30 Tahun Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Banjarbaru : Kontribusi pada Rehabilitasi Hutan Rawa Gambut Tri Wira Yuwati Dony Rachmanadi Purwanto B.S. Rusmana Sudin Panjaitan
Outline • Pendahuluan • Hutan rawa gambut di Kalimantan Tengah • Tiga dasa warsa penelitian rehabilitasi hutan rawa gambut oleh BPK Banjarbaru • Penutup
Pendahuluan
Proyek ATA-267
BTR
BP2HT-IBT
BPK Banjarbaru
Penelitian pada ekosistem hutan rawa gambut
Hutan Rawa Gambut Eco-Tourism Donations Debt-for-Nature Swaps BIODIVERSITY FUTURE OPTIONS LANDSCAPE UNIQUENESS
Forest Resources Nipah/Nibung Construction Wood Fuel Wood Future Resources
Drinking Water Coastal Transportation Agriculture Subsistence
Carbon Storage
Erosion Control Sedimentation Control Storm Protection Saltwater Intrusion Control Pesticide Intrusion Control Pyrite Oxidation Control Water Table Stabilisation Water Quality Maintenance Microclimate Stabilisation Nutrient Supply
Fish Shrimps Crabs Mussels
Hutan Rawa Gambut 500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000
Kehilangan biodiversitas
250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Kerusakan tata air
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
Cumulative area burnt (Block C) 1973-2006
Emisi GRK
Kehilangan nilai ekonomi
Hot spots 1997-2006
KONTRIBUSI PADA REHABILITASI HUTAN RAWA GAMBUT
Tiga dasa warsa penelitian HRG 1983-1993
1994-2003
• Regenerasi alam di gambut dalam (Maliku) • Ramin dan belangeran di gambut tipis (Liang anggang)
• Teknik Rehabilitasi • Kebakaran hutan • Agroforestry • Establishing KHDTK Tumbang Nusa to promote sustainable PSF management
2004-2013 •Teknik rehabilitasi •Kebakaran hutan •Agroforestry •Pemanfaatan mikroba tanah •Makrofauna tanah •Growth & Yield •Biomassa & Karbon
• Lingkungan pertumbuhan • Pemupukan • Mikroba tanah • Makrofauna tanah • Growth&yield • Biomassa&kar bon
Kebakaran
• Pengembang an model • Aspek sosial ekonomi • Aspek lingkungan
Lingkungan & Produktivitas
• Karakteristik lahan (tipologi dan hidrologi) • Karakteristik jenis • Uji jenis • Persiapan lahan • Teknik penanaman dan pemeliharaan • Teknik propagasi
Agroforestry
Revegetasi
Aspek yang telah diteliti • Karakteristik api • Rekayasa Alat • Manajemen pemadaman
2003
2013
Camp KHDTK Tumbang Nusa
2006
2013
Revegetasi
LOGGED-OVER AREA PEAT SWAMP BUSH FERNS-DOMINATED
REVEGETATION Planting
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL REGENERATION/ Enrichment planting
Planting
NO
SPECIES
SURVIVAL RATE
1
Punak (Tetramerista glabra)
60-70%
2
Pulai pipit (Alstonia spatulata)
60-70%
3
Papung (Sandoricum spp.)
10 %
4
Jelutung (Dyera polyphylla)
70-90%
5
Blangeran (Shorea balangeran)
60-85%
6
Takapas/medang telur (Stemonourus scorpioides)
50-60%
7
Cotylolebium spp.
8
Jingah (Gluta renghas)
9
Bintangur (Calophyllum macrocarpum)
70%
10
Kapur naga (Calophyllum spp.)
70%
11
Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus)
50%
12
Nyatoh (Palaquium spp.)
40%
25% -
NO SPECIES
SURVIVAL RATE
13
Galam (Melaleuca spp.)
-
14
Alau (Dacrydium spp.)
50%
15
Resak (Vatica rassak)
50%
16
Meranti rawa (Shorea teysmanniana)
40%
• More than 30 species used for trials including non PSF species (Fagrarea sp., Lagerstroemea speciosa, A. crassicarpa etc) • After 5 years, highest survival rate: (S. balangeran, D. polyphylla, T. glabra, V. rassak and Calophyllum spp.)
Gonystylus bancanus: 8 years
Shorea blangeran : 8 years
Site preparation on S. balangeran
MOUND Tending g 100
Trans port
Hard H d ening
Planting
STOP
Tending Watel level
80
Mounds were made to avoid inundation and facilitating plants from physiological stresses due to the limited O2 content.
60 40 20 0
-20
Moist zone in dry season
-40
Jul
Agt
Sep
DRY SEASON
Okt
Nov
Des
Jan
Feb
RAINY SEASON
Wibisono et al (2005)
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
DRY SEASON
Perbanyakan bibit
Thermostat at 27°C
KOFFCO nursery
1
3
1) & 2) Cuttings in propagation box 3) Acclimatization in greenhouse 4) Acclimatization under the shading net
2
4
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Local name
Jelutung rawa/pantung Pulai (rawa) Pulai pipit (rawa) Tumih/Merapat Punak Galam Kapur naga Gemor Medang telur Alau Belangiran Kayu bulan Ramin Nyatoh Meranti bunga/lanan lampung Bintangur Ketiau Meranti batu Resak Papung Gerunggang
Scientific name
Dyera polyphylla Alstonia pneumatophora Alstonia spatulata Combretocarpus rotundatus Tetramerista glabra Melaleuca leucadendra Callophylum soulattri Stemonurus scorpioides Dacrydium becarii Shorea balangeran Fagrarea crenulata Gonystylus bancanus Palaquium sp. Shorea teysmanniana Calophyllum sp. Palaquium sp. Shorea spp. Cotylelobium burckii Sandoricum sp. Cratoxylon glaucum
Generative
Vegetative
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3
(cuttings, wildlings) 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 (wildlings)
0 3 0 0 0
3 (wildlings) 3 (wildlings) 3 (wildlings) 3 (wildlings) 3 (wildlings) 3 (wildlings)
a
Root Compactness
b
Soil microbes utilization
Callophylum soulattri, 5 months after innoculation in nursery b b
15.00
b
tingg i (cm)
12.50
b a
10.00
7.50
JUMLAH DAUN (helai)
b
6.00 b
4.00 a
2.00
5.00 kontrol Gigaspora Enthrosphospora Glomus FMA
kontrol Gigaspora decipiens Enthrosphospora sp. Glomus cla rum FMA
Alstonia pneumatophora 5 years after planting in the field b 40.00
600.00
20.00
tingg i (cm)
diameter (cm)
30.00
a
a a
b
400.00
a 200.00 10.00
kontrol
Glomus c larum
FMA
Gigaspora decipiens
kontrol
Glomus c larum
FMA
Gigaspora decipiens
Kondisi Awal Plot Kalampangan (0-1 th)
Kondisi Plot Kalampangan umur 8 th
Kondisi Awal Plot Sukarji (0 th)
Kondisi Plot Sukarji umur 7 th
Kondisi Awal Plot KHDTK TN (0 th)
Kondisi Plot KHDTK TN umur 10 th
Kondisi Awal Plot jabiren (0 th)
Kondisi Sekarang Plot Jabiren (7 th)
Kondisi Plot Penelitian Agrosilvofishery di Desa Mentaren II (Bapak Rapingun)
Kebakaran hutan dan lahan
Rekayasa Alat
Pemadaman api
Kolaborasi riset
1. ITTO CITES dan PD 426 : Konservasi Ramin - Kebun pangkas ramin (10.000 stock plants) - Uji gene pool 2 ha - Pembangunan demplot tanaman 2 ha 2. Dishut Kapuas - Monitoring fenologi ramin 3. Kalimantan Forest and Climate Partnership - Eksplorasi jenis - Eksplorasi mikoriza - Perbanyakan jenis - Toleransi jenis thd kondisi lingkungan 4. Sumitomo Corp. dan Sumitomo Forestry - Pembangunan demplot agroforestry 4 ha - Monitoring regenerasi alam jenis rawa gambut di KHDTK Tumbang Nusa
Publikasi terbaru
Penutup • Beberapa aspek rehabilitasi rawa gambut terdegradasi sudah dikuasai. • Tetapi, masih banyak yang harus digali….
Future research needed • Physiological aspects affecting the success of rehabilitation at degraded PSF • Biodiversity • Pest and diseases • Forest product technology • PES (payment for environmental services) • Management of Conservation Areas • Forest economy
