ANALISA DAN PERANCANGAN PERANGKAT AJAR KEANEKARAGAMAN BUDAYA INDONESIA BERBASIS MULTIMEDIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR TARSISIUS II Agus Wibowo, Enosta Tallega, Daniel Fersbeanto
Abstrak Karena Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman budaya, maka anak-anak pada umumnya merasa sulit untuk memahami persamaan dan perbedaannya. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk merancang suatu perangkat ajar berbasis multimedia untuk mengajarkan pengetahuan tentang keanekaragaman budaya Indonesia kepada anak-anak, khususnya siswa-siswa sekolah dasar dari kelas III sampai kelas VI, supaya mereka lebih lebih mengenal dan tertarik dengan ragam budaya Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam merancang perangkat ajar ini mencakup metode analisis dan perancangan. Dalam metode analisis, penulis melakukan wawancara dan menyebarkan kuesioner untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dihadapi. Sedangkan dalam metode perancangan penulis menggunakan alat bantu perancangan terstruktur dan Interactive Multimedia Software Design and Development untuk membuat rancangan perangkat ajar. Hasil yang dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah data kesulitan yang dialami para siswa sekolah dasar dan kebutuhan perangkat ajar . Penelitian ini juga meliputi perancangan, pengkodean, perancangan implementasi dan evaluasi hasil dari perangkat ajar keanekaragaman budaya Indonesia. Perangkat ajar ini mencakup 5 topik yang menjadi elemen dari suatu kebudayaan daerah, yaitu tarian, senjata, pakaian, rumah adat dan alat musik. Pada perangkat ajar juga terdapat soal-soal latihan yang berkaitan dengan keanekaragaman budaya Indonesia, yang dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman siswa-siswa SD terhadap materi tentang kebudayaan Indonesia. Kata kunci : Perangkat ajar, ragam budaya, multimedia.
v DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul Luar Halaman Judul Dalam Surat Persetujuan Softcover................................................................................................ i Abstrak...............................................................................................................................ii Prakata...............................................................................................................................iii Daftar Isi.............................................................................................................................v Daftar Gambar....................................................................................................................x Daftar Tabel......................................................................................................................xv Daftar Lampiran.............................................................................................................xvii BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.
Latar Belakang Masalah...................................................................................... 1
1.2.
Ruang Lingkup.................................................................................................... 2
1.3.
Tujuan dan Manfaat Penulisan............................................................................ 2
1.4.
Metodologi .......................................................................................................... 3
1.5.
Sistematika Penulisan ......................................................................................... 6
BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI.............................................................................................. 7 2.1.
Multimedia .......................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1.
Pengertian Multimedia ................................................................................ 7
2.1.2.
Elemen-Elemen Multimedia ....................................................................... 7
2.1.3.
Aplikasi–Aplikasi Multimedia .................................................................. 12
vi 2.1.4. 2.2.
Tujuan Penggunaan Multimedia ............................................................... 13
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) ............................................................... 14
2.2.1.
Sejarah Perkembangan Perangkat Ajar..................................................... 14
2.2.2.
Sejarah Perkembangan Komputer dalam Dunia Pendidikan .................... 15
2.2.3.
Jenis-Jenis CAI ......................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.
Manfaat CAI ............................................................................................. 17
2.3.
Sistem Basis Data ( Database )......................................................................... 17
2.3.1.
Pengertian Database dan Database Management System (DBMS) ......... 17
2.3.2.
Daur Ulang Aplikasi Database ................................................................. 18
2.3.3.
Arsitektur Database .................................................................................. 20
2.3.4.
EntityRelationship Modeling (ERM) ........................................................ 21
2.4.
Perancangan User Interface .............................................................................. 22
2.4.1.
Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer .............................................................. 22
2.4.2.
Delapan Aturan Emas ............................................................................... 23
2.5.
Piranti Lunak..................................................................................................... 25
2.5.1.
Pengertian Piranti Lunak........................................................................... 25
2.5.2
Pengertian Rekayasa Piranti Lunak .......................................................... 26
2.5.3.
Model Rekayasa Piranti Lunak ................................................................. 27
2.6.
Pemodelan Sistem ( System Modeling ) ............................................................ 30
2.6.1.
Perancangan dan Pengembangan Sistem Multimedia Interaktif............... 30
2.6.2.
Diagram Transisi ( State Transition Diagram ) ........................................ 33
2.7.
Kebudayaan....................................................................................................... 34
vii 2.7.1.
Definisi Kebudayaan................................................................................. 34
BAB 3 ANALISA DAN PERANCANGAN SISTEM..................................................... 36 3.1.
