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THE ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN INTERROGATIVE FORMS IN THE MOVIE ENTITLED SHERLOCK HOLMES (A Pragmatics Approach)
THESIS Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Sarjana Sastra Degree English Department of Faculty of Cultural Sciences Sebelas Maret University by : FRANSISCA XAVERIA DIANA RAHMAWATI C0307026
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY 2015 commit to user
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PRONOUNCEMENT Name : Fransisca Xaveria Diana Rahmawati NIM
: C0307026
Stated whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled The Analysis of Directive Speech Acts in Interrogative Forms in the Movie entitled Sherlock Holmes is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to others people’s work are written in quotation and included within bibliography. If it is then proven that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta, April 2015
The Researcher Fransisca Xaveria Diana Rahmawati
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MOTTO
No mountain’s too high for you to climb, all you have to do is have some climbing faith. (Celine Dion)
We cannot reach any higher if we can’t deal with ordinary loves. (Bono from U2)
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DEDICATION
I wholeheartedly dedicate this thesis to:
My mom and dad My brothers and sisters My fiancée My fellows
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT All praises are just for Heavenly Father, and His son, Jesus Christ, for the great inspiration to my life, thank You Lord for Holy Ghost and their guidance and companion in my precious life. This thesis would not be completed without the help and support from many persons. In this opportunity, I would like to express my special gratitude to: 1.
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences, UNS, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D.
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The Head of English Department, Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D.
3.
My thesis consultant Dr. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum for his guidance, suggestion, and useful correction for my thesis.
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My academic consultant, Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA for the concern and assistance.
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All lecturers of English Department for the valuable knowledge.
6.
My beloved mom and dad for the endless love, support and prayers. I promise I will always make you happy and so proud of me.
7.
My brothers and sisters for becoming my PET (Personal Emotional Trainers)
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My love, my angel, my future husband in this life and eternally, Mr. Ashton Scott Williams. I’m so lucky to be your lady and to be loved by someone like you. Thank you for giving me your heart, your precious love, support, warmth, and your sweetest smile for me. I love you so much with all my heart and soul. commit to user vii
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9.
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My best friends, I love you all.
10. My American and British friends. Y’all make me feel so thankful to God for giving me the precious opportunity to live on the earth which full of beautiful people. Y’all always make me stay focus on what I love and what I want most in this life. I love and adore y’all. 11. My mentors and motivators, Rhonda Byrne, John Assaraf, Rev. DR. Michael Beckwith, DR. John Demartini, DR. John Gray, DR. Joe Vitale, DR. Dennis Waitley and DR. Fred Allan Wolf for motivating me and making my dreams come true with your magic words. Thank you for the precious knowledge you all taught me. At last, I do realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestion and criticism will be kindly accepted. Hopefully, this thesis will be beneficial for English Department students and for those who are interested in linguistics.
Surakarta, April 2015 Fransisca XDR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE ..................................................................................................................
i
THE APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANT .................................................
ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS................................................
iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ........................................................................................
iv
MOTTO ...............................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................
xi
ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1
A. Research Background ...........................................................................................
1
B. Problem Statements...............................................................................................
3
C. Research Limitation .............................................................................................
3
D. Research Objectives .............................................................................................
4
E. Research Benefit ..................................................................................................
4
F. Research Methodology .........................................................................................
5
G. Thesis Organization .............................................................................................
5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................
7
A. Speech Community ..............................................................................................
7
B. Unit of Interaction ................................................................................................
8
1. Speech Situation .............................................................................................
8
2. Speech Event ..................................................................................................
8
3. Speech Act .....................................................................................................
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C. Component of Speech ..........................................................................................
11
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D. Communicative Competence ...............................................................................
15
E. Pragmatics ............................................................................................................
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F. Context .................................................................................................................
17
G. Indirect Speech Act and Nonliteral Speech Act ..….…………………………....
18
H. Directive ...............................................................................................................
20
I. Interrogative ..........................................................................................................
23
J. Synopsis of the Film ............................................................................................
25
K. Review of Related Study ......................................................................................
27
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
29
A. Type of Research...................................................................................................
29
B. Data and Source Data ............................................................................................
30
C. Sample and Sampling technique ..........................................................................
30
D. Equipment of the Research .................................................................................
31
E. Technique of Collecting Data ..............................................................................
31
F. Data Coding .........................................................................................................
32
G. Technique of analyzing Data ...............................................................................
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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ..............................................................................
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A. Analysis ................................................................................................................
