasonable understanding of, and consensus on the nature of ontologies and PSMs. Real applications built through ontologies and PSMs are, however, still rare. Moreover, the relation between ontologies and PSMs is an important issue. For example, Neches and colleagues [12] proposed an architecture for knowledge-based systems based on reusing generic reasoning modules and ontologies. Van Heijst and colleagues [15] describe how to merge generic model components (task-model components and ontologies) in order to build the knowledge model of an application.

the search for appropriate ontologies is hard, time-consuming and usually fruitless. To solve these problems, they present a set of features to characterize ontologies from a user's point of view, and (ONTO)2Agent, a broker that uses a Reference Ontology (a living domain ontology about ontologies) as a source of its knowledge to retrieve descriptions of ontologies that satisfy a given set of constraints. ONTOLOGIES AND NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION Fröhlich and van de Riet present in their paper "Using Multiple Ontologies in a Framework for Natural Language Generation" a framework that integrates domain independent tools for natural language generation (KPML) and integration of existing ontologies in a NLG pipeline architecture.

Apart from bringing together researchers from the two fields, this workshop had two aims: (1) to promote a deep understanding of how ontologies and PSMs may be used in real applications, and (2) how they relate to each other.

In "ONTOGENERATION: Reusing Domain and Linguistic Ontologies for Spanish Text Generation", Aguado, Bateman, Gómez-Pérez, Sánchez and colleagues propose a general approach to reuse domain (chemicals) and linguistic (Generalized Upper Model) ontologies with natural language generation technology (KPML), describing a practical system for the generation of Spanish texts in the domain of chemical substances.

THEMES AND THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS The 16 papers accepted for this workshop deal with ontologies, PSMs and their integration. Within each of these categories, the following subdivisions can be made:

INTEGRATION OF ONTOLOGIES

a) ONTOLOGY PAPERS

Aitken describes in "Extending the HPKB-upperlevel Ontology: Experiences and Observations" an experience of extending the HPKB upper level ontology. The major claim is that reuse by extension is only possible if the ontology to be reused is understandable, and its design principles are made explicit.

Classifying and characterizing ontologies Uschold questions in his paper why there are no "killer applications" built using ontologies. He introduces a scheme for classifying ontology applications along a number of dimensions (purpose, representation languages and paradigms, meaning and formality, subject matter, development, conceptual architecture, mechanisms and techniques to use the ontology, and implementation platforms) and advocates that such schema be used when research applications results are reported.

Dalianis and Hovy describe a semi-automated method to merge two STEP schemata. The paper shows how a set of simple metrics can be applied for revealing likely matches and non-matches across concepts taken from different ontologies.

In the paper "(ONTO)2Agent: an ontology-based WWW broker to select ontologies", Arpírez, Gómez-Pérez, Lozano and Pinto present three important problems that ontology users have when trying to reuse existing ontologies: there are no standardized identifying features that characterize ontologies from the user's point of view, there are no web sites using the same logical organization to present relevant information about ontologies, and

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

Visser and Cui describe in "Heterogeneous Ontology Structures for Distributed Architectures" an experiment in the domain of business processes. They propose to have a hierarchical structure of heterogeneous ontologies to be used for integration of heterogeneous and distributed information systems. Their starting point is, rather than trying to achieve one shared consensual domain ontology for all information

143

Oktober 1998

systems, to define a hierarchical ontology structure, which comprises several smaller but heterogeneous shared ontologies. Each information system that is part of the distributed architecture maps its local ontology onto one of the ontologies in The paper of Hoenkamp ("Spotting Ontological Lacunae through Spectrum Analysis of Retrieved Documents") describes how an ontology based information filter can spot a potential lacuna in an ontology by analyzing retrieved documents. The feedback of a spectrum analysis of the retrieved documents and of terminological data in Wordnet helps to locate lacunae in an ontology that represents user information need.

the hierarchy using a kind of mapping relation. APPLICATIONS THAT USE ONTOLOGIES based on a particular form of ontological mapping called 'terminological importation'. Terminological importation is a mechanism to populate a representation terminology associated with a knowledge representation component with concepts taken from another terminology about a concrete domain. The approach is used in the KSM environment for adapting basic reusable, knowledge-representation software-components in different domains.

The paper of Jin, Bell, Willkie and Leahy ("Automatically Acquiring Requirements of Business Information Systems by Reusing Business Ontologies") proposes an approach for automatically acquiring requirements for business information systems by reusing the domain knowledge, which consists of a business ontology and a domain ontology.

) I N T E G R A T I O N

In "Applying the Process Interchange Format (PIF) to a Supply Chain Process Interoperability Scenario", Polyak, Grüninger, Lee and Menzel describe the application of PIF in a knowledge sharing effort to facilitate business process reengineering of supply chain activities. PIF acts as an interlingua between two separate tools used in the modeling and simulation of the proposed processes. The paper illustrates the benefits of using a process ontology to capture domain knowledge in a generic way so that it can be reused across applications and shared across groups.

O F O N T O L O G I E S

b) PROBLEM-SOLVING METHODS PAPERS Building KBS through reuse of PSMs In the paper "Experiments in Building Program Supervision Engines from Reusable Components", Crubezy, Marcos and Moisan describe a number of KBSs built from reusable problem-solving methods. It shows how the problem-solving methods from three application systems ("Pegase", "Pulsar" and "Media") shared sub-methods and were configured from a common set of components. All of these systems were used in the area of program supervision.

A N D P S M S

Sierra and Molina describe in their paper "Terminological Importation for Adapting Reusable Knowledge Representation Components in the KSM Environment" an adaptation approach for reusable knowledge representation components

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

Chandrasekaran, Josephson and Benjamins (“The Ontology of Tasks and Methods”) claim that

144

Oktober 1998

ontologies for problem solving knowledge are just as important as for domain knowledge. Traditionally, the field of ontology has been concerned with static domain knowledge. The authors analyze problem-solving knowledge and provide a list of primitive components that, according to their analysis, should be identified when describing any problem solving knowledge. In addition to these components, they define how PSM components get connected with domain knowledge, and they suggest to make explicit the assumptions about how problem-solving knowledge expects factual knowledge to be structured.

In "IBROW3, An Intelligent Brokering Service for Knowledge–Component Reuse on the WorldWide Web", the authors provide a global overview of an Esprit project for plug & play of PSMs. A web broker mediates between customers and PSM providers in order to configure a customized knowledge system for solving problems of the customers. The different worlds of the customers, broker and the providers are modeled through ontologies. In his paper "DESIRE, An Interoperative Environment for Distributed Expert Systems", Yamaguchi proposed to use an ontology to facilitate communication among expert systems to improve their performance in a distributed environment.

The paper of Ikeda, Seta, Kakusho and Mizoguchi ("An Ontology for Building A Conceptual Problem Solving Model") is about the use of task ontologies and their role in forming a bridge between a user's vocabulary and the system's terminology. The authors pay considerable attention to the execution of a conceptual model. Besides presentations of the papers accepted for the workshop, there was also a joint session with the workshops on “Building, Maintaining and Using Organizational memories” and “Intelligent Information Integration”. The common theme of the three workshops was ontologies. In knowledge management, ontologies can play the role of an organizational memory. In information integration, ontologies can be used to integrate heterogeneous information sources. This session had two invited talks that deserve special mentioning. James Hendler of the University of Maryland talked about, among others, the role of ontologies for knowledge representation on the Web. Gio Wiederhold of Stanford University discussed, among others, the role of ontologies in large-scale information systems.

JOINT SESSION

Electronic proceedings The workshop papers are available at the workshop's web site: http://delicias.dia.fi.upm.es/WORKSHOP/ECAI9 8/index.html REFERENCES [1] Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving Methods for Diagnosis and Their Role in Knowledge Acquisition, International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2), 93-120. [2] Benjamins, V.R & Fensel, D. (1998, in press). Special issue on problem-solving methods for the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 49.

CONCLUSIONS This workshop provided a platform to present, discuss and evaluate applications of ontologies and PSMs in areas such as knowledge management and enterprise modeling, communication between people and organizations, interoperability between systems, natural language generation, and integration of ontologies and PSMs in applications. Overall, the combination of ontologies and PSMs in one workshop was evaluated positively. Not that there were so many papers about their integration (though there were some), but it was felt that being aware of the other work was certainly worthwhile. After all, a knowledge system contains both domain knowledge and reasoning knowledge.

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

[3] Bylander Chandrasekaran, B. (1998). Generic Tasks in knowledge-based reasoning.: the right level of abstraction for knowledge acquisition. In B.R. Gaines and J. H. Boose, Eds. Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based systems, pp. 6577, London, Academic Press [4] Farqhuar, A., Fikes, R., Pratt, W., and Rice, J. (1996). The Ontolingua Server: A tool for Collaborative Ontology Construction. Proceedings of the 10th knowledge Acquisitionn for KnowledgeBased Systems workshop, pp. 44.1-44.19. Banff, Canada. [5] Fernández, M.; Gómez-Pérez, A.; Juristo, N.

145

Oktober 1998

METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering. Spring Symposium Series on Ontological Engineering, pp. 33-40, Stanford.

[10] Lenat, D., Guha, R. (1990). Building Large Knowledge-Based systems: Representation and Inference in Cyc project. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. CA.

[6] D. Fensel and R. Straatman (1997). The essence of problem-solving methods: making assumptions to gain efficiency. International Journal of HumanComputer Studies, 48, 181-215.

[11] Loom Users Guide Version 1.4. ISX Corporation. 1991. [12] Neches, R., Fikes, R., Finin, T., Gruber, T., Patil, R., Senator, T., and Swartout, R. (1991). Enabling Technology for knowledge sharing and reuse. AI Magazine, pp 36-56. Fall.

