2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas

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©2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas

Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan. Prosiding Seminar/UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan. – Cibodas, 2011. xx + 564 hlm.; 21 x 29,7 cm

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 1. Konservasi 2. Tumbuhan Tropika

Penelaah

: Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R. Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo. Setting dan Layout : Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna Rahman. Desain Sampul : Kusetiawan

*UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233 Email: [email protected] www.krcibodas.lipi.go.id

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PROSIDING Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” Cibodas, 7 April 2011

ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3

Penelaah: Didik Widyatmoko D.M. Puspitaningtyas R. Hendrian Irawati Izu A. Fijridiyanto Joko R. Witono Risna Rosniati Siti Roosita Ariati Sri Rahayu Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo

Penyelenggara: UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI Bekerjasama dengan Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia (PBI), Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (BBTNGGP), dan SEAMEO BIOTROP

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PROSIDING Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” Cibodas, 7 April 2011

Tidak dibenarkan mengutip ataupun memperbanyak seluruh maupun sebagian isi buku ini kemudian mendistribusikannya, tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.

Diterbitkan oleh : UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233 Email: [email protected] www.krcibodas.lipi.go.id cetakan 2011© ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3

Penelaah : Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R. Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo. Setting & Layout : Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna Rahman. Desain Sampul : Kusetiawan

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KATA PENGANTAR

Time is flying. Tidak terasa Kebun Raya Cibodas telah berusia 159 tahun pada tanggal 11 April 2011. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu tantangan yang dihadapi tidak semakin ringan. Kebun Raya sebagai garda terdepan dalam konservasi tumbuhan secara ex situ dituntut untuk berkontribusi secara nyata dalam melestarikan dan mendayagunakan tumbuhan tropika secara berkelanjutan. Program dan kegiatan Kebun Raya juga harus menjadi bagian integral dalam merespons isu-isu penting nasional, regional, maupun global, seperti kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati, deforestasi dan degradasi lahan, serta perubahan iklim. Perubahan tata guna lahan yang sangat cepat, degradasi hutan dan kawasan-kawasan konservasi, serta perubahan iklim global secara jelas telah mengancam keanekaragaman hayati, terutama di daerah tropis. Kondisi ini makin diperparah dengan berbagai kebijakan dan praktek-praktek pengelolaan sumberdaya yang belum mampu mengatasi laju penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas sumberdaya hayati. Prosiding ini merupakan dokumentasi Seminar Nasional dengan tema “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropis: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” yang dilaksanakan di UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI pada tanggal 7 April 2011. Seminar ini digagas dalam rangka membahas dan mendiskusikan perkembangan penelitian yang telah dan sedang dilakukan dan tantangan-tantangan yang akan dihadapi dalam mengkonservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang. Seminar ilmiah ini diikuti oleh 135 peserta, yang berasal dari berbagai institusi baik nasional maupun internasional. Narasumber yang dihadirkan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu Prof. J.W. Ferry Slik (pakar ekologi dan taksonomi tumbuhan dari Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China); Prof. Barry Conn (pakar Biosistematika dari National Herbarium of New South Wales Sydney, Australia); Prof. Dr. Ir. Iskandar Zukarnaen Siregar, M.For.Sc. (pakar silvikultur dan pemuliaan tumbuhan dari Institut Pertanian Bogor); dan Dr. Irdika Mansur, M.For.Sc. (Deputi Kepala Manajemen Sumber Daya dan Komunikasi, SEAMEO BIOTROP Regional Centre for Tropical Biology). Prosiding ini berisi 93 makalah yang merupakan hasil penelitian dari para peserta seminar. Secara umum topik yang disampaikan meliputi biologi konservasi, biosistematika tumbuhan, ekologi tumbuhan, etnobotani, dan hortikultura. Ucapan terima kasih kami sampaikan kepada Panitia Pelaksana Seminar, Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia, Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, SEAMEO BIOTROP, dan seluruh pihak yang telah membantu penyelenggaraan seminar ini. Besar harapan kami bahwa prosiding ini dapat bermanfaat bagi upaya konservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang.

Cibodas, September 2011

Dr. Didik Widyatmoko, M.Sc. Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas - LIPI

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

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DAFTAR ISI

Kata Pengantar......................................................................................................................................

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The Population Dynamics, Life Cycle and Conservation Status of Very Rare Rafflesia Bengkuluensis Susatya, Arianto & Mat-Salleh at Talang Lais, Kaur, Bengkulu Agus Susatya ........................................................................................................................................

1

Lasianthus spp. Germination: Role of Air Temperature, Received Radiation and Substrate Humidity Annisa Satyanti and R. Subekti Purwantoro ..........................................................................................

6

Mengenal dan Melestarikan Pohon Andalas (Morus macroura Miq.) Aswaldi Anwar......................................................................................................................................

11

Phylogenetic Analysis of Tree Fern Dicksonia blumei (Dicksoniaceae) Bayu Adjie ............................................................................................................................................

18

Sebaran, Keragaman dan Kelimpahan Vegetasi Mangrove di Pulau Batam, Karimun, Natuna, dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Sekitarnya Danang Wahyu Purnomo dan Didi Usmadi...........................................................................................

21

Beberapa Jenis Syzygium yang Tumbuh di Tepi Sungai di Wilayah Kabupaten Malang Deden Mudiana ....................................................................................................................................

29

Pengaruh Arsitektur Pohon Model Petit, Leeuwenberg, dan Aubreville Terhadap Aspek Hidrologi Lolosan Tajuk, Aliran Batang, Intersepsi Hujan dan Intersepsi Serasah di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Siti Sofiah dan Dewi Ayu Lestari ...........................................................................................................

36

Persebaran dan Keragaman Anggrek Pecteilis susannae (L.) Rafin. di Indonesia Diah Sulistiarini ...................................................................................................................................

40

Potensi Dipterocarpaceae Sebagai Penyerap C02 dan Penyimpan Karbon di Kebun Raya Bogor Didi Usmadi, Sri Wahyuni dan Melani K. Riswati .................................................................................

45

Membangun Pengelolaan Kolaboratif Kawasan Hutan Konservasi di Indonesia Didik Suharjito .....................................................................................................................................

50

Keanekaragaman Anggrek di Cagar Alam Panjalu Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ...................................................................................................................

56

Uji Daya Simpan Biji Anggrek Dendrobium stratiotes Rchb.F. Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas dan Elizabeth Handini ................................................................................

60

Regenerasi Heritierap percoriaceae Kosterm. di Kebun Raya Bogor Dodo dan Yupi Isnaini ..........................................................................................................................

66

Pengaruh Jenis dan Kadar Bahan Enkapsulasi Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) Dody Priadi ..........................................................................................................................................

71

Inventarisasi Kerusakan Flora Hutan di Lereng Selatan Gunung Slamet Dwi Nugroho Wibowo dan Ani Widyastuti ............................................................................................

76

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Kelekak: Kebun Buah-Buahan Lokal untuk Generasi Mendatang Salah Satu Bentuk Konservasi Masyarakat Bangka Eka Sari, Dyah Sandra Fiona, dan Nova Adelia ....................................................................................

82

Efektivitas Dua Periode Waktu dan Beberapa Metode Penyimpanan Terhadap Biji Garcinia picrorhiza Miq. Elly Kristiati Agustin ............................................................................................................................

88

Konservasi dan Perbanyakan Dendrobium spectabile (Blume) Miq. di Kebun Raya Bali Ema Hendriyani dan I Gede Tirta .........................................................................................................

93

Kapulaga (Amomum compactum Sol.ex Maton): Manfaat dan Sebarannya di Gunung Honje, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon Emma Sri Kuncari ................................................................................................................................

96

Atribut Ekologi Hutan Sekunder Dataran Rendah yang Terbentuk Setelah Peladangan di Talang Tais, Kaur, Bengkulu Enggar Apriyanto dan Siswahyono ........................................................................................................

101

Inventarisasi Bahan Obat Tradisional di Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli, Bali. Eniek Kriswiyanti, I Ketut Junitha, Endang Sri Kentjonowati, Nyoman Darsini, dan Iriani Setyawati....

108

Kegiatan Eksplorasi Flora Kebun Raya Purwodadi di Pulau Sulawesi Esti Endah Ariyanti...............................................................................................................................

113

Eksplorasi Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Anggrek di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Kab. Lampung Barat, Propinsi Lampung Esti Munawaroh dan Popi Aprilianti ....................................................................................................

118

Lumut di Kawasan Konservasi Ecology Park Cibinong, Jawa Barat Florentina Indah Windadri ...................................................................................................................

128

Potensi Duapuluh Tujuh Jenis Tumbuhan Obat yang Dimanfaatkan Oleh Suku Sasak di Sekitar Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani Francisca Murti Setyowatid dan Wardah ..............................................................................................

134

Keragaman Anggrek Alam di Kawasan Konservasi Bukit Bungkuk, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau Sri Hartini dan Hary Wawangningrum..................................................................................................

140

Adaptasi dan Seleksi 50 Jenis Begonia Dataran Tinggi di Kebun Raya Bogor Hartutiningsih - M. Siregar dan Mustaid Siregar ................................................................................

144

Eksplorasi dan Inventarisasi Anggrek di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi : Data Terakhir Sebelum Erupsi 2010 Susila, H., A. R. U. Wibowo, I. B. Nugroho, M. Bait, M. B. Atmaja, A. C. Pamuji, T. Sukoco dan H. Wardhana .......................................................................................................................................

150

Silangan Begonia robusta Blume var. robusta dengan Begonia flacca Irmsch I Made Ardaka dan Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta .....................................................................................

156

Hama Penggerek Daun (Catocala sp.) Pada Koleksi Zingiberaceae di Kebun Raya Bali dan Pengendaliannya I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa ................................................................................................................

160

Keanekaragaman Fungi Endofitik yang Berasosiasi dengan Akar Anggrek Spathoglottis plicata Blume dan Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) Hawkes Imam Bagus Nugroho, Hendry Susila, dan Rina Sri Kasiamdari .......................................................... Keanekaragaman Anggrek Epifit di Sekitar Danau Tamblingan-Bali

166

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Ig. Tirta dan Ema Hendriyani ...............................................................................................................

174

Analisis Vegetasi dan Kandungan Fitokimia Akar Kuning (Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.) di Hutan Penelitian Samboja, Kalimantan Timur Ibnu Hajar ............................................................................................................................................

180

The Diversity of Lichens in Cibodas Botanical Gardens and Their Potential as Herbal Medicine Iin Supartinah Noer ..............................................................................................................................

187

Pengaruh Aplikasi Arang pada Pertumbuhan Semai Beberapa Jenis Leguminosae Indriani Ekasari....................................................................................................................................

195

Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Ekologi Sirih-Sirihan Liar Anggota Suku Piperaceae di Kawasan Hutan Lindung BKPH Gunung Slamet Barat dan BKPH Moga Inggit Puji Astuti, Eka Fatmawati Tihurua, dan Sugeng Budiharta ........................................................

205

Germination of Indonesian Paphiopedilums at Different Maturity of Fruits and The Affinities Between The Species Irawati ..................................................................................................................................................

212

Input Karbon dan Nitrogen Via Gugur Seresah di Hutan Dataran Rendah Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Joeni Setijo Rahajoe dan Chumairoh ....................................................................................................

216

Prospek Konservasi Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia spp.) di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser Kansih Sri Hartini.................................................................................................................................

220

Keragaman dan Karakteristik Pisang (Musa acuminata) Kultivar Group Diploid AA Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Lia Hapsari dan Ahmad Masrum ..........................................................................................................

225

Study Laju Pertumbuhan Alamiah Tetrastigma glabratum Dibandingkan Dengan Laju Eksploitasi Oleh Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan Lindung Gunung Prau Lianah, Henna, Munifatul I. ..................................................................................................................

230

Variasi Anatomi (Stomata & Idioblast) pada Marga Curcuma Lilih Khotim Perwati, Erry Wiryani, Murningsih...................................................................................

238

Studi Aktivitas Antifungi Lumut Terhadap Fungi Patogen dari Daun Anggrek (Bulbophyllum flavidiflorum Carr.) Lily Ismaini...........................................................................................................................................

243

Karakteristik Anatomi Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) di Berbagai Media Tanam Tailing Timah dengan Penambahan Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit Lina Juairiah ........................................................................................................................................

248

Tipe Morfologi dan Anatomi Kulit Batang Pohon Inang Anggrek Epifit di Petak 5 Bukit Plawangan, Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi Muhammad Bima Atmaja dan Asri Cahyaning Pamuji ..........................................................................

253

Potensi Cadangan Biji di Dalam Tanah pada Hutan Sekunder Wornojiwo Musyarofah Zuhri, dan Zaenal Mutaqien ..............................................................................................

259

Pemanfaatan Bambu di Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur Ninik Setyowati dan Nurul Sumiasri ....................................................................................................

265

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

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Karakterisasi Morfologi Klon Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Lokal Berpotensi Unggul di Kecamatan Kasembon, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur Nurul Aini, Kuswanto, and Ghunthur Sheto Ari Utomo .........................................................................

272

Variasi Plasma Nutfah Tumbuhan Secara Lekat Lahan di Pekarangan: Studi Kasus Kecamatan Jenggawah, Jember Nurul Sumiasri dan Ninik Setyowati .....................................................................................................

277

Distribusi dan Status Konservasi Syzygium zollingerianum (Miq.) Amsh. (Myrtaceae) Pudji Widodo, Tatik Chikmawati, dan Dwi Nugroho Wibowo................................................................

284

Eksplorasi Tumbuhan di Daerah Konservasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Rea-Kaltim Purwaningsih........................................................................................................................................

288

Komposisi Floristik Hutan Sekunder di Lokasi Restorasi Blok Hutan Sei Serdang, Resort Cinta Raja- Besitang, Kabupaten Langkat, Sumatera Utara Razali Yusuf ..........................................................................................................................................

299

Induksi Proembrio Terhadap Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) dengan Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Auksin dan Sitokinin Ria Cahyaningsih, Darda Efendi, dan Endah R. Palupi .........................................................................

305

Profil Pohon Induk dan Penyebaran Regenerasi Kayu Bawang (Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.) di Hutan Pendidikan Kebun Raya Unmul Samarinda Rita Diana, Deddy Hadriyanto, Hastaniah, Raharjo Ari Suwasono .......................................................

311

Populasi Biji di Lantai Hutan Pamah Pasir Pring, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat Rochadi Abdulhadi, Rike Anwar Fuadi, dan Suhardjono .......................................................................

324

Studi Penyebaran Corypha utan Lamk. di Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur Rony Irawanto ......................................................................................................................................

332

Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Vegetasi Pohon di Hutan Pantai pada Kawasan Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang Ruddy Polosakan ..................................................................................................................................

336

The Effect of Light on the Germination and the Growth of the Seeds of Dendrobium spectabile Blume (Orchidaceae) In Vitro Siti Nurfadilah ......................................................................................................................................

341

Pemanfaatan Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan oleh Masyarakat Madura, Mandar dan Bajau di Pulau Sepanjang, Sumenep, Jawa Timur Siti Susiarti, Rugayah dan Suhardjono .................................................................................................

345

Estimasi Laju Penyimpanan Karbon pada Beberapa Jenis Ficus Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Soejono.................................................................................................................................................

352

Kolonisasi Rafflesia patma pada Pohon Inang di Cagar Alam Pangandaran Sofi Mursidawati dan Melani K. Riswati ...............................................................................................

358

Ekologi Anggrek Didymoplexis pallen Griffith di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Solikin ..................................................................................................................................................

363

Keragaman Habitat Hoya multiflora Blume di Stasiun Penelitian Bodogol, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Sri Rahayu, Rochadi Abdulhadi, Rosniati A. Risna, Yayan W. C. Kusuma .............................................

367

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Studi Banding Akumulasi Timbal (Pb) pada Daun Hibiscus tiliaceus L. dan Daun Ki Hujan Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. di Makassar Sri Suhadiyah, Muhammad Ruslan Umar, dan Surni .............................................................................

373

Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Obat di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru Sri Wuryanti dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ...................................................................................................

380

Pengetahuan Tradisional Suku Lembak Tentang Keragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Obat di Dua Desa di Bengkulu Steffanie Nurliana .................................................................................................................................

393

Studi Biologi Bunga Ixora amboinica (Blume) Dc. R.S. Purwantoro dan Sumanto ..............................................................................................................

401

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms. R.S. Purwantoro, A. Agusta, dan Praptiwi.............................................................................................

406

Pengelolaan Lanskap Multifngsi: Pendekatan Alternatif Dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan Kayu Subekti Rahayu, Hartiningsih, Sonya Dewi, Agus P. Kartono, dan Agus Hikmat....................................

411

Aktivitas Anti Bakteri dan Anti Jamur pada Plectranthus javanicus (Blume) Benth., P. galeatus Vahl, dan Scutellaria slametensis Sudarmono & Conn (Lamiaceae) Sudarmono, Hartutiningsih M-Siregar, R. Subekti Purwantoro dan A. Agusta ......................................

418

Pertumbuhan Awal Tanaman Bambu Tutul (Bambusa maculata Widjaja) di Stasiun Penelitian Hutan Arcamanik, Bandung Sutiyono dan Marfu’ah Wardani ...........................................................................................................

423

Canonical Corespondence Analysis of Plant Community at Buyan-Tamblingan Lake Forest Areas Bali Sutomo dan I Dewa Putu Darma ..........................................................................................................

429

Inventarisasi Alternatif Bahan Pangan Pokok dari Hutan Sebagai Langkah Rediversifikasi Pangan dan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Hayati Secara Berkelanjutan Syamsul Hidayat ...................................................................................................................................

432

Eksplorasi dan Penelitian Flora Gunung Singgalang, Sumatera Barat Taufikurrahman Nasution dan Destri ....................................................................................................

438

Keanekaragaman Karakter Fenotipik Tanaman Dahlia Asal Jawa Barat dan Padang Tien Turmuktini, Usep Taryana, dan Agung Karuniawan .....................................................................

444

Survey and Monitoring Methods for Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (Cyatheaceae) Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo, Rugayah, dan Didit Okta Pribadi .......................................................

449

Fenologi Aktivitas Reproduktif Tiga Jenis Rutaceae, Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Titut Yulistyarini dan Abban Putri Fiqa ...............................................................................................

457

Kajian Variasi Morfologi Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.) Sebagai Pendukung dalam Upaya Pengembangannya untuk Tanaman Hias Tri Handayani .....................................................................................................................................

464

Konservasi dan Mikropropagasi Rhododendron radians J.J.Sm. di Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali Tri Warseno dan Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri ................................................................................

469

Jenis-Jenis Anggrek Epifit dan Inangnya di Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur Umiyah, Nina Dwi Yulia, dan Dani Prasetyani .....................................................................................

475

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Role of Dye Plants as Natural Dyes Uses in Local Communities in Indonesia Wardah dan Francisca Murti Setyowati ................................................................................................

479

Eksplorasi Flora di Kawasan Gunung Rinjani Nusa Tengara Barat Nyoman Peneng dan Wawan Sujarwo ..................................................................................................

486

Perkembangan Dicksonia blumei Moore dengan Biakan Spora Secara In Vitro Wenni S. Lestari ...................................................................................................................................

494

Survivorship and Growth of Eight Native Tree Species during their Early Stage at a Restored Land Within Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia Wiguna Rahman, Fitri Kurniawati, Eka A.P. Iskandar, Imawan W. Hidayat, Didik Widyatmoko, dan Siti Roosita Ariati ...........................................................................................................................

500

Pengaruh Naungan Paranet Terhadap Sifat Toleransi Tanaman Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.F.) Merr. ) Wihermanto dan Tri Handayani ...........................................................................................................

506

Pemanfaatan dan Karakterisasi Tumbuhan Tropis untuk Biosintesis Nanopartikel Perak Windri Handayani, Cuk Imawan, dan Susiani Purbaningsih..................................................................

510

Aspek Etika dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan di Indonesia Wiryono ...............................................................................................................................................

518

Uji Media Pertumbuhan untuk Perbanyakan dan Viabilitas Spora Trichoderma sp., Kapang Endofit Akar Puspa (Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.) Yati Nurlaeni ........................................................................................................................................

523

Seedling Growth of Diospyros blancoi A. DC., the Common Plant for Rehabilitation, Under Different Shade Level Yayan Wahyu C. Kusuma dan Tri Handayani........................................................................................

530

Potensi Karbon Tersimpan pada Tegakan Pohon di Taman Kota I Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD), Tangerang Dini Fardila, Lily Surayya Eka Putri, dan Yudhi Nugraha ....................................................................

534

Konservasi In Vitro dan Perbanyakan Anggrek Alam di Kebun Raya Indonesia Yupi Isnaini, Ema Hendriyani, dan Siti Nurfadilah ................................................................................

539

The Genus Typhonium Schott (Araceae - Areae) in Java Yuzammi ...............................................................................................................................................

544

Penyebaran Tumbuhan Asing di Hutan Wornojiwo Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat Zaenal Mutaqien, Vin-Vin Maria Tresnanovia, dan Musyarofah Zuhri ..................................................

550

Indeks ..................................................................................................................................................

559

Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

SURVEY AND MONITORING METHODS FOR Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (CYATHEACEAE) Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo 1), Rugayah 2) dan Didit Okta Pribadi 1) 1) Center for Plant Conservation-Bogor Botanic Gardens-LIPI, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 13 Bogor, P.O. Box 309 Bogor 16003. Tel./Fax +62-251-8322187. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2) Botany Division, Biology Research Center, LIPI. Gd Herbarium-Mikrobiologi, SCS. Jl. Raya Bogor Cibinong Km 46, Cibinong. E-mail: [email protected] Abstrak Tumbuhan paku Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (Cyatheaceae) merupakan salah satu komoditi ekspor yang termasuk di dalam daftar Appendix II CITES, sejak tahun 1976. Cibotium barometz penting sebagai sumber bahan obat di China, Eropa, Indonesia, Filipina dan Thailand, dan sampai saat ini masih digunakan sebagai obat tradisional di Asia Tenggara. Bulu dan rhizome C. barometz terutama dimanfaatkan sebagai obat penahan darah, menghentikan pendarahan, anti reumatik, menstimulasi hati dan ginjal dan memperkuat tulang belakang. Pemanfaatan jenis-jenis liar yang termasuk di dalam daftar Appendix II CITES, termasuk C. barometz, harus dibatasi dengan sistem kuota agar kelestariannya terjamin. Penetapan kuota seharusnya berdasarkan NDF (Non Detriments Finding). Data lapangan dan informasi biologi merupakan hal penting untuk menggambarkan NDF. Oleh karena itu survei dan monitoring C. barometz di seluruh sebarannya perlu dilakukan dengan metode yang cukup akurat namun cukup mