STUDY PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR BERBASIS MASYARAKAT PADA PNPM P2KP

STUDY PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR BERBASIS MASYARAKAT PADA PNPM P2KP

Final Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LATAR BELAKANG Studi pembangunan infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat ini merupakan satu dari delapan studi yang selain melihat dan mempelajari hal-hal atau permasalahan serta temuan-temuan yang terjadi dalam perjalanannya, kemudian dilakukan analisis baik yang menyangkut elemen pemerintah, elemen konsultan pendamping dan elemen masyarakat baik BKM/KSM maupun pemanfaat langsung yang bertujuan untuk lebih menyempurnakan program ini dalam implementasinya dimasa mendatang. Hal inilah yang melatar belakangi kegiatan studi pembangunan infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat pada PNPM P2KP. Studi pembangunan infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat ini terfokus pada kualitas teknis dari infrastruktur itu sendiri, efisiensi yang terjadi serta bagaimana peran masyarakat yang diwakili oleh BKM dan KSM, pemantauan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah tingkat kelurahan dan kecamatan hingga pemerintah daerah setempat dan dampingan yang dilakukan oleh konsultan pendamping mulai dari Faselitator Kelurahan, Korkot dan Askot Konsultan Manajemen Wilayah. Seperti yang tercantum dalam pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian yang sesuai dengan kerangka acuan kerja.

MAKSUD DAN TUJUAN KAJIAN Maksud dari kajian infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat ini adalah memberikan masukan pada proses perbaikan rancangan program untuk menciptakan sistem infrastruktur dan pembangunan fasilitas di masyarakat, yang secara efektif menambah tingkat partisipasi publik dalam upaya-upaya tersebut dan memastikan kualitas minimal serta standar efisiensi dalam konteks P2KP. Sedangkan tujuan dari kajian ini adalah dapat memberikan gambaran yang komprehensif dari kualitas, efektifitas dan efisiensi dari infrastruktur dan fasilitas yang dibangun masyarakat di lokasi penelitian dan mengidentifikasi pilihan-pilihan untuk perbaikan. Memberikan pemahaman analitis dari faktorfaktor yang menjadi tantangan kualitas, efektifitas, dan efisiensi dari pembangunan infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat di lokasi penelitian. Dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk perubahan dan perbaikan rancangan program dan implementasi program di wilayah perluasan PNPM yang tepat untuk mengurangi tantangan yang teridentifikasi PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN Kemudian yang menjadi dasar penyusunan instrumen-instrumen penelitian adalah 5 pertanyaan penelitian sebagai berikut “ 1. Apakah sistem pengembangan infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat yang ada saat ini menghasilkan konstruksi dengan kualitas teknis yang dapat diterima menurut standar yang dibentuk pemerintah? 2. Apakah masyarakat setempat menganggap konstruksi ini berguna atau menguntungkan? 3. Apakah sistem infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat yang ada saat ini lebih efisien dan berkelanjutan (menurut standar yang dibentuk PT. S HI D DI Q SA RA NA M U LYA

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pemerintah) daripada ukuran-ukuran konstruksi non-partisipatori yang konvensional? 4. Apakah regulasi pemerintah (lokal, regional dan nasional) menghambat keterlibatan masyarakat dalam pembangunan infrastruktur? 5. Jenis dukungan apakah (sebagai bagian dari rancangan program di masa mendatang) yang dapat mengurangi kekurangan-kekurangan dalam sistem pembangunan infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat yang ada saat ini?