Latar Belakang Sekolah .................................................................................... 36
3.1.1.
Struktur Sekolah........................................................................................ 37
3.2.
Sistem yang Sedang Berjalan............................................................................ 38
3.3.
Hasil Kuesioner, Wawancara dan Analisis Data............................................... 38
3.3.1.
Hasil Kuesioner......................................................................................... 38
3.3.2.
Hasil Wawancara ...................................................................................... 49
3.3.3.
Analisis Data ............................................................................................. 51
3.3.4.
Kelemahan / Masalah................................................................................ 53
3.3.5.
Solusi / Pemecahan Masalah..................................................................... 53
3.4.
Struktur Menu ................................................................................................... 54
3.4.1.
Struktur Menu Client ................................................................................ 54
3.4.2.
Struktur Menu Admin................................................................................ 59
3.5.
Struktur State Transition Diagram (STD) ........................................................ 63
3.5.1.
Struktur STD Client .................................................................................. 63
3.5.2.
Struktur STD Administrator...................................................................... 70
3.6.
Struktur Perancangan Layar.............................................................................. 80
3.6.1.
Struktur Perancangan Layar User ............................................................. 80
3.6.2.
Stuktur Perancangan Layar Admin............................................................ 91
3.7.
Struktur Database ........................................................................................... 100
3.7.1.
Tabel Propinsi (T_Propinsi).................................................................... 100
viii 3.7.2.
Tabel Tarian (T_Tarian).......................................................................... 101
3.7.3.
Tabel Senjata (T_Senjata) ....................................................................... 101
3.7.4.
Tabel Alat Musik (T_Alat)...................................................................... 102
3.7.5.
Tabel Rumah (T_Rumah) ....................................................................... 102
3.7.6.
Tabel Pakaian (T_Pakaian) ..................................................................... 102
3.7.7.
Tabel Administrator (T_Admin) ............................................................. 103
3.7.8.
Tabel Soal (T_Soal) ................................................................................ 103
3.8.
Spesifikasi Modul ........................................................................................... 104
3.8.1.
Spesifikasi modul User ........................................................................... 104
3.8.2.
Spesifikasi Modul Admin ....................................................................... 108
BAB 4 IMPLEMENTASI DAN EVALUASI ................................................................ 121 4.1.
Implementasi Sistem Perangkat Ajar .............................................................. 121
4.2.
Instalasi ........................................................................................................... 121
4.3.
Cara Pemakaian............................................................................................... 126
4.3.1.
Tampilan Layar Menu dan Cara Pengoperasiannya ............................... 126
4.3.2.
Tampilan Layar Administrator dan Cara Pengoperasiannya .................. 141
4.4.
Evaluasi ........................................................................................................... 148
4.4.1.
Evaluasi Terhadap Sisi Pengguna ........................................................... 148
4.4.2.
Evaluasi Terhadap Sisi Interaksi Manusia Komputer............................. 154
4.4.3.
Evaluasi Terhadap Sisi Manfaat.............................................................. 156
BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .......................................................................... 157 5.1.
Kesimpulan ..................................................................................................... 157
ix 5.2.
Saran................................................................................................................ 157
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................................... 159 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP........................................................................................ 161 LAMPIRAN
x DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Daur Perancangan dan Pengembangan Sistem Multimedia Interaktif Dastbaz...............................................................................................................................5 Gambar 2.1 Tahapan dalam Daur Hidup Aplikasi Database..........................................18 Gambar 2.2 Siklus Klasik Rekayasa Piranti Lunak, Pressman ( 2001, p28-30 ) .. Error! Bookmark not defined. Gambar 2.3 Linear Sequential Model, Pressman ( 2001, p29).......................................27 Gambar 2.4 Model Prototyping.....................................................................................29 Gambar 2.5 Model Spiral ..............................................................................................30 Gambar 2.6 Daur Perancangan dan Pengembangan Sistem Multimedia Interaktif Dastbaz.............................................................................................................................31 Gambar 2.7 Simbol State................................................................................................33 Gambar 2.8 Simbol Transition State .............................................................................34 Gambar 2.9 Contoh STD Sederhana ..............................................................................34 Gambar 3.1 Struktur Organisasi SD Tarsisius II Tahun Pelajaran 2004/2005...............37 Gambar 3.2 Diagram Kategori Responden.....................................................................39 Gambar 3.3 Diagram Perbandingan Minat Responden terhadap Elemen Mata Pelajaran IPS ....................................................................................................................................40 Gambar 3.4 Diagram Tingkat Kesulitan Responden terhadap Pelajaran Kebudayaan Indonesia ..........................................................................................................................42 Gambar 3.5 Diagram Pendapat Responden Mengenai Buku yang Dipakai...................43 Gambar 3.6 Diagram Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Kebudayaan Indonesia..........44 Gambar 3.7 Diagram Intensitas Responden dalam Menggunakan Komputer ...............46