[7] Gómez-Pérez, A. (1998). Knowledge Sharing and Reuse. In J. Liebowitz (Ed.) The Handbook of Applied Expert Systems. CRC.

[13] Swartout, B., Patil, R., Knight.K., and Russ, T. (1997). Toward Distributed Use of Large-Scale Ontologies. Spring Symposium Series on Ontological Engineering, pp. 33-40. Stanford.

[8] Gruber, T. (1993). A translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition 5, pp. 199-220. [9] Grüninger, M. and Fox, M.S. (1995). Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of Ontologies. IJCAI Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [15] van Heijst, G., Schreiber, A., and Wielinga, B. (1997). Using Explicit Ontologies in KBS development. International Journal of Human Computer Studies. Special Issue on Using Explicit onotlgoies in Knowledge-based system development. 46, 183- 292.

[14] M. Uschold and M. Grüninger. Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications. Knowledge Engineering Review. Vol. 11. N2. June. 1996. e l p o e p w e f , s r a c y n a m , s l l a m g n i p p o h s , a e r a n w o t n w o d y r e v n i g n i v i l s t n a t i b a h n i 0 0 0 , 0 0 7 t u o b a , s t e e r t s e h t n o o 5 2 + r e v o ( t o h r o ) C o 5 2 w o l e b ( g n i z e e r f r e h t i e , r i a y r d

. l e v e l a e s e v o b a s e r t e m 0 0 0 1 t u o b a t a , ) C d l u o w y h w o S . s e t i s o p p o r i e h t t s o m l a e r a s e i t i c e s e h T y r a g l a C n i g n i v i l r e d i s n o c m a d r e t s m A n i g n i v i l y d o b y n a ? r a e y l l u f a r o f

Acknowledgments

T R A T S E H T e j i r V

e h t t a h c r a e s e r D h P y m h t i w

d e t r a t s l l a t I

Richard Benjamins was supported by the Netherlands Computer Science Research Foundation with financial support from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).

e c n e g i l l e t n I l a i c i f i t r A e h t t a , m a d r e t s m A t i e t i s r e v i n U e h d n a p u o r g t a h t f o r o s s e f o r p e h t s i r u e r T n a J . p u o r G I . h c r a e s e r y m d e s i v r e p u s r e i z a r B s e c n a r F d n a

D A O R B A I A

l a n o i t i s o p m o c f o n g i s e d e r n o h c r a e s e r n i d e t a p i c i t r a p c i t s o n g a i d a f o n g i s e d e r e h t o t d e i l p p a , s e r u t c e t i h c r a

Y T I S R E V I N U E H T T A R A E Y A

a f o n o i t a c i f i d o m f l e s

e h t d n a m e t s y s g n i n o s a e r

Y R A G L A C F O

. m e t s y s t n e g a i t l u m e g d e l w o n K

e h t g n i t i s i v s a w I , 6 9 9 1 r e b m e v o N n I

y r sg a d r l a a a C g f n o j i y Wt i s kr e e i v N i n U

o t , f f n a B f o n w o t n a i d a n a C e h t n i p o h s k r o W n o i t i s i u q c A . m e t s y s t n e g a i t l u m g n i y f i d o m f l e s a n o r e p a p a t n e s e r p f o e n o , s n o i t i s o p n e p o y n a f o w o n k t o n d i d y n a m e l i h W

. l e v e l a e s e v o b a y l e r a b r o r e d n u e t a m i l c e t a r e d o m

. s n o i t i s o p c o d t s o p e l b a l i a v a t u o b a g n i h t y n a w e n k y e h t

d i m u h a n i g n i v i l s t n a t i b a h n i 0 0 0 , 0 0 7 t u o b a , s t e e r t s e h t

r e h t e h w p o h s k r o w e h t f o s t n a p i c i t r a p e r i u q n i y l e t i l o p o t

n o e l p o e p y n a m , r e t n e c y t i c d l o n a h t i w y t i c t c a p m o c a

d e t r a t s d n a , h c r a e s e r D h P y m f o d n e e h t r a e n n e h t s a w I

: m a d r e t s m A r e d i s n o C

e h t t a c o d t s o p a o d o t e m d e t i v n i y l e t a i d e m m i m e h t

n r e d o m a h t i w y t i c g n i d n a p x e r e v e , t u o d a e r p s y r e v a

s a w I . . . y r a g l a C n i e c n e i c S r e t u p m o C f o t n e m t r a p e d

: y r a g l a C r e d i s n o C NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

146

Oktober 1998

e h t t a c o d t s o p e h t t r a t s o t d e d i c e d s a w t I . e t a i r p o r p p a

y m h s i n i f o t d e d e e n o s l a I , r e v e w o H ! e s r u o c f o d e r e t t a l f

. r a e y e n o f o n o i t a r u d e h t r o f , 8 9 9 1 f o g n i n n i g e b

y l f e i r b y e h T . y l e t a i d e m m i t r a t s t o n d l u o c I o s , D h P d n a n o i t a c u d e e c n a t s i d , . g . e , s e i t i l i b i s s o p e m o s d e n i l t u o

n a : d e s i n a g r o y l t n e i n e v n o c y r e v s i p u o r g e h t f o b a l e h T

. s m e t s y s t n e g a i t l u m n i h c r a e s e r n w o r i e h t

g n i d n u o r r u s s e c i f f o d n a , s e l c i b u c i m e s h t i w e c a p s n e p o

d n a t e e m y l i s a e n a c s t n e d u t s d n a f f a t S . e c a p s n e p o s i h t

g n i r e e n i g n E e r a w t f o S e h t d e t i s i v I 7 9 9 1 r e b m e t p e S n I

y b e s u r o f y l t s o m m o o r g n i t e e m A . s e u s s i s s u c s i d

r e t u p m o C f o t n e m t r a p e d e h t f o t r a p , k r o w t e N h c r a e s e R

: h c r a e s e r y r o t a p i c i t r a p e h t n i s d i a b a l s i h t f o s r e b m e m

s s u c s i d o t , ) C o U ( y r a g l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U e h t t a e c n e i c S

s s u c s i d o t d e y o l p m e e b n a c a i d e m i t l u m t r a e h t f o e t a t s

e h T . y r a g l a C n i g n i v i l r o f s n o i t a r a p e r p e k a m d n a b o j e h t

e v i t a r o b a l l o c e h T . s e p y t o t o r p d n a , k r o w g n i o g n o , s r e p a p

y l t n e r r u c d n a g n u o y s i , w a h S d e r d l i M y b d e d a e h s i p u o r g

e l b a t r o f m o c y r e v a s i h t s e k a m h c r a e s e r o t h c a o r p p a

r e h t o d n a y r t s u d n i h t i w s e i t g n o r t s s a h t I . g n i d n a p x e

d e s u s a w I e k i l h c u m e r e h p s o m t a n a n i k r o w o t e c a l p

n e k o p s e v a h I t i s i v s i h t g n i r u D . C o U e h t n i s t n e m t r a p e d

. p u o r g ' d l o ' y m n i o t

y l t n e r r u c e r a o h w , s r e b m e m f f a t s w e n l a r e v e s h t i w

t n e g a i t l u m , s p a m t p e c n o c n i h c r a e s e r n i d e v l o v n i

H C R A E S E R E H T

n i d n u o r g k c a b y M . c t e , t n e m e g a n a m w o l f k r o w , s m e t s y s

e t i u q s a w n g i s e D & I A d n a s m e t s y s t n e g a i t l u m

: s a e r a e e r h t n i s i n i d e v l o v n i y l t n e r r u c m a I h c r a e s e r e h T

y t i s r e v i n u s i h t n e e w t e b s e c n e r e f f i d w e f a e t i u q e r a e r e h T

e c n a t s i d , g n i r e e n i g n e s t n e m e r i u q e r r o f s l e d o m s s e c o r p

l l a f o t s r i F . m a d r e t s m A n i t i e t i s r e v i n U e j i r V e h t d n a

a n i ( s m e t s y s t n e g a i t l u m r o f s e r u t c e t i h c r a d n a , n o i t a c u d e

a g n i v a h : C o U e h t t a ' g n i t e g d u b ' e r o m h c u m s i e r e h t

s i e r e h t s a e r a e e r h t l l a n I . ) g n i t t e s g n i r u t c a f u n a m

e b o t s d e e n t i , d e e t n a r a u g t o n s i k s e d r u o y n o r e t u p m o c

s e v i g h c i h w , s t n e d u t s d n a s r e h c r a e s e r h t i w n o i t a r o b a l l o c

. c t e s e i p o c o t o h p , s l l a c e n o h p e l e t l l a , y l r a l i m i S . r o f d i a p