PENENTUAN LOKASI SASARAN STUDI Studi ini dilaksanakan di enam kota dimana program P2KP dilaksanakan, yakni: Surabaya dan Pasuruan yang mewakili pulau Jawa dan P2KP fase 2, Makasar dan Gorontalo yang mewakili pulau Sulawesi dan P2KP fase 2 serta Medan dan Bengkulu yang mewakili pulau Sumatera untuk P2KP tahun 2007, sebagaimana telah dinyatakan dalam Kerangka Kerja Acuan (KAK). Pada setiap kota terpilih, akan dipilih dua kelurahan untuk penyelidikan selanjutnya, yang dianggap mewakili kasus-kasus ekstrim dalam kaitannya dengan pertanyaan utama penelitian. Dengan demikian maka total kelurahan yang dikaji adalah sebanyak dua belas kelurahan dengan pertimbangan kelurahan dengan kegiatan infrastruktur terbanyak atau kelurahan dengan komponen kegiatan khusus. METODE DAN STRATEGI YANG DIGUNAKAN Sebagai dasar penyusunan instrumen penelitian, khususnya instrumen pemeriksaan kualitas teknis dan perhitungan ulang atau re-costing adalah dari data SIM yang diperoleh dari KMP. Dari data SIM diperoleh beberapa infrastruktur yang dibangun oleh masyarakat, yaitu jalan lingkungan dengan perkerasan Paving blok dan rabat beton, drainase, jembatan atau goronggorong, MCK, air bersih dan pembangunan rumah layak huni. Untuk memperoleh informasi dan data dilakukan beberapa kegiatan, yaitu : 1. Pemeriksaan kualitas teknis infrastruktur yang dibangun oleh masyarakat dan wawancara dengan beberapa warga masyarakat pengguna. 2. Focus Group Disscussion (FGD) dengan BKM/KSM dan masyarakat penerima manfaat, tim Fasilitator kelurahan dan Askot/Korkot serta Konsultan Manajemen Wilayah (KMP). 3. Semi Structure Interview (SSI) dengan Kasatker SNVT BPL, PJOK dan Kepala kelurahan. 4. FGD biografi dengan BKM dan Faskel infrastruktur. 5. Melakukan penghitungan ulang atau re-costing untuk melihat ada atau tidak dan membandingkan seberapa besar efisiensi biaaya yang terjadi. Pelaksanaan kegiatan lapangan dalam rangka pengumpulan data PNPM P2KP dilakukan dalam 3 (tiga) tahapan pelaksanaan kegiatan lapangan sesuai dengan 3 pulau yang mewakili P2KP-2 dan P2KP 2007, yaitu: Kegiatan Lapangan Tahap I, Kota Surabaya dan Pasuruan, tanggal 18 Mei 2009 s/d 5 Juni 2009, yang dilakukan untuk pengumpulan data di 2 Kelurahan di masing-masing kota yang menjadi wilayah pelaksanaan

PT. S HI D DI Q SA RA NA M U LYA

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program. Kegiatan Lapangan Tahap II, Kota Makasar dan Gorontalo, tanggal 8 Juni 2009 s/d 26 Juni 2009, yang dilakukan untuk pengumpulan data di 2 Kelurahan di masing-masing kota yang menjadi wilayah pelaksanaan program dan koordinasi dengan KMW V UPP2 dan kepala satker SNVT PBL Sulawesi Utara yang bertempat di kota Manado Kegiatan Lapangan Tahap III, Tanggal 13 Juli 2009 s/d 31 Juli 2009, yang dilakukan untuk pengumpulan data di 2 Kelurahan di masingmasing kota yang menjadi wilayah pelaksanaan program. Proses pelaksanaan kegiatan semula adalah tim dibagi menjadi dua, dan masuk secara bersamaan di dua kelurahan sasaran studi tetapi dari beberapa pertimbangan antara lain, ketelitian, banyaknya informasi yang harus didapat dan waktu maka strategi pembagian tim tidak dilakukan, 4 orang anggota tim studi secara bersama-sama masuk di kelurahan yang sama. Metode FGD bersama BKM/KSM dan masyarakat pengguna juga mengalami pelebaran, dalam waktu bersamaan tim dibagi menjadi 2. FGD dilakukan dengan cara yang berbeda agar didapat informasi yang lebih bervariasi. Untuk mempermudah kegiatan studi dipergunakan instrument-instrumen sebagai berikut : Form pemeriksaan kualitas infrastruktur, yang dipergunakan sebagai alat ukur dan agar lebih objektif dibuat berdasarkan standar teknis yang dipergunakan oleh P2KP. Instrumen Panduan wawancara semi terstruktur dan FGD, dibuat untuk mempermudah dan lebih terarah. FGD Tools dipergunakan untuk menambah variasi jawaban dengan memberikan penilaian atau scoring yang kemudian dianalisis dalam bentuk kualitatif. HASIL TEMUAN KAJIAN Dari hasil studi lapangan didapat beberapa temu kenali beberapa hal yang saling berkaitan dimana pada kaitan akhirnya adalah kualitas dan manfaat dari infrastruktur yang dibangun. Dan yang paling banyak mendapat sorotan adalah peran, kemampuan dan pengetahuan Fasilitator kelurahan dan konsultan pendamping lainnya serta tugas dan fungsi dari pemerintah daerah setempat yang mengawal pelaksanaan P2KP yaitu kepala kelurahan dan PJOK. Dari hasil pemeriksaan kualitas teknis infrasatruktur jalan baik jalan rabat beton maupun paving blok di 12 kelurahan pada 6 kota sasaran studi diketahui bahwa 43,8% masuk katagori cukup dan 56,3% pada kondisi kurang. 61,5% infrastruktur drainase dalam katagori baik, 19,2% masuk golongan cukup dan 19,2% pada katogi kurang. Kemudian 22,2% infrastruktur MCK dalam kondisi baik, 22,2% masuk katagori cukup dan 55,6% pada katagori kurang. Dari infrastruktur bangunan seperti rumah layak huni dan posyandu 44,4% masuk katagori baik, 33,3% pada katagori cukup dan 22,2% katagori kurang. Dan pembangunan 2 ruas jembatan kayu atau lebih jelasnya disebut jalan titian atau jalan jerambah di makasar masuk pada katagori kurang serta membahayakan. Hal-hal yang paling dominan yang mempengaruhi dan mengurangi kualitas adalah bahwa konstruksi tidak dilengkapi dengan sarana pendukung, tidak memperhatikan dampak lingkungan dan tidak adanya unit pemelihara sarana setelah infrastruktur tersebut terbangun. Dari hasil studi lapangan diketahui bahwa kondisi kelurahan apakah berada di kota besar maupun kecil, tengah kota maupun pinggiran atau pesisir tidak berpengaruh pada kualitas infrastruktur. Hal-hal yang mempengaruhi PT. S HI D DI Q SA RA NA M U LYA