xi Gambar 3.8 Diagram Penggunaan Komputer.................................................................47 Gambar 3.9 Diagram Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Multimedia............................48 Gambar 3.10 Struktur Menu Client ................................................................................55 Gambar 3.11 Struktur Menu Utama ...............................................................................56 Gambar 3.12 Struktur Menu Belajar ..............................................................................56 Gambar 3.13 Struktur Menu Mengenal Budaya.............................................................57 Gambar 3.14 Struktur Menu Admin ...............................................................................59 Gambar 3.15 Struktur Menu Utama Admin....................................................................60 Gambar 3.16 Struktur Menu File ...................................................................................60 Gambar 3.17 Struktur Menu Database ..........................................................................61 Gambar 3.18 Struktur STD Client..................................................................................64 Gambar 3.19 Struktur STD Intro dan Menu Utama.......................................................65 Gambar 3.20 Struktur STD Bantu dan Sub Menu Bantu ...............................................65 Gambar 3.21 Struktur STD Belajar dan Menu Belajar ..................................................66 Gambar 3.22 Struktur STD Keluar dan Selesai..............................................................67 Gambar 3.23 Struktur STD Mengenal Budaya dan Peta Indonesia ...............................67 Gambar 3.24 Struktur STD Latihan dan Sub Menu Latihan..........................................68 Gambar 3.25 Struktur STD Peta Indonesia dan Informasi Kebudayaan........................68 Gambar 3.26 Struktur STD Informasi Kebudayaan .......................................................69 Gambar 3.27 Struktur STD Soal dan Sub Menu Soal ....................................................69 Gambar 3.28 Struktur STD Bermain dan Sub Menu Bermain.......................................70 Gambar 3.29 Struktur STD Admin .................................................................................71 Gambar 3.30 Struktur STD Login dan Keluar................................................................71 Gambar 3.31 Struktur STD Login dan Menu Utama......................................................72
xii Gambar 3.32 STD Menu File dan Keluar ......................................................................72 Gambar 3.33 Struktur STD Database Propinsi ..............................................................73 Gambar 3.34 Struktur STD Database Tarian.................................................................74 Gambar 3.35 Struktur STD Database Rumah Adat .......................................................75 Gambar 3.36 Struktur STD Database Alat Musik .........................................................76 Gambar 3.37 Struktur STD Database Pakaian Adat......................................................77 Gambar 3.38 Struktur STD Database Senjata................................................................78 Gambar 3.39 Struktur STD Database Soal ....................................................................79 Gambar 3.40 Struktur STD Database Admin.................................................................80 Gambar 3.41 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Utama...............................................81 Gambar 3.42 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Belajar..............................................81 Gambar 3.43 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Mengenal Budaya ............................82 Gambar 3.44 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Latihan .............................................83 Gambar 3.45 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Informasi Propinsi ...........................84 Gambar 3.46 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Pakaian Daerah ................................85 Gambar 3.47 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Tarian Daerah ..................................86 Gambar 3.48 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Rumah Adat.....................................87 Gambar 3.49 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Senjata Daerah.................................88 Gambar 3.50 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Alat Musik .......................................89 Gambar 3.51 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Latihan Soal.....................................90 Gambar 3.52 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Bermain ...........................................90 Gambar 3.53 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Login................................................92 Gambar 3.54 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Utama...............................................92 Gambar 3.55 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Propinsi............................93