. s n o i n i p o d n a s d n u o r g k c a b e s r e v i d f o x i m t n a s a e l p a

e h T . l a n o s r e p r o h c r a e s e r : t e g d u b a n o d e c a l p e b o t d e e n

e n O . h c r a e s e r f o s a e r a e e r h t l l a n i e d a m s i s s e r g o r P

s r o t c u r t s n i f o s n o i t a u l a v e y r o t a d n a m e d i w y t i s r e v i n u

e c n a t s i d a d n a l a c o l a h t o b s a t h g u a t g n i e b w o n s i e s r u o c

r e h t o n a e r a e s a e r c n i y r a l a s r u o y t c a p m i n a c h c i h w

r e g g i b a r e t s e m e s t x e n , t n e m i r e p x e n a l l i t s s i s i h T . e s r u o c

k e e w r e p s y a d 7 , y a d r e p s r u o h 4 2 e h T . e c n e r e f f i d

r a l i m i s a n i p u t e s e b l l i w ) s t n e d u t s f o r e b m u n n i ( e s r u o c

u o y e r a r e g n o l o n : t e s s a t a e r g a s i y t i s r e v i n u e l b i s s e c c a

t n e m t r a p e d e h t f o p u o r G e c a f r e t n I c i n o l o H e h T . r e n n a m

r u o y h t i w t c i l f n o c y a m h c i h w s r u o h g n i k r o w o t d e n i f n o c

n o h c r a e s e r e h t n i s e t a p i c i t r a p g n i r e e n i g n E l a c i n a h c e M f o

e n o t a h t g n i s o p o r p t o n m ' I . s e l u d e h c s h c r a e s e r / k r o w

d n a , c i t s i l a e r y n a m e d i v o r p y e h t : s m e t s y s t n e g a i t l u m

f o d n i k s i h t g n i v a h t a h t t s u j , y a d a s r u o h 4 2 k r o w d l u o h s

r o f s l e d o m s s e c o r p n o k r o w e h T . s e s a c e s u , e f i l l a e r

h c u m t i s e k a m t n e m p i u q e s t i d n a y t i s r e v i n u e h t o t s s e c c a

n o i t a r o b a l l o c t n a s a e l p a s i g n i r e e n i g n e s t n e m e r i u q e r

e v a e l d n a , e n o d s g n i h t e m o s t e g , n i p e t s y l f e i r b o t r e i s a e

n i p u o r g d l o y m d n a p u o r g t n e r r u c y m n e e w t e b

s g n i d n i f e s e h T . ) s y a d i l o h d n a s d n e k e e w n i , . g . e ( n i a g a

n o g n i k r o w m ' I , C o U e h t t a b o j y m o t t x e N . m a d r e t s m A

n i d e y o l p m e n e e b t ' n e v a h I s a d e s i l a r e n e g e b t o n n a c

e l b a t ' n s a w I s a , s d n e k e e w d n a s g n i n e v e e h t n i s i s e h t y m

s e v i g t i t u b , s d n a l r e h t e N e h t n i s e i t i s r e v i n u t n e r e f f i d

t o n s i s i h t e s r u o c f o t u b ( e r u t r a p e d y m e r o f e b t i h s i n i f o t

. t h g u o h t r o f d o o f e m o s

. ) s c o d t s o p r o f e r u d e c o r p d e d n e m m o c e r a

m a I ( c p a n o k r o w o t e v a h I t a h t s i e n i m f o e v e e p A

e s r u o c + + C a t h g u a t e v a h I 8 9 9 1 f o r e t s e m e s t s r i f e h t n I

g n i y r t a s i h c i h w , ) S O c a M d n a s i r a l o S n o k r o w o t d e s u

0 5 1 : e c n e i r e p x e n a e t i u q s a w t a h T . s t n e d u t s r a e y t s r i f r o f

, s t o o b e r y l i a d t s o m l a o t d e n g i s e r w o n m a I . e c n e i r e p x e

e r i t n e e h T . + + C f o " + + " e h t h c a e t o t d a h I o h w s t n e d u t s

t i t u b , l a c i p y t a m ' I e b y a M . c t e , s m a r g o r p g n i h s a r c

r o t c u r t s n i r e h t o e h t , s t n e d u t s 0 0 3 f o d e t s i s n o c s s a l c

y m n o k r o w h s i n i f o t e m o h o g I t a h t s r u c c o y l t n e u q e r f

s e s s a l c r u o h t o b d n e e h t n I . s t n e d u t s 0 5 1 r e h t o n a t h g u a t

d n a ' y l i s a e ' e n o d s g n i h t t e g o t t s u j , c a M l a n o s r e p

t n a s a e l p a s a w t a h t o s , e g a r e v a l l a r e v o e m a s e h t d a h

y n a m o s y h w r e d n o w e m s e k a m y l l a e r t I . ' y l k c i u q '

s t n e d u t s e h t y b s n o i t a u l a v e ) y r o t a d n a m ( e h T . e m o c t u o

. . . s ' c p n o k r o w o t e s o o h c e l p o e p

r o f l l a t a d a b t o N . e v i t c u r t s n o c y l t s o m d n a g n i r e t t a l f e r e w

y m ( s e t a u d a r g r e d n u r o f e s r u o c a g n i h c a e t e m i t t s r i f e h t

n i g n i v i l m o r f t n e r e f f i d e t i u q s i y r a g l a C n i g n i v i L

, . g . e , s p u o r g l l a m s g n i h c a e t n i s i e c n e i r e p x e s u o i v e r p

: e r u t l u c d e s a b e l i b o m o t u a n a s i y r a g l a C . m a d r e t s m A

. ) g n i t t e s r a n i m e s a n i s t n e d u t s r a e y h t r u o f

r o , h g u o n e t n e u q e r f t o n t u b , e l b a l i a v a s i t i s n a r t c i l b u p

e s r u o c f O . l u f e s u y l l a e r t i e k a m o t , h g u o n e e t a l l i t n u

S E C N E R E F F I D

Oktober 1998

147

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

g n i n r a e l ( e r u t l u c t n e r e f f i d a o t g n i t p a d a , s i h t o t n o i t i d d a

) . c t e , s m o t s u c l a c o l e h t , s t c u d o r p r o f s e m a n d n a r b w e n

e l c y c i b y l n o , y t i c e h t r e v o l l a s y a w h g i h , s t e e r t s y t p m e

f O . s g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m l a c i m o c o t d a e l s a h d n a , n u f s i

n a i r t s e d e p o n t s o m l a d n a , e s u l a n o i t a e r c e r r o f s y a w h t a p

a n o d n e p e d y l d r a h I , d e v o r p m i s a h h s i l g n E y m e s r u o c

l e e f n e v e I d n a , y t i c s u o m y n o n a n a s e t a e r c s i h T . s a e r a

f o t n a t r o p m i t s o m d n A . l l a t a y r a n o i t c i d h s i l g n E h c t u D

a o t t e g o t b r u b u s a h g u o r h t g n i k l a w n e h w ' t c e p s u s '

d i a l , d e x a l e r y r e v e r a r a f o s t e m e v ' I s n a i d a n a C e h t , l l a

n i e v i l I e t i u s t n e m e s a b e h t , y l e t a n u t r o F . e c a l p r a l u c i t r a p

. d o o g s i e r e h e f i l o s ; e l p o e p s u o r u o m u h , k c a b

, y t i s r e v i n u f o e c n a t s i d g n i k l a w t a d e t a c o l y l t n e i n e v n o c s i m ' I . b u h t i s n a r t c i l b u p a d n a s l l a m g n i p p o h s f o e l p u o c a

f o ( o h w d n e i r f l r i g y m m o r f y a w a r a f m ' I y l e t a n u t r o f n U

a s i h c i h w , t r o p r i a e h t o t o g o t d e e n I l i t n u . K . O y l l a u s u

s e o d s i h T . n e e v l e t s m A n i b o j r e h d e u n i t n o c ) e s r u o c

. . . t i s n a r t c i l b u p a i v e g n e l l a h c

l l e w s a e v i s n e p x e d n a , s e m i t t a t l u c i f f i d e f i l e k a m

. ) s h t n o m o w t y r e v e h t r o f & k c a b g n i y l f , s l l a c e n o h p e l e t (

n a i d a n a C e h t f o y t i m i x o r p e h t s i y r a g l a C f o s u l p g i b A

n i m a d r e t s m A o t n r u t e r l l ' I n o s a e r e h t o s l a s ' t a h T

y l e t u l o s b a h t i w e g n a r n i a t n u o m n w o n e r e h t , s e i k c o R

e h T n i e g n e l l a h c c i f i t n e i c s a r o f k o o l d n a y r a u n a J

0 9 n i h t i W . s e k a l d n a s n i a t n u o m , s y e l l a v t n e c i f i n g a m

l l e w e r a p e r p u o y f i t a h t y a s d ' I , l a r e n e g n I . s d n a l r e h t e N

l a n o i t a n e h t f o e n o f o e l d d i m e h t n i e b n a c u o y s e t u n i m

r u o y t e e m o t e l u d e h c s a t u o k r o w , D h P u o y h s i n i f (

: w o n s s ' e r e h t n e h w d n a ( g n i k i h y n a m e r e h w , s k r a p

n o i t i s o p c o d t s o p a n i g n i k r o w ) . c t e , r e h t o t n a c i f i n g i s

: o o z a n i g n i k l a w e k i l s l e e f t I . e l b a l i a v a e r a s l i a r t ) g n i i k s

. d e d n e m m o c e r e b n a c d a o r b a

e l g n i s a n o d e r e t n u o c n e e b n a c e f i l d l i w f o s e i c e p s y n a m

. t e y r a e b a t e m t ' n e v a h I y l e t a n u t r o f e k i h

s d r a a g n j i W k e i N

k r o w t e N h c r a e s e R g n i r e e n i g n E e r a w t f o S

S E C N E I R E P X E

e c n e i c S r e t u p m o C f o t n e m t r a p e D y r a g l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U

e s r e v i d e r a d a o r b a y a t s s i h t g n i r u d t e g I s e c n e i r e p x e e h T

s u h t , y t i s r e v i n U t h c e r t U t a r o s s e f o r p l l u f a s a ) e r o f e b

a d a n a C , y r a g l a C

s n o i t a l u t a r g n o C . r i a h c s i h n o n e l a D n a V g n i d e e c c u s

l n . u v . s c @ k e i n / a c . y r a g l a c u . c s p c @ k e i n

e h T ! t h g i l e d r u o y e r a h s s r e h t o y n a m y r e V ! t r e b l A y l r a l u c i t r a p s a w t a h t e m d l o t e h e r e h w n o i t a c o l

f o t n o r f n i e b o t t n e d i c c a y b d e n e p p a h t i s A . e t a i r p o r p p a