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a. Introduction ....................................................................................................
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b. Data Analysis .................................................................................................
35
B. Discussion ............................................................................................................
82
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ....................................
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A. Conclusion ...........................................................................................................
86
B. Suggestion ............................................................................................................
91
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIXES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Percentage of the function of the directives ................................................ 35 Table 4.2 How characters express the interrogative forms as directives .................... 72 Table 4.3 Reasons of the characters employ the interrogative forms as directives .... 75 Table 4.4 Type of questions or interrogative forms .................................................... 80
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ABSTRACT Fransisca Xaveria Diana Rahmawati. 2015. The Analysis of Directive Speech Acts in Interrogative Forms in the Movie Entitled Sherlock Holmes. Thesis : English Department Faculty of Cultural Sciences. Sebelas Maret University. The research focuses on the questions or interrogative forms which have the functions as directives employed by the characters in the movie entitled Sherlock Holmes. This research was conducted to describe the functions of directive speech acts in interrogative forms employed by the characters in the movie, to find out how the characters express the directives, and also to find the reasons why the questions or interrogative forms are functioned differently as directives. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. This research uses a pragmatics approach. The technique of sampling used is total sampling. All conversation containing the questions or interrogative forms which have the function or purpose as directive speech acts were taken as data. Based on the data analysis, the researcher draws conclusions as follows: Based on John Searle’s directive speech acts criteria, the characters in the movie Sherlock Holmes employ interrogative forms or questions which have the functions or purposes ‘to order’, ‘to request’, ‘to forbid’, ‘to suggest’, ‘to warn’ and ‘to instruct’. Based on Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING theory, the characters in the movie express the directive speech act in interrogative forms variously which depends on the context, such as when the addresser gives order to someone he/she tends to express it seriously and emphatically, when the addresser requests someone to do something he/she tends to express it politely, etc. Based on Hymes’ SPEAKING theory, the interrogative forms or questions employed by the characters of the movie are functioned differently based on the situation and relationship between the participants. For example, the questions are functioned differently as directive speech act ‘to order’ because the addresser tries to make the addressee think about what they should do, and because the addresser tries to remind the addressee about his power. Based on the conclusion above, the researcher hopes that this research gives a contribution to students in studying directive speech act. commit to user xii
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ABSTRAK
Fransisca Xaveria Diana Rahmawati. 2015. Analisis Tindak Tutur Langsung dalam Kalimat Tanya Interrogative pada Film Sherlock Holmes. Skripsi: Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Ilmu Budaya. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.
Penelitian ini berfokus pada kalimat tanya yang berfungsi sebagai tindak tutur langsung yang digunakan oleh para tokoh film Sherlock Holmes. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menjabarkan fungsi dari tindak tutur langsung dalam bentuk kalimat tanya, bagaimana cara para tokoh mengekspresikannya, dan alasan mengapa para tokoh menggunakan kalimat tanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik. Semua dialog antar para tokoh yang mengandung kalimat tanya yang berfungsi sebagai tindak tutur langsung diambil sebagai data penelitian. Berdasarkan analisis data, peneliti mengambil kesimpulan: Berdasarkan teori tindak tutur langsung yang dikemukakan oleh John Searle, para tokoh dalam film menggunakan kalimat tanya yang berfungsi untuk memerintah, meminta sesuatu, melarang, menyarankan, memperingatkan, dan menginstruksikan. Berdasarkan teori SPEAKING yang dikemukakan oleh Dell Hymes, para tokoh dalam film mengekspresikan tindak tutur langsung dalam kalimat tanya dengan cara yang berbeda-beda, tergantung pada konteks, misalnya saat seseorang memberikan perintah dia cenderung mengekspresikannya dengan serius dan penuh penekanan, saat seseorang ingin meminta sesuatu pada orang lain dia cenderung mengespresikannya dengan cara yang sopan, dsb. Berdasarkan teori SPEAKING yang dikemukakan oleh Dell Hymes, kalimat tanya yang digunakan oleh para tokoh dalam film dapat berfungsi sebagai tindak tutur langsung, tergantung pada situasi dan hubungan antar para tokoh, misalnya, kalimat tanya berfungsi untuk memerintah karena tokoh tersebut ingin membuat tokoh lain berpikir tentang apa yang harus mereka lakukan serta untuk menunjukkan kekuasaan. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para mahasiswa yang tertarik melakukan penelitian tentang tindak tutur langsung. commit to user xiii