xiii Gambar 3.56 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Tarian ..............................94 Gambar 3.57 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Rumah Adat.....................95 Gambar 3.58 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Alat Musik.......................96 Gambar 3.59 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Pakaian Adat ...................97 Gambar 3.60 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Senjata Daerah.................98 Gambar 3.61 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Soal..................................99 Gambar 3.62 Diagram Perancangan Layar Menu Database Administrator ................100 Gambar 4.1 Tahap 1 Instalasi Client ............................................................................122 Gambar 4.2 Tahap 2 Instalasi Client ............................................................................123 Gambar 4.3 Tahap 3 Instalasi Client ............................................................................124 Gambar 4.4 Tahap 4 Instalasi Client ............................................................................125 Gambar 4.5 Tahap 5 Instalasi Client ............................................................................126 Gambar 4.6 Tampilan Layar Intro................................................................................127 Gambar 4.7 Tampilan Layar Menu Utama...................................................................128 Gambar 4.8 Tampilan Layar Bantu ..............................................................................129 Gambar 4.9 Tampilan Layar Belajar ............................................................................130 Gambar 4.10 Tampilan Layar Latihan .........................................................................131 Gambar 4.11 Tampilan Layar Mengenal Budaya ........................................................132 Gambar 4.12 Tampilan Layar Propinsi ........................................................................133 Gambar 4.13 Tampilan Layar Pakaian Daerah ............................................................134 Gambar 4.14 Tampilan Layar Tarian Daerah...............................................................135 Gambar 4.15 Tampilan Layar Rumah Adat .................................................................136 Gambar 4.16 Tampilan Layar Senjata Daerah .............................................................137 Gambar 4.17 Tampilan Layar Alat Musik....................................................................138
xiv Gambar 4.18 Tampilan Layar Soal...............................................................................139 Gambar 4.19 Tampilan Layar Bermain........................................................................140 Gambar 4.20 Tampilan Layar Keluar...........................................................................141 Gambar 4.21 Tampilan Layar Login ............................................................................142 Gambar 4.22 Tampilan Layar Menu Utama.................................................................143 Gambar 4.23 Tampilan Layar Database Propinsi .......................................................144 Gambar 4.24 Tampilan Layar Database Tarian Daerah ..............................................144 Gambar 4.25 Tampilan Layar Database Rumah Adat .................................................145 Gambar 4.26 Tampilan Layar Database Alat Musik ...................................................145 Gambar 4.27 Tampilan Layar Database Pakaian Adat................................................146 Gambar 4.28 Tampilan Layar Database Senjata Daerah .............................................146 Gambar 4.29 Tampilan Layar Database Soal ..............................................................147 Gambar 4.30 Tampilan Layar Database Administrator...............................................147 Gambar 4.31 Diagram Tingkat Kemudahan Penggunaan Perangkat Ajar...................149 Gambar 4.32 Diagram Tingkat Ketertarikan Pengguna terhadap Perangkat Ajar .......150 Gambar 4.33 Diagram Tingkat Keefektifan Perangkat Ajar........................................151 Gambar 4.34 Diagram Tingkat Kelengkapan Perangkat Ajar.....................................152
xv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Tabel Tahapan Aktifitas yang Terdapat dalam Daur Hidup Aplikasi Database ..........................................................................................................................................20 Tabel 3.1 Tabel Kategori Responden ..............................................................................39 Tabel 3.2 Tabel Minat Responden terhadap Kebudayaan Indonesia ..............................40 Tabel 3.3 Tabel Persentase Minat Responden terhadap Kebudayaan Indonesia ............41 Tabel 3.4 Tabel Tingkat Kesulitan Responden terhadap Pelajaran Kebudayaan Indonesia ..........................................................................................................................42 Tabel 3.5 Tabel Pendapat Responden Mengenai Buku yang Dipakai ............................43 Tabel 3.6 Tabel Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Kebudayaan Indonesia ...................44 Tabel 3.7 Tabel Persentase Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Kebudayaan Indonesia..45 Tabel 3.8 Tabel Intensitas Responden dalam Menggunakan Komputer.........................46 Tabel 3.9 Tabel Penggunaan Komputer ..........................................................................47 Tabel 3.10 Tabel Persentase Penggunaan Komputer ......................................................47 Tabel 3.11 Tabel Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Multimedia ...................................48 Tabel 3.12 Tabel Persentase Minat Responden terhadap Unsur Multimedia .................49 Tabel 3.13 Tabel Propinsi .............................................................................................101 Tabel 3.14 Tabel Tarian ................................................................................................101 Tabel 3.15 Tabel Senjata ...............................................................................................101 Tabel 3.16 Tabel Alat Musik.........................................................................................102 Tabel 3.17 Tabel Rumah ...............................................................................................102 Tabel 3.18 Tabel Pakaian ..............................................................................................103
xvi Tabel 3.19 Tabel Administrator ....................................................................................103 Tabel 3.20 Tabel Soal....................................................................................................104 Tabel 4.1 Tabel Tingkat Kemudahan Penggunaan Perangkat Ajar ..............................149 Tabel 4.2 Tabel Tingkat Ketertarikan Pengguna terhadap Perangkat Ajar...................150 Tabel 4.3 Tabel Tingkat Keefektifan Perangkat Ajar ...................................................151 Tabel 4.4 Tabel Tingkat Kelengkapan Perangkat Ajar ................................................152
xvii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Kuisioner I........................................................................................................................L1 Kuisioner II......................................................................................................................L2