T R O P E R A T H C E R T U N I I A S R A E Y 0 1

I , s e i t n e v e s e h t n i k c a b , e r e h w m o o r e r u t c e l l a u t c a e h t

R A N I M E S Y R A S R E V I N N A N A N O

r a e y t s r i f y r e v e h t n i c i g o l n o e r u t c e l t s r i f y r e v y m d a h

I . n e l a D n a V , y l l a r u t a n , m o r f t h c e r t U n i s e i d u t s y m f o

t s a l e h t , y a s , r o f t o p s t a h t n o n e e b g n i v a h l l a c e r t o n o d o g o t y p p a h ; h g u o h t t o l a e g n a h c o d s g n i h T ( . s r a e y 5 1

s a w I , h c n u l r e v o n e d r a G l a c i n a t o B e h t n i k l a w a r o f

t u b e e r f r e g n o l o n s i e c n a r t n e t a h t r e v o c s i d o t d e t s u g s i d

t i e d i t n s a r n e eg e v c i n n n e i U i n c o , S e r eGc n v fe i i o t c i t n y S h t g c i i r o s e r r t Ce t s u vp ,i a h a nmM c s Uo r a ,C mg , n n t i i n r D e a m net n a i r g v o n sE K n s a n H e R

d e r e t t u g g n i e b t i m o r f t r a p a n e v e , s r e d l i u g 0 5 , 7 s t s o c

e h t e t a r b e l e c o t t h c e r t U

e h t f o y r a s r e v i n n a h t 0 1

) . e c n e f

d l o c y r e v a n i r e h t e g o t e m a c s t s i t n e i c s I A , d n o y e b d n a

f o s t r o s l l a d n a p o h s h s i b b u r m u c a e t y r o t a g i l b o e h t h t i w

y r t n u o c e h t f o s e m e r t x e l l a m o r F . 8 9 9 1 r e b o t c O 2 y a d i r F

e h t d n a ) e c n e g i l l e t n I l a i c i f i t r A e v i t i n g o C e i t n e g i l l e t n I

N A M E T T I W A I L I C

e g i t a m t s n u K e v e i t i n g o C ( I K C e m m a r g o r p d e s a b t h c e r t U

n o i s i c e d n i s r e y a l p n a m u h f o y t i l a n o i t a r d e t i m i l e h t

. s r e k a e p s f o y t e i r a v e d i w a n o

s s e s s a o t s i t i t l u c i f f i d w o h t u o b a d e k l a t n a m e t t i W a i l i C

e c n e i d u a e h t d e t a e r t r e s s i V t r e b l A d n a r e y e M s e l u J n h o J

. t r o p p u s n o i s i c e d f o w o h e h t d n a y h w e h t , y l e v i t c e p s e r

s r e b m e m f f a t s I K T / I K C , n o i s a c c o s i h t r o F . ) e c n e g i l l e t n I

, n o d e t a r o b a l e o h w , g a a G r e d n a v a d n i L d n a n a m e t t i W

e g i t a m t s n u K

e i t n e g i l l e t n I

-

d e i l p p A

l a i c i f i t r A

a i l i C n e e w t e b t i l p s y l l a u q e s a w e m m a r g o r p g n i n r o m e h T

e h c s i n h c e T ( I K T e m m a r g o r p d e i l p p a e h t f o n o i t a d n u o f

o t d e i r t e h s , s e l p m a x e r e h t o g n o m A . s n o i t a u t i s l a c i t i r c

y a d e h t f o s a ( d e t n i o p p a n e e b t s u j d a h o h w , r e s s i V

r e l l e t k n a b t s i n i m e f a e b o t y l e k i l ) s s e l r o ( e r o m s i o h w

t r e b l A y p p a h d n a t n a i d a r y r e v a s a w g n i d l i u b y t i s r e v i n u 1

a d n i L : y c a l l a f e v i t c n u j n o c e h t e k a m e c n e i d u a e h t e v a h

m u i r o t i s n a r T e h t t a g n i v i r r a n e h w t e m I n o s r e p t s r i f e h T

Oktober 1998

148

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

n I . s e i t e i c o s d n a h c r a e s e r n o w e i v r e d a o r b a e m e v i g d n a

o Ct d a e l s r a c e s e h t l l a t u b , s r a c g n i s u r o f t p o e l p o e p s e k a m 0 4 s a w o l s a s e r u t a r e p m e t h t i w s r e t n i w g n i v a h

░

o t d a h l l a t a h t ; s e i t i l i t u d n a

g n i n r e c n o c e m a n s t i

n i : s e i t i l i b a b o r p l a n o i t i d n o c

s e i t i l i b a b o r p

e db n a s u o h t l a r e v e s d e n i a t n o c t a h t s i s o n g a i d r e c n a c

t o g r o f I y c a l l a f e h t s a l l e w s a ; n o i t p i r c s e d g n i t t i f a n e v i g

n o n o i t s e u q a r o f d e l l a c s i h T . d e n i m r e t e d y l l a t n e m i r e p x e

e s a e s i d e h t g n i v a h f o e c n a h c e h t s e s a e s i d n o m m o c n u

d e r e w s n a s a w h c i h W . k r o w t e n a h c u s f o y t i l i b a i l e r e h t

n e v e , w o l e t i u q e b n a c t l u s e r t s e t e v i t i s o p n i a t r e c a n e v i g

e h t f o t n e t n o c l a r u t c u r t s e h t t a h t n o i t a v r e s b o e h t h t i w

s i e s a e s i d e h t n e v i g e v i t i s o p e u r t a f o e c n a h c e h t h g u o h t

e r o m s a w , s e d o n d n a s k n i l y n a m w o h , k r o w t e n

t s u j e s u a c e B ? . . . s t n e i t a p r u o y l l e t o t t a h w o S . h g i h y r e v

g n i l l e b a l s e u l a v l a u t c a e h t n a h t y t i l i b a i l e r r o f t n a t r o p m i

o t w o h l l e w y r e v w o n k t ' n o d s t n e i t a p o s l a , s r o t c o d e k i l

ah e t sy u b , h c i h w ( n o i s a c c o t x e n e h t t a m e t s y s d e t e l p m o c d e s i m o r p e h s o s l A . s e d o n d n a s k n i l e s o h t

. s c i t s i t a t s n a i s e y a B y l p p a

e h s f i r e d n o w I ; y r a s r e v i n n a r a e y h t 0 2 s ' I K C s i , y a w

n o n o i t a t n e s e r p r a e l c y l r e t t u n a e v a g g a a G r e d n a v a d n i L

. ) t a h t d e z i l a e r

e c n o s a w e h s y h w d n a t s r e d n u w o n I . s k r o w t e n n a i s e y a B a r o f d r a h y r e v e b t s u m t i : r a e y e h t f o r e r u t c e l n e s o h c

o t e k o p s I , r o f d e r e t a c y l l u f r e d n o w s a w t a h t , h c n u l t A

o s s i t a h w f o t r a p t s a e l t a g n i d n a t s r e d n u d i o v a o t t n e d u t s

s s i m d i d o h w ) y t i s r e v i n U n e d i e L ( t d i m h c S t u o n r e A

n i a g a n o i t a t n e s e r p r e H . u o y t a n w o r h t y l e v i s i c e d

s i h t y p p a h s a w t u b , t n e s e r p t o n e r e w t a h t e l p o e p n i a t r e c

n i e r a s a e r a n i a t r e c t n e d n e p e d n i a m o d w o h d e t a r t s n o m e d

e h t n i s t s i t n e i c s I A y n a m r e h t e g o t t h g u o r b s t n e v e f o d n i k

y g o l o n i m r e t l a c i d e m : h c r a e s e r s m e t s y s d e s a b e g d e l w o n k

. s d n a l r e h t e N

e h t n i I A n o m m o c t s o m e h t e r e w t i f i s a h t r o f d e r u o p

r o f m e t s y s d e h s i n i f t s o m l a n a n o d e t a l e r e h S . d l r o w

f o g n i n n i g e b , s 0 6 ' e h t f o d n e e h t r a e n t c e j o r p ' y e k a h S `

o t e l b u o r t h c u m k o o t e s a h l h o K l e a h c i M h c n u l r e t f A

e t a g i v a n o t e l b a s a w t o b o r e h t , t c e j o r p s i h t n I . s 0 7 ' e h t

a t s u j t u b t s i u g n i l a t o n s a w e h y h w n i a l p x e

e b , ' S P I R T S ` r e n n a l p e h t g n i s u ' d l r o w s k c o l b ` a h g u o r h t

e H . t s i t n e i c s r e t u p m o c r o n a i c i t a m e h t a m l a n o i t a t u p m o c

. w o l s y l b i r r e t t i

s e i r o e h t d n a s l o o t e h t n i d e t c e l f e r c i g o l f o y r o t s i h e h t w a s

e h t h t i w , g n i s s e c o r p e g a u g n a l l a r u t a n r o f e l b a l i a v a

n i e h c s n e s o R , s m e l b o r p g n i d n u f f o d o i r e p a r e t f a , n e h T

c i g o l . e . i , c i g o l c i m a n y d g n i e b y l l a r u t a n l a n i m r e t t n e r r u c

e h t n i t c e j o r p ' y e k a l F l e g a b ` e h t d e t r a t s g n i l b l e a K d n a

s a w I , t n i o p s i h e v o r p o T ( . n o i t a t e r p r e t n i c i m a n y d f o

d a h y e k a l F r o s s e c c u s s ' y e k a h S , t c e j o r p s i h t n I . s 0 8 ' d i m

n i g i r o e h t s a e r u g i f e l t o t s i r A e e s o t d e s i r p r u s t a h w e m o s

n i a t b o o t e g a u g n a l l a r u t a n g n i s u , l e g a b a r e v i l e d o t

e h t e z y l a n a t o n d l u o c t a h t , c i g o l l a n o i t i s o p o r p f o

. e l p o e p m o r f s n o i t c e r i d

! s e l p m a x e e l b i s s o p l l a f o s a h c u s s e c n e t n e s f o e r u t c u r t s

s e l p m a x e e c i n e m o s e v a g e H ) . ' l a t r o m e r a s n a m u h l l a ' -

t c e s n i t o b o r n o k r o w ' s k o o r B g n i h c u o t y l k c i u q r e t f A

d e t c i d e r p e H . s e r u t c u r t s n o i t a t n e s e r p e r e s r u o c s i d f o

T I M t n e c e r e r o m a t a h t d e d i c e d e g i l o n o K , s l e d o m

n i a r o h p a n a r o f e c n e r e f e r t c e r r o c e h t s a h c u s ( n o i t c u d e d

a , G O C . t a k o o l o t g n i t s e r e t n i e r o m s i G O C t c e j o r p

e h t n i k c e n e l t t o b e h t e m o c e b o t ) s e c n e t n e s e v i t u c e s n o c

a h c u s n i e l p o e p h t i w t c a r e t n i o t s i , t o b o r d i o n a m u h

h c e e p s s a , n o o s y r e v g n i s s e c o r p e g a u g n a l l a r u t a n f o d l e i f

h g u o h t l A . c i f i c e p s n o c a s a t i t a e r t l l i w y e h t t a h t n o i h s a f

t I . w o n t h g i r y l e s n e m m i e v o r p m i s e u q i n h c e t g n i s s e c o r p

e h t , t c e j o r p s u o u t i b m a o o t a r a f y b s i h t s k n i h t e g i l o n o K

, e r e h t s i u g n i l l a n o i t a t u p m o c a d a h e w t a h t r a e l c e t i u q s a w

n i d n u o f o s l a s i n o i t c a r e t n i e n i h c a m n a m u h n o s i s a h p m e

! l l a r e t f a

, e r u t c e t i h c r a y e k a h S e h t o t k c a b s e o g s i h T . k r o w s i h

f o t o l A . s e u q i n h c e t d e s a b r u o i v a h e b h t i w d e z i d i r b y h

d e t i v n i n a c i r e m A o w t , h c u o t g n i h s i n i f a s a , n e h T

h t i w s n o i t c a r e t n i y n n u f e m o s o t s d d a g n i s s e c o r p h c e e p s

k a e p s o t t s r i F . n o i t a r b e l e c s i h t o t d e t u b i r t n o c s r e k a e p s

e h t t u b , n a c i r e m A c i f i t n e i c S f o r o t a t n e s e r p V T a

) a i n r o f i l a C ( l a n o i t a n r e t n I I R S m o r f e g i l o n o K t r u K s a w

s i h f o s t n e t n o c l a e r e h t f o e r a w a n u s n i a m e r e c n e i d u a

n i d e n i a r t y l l a n i g i r o h g u o h t l A . y t i s r e v i n U d r o f n a t S d n a

. h c r a e s e r

w o n e g i l o n o K , g n i n o s a e r d e t a m o t u a d n a s c i g o l f e i l e b

s t i o l p x e

s a w r o f g n i t i a w s a w y d o b y r e v e t a h t k l a t e h t , y l l a n i F

d l r o w l a e r n i d e t s e r e t n i s i e H . ' e d i s g n i r e e n i g n e ` s i h

f o y t i s r e v i n u e h t m o r f k c a l l o P a h t r a M y b

n e v i g

e h t t a h t e m d e c n i v n o c s k o o r B d o R r e t f a ` , y t i l a n o i t a r e p o

y t i l a n o i t a r d n a g n i n n a l p t u o b a d e k l a t e h S . h g r u b s t t i P

' . d e d n u o r g y l l a c i f i t n e i c s s i s t o b o r g n i d l i u b f o n u f

y l n o e h t s a w e h S . e v i t c e p s r e p l a n o i t a t u p m o c a m o r f

I K T d n a I K C e h t d e t a l u t a r g n o c o h w , y a w e h t y b , t s e u g

o e d i v f o s e i r e s a g n i w o h s f o d e t s i s n o c y l n i a m k l a t s i H

s a , e s a c d n o c e s e h t n i h t e o r e z ( y r a s r e v i n n a r i e h t n o f f a t s

e h t g n i n r e c n o c I R S t a s t n e m p o l e v e d e h t t u o b a s t n e m g a r f

e h S . ) s s e r d d a g n i n e p o e h t n i d e k r a m e r y l e c i n t r e b l A

s u o m a f e h t h t i w d e t r a t s s i h T . s t o b o r e l i b o m n o k r o w

Oktober 1998

149

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

. y t r a p y r a s r e v i n n a

f o s r e k a e p s o w t t s r i f e h t o t g n i r e f e r y b d e u n i t n o c n e h t t u o b a g n i k l a t e b d l u o w e h s k l a t r i e h t n i s A . y a d s i h t

e h t , e c n e r e f e r r e h t r u f r o F

. n i s i n a i c i s y h p r o e g d u j a f o s s e c o r p g n i k a m n o i s i c e d e h t

: t a d n u o f e b n a c s r e k a e p s

s ' y a d s i h t f o s e g a p b e w

s a s e c n a t s m u c r i c l a i c u r c o s t o n n i t i e b l a , g n i k a m n o i s i c e d

) n a m e t t i W a i l i C ( / n a m e t t i w / n s p / l n . u u . s s f . w w w / / : p t t h ) g a a G

n a f o s n a e m y B . c i p o t e h t o t e r o m h c u m s i e r e h t e l i h w

/ e s a h l h o k ~ / e d . b s i n u . s g a . w w w / / : p t t h

r o f e r u t c e l a e r a p e r p o t d a h r e r u t c e l a h c i h w n i e l p m a x e

) e s a h l h o K

t a h t d e w o h s e h s , d n e k e e w e h t r e v o g n i n r o m y a d n o M

) e g i l o n o K t r u K ( / e g i l o n o k ~ / m o c . i r s . i a . w w w / / : p t t h

a n i n o i t s e u q t n a t r o p m i e h t y l l a e r s i ' t n e m e g a n a m n a l p `

) k c a l l o P a h t r a M ( / k c a l l o p ~ / u d e . t t i p . s c . w w w / / : p t t h

l e a h c i M (

l m t h . a d n i l / f f a t s / l n . u u . s c . w w w / / : p t t h

, n o i t a m r o f n a l p h t i w o d o t d a h y t i l a n o i t a r d n a g n i n n a l p

r e d n a v a d n i L (

y a d y r e v e n o I A n i k r o w e h t f o t s o m t a h t d e u g r a e h S . t n e m n o r i v n e e l b a t c i d e r p i m e s , c i m a n y d

F O T C A P M I E H T

e h t e r a p e r p o t s i n a l p l a i t i n i e h t n e h w , e l p m a x e r o F

S E S E H T D E T A L E R

o o t k o o t g n i p p o h s t u b , n o o n r e t f a y a d r u t a S n o e r u t c e l d n a n a l p e h t e g n a h c n a c r e k a m n o i s i c e d l a n o i t a r a , g n o l , n e h W . g n i n r o m y a d n u S n o e r u t c e l e h t e r a p e r p o t e d i c e d s i h t n o y n o h p m y s e h t o t r e h e t i v n i o t s l l a c d n e i r f a , r e t a l

Jaap van den Herik Universiteit Maastricht

y a d r u t a S e h t p i k s o t e d i c e d t h g i m e h s , g n i n r o m r a l u c i t r a p . d a e t s n i e r u t c e l e h t e r a p e r p d n a s m l i f t h g i n t n e m e g a n a m n a l p n o s u c o f a r o f d e d a e l p e h s r e h t e g o t l A

Erik Fajoen Tjong-Kim-Sang (October 19, 1998). Machine Learning of Phonotactics. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Promotor: Prof.dr.ir. J.A. Nerbonne.

e h t t a h t s n a e m s i h t f i n e v e , n o i t a m r o f n a l p f o d a e t s n i . l a m i t p o b u s l l i t s e r a n o i t a m r o f n a l p r o f s m s i n a h c e m o t s u b t s r i f e h t t h g u a c s r o h t u a h t o b k l a t l a n i f s i h t r e t f A

Marco Wiering (February 17, 1999). Explorations in Efficient Reinforcement Learning. Universiteit van Amsterdam. Promotor: Prof.dr.ir. F.C.A. Groen, co-promotor: Dr. H.J.H. Schmidhuber.

k c a b s y e n r u o j g n o l r i e h t d e t r a t s d n a n o i t a t s n i a r t e h t s i h t f o s n o i s s e r p m i y n a m e h t g n i s s e c o r p , e m o h Pierre van de Laar (March 12, 1999). Selection in Neural Information Processing. Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen. Promotor: Prof.dr. S. Gielen, co-promotor: Dr. T. Heskes.

