Perumusan masalah
Darimana masalah ditemukan? 1. pengamatan terhadap kegiatan manusia sekeliling 2. ulangan serta perluasan penelitian 3. cabang studi yang sedang dikembangkan 4. praktek serta keinginan masyarakat 5. bidang spesialisasi 6. pelajaran yang sedang diikuti 7. diskusi-diskusi ilmiah 8. persaan intuisi 9. pengalaman dan catatan pribadi 10. deduksi dari teori 11. literatur yang relevan (termasuk laporan hasil penelitian) 12. kebijakan-kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh suatu instansi, lembaga atau organisasi Donald Ary dkk (1994); Sanapiah Faisal (1995) dan Moh Nasir (1999)
What is a research problem? • Konvensional: problem adalah seperangkat kondisi yang memerlukan solusi, diskusi dan informasi. • Teknis/metodologis: menunjukkan perlunya dilakukana penelitian empiris; pengumpulan data dan analisis • It is not: – (1) how to do something; – (2) a vague or too broad a proposition; or – (3) a value question.
• But by asking these types of questions a researchable problem may emerge. • Preliminary work determines what type of logic would best serve the investigation. Is deductive or inductive reasoning needed?
research problem • Penelitian kualitatif: sejumlah pertanyaan atau hipotesis. Hipotesis deductive reasoning. • Penelitian kualitatif: suatu pertanyaan penelitian yang merupakan hasil pemikiran induktif untuk memahami situasi tertentu. Biasanya diungkapkan dengan kata “how, what, why”
Merumuskan masalah • Rambu-rambu perumusan masalah : – Masalah biasanya dirumuskan dalam bentuk pertanyaan – Rumusan hendaknya jelas dan padat – Rumusan masalah harus berisi implikasi adanya data untuk memecahkan masalah – Rumusan masalah harus merupakan dasar dalam perumusan hipotesis – Masalah harus menjadi dasar perumusan judul penelitian Moh. Nasir (1999)
Tujuan Penelitian • The purpose of this study is to . . . (it should imply the question, define the variables for the purpose of the study, and define the population of the study)
Problem Statements • The problem statement is more specific than a topic and it limits the scope of the research problem.It communicates:(1)the focus & importance of the problem;(2)the context & scope; &(3) the framework for reporting the results.
Jenis Permasalahan • Masalah = problem • Tiga jenis problem: – Problematik deskriptif, yaitu problema untuk mengetahui status dan mendeskripsikan fenomena sehingga lahirlah penelitian deskriptif – Problematik komparatif, yaitu problema untuk membandingkan dua fenomena atau lebih. Disini peneliti berusaha mencari persamaan dan perbedaan fenomena, selanjutnya mencari arti atau manfaat dari persamaan dan perbedaan tersebut – Problematik korelatif, yaitu problema untuk mencari hubungan antara dua fenomena. Problem korelasi ada dua macam, yaitu korelasi sejajar dan korelasi sebab akibat.
• Ketiga jenis permasalahan ini biasanya dijadikan dasa peneliti dalam merumuskan judul penelitian
Formulating research aims and objectives
• Maksud (Aims): – are broad statements of desired outcomes, or the general intentions of the research, which 'paint the picture' of your research proposal – emphasize what is to be accomplished, not how it is to be accomplished – address the long-term project outcomes, i.e. they should reflect the aspirations and expectations of the research topic – do not need to be numbered
Latar Belakang,Rumusan masalah dan Judul Penelitian
• Objectives: – are the steps you are going to take to answer your research questions or a specific list of tasks needed to accomplish the goals of the project – emphasize how aims are to be accomplished – must be highly focused and feasible – address the more immediate project outcomes – make accurate use of concepts and be sensible and precisely described – are usually numbered so that each objective reads as an 'individual' statement to convey your intentions
• For each specific objective you must have a method to attempt to achieve it. The development of a realistic time schedule may help to prioritize your objectives and help to minimize wasted time and effort.
Aims and Objectives should not: • be too vague, ambitious or broad in scope: – though aims are more general in nature than objectives it is the viability and feasibility of your study that you have to demonstrate and aims often present an over-optimistic picture of what the project can achieve
• just repeat each other in different terms • just be a list of things related to your research topic • spend time discussing details of your job or research site i.e.: – it is your research study your assessors are interested in and you should keep this in mind at all times.
• contradict methods, that is, they should not imply methodological goals or standards of measurement, proof or generalizability of findings that the methods cannot sustain •
Remember: • at the conclusion of your project you will need to assess whether or not you have met your objectives and if not, why not. • you may not however always meet your aims in full, since your research may reveal that your questions were inappropriate, that there are intervening variables you could not account for or that the circumstances of the study have changed etc. Whatever the case, your conclusion will still have to reflect on how well the research design that was guided by your objectives has contributed to addressing your aims.
Jenis-jenis metode penelitian • Metode deskriptif: penelitian yang menggunakan metode kuantitatif untuk menggambarkan fenomena seperti apa adanya fenomena tersebut. Bukan bermaksud untuk memanipulasi atau mengontrol. Contoh: – Naturalistic observation – Survey research
• Penelitian korelasional: mengidentifikasi hubungan antara variabel-variabel, bukan untuk melihat hubungan sebab akibat • Prosesnya melibatkan – developing a research question, – collecting data, and – drawing a conclusion.
• Proses pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dalam bentuk pengukuran variabel bukan memanipulasi variabel
Beberapa persoalan dalam penelitian korelasional • Karena hanya mengukur tidak bisa ditetapkan mana yang penyebab mana yang akibat • Bisa saja terjadi variables X dan Y berkorelasi,meski X tidak menyebabkan Y. • Misal: hubungan antara banyaknya teman dengan kesehatan
• Misal: ada hubungan positif antara banyaknya teman dengan kesehatan • Kemungkinan : – Banyak teman membuat seorang menjadi lebih sehat – Karena lebih sehat seseorang punya banyak teman. Orang yang sehat bisa terlibat banyak dalam aktivitas sosial sehingga memiliki teman lebih banyak.
Contoh penelitian korelasional • smoking and violent crime (Brennan, 1999) • Women surveyed during the final trimester of pregnancy about smoking. Correlated with arrested records of their sons 34 years later. Controlled for: • socioeconomic status parental psychiatric problems age fatherís criminal historyConclusion: ìmaternal smoking during pregnancy is related to increased rates of crime in adult offspring.î Evaluation:
Contoh • Does being violent cause people to seek violent television shows? Or does watching violent television shows cause violent behavior? If all we do is measure the variables, we can't tell which of these is true
• Metode eksperimental: bertujuan memanipulasi dan mengontrol variabel untuk melihat (establish) hubungan sebab-akibat. – Quasi-experimental designs – True experimental designs – Single-subject designs
• Experiments are tests of hypotheses in which investigators manipulate an independent variable in order to determine a cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable • VARIABLES INVOLVED – INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: the variables that an experimenter manipulates. Independent variables are manipulated when an experimenter randomly assigns participants to experience different levels of the independent variable. – DEPENDENT VARIABLES : the variables that are measured by an investigator to determine if the independent variable had the intended effect