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pemilihan infrastruktur, kualitas dan akuntabilitas adalah dominasi dari BKM khususnya koordinatornya. Dari hasil analisis mikro dan jenjang hal yang menjadi sorotan adalah peran dan pengaruh pemerintah daerah, jumlah dan alokasi dana BLM serta peran, pengetahuan dan kemampuan dari konsultan pendamping. Ketiga hal tersebut terurai pada analisis di masing-masing kota dan kelurahan sasaran studi.


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KATA PENGANTAR Pertama-tama kami mengucapkan terima kasih atas segala dukungan Tim Konsultan Evaluasi, Advisor dari Word Bank, Departemen PU Cipta Karya, Tenaga ahli Infrastruktur KMP P2KP serta Faskel, Korkot dan Askot masingmasing kota sasaran studi dan segala pihak sehingga dapat tersusun laporan akhir Studi pembangunan Infrastruktur berbasis masyarakat pada PNPM P2KP ini. Laporan akhir ini merupakan laporan final dari empat jenis laporan yang harus disusun oleh Tim Studi. Laporan ini dibuat setelah seluruh kegiatan kunjungan lapangan selesai dilaksanakan dan draf final reportnya telah diseminarkan melalui kegiatan workshop, sehingga telah diperoleh beberapa input dari peserta workshop dan beberapa hasil analisis data telah mendapatkan beberapa penyempurnaan. Laporan Akhir ini menggambarkan rangkaian tahapan kegiatan yang sudah dilaksanakan dan kendala yang dihadapi selama studi serta beberapa temuan, analisis dan disajikan secara sistematis yang dituangkan dalam Tabel Ringkasan Hasil Analisis dan Profil Desa serta temuan-temuan lainnya di lapangan. Demikian laporan akhir ini disusun, dan atas segala masukan yang diberikan oleh semua stakeholder (Tim teknis, Tim study dan pemilik program) yang terlibat dalam kegiatan di lapang maupun dalam kegiatan workshop, diucapkan banyak terima kasih.

Jakarta, November 2009

Tim Studi pt. Shiddiq Sarana Mulya


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Final Report

Daftar Pustaka 1. Economic Impact analysis study of Kecamatan Development Program Infrastructure Project, World Bank, January 2005 2. Studi analisis dampak ekonomi pada proyek-proyek WSLIC-2, CERD, P2D, P2KP, November 2005 3. Studi evaluasi Kompensasi pengurangan subsidi bahan bakar minyak bidang infrastruktur pedesaan (PKPS BBM – IP), World bank, Bappenas, 2006 4. Suplemen teknis P2KP, Dirjen Cipta karya Departemen Pekerjaan Umum – Konsultan Manajemen Pusat P2KP. 5. Pedoman Sederhana Pembangunan Jalan dan Jembatan Perdesaan, Drainase, MCK untuk Perdesaan yang diterbitkan oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Puslitbang Jalan- Dep. PU Tahun 1996. 6.

Standar Nasional Indonesia, untuk pekerjaan-pekerjaan teknik sipil.


STUDY PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR BERBASIS MASYARAKAT PADA PNPM P2KP

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