Tom Gordon (GMD Bonn, Duitsland), Alexander Peczenik (Lund, Zweden), Ron Loui (USA) het internationale deel. HET PROEFSCHRIFT

DIALAW ON LEGAL JUSTIFICATION AND DIALOGUE GAMES

Juridische oordelen moeten zijn gerechtvaardigd in het licht van juridische kennis en de feiten van het geval. Of een oordeel gerechtvaardigd is, kan worden bepaald door na te gaan of het oordeel logisch volgt uit de premissen (rechtsregels en feiten). Een juridisch kennissysteem (RI-systeem) volgt min of meer de omgekeerde weg. Een afleidmechanisme trekt op basis van de feiten van het geval en de beschikbare juridische kennis geldige conclusies. De juridische kennis opgenomen in het RI-systeem ligt vast en conclusies die zijn te trekken op basis van deze kennis zijn gerechtvaardigde conclusies.

Bespreking van het proefschrift van Arno Lodder Ronald Leenes Universiteit Twente Op 5 juni 1998 promoveerde Arno Lodder in Maastricht op een onderzoek waarin juridische dialoogmodellen centraal staan. Lodder is na Bart Verheij de tweede promovendus uit wat zo langzamerhand de school Hage kan worden genoemd (ikzelf hoop op 7 januari 1999 de derde te zijn). De promotor was Hans Crombag.

Een belangrijk uitgangspunt van Lodder is de observatie dat schijnbaar verloren zaken door de juiste argumenten gewonnen kunnen worden. Hoe kan dat?

Lodder had een promotiecommissie met een hoog internationaal gehalte. Anja Oskamp (KUN/VU), Nico Roos (UM) en Jaap van den Herik (UM/RL) vormden het Nederlandse deel van de commissie,

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

In het proefschrift probeert Lodder een antwoord

150

Oktober 1998

te geven op deze vraag. Lodder begint de beantwoording met een uiteenzetting waarom het hiervoor geschetste traditionele model waarin gerechtvaardigde beweringen die beweringen zijn die (deductief) geldig volgen uit gerechtvaardigde premissen (productbenadering), niet geschikt is als model voor juridische rechtvaardiging en dat een dialoogbenadering daarvoor geschikter is. De kern van zijn betoog is dat deductieve rechtvaardigingsmodellen moeite hebben met een aantal verschijnselen die zich in juridisch redeneren voordoen (defeasibility, (impliciete) uitzonderingen op regels, normconflicten). Maar wellicht belangrijker is dat het recht een fundamenteel open systeem is. Juridische kennis verandert tijdens de oplossing van geschillen. De premissen op basis waarvan conclusies worden getrokken liggen dus niet vast. Dat komt onder meer doordat soms een uitspraak moet worden gedaan over een geval dat niet door de regels lijkt te worden beheerst en juridische begrippen vaag zijn. Doordat het recht een open systeem is, kunnen conclusies niet worden gerechtvaardigd door een beroep te doen op gerechtvaardigde premissen. Het gebruik van een premisse ter DiaLaw is een, in Prolog geïmplementeerd (de volledige broncode is beschikbaar in een bijlage), dialoogspel voor twee spelers. In het spel staan de spelers vier zettypen ter beschikking (claim, question, accept, withdraw). Een zestiental dialoogregels bepaalt wanneer een bepaald type zet mag worden gedaan en wat de consequenties van de verschillende zetten zijn voor de commitments van de spelers. Omdat de inzet van het spel is het binden van de tegenspeler aan een bepaalde bewering, zijn de commitments van groot belang. In DiaLaw zijn er twee manieren waarop een speler gecommitteerd kan raken aan een bewering: vrijwillig en gedwongen. Vrijwillige commitment onstaat wanneer een speler een bewering inbrengt in de dialoog (door het poneren van een claim) of wanneer zij een bewering van de tegenspeler expliciet aanvaardt (accept). Gedwongen commitment onstaat als gevolg van eerdere commitments en de logica onderliggend aan DiaLaw. Lodder gebruikt een vorm van Reason Based Logic (Hage) zodat een speler bijvoorbeeld gedwongen is een conclusie te aanvaarden als de redenen vóór aanvaarding zwaarder zijn dan de redenen tegen. Het spel eindigt als beide spelers gecommitteerd zijn aan de bewering die inzet van de dialoog was, de proponent zijn bewering intrekt, of de dialoog in een patstelling komt.

rechtvaardiging van een conclusie vereist dat deze premisse zelf ook is gerechtvaardigd. Daarvoor zijn gerechtvaardigde premissen nodig, die zelf … Deze zoektocht naar gerechtvaardigde premissen levert het Münchhausen trilemma op. De drie tanden van het trilemma (oneindige regressie, cirkelredenering en dogmatisering van premissen) zijn alledrie onaantrekkelijk. Een ‘oplossing’ van het Münchhausen trilemma wordt door Lodder (en anderen, Alexy bijvoorbeeld) gezocht in de dialoog. Premissen waarover partijen in een dialoog het eens zijn behoeven niet verder te worden gerechtvaardigd. Hiermee is de stap naar een dialoogbenadering gezet. Niet langer staat rechtvaardiging als product centraal, maar juist het proces waarin rechtvaardiging van premissen plaatsvindt komt hierin goed voor het voetlicht. Een belangrijk onderdeel van het boek is de uitwerking van een concreet dialoogmodel (DiaLaw) en de uitgebreide vergelijking van dit model met andere dialoogmodellen (onder meer met MacKenzie’s DC, Reschers’ Dialectics en Gordon’s Pleadings Game). mening niet zo erg waarschijnlijk. Veel dialogen in DiaLaw eindigen dan ook in een patstelling. Als de partijen het niet eens worden zal een derde partij, de arbiter, de doorslag moeten geven. DiaLaw voorziet overigens niet in een arbiter, het is een twee partijenspel. Een specifiek juridisch aspect waaraan Lodder aandacht besteedt, is het onderscheid tussen niet kunnen en niet mogen doen van een zet. Onrechtmatig verkregen bewijs kan worden ingebracht in een dialoog, maar mag niet worden ingebracht. Als vast komt te staan dat een zet niet mag, dan heeft deze geen gevolgen. Dit moet worden onderscheiden van een zet die niet kan op basis van de spelregels, zoals het in twijfel trekken van een bewering die niet naar voren is gebracht. Lodder laat de mogelijkheden van DiaLaw uitgebreid zien aan de hand van twee voorbeelddialogen. Vervolgens wordt DiaLaw vergeleken met een aantal andere dialoogmodellen. Daaruit komt naar voren dat elk model sterke en zwakke punten heeft en dat Lodder, niet verassend, meent dat zijn model het beste is. Ik verwijs de lezer naar het proefschrift om de heldere vergelijking zelf te bestuderen. Het slothoofdstuk gaat in op een onderscheid dat kan worden gemaakt tussen rechtvaardigingsmodellen geschoeid op logische leest (rationele modellen) waarin logisch bewijs

In een juridische dialoog is het bereiken van overeenstemming over de hoofdstelling naar mijn

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

151

Oktober 1998

centraal staat en modellen geschoeid op psychologische leest waarin overtuiging centraal staat (a-rationele modellen). Lodder beschouwd zijn model als (di)a-rationeel. Ik vind dit het minst overtuigende hoofdstuk, omdat Lodder hier naar mijn idee slordig omspringt met discussies die in de filosofie en psychologie een lange traditie hebben en ons niet veel verder brengt met wat ‘overtuiging’ is. Kanttekeningen Lost Lodder met DiaLaw het rechtvaardigings probleem op? Eigenlijk niet. De juistheid van juridische beweringen laat zich niet staven aan een onafhankelijke toetssteen. Dit probeert hij te ondervangen door overeenstemming tussen partijen als punt te nemen waarop verdere rechtvaardiging niet nodig is. Hoewel dit een aanlokkelijk perspectief is, blijft het grote probleem dat partijen in een juridisch geschil het om strategische redenen niet snel met elkaar eens zullen zijn. Consensus is dus misschien niet zo’n geschikt criterium om beweringen gerechtvaardigd Een derde kanttekening betreft Lodder’s bespreking van Rawls soorten procedures en de aanvulling die hij hier op maakt. Rawls onderscheidt procedures in drie typen: perfecte, imperfecte en zuivere. Deze procedures onderscheiden zich op twee punten van elkaar. Het eerste aspect betreft de vraag of er een criterium is waarmee de juistheid van de uitkomst van een procedure kan worden vastgesteld, los van de gevolgde procedure. Het tweede criterium betreft de vraag of een procedure bestaat die kan garanderen dat zo’n juiste uitkomst wordt bereikt. Bij een perfecte procedure bestaat een beoordelingscriterium voor de juistheid, terwijl bovendien een procedure bestaat die bij correcte uitvoering deze juiste uitkomst bereikt. Het aansnijden van een taart benadert dit type procedure. Of een taart eerlijk is verdeeld is vast te stellen door de grootte van de taartpunten te meten. Het laten snijden van de taart door degene die als laatste een stuk mag kiezen, garandeert dat het aansnijden eerlijk gebeurt. Bij een imperfecte procedure is er weliswaar een juist antwoord los van de gevolgde procedure, maar is er geen procedure te maken die deze juiste uitkomst kan garanderen. Een strafproces is hiervan een voorbeeld. De verdachte is schuldig of niet, maar er is op geen enkele manier gegarandeerd foutloos vast te stellen of hij schuldig is of niet. Bij een zuivere procedure ontbreekt een materieel criterium om de uitkomst te kunnen toetsen op juistheid. In plaats daarvan is de uitkomst van de procedure, indien correct gevolgd, per definitie juist. Verkiezingen zijn hiervan een voorbeeld; het

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

te noemen. Een juridische dialoog kan hierdoor eigenlijk niet zonder arbiter, hetgeen Lodder zelf ook terecht opmerkt. Is DiaLaw wel een juridisch dialoogmodel zoals de titel van het boek suggereert? Deze vraag kwam ook in de oppositie van Roos naar voren. Lodder verdedigde zich onder meer door te wijzen op de gebruikte logica (RBL) die aansluit bij het juridische denken en de opname van het predikaat ill_claim (voor het niet mogen aanvoeren van een bepaalde bewering). Al met al vind ik dit te zwak om DiaLaw een juridisch dialoogmodel te noemen. DiaLaw kan juridische dialogen modelleren, maar dat maakt het nog geen juridisch model. Daarvoor zou naar mijn idee meer aandacht moeten bestaan voor zaken als de stelplicht en bewijslast(verdeling) zoals die in bepaalde juridische procedures bestaat, de rol van de arbiter (rechter) en de rol van het materiële recht. heeft weinig zin om de ene verkiezingsuitslag als ‘juister’ te typeren dan de andere. Als zich tijdens de verkiezingen geen ongeregeldheden hebben voorgedaan, is iedere uitkomst juist. Lodder betoogt dat er een vierde soort procedure is, die hij toepasselijk de juridische procedure noemt. Dit type kenmerkt zich door het ontbreken van materieel criterium, terwijl van de uitkomst van de procedure niet is vast te stellen of deze ‘rechtvaardig’ is. Wat Lodder daarmee miskent is dat de vraag of de uitkomst van een zuivere procedure werkelijk juist is, irrelevant is. De uitkomst is namelijk per definitie juist. Hoewel Lodder een materieel criterium voor de juistheid van de uitkomst verwerpt (open karakter van het recht en bijvoorbeeld door de juridische procedure op één lijn te stellen met de zuivere procedure) wil hij eigenlijk toch dat een dergelijk criterium bestaat. Hij stelt namelijk dat de uitdaging is een procedure te ontwikkelen waarvan de binnen de procedure gerechtvaardigde beweringen rechtvaardig zijn. Maar dat veronderstelt juist een materieel criterium, namelijk rechtvaardigheid. Dit alles neemt niet weg dat Lodder’s proefschrift een mooi verhaal biedt over de mogelijkheden van dialoogmodellen in het recht. Ook de implementatie in een prolog-programma, waarbij de broncode in het boek aanwezig is, heeft een groot nut voor de rechtsinformatica. Het belang van het proefschrift wordt onderstreept door het feit dat het wordt opgenomen in de Kluwer Law and Philosophy reeks.

152

Oktober 1998

e f a u l t

De kanttekeningen geven alleen aan dat er nog veel te doen valt op het gebied van juridische dialoogmodellen.

END OF SECTION

r e a s o n i n g

KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN LAW AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

D e f e a s i b l e

CALL FOR PAPERS DGNMR'99, FOURTH DUTCH-GERMAN WORKSHOP ON NONMONOTONIC REASONING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Institute of Logic, Language and Information University of Amsterdam March 25-27, 1999

a r g u m e n t a t i o n

Following the tradition of three very successful previous workshops in Aachen (1993), Utrecht (1995), and Saarbruecken (1997), the Dutch (FoReST) and German (FG Nichtmonotones Schliessen) interest groups in nonmonotonic reasoning are glad to announce the Fourth Dutch-German Workshop on Nonmonotonic Reasoning Techniques and their Applications. The workshop aims at bringing together active researchers (not only of Dutch or German nationality) from the whole field of nonmonotonic reasoning, those interested in foundational and theoretical issues as well as those working on concrete applications and practical questions. It offers an opportunity to discuss ongoing research, new results and open problems, and should help to strengthen the links and the cooperation between the different NMR-groups. Topics of interest include

B e l i e f r e v

D

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

153

Oktober 1998

-

i s i o n

r t a i n

L o g i c

r e a s o n i n g

p r Proof systems and implementations o nonmonotonic reasoning g r a m m i n g

of

a n d d e d u c t i v e

( p l a n n i n g ,

d a t a b a s e s

d i a g n o s i s ,

U n c e

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

154

A p p l i c a t i o n s

m u

Oktober 1998

l t i a g e n t

e , l a w , p h i l o s o p h y

r e a s o n i n g ,

o f

n a t u r a l l a n g u a g Karl Schlechta (Marseille)

People wishing to attend should submit an extended abstract of no more than 8 pages (without references). This can be done, either by sending a postscript file by email (the preferred way), or four hardcopies by ordinary mail, to one of the program chairs. Those planning to attend without giving a presentation should submit a statement of interest explaining why they want to participate. There will be a small number of invited speakers and the possibility of NMR software demos. Informal proceedings will be produced in the ILLC Report Series and distributed at the workshop.

. . . )

IMPORTANT DATES - Paper submission : January 7 - Notification of acceptance : February 1 - Final version : February 15 LOCAL ORGANIZATION Hans Rott: [email protected] Chris Albert: [email protected] Renata Wassermann: [email protected]

INVITED SPEAKERS : Krzysztof Apt (Amsterdam) Theo Kuipers (Groningen) John-Jules Meyer (Utrecht)

Institute of Logic, Language and Information, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ilkka NiemelΣ (Helsinki) Mark Ryan (Birmingham)

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

s c i e n c e

PROGRAM CHAIRS

155

Oktober 1998

Gerd Brewka, Institut fuer Informatik, Augustusplatz 10 11, D-04109 Leipzig, [email protected], Germany

Purpose New areas of law are arising, established areas are being transformed, and the mechanics of the legal system itself are undergoing a long term movement into the high technology arena. This conference aims to be a forum for the discussion and introduction of the most current technology related developments relevant to legal practice and scholarship. The conference encompasses a dual focus: firstly, as an academic forum for legal debate on new and developing areas of law relating to technology, and secondly, as a technical/academic forum for the discussion concerning how technology is changing the legal system itself. The conference will act as an invaluable meeting place between scientists, engineers, and the evolving legal profession.

Cees Witteveen, Dept. of CS, Delft University of Technology, Zuidplantsoen 4, 2628 BZ Delft, [email protected], The Netherlands PROGRAMM COMMITTEE : Johan van Benthem (U Amsterdam), Juergen Dix (U Koblenz) Wiebe van der Hoek (U Utrecht), Gerhard Lakemeyer (RWTH Aachen) John-Jules Meyer (U Utrecht), Torsten Schaub (U Potsdam) Yao-Hua Tan (U Rotterdam), Jan Treur (VU Amsterdam) Frank Veltman (U Amsterdam), Frans Voorbraak (U Amsterdam) Emil Weydert (MPI Saarbruecken)

Scope Focus: On New Legal Challenges: - computer contracts; - computer crime; databases, networks and privacy; electronic banking law; encryption issues; freedom of expression / freedom of access; information security; intellectual property and copyright in a digital world; - international computer law; - jurisdictional issues of virtual forums; liability and networks; media law and the internet; 'regulation' of the internet; software copyright issues; - technology law; telecommunications law;

WEB : http://pgs.twi.tudelft.nl/~witt/dgnmr99.htm

1st IASTED International Conference Law and Technology 1999 (LawTech '99) Hawaii, USA, Conference Date: August 9-12, 1999

Focus: On the Evolution of the Legal System - alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and technology; - artificial intelligence and law; automated legal drafting; case-based reasoning; - case-law databases; case management systems; - communications networks and virtual forums;

Sponsor The International Association of Science and Technology for Development (IASTED). Location LawTech'99 will be held August 9-12, 1999 in Hawaii, USA

Alberta, Canada, T3B 0M6 by December 1st, 1998, authors may submit their papers by email in Postscript format to [email protected] Please be sure to include the name of the conference in the subject of your email Submission. Papers may not exceed 12 double-spaced and single-sided pages, including figures and references. Successful submissions will deal with current and relevant work which is both properly presented and grounded in careful and complete research. Significantly incomplete or poorly presented work, or submissions dealing only with research proposals, will not be accepted. Student papers are welcomed, but must be of exceptional quality.

- law office automation; - legal informatics; - legal communication and information systems; - legal research and technology; - legal expert systems; - legal knowledge systems; - legal database technology; - legal education and technology; - technology in the courts; - the virtual law firm -- tele-working; the virtual court house; - video conferencing applications to law; Submission of Papers The International Program Committee will make the decision concerning acceptance. Three (3) copies of the full paper must be received at the IASTED Secretariat, #80 - 4500 16th Avenue N.W., Calgary,

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

Authors will be notified of the status of their paper on February 15th, 1999. Successful authors will be required to submit their camera-ready manuscripts

156

Oktober 1998

and conference registrations by May 13th, 1999.

CONFERENTIES, SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOPS Proposals for 3 hours tutorials should be received by Submission of Tutorials

Hieronder volgt een lijst van data van conferenties en een contactadres. Graag wijzen we onze lezers tevens op de aanvullende Calendar 1997, zoals die gepubliceerd wordt in de AI Communications. Voorts hebben we referenties aan SIGART Newsletter ontleend.

the IASTED Secretariat by December 1st, 1998. The proposal should clearly indicate the background knowledge expected of the participants, the objectives, and the time allocation for the major course topics. The qualifications of the instructor(s) must also be included.

11-12 november 1998 CG’98, The First International Conference on Computers and Games, Tsukuba, Japan. Information: http://www.cs.inf.shizuoka.ac.jp/~iida/CG98CFP.html.

Important Deadlines Papers and Tutorial Proposals Due: December 1st, 1998 Acceptance Notification: February 15th, 1999 Camera-ready manuscripts and Registration: May 13th, 1999 For more information, or to be placed on the mailing list, please contact: IASTED Secretariat - LawTech '99 #80, 4500 - 16 Avenue NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 0M6 Tel: 403-288-1195, Fax: 403-247-6851 Email: [email protected] LawTech '99 Web Site: http://www.iasted.com/conferences/ 1999/Hawaii/LawTech'99/ lawtech99.html

18-19 november 1998 NAIC’98, The Tenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Information: http://www.cwi.nl/conferences/naic. 20 november 1998 BENELOG 1998, Tenth Benelux Workshop on Logic Programming in conjunction with NAIC’98. Information: Mrs. Van Raamsdonk, CWI, Kruislaan 413, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, E-mail: [email protected] 9 december 1998 JURIX98, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands. Information: http://jurix.rechten.rug.nl/jurix98.call98.htm 12-13 december 1998 WITS’98, Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems, Helsinki, Finland. Information: http://isr.berkeley.edu/wits 14-16 december 1998

SGES98, 18th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, UK. Information: http://www.sis.port.ac.uk/~bramerma/ sges/ es98 /es98.html

25-27 mei 1999 International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Dortmund, Germany. Information: http://ls1-www.cs.uni-dortmund.de/fd6

17-19 februari 1999 CIMCA’99, Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Auromation, Vienna, Austria. Information: http://www-gscit.fcit.monash.edu.au/conferences/cimca99

31 mei-3 juni 1999 IEA/AIE-99, The Twelfth International Conference on Industrial & Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems, Cairo, Egypt. Information: Dr. Moonis Ali, E-mail: [email protected] and Dr. Ibrahim Imam, E-mail: [email protected]

12-14 april 1999 HPCN Europe’99. The 7th International conference on High Performance Computing and Networking Europe. Information: http://www.wins.uva.nl/events/HPCN99 9 9 9 1 l i r p a 3 2 1 2

1-4 juni 1999 IIA’99, Intelligent Industrial Automation and SOCO’99, Soft Computing, Palazzo Ducale, Genova, Italy. Information: http://www.ixsc.ab.ca/iia99.htm and http://www.icsc.ab.ca/soco99.htm

s k r o w t e N l a r u e N l a i c i f i t r A n o m u i s o p m y S n a e p o r u E h t 7 , 9 9 ' N N A S E m u i g l e B , s e g u r B

2-4 juni 1999 VISUAL99, Third International Conference on Visual Information Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Information: http://www.wins.uva.nl/events/VISual99

n n a s e / e b . c a . l c u . e c i d . w w w / / : p t t h : n o i t a m r o f n I 26-28 april 1999 COORDINATION ’99, Third International Conference on Coordination Models and Language, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Information: http://www.cs.unibo.it/~coord99

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

14-17 juni 1999 ICAIL-99, Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, University of Oslo, Norway. Information: Program Chair: Mr. Thomas Gordon, E-mail: [email protected] or Secretary: Mrs. Carole Hafner, E-

157

Oktober 1998

mail:[email protected]

Tel.: (071) 5277092, E-mail: [email protected]

22-25 juni 1999 CIMA’99, International ICSC Congress on Computational Intelligence: Methods and Applications, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA. Information: http://www.icsc.ab.ca/cima99.htm

Dr. Y.H. Tan EURIDIS, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam Postbus 1738, 3000 DR ROTTERDAM Tel.: (010) 4082255. E-mail: [email protected] Dr. E.O. Postma Universiteit Maastricht, Vakgroep Informatica Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht Tel.: (043) 3883493. E-mail: [email protected]

18-22 juli 1999 AAAI-99, Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Orlando, Florida. Information: http://www.aaai.org/Conferences/National/1999

Dr. L. de Raedt, Dept. Of CS., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, B-3001 Heverlee, België Tel.: +32 16 327643, E-mail: [email protected]

9-20 augustus 1999 ESSLLI-99, Eleventh European School in Logic, Language and Information, Utrecht, The Netherlands Information: http://www.wins.uva.nl/research/folli/

Dr. B. Manderick, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, België Tel.: +32 2 629 33 08, E-mail: [email protected]

10-15 december 1999 Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Proof at the Second World Conference on New Trends in Criminal Investigation, Amsterdam. Information: http://www.eurocongres.com/criminallaw

REDACTIE NVKI-NIEUWSBRIEF Dr. E.O. Postma (hoofdredacteur) (Zie adressen bestuursleden)

(EMAIL)ADRESSEN BESTUURSLEDEN NVKI

Prof. dr. H.J. van den Herik Universiteit Maastricht, Vakgroep Informatica, Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht Tel.: (043) 3883485, E-mail: [email protected]

Prof.dr. J. N. Kok Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen, Vakgroep Informatica Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden Tel: (071) 5277057, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. C. Witteveen Technische Universiteit Delft, Vakgroep Informatica, Julianalaan 132, 2628 BL Delft Tel.: (015) 2782521, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. F. van Harmelen, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Fac. Wiskunde en Informatica, Vakgroep Informatica De Boelelaan 1081a, 1081 HV Amsterdam Tel.: (020) 4447731. E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. R.G.F. Winkels Universiteit van Amsterdam, Vakgroep Rechtsinformatica Postbus 1030, 1000 BA Amsterdam Tel.: (020) 5253485, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. I.G. Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen, Vakgroep Informatica Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden Dr. S.-H. Nienhuys-Cheng Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Vakgroep Informatica Postbus 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam Tel.: (010) 4081345, E-mail: [email protected]

op Postgironummer 3102697, ten name van NVKI, FdAW, Vakgroep Informatica, Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht. U doet er voorts verstandig aan om uw adres per post of E-mail aan de NVKI-ledenadministratie in Maastricht te doen toekomen. Wij hebben de afgelopen tijd opnieuw een aantal bankoverschrijvingsgegevens ontvangen waaruit het adres niet te achterhalen viel. Pas als uw betaling ontvangen is, wordt met verzending van de NVKI-Nieuwsbrief begonnen. Indien u uw lidmaatschap wenst te beëindigen dient u dit schriftelijk door te geven aan het redactie-secretariaat vóór 1 december 1998.

Dr. K. Versmissen SIKS, Postbus 80089, 3508 TB Utrecht Tel.: (030) 2534083, E-mail: [email protected] Ir. E.D. de Jong Vrije Universiteit Brussel, AI Lab Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel.: +32 (0)2 6293713, E-mail: [email protected]

KOPIJ De redactie zet haar kolommen ook open voor productaankondigingen, boekbesprekingen, productbesprekingen, overviews van AI-onderzoek in het bedrijfsleven, reviews van nieuwe AI-ontwikkelingen en interviews. Hierbij kunnen natuurlijk controversiële meningen aan het daglicht treden. Om een goed beeld van de ontwikkeling te krijgen is dit geen bezwaar, sterker nog wij moedigen discussies zelfs aan. Liefst ontvangen wij uw kopij per e-mail, of op diskette 3,50" (WP 7.0 of ascii-tekst plus een hard copy).

HOE WORD IK LID? Het lidmaatschap van de NVKI kost in 1998 fl. 75,- voor gewone leden; fl. 50,- voor AIO's en fl. 40,- voor studenten. Als onderdeel van het NVKI-lidmaatschap zult u in 1998 twee maal het Europese Tijdschrift AI Communications ontvangen, dat beschouwd kan worden als pendant van AI Magazine. Tevens ontvangt u zesmaal per jaar een NVKI-Nieuwsbrief met informatie over conferenties, onderzoeksprojecten, onderzoeksplaatsen, subsidie mogelijkheden, etc., tenminste als er voldoende informatie wordt aangeleverd. Daarom worden alle leden opgeroepen om nieuws en nieuwtjes die zij de moeite waard vinden, op te sturen aan de redactie van de NVKI-Nieuwsbrief. U kunt (uitsluitend) lid worden door overmaking van fl. 75,- (fl. 50,-, fl. 40,-) op RABO-Bankrekeningnummer 11.66.34.200 of

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

Technische

OUDE NUMMERS De NVKI-Nieuwsbrief wordt regelmatig gebruikt als overzichtsblad voor AI-onderzoeksgebieden in Nederland. Dit leidt niet zelden tot verzoeken om oude nummers. Zolang de voorraad strekt kunt u oude nummers verkrijgen bij het

158

Oktober 1998

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief-secretariaat tegen de onderstaande prijzen: Jrg. 6, Jrg. 7, Jrg. 8 en Jrg. 9 (fl. 10,-), Jrg. 10 (fl. 15,-), Jrg. 11 (fl. 20,-), Jrg. 12 (fl. 20,-), Jrg. 13 (fl. 25), Jrg. 14 (fl. 30). De verzendkosten per Jrg. bedragen fl. 5,-.

ADVERTENTIES Het is mogelijk uw advertentie in de NVKI-Nieuwsbrief te laten opnemen. Voor informatie over prijzen e.d. kunt u contact opnemen met het redactie-secretariaat.

ADRESWIJZIGINGEN De verzending van de NVKI-Nieuwsbrief vindt plaats vanuit Maastricht. Daarom heeft het NVKI-bestuur besloten dat bij het NVKI-Nieuwsbrief secretariaat ook de NVKIledenadministratie bijgehouden wordt. U dient derhalve uw adreswijziging door te geven aan: Redactiesecretariaat NVKI-Nieuwsbrief Universiteit Maastricht, Vakgroep Informatica Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht Tel.: 043-388 3477 E-mail: [email protected]

NVKI-Nieuwsbrief

159

Oktober 1998

Editor-in-Chief. Cover image: NVKI-Nieuwsbrief Oktober 1998

Recommend Documents