DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI
i.
BAB I.
1
PENDAHULUAN
1.1.
Apakah instrumentasi dan Pengendalian Proses itu ?
1
1.2.
Tujuan Penulisan
1
BAB II.
SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN INSTRUMENTASI & SISTEM KONTROL
3
2.1.
Mengapa Diperlukan Pengukuran dan Pengontrolan
3
2.2.
Sejarah Perkembangan Teknologi Instrumentasi
5
2.3.
Perkembangan Architecture System control Proses
6
2.3.1. System Control Tradisional
6
2.3.2. System Control berbasis Computer
8
2.3.3. System Control Berbasis DCS
9
BAB III.
MEASURING DEVICES (FLOW, LEVEL, PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE)
12
3.1.
Umum
12
3.2.
Pengukuran Aliran Fluida (Flow Measurements)
12
3.2.1.
Umum
12
3.2.2.
Pengelompokan (Categorization)
12
3.2.3.
Pemasangan (Instalation)
13
3.2.4.
Pemilihan (Selection)
14
3.2.5.
Sifat Fisik Fluida
15
A. Viskositas ( μ )
15
B. Rapat Massa (density)
17
C. Berat Jenis (specific gravity)
17
D. Bilangan Reynold
17
3.2.6.
Alat Ukur Aliran Fluida
18
A. Differential Pressure Flowmeters (Head Flow Meter)
19
B. Variable Area Flowmeter (Rotameters)
30
C. Positive Displacement Flowmeters
33
D. Magnetic Meters
37
E. Turbine Meters
39
i
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
F. Coriolis Flowmeters
41
G. Target Flowmeters
43
H. Thermal Flowmeters
45
I. Ultrasonic Flowmeters
47
J. Vortex Flowmeters
51
Pengukuran Level Fluida (Level Measurements)
54
3.3.1.
Umum
54
3.3.2.
Pengelompokan (Categorization)
54
3.3.3.
Alat Ukur Level (Level Measurement Devices)
55
A. Displacement Type
55
B. Differential Pressure Type
56
C. Capacitance Type
59
D. Ultrasonic Types
61
E. Radar Type
63
F. Radiation Type
64
Pengukuran Pressure (Pressure Measurements)
67
3.4.1.
Umum
67
3.4.2.
Pengelompokan dan Pemilihan Alat Ukur
67
3.4.3.
Alat Ukur Tekanan
68
A. U tube
68
B. Bourdon Tube
70
C. Diaphragm Pressure Gage
73
D. Bellows Elements
75
E. McLeod Gages
76
Pengukuran Temperature (Temperature Measurements)
79
3.5.1.
Umum
79
3.5.2.
Macam Prinsip Alat Ukur Temperatur
79
3.5.3.
Alat Ukur Tekanan
80
A. Bimetal Thermometer
80
B. Thermocouple
81
C. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
84
D. Thermistor
86
E. Pyrometer
89
ii
BAB IV.
TRANSMITTER, CONVERTER, INSTRUMENT SIGNAL, INDICATOR, CONTROLLER, RECORDER DAN CONTROL VALVE
92
4.1.
Umum
92
4.2.
Instrument Signal Transmission
93
4.3.
4.2.1.
Media Transmisi
93
4.2.2.
Jenis Sinyal Instrumen
94
4.2.3.
Pemilihan Sinyal Instrumen
94
Transmitter 4.3.1.
Pneumatic Transmitter
95
A. Prinsip Kerja
95
B. Jenis-jenis Pneumatic Transmitter
96
4.3.2.
4.4.
95
Electronic Transmitter
97
A. Prinsip Kerja
97
B. Jenis-jenis Electronic Transmitter
98
Converter 4.4.1.
99 I/P Transducer (electropneumatic transducer)
A. Indoor Mount Type
99
B. Explosion-proof type. 4.4.2.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
100
P/I Transducer (Pneumatic to Current transducer)
Instrument Indicator
100 101
4.5.1.
Pneumatic Indicator
101
4.5.2.
Electronic Indicator
102
Instrument Indicator
102
4.6.1.
Pneumatic Recorder
102
4.6.2.
Electronic Recorder
102
Instrument Controller 4.7.1.
4.7.2.
4.8.
99
103
Pneumatic Controller
103
A. Local Controller
103
B. Panel Controller
103
Electronic Controller
104
A. Single Loop Controller
104
B. Multi Loop Controller
104
Control Valve 4.8.1.
104
Umum
104
iii
4.8.2.
105
A. Globe Valves
105
B. Rotary Valves
110
4.8.3.
Karakteristik Aliran - Valve Plug
111
4.8.4.
Actuator
112
4.8.5.
4.8.6.
BAB V.
Control Valve Body
A. Spring and Diaphragm actuators
113
B. Piston or Cylinder actuators
114
C. Electrohydraulic Actuators
115
D. Electric Actuators
116
E. Rack and Pinion Actuators
116
F. Manual Actuators
117
Control Valve Accessories
117
A. Positioners
117
B. Hand Wheel
119
C. Limit Switches
119
D. Solenoid Valve
119
E. Supply Pressure Regulator
120
Koefisien Valve Sizing (Cv)
120
A. Umum
120
B. Beberapa Defenisi
121
C. FCS Equations
122 127
SISTEM CONTROL PROSES
5.1.
Pendahuluan
127
5.2.
Aspek-Aspek Desain Sistem Kontrol Proses
128
5.3.
Elemen-Elemen Sistem Kontrol Proses
129
5.4.
Algoritma Pengontrolan dari Controller
132
5.5.
5.4.1.
ON-OFF Control
132
5.4.2.
Proportional Control (P Control)
132
5.4.3.
Proportional Integral Control (PI Control)
133
5.4.4.
Proportional Integral Derivative Control (PID Control)
135
Klasifikasi Aplikasi Sistem Kontrol Proses
137
5.5.1.
Flow Control
137
5.5.2.
Pressure Control
138
iv
5.6.
5.5.3.
Liquid-Level Control
138
5.5.4.
Temperature Control
139
Klasifikasi Loop Control Process
140
5.6.1.
Simple Control Loop (Basic Control Loop) A. Closed Loop Control – Feedback
140
B. Closed Loop Control – Feedforward
141
5.6.2.
BAB. VI 6.1.
Complicated Control Loop (Enhanced Regulatory Control)
141
A. Cascade Control
142
B. Splite Range Control
143
C. Ratio Control
144
D. Auto Selector Control
145
DCS YOKOGAWA CENTUM-XL KILANG UP-VI BALONGAN
Sistem Konfigurasi Centum-XL 6.1.1.
146 146
Man Machine Interface (EOPS)
147
A. EOPS (Enhanced Operator Station)
147
B. EOPC (Enhanced Operator Console)
149
C. EPRT2 Serial Printer
149
D. ECHU2 Color Hard Copy Unit
149
6.1.2.
Process Control Function (EFCD)
150
A. EFCS Field Control Station
150
B. EFCD Duplexed Field Control Station
153
6.1.3.
6.2.
140
Data Communication Facilities
156
A. HF-BUS
156
B. SV -Net
156
Sistem Konfigurasi Centum-XL
156
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
158
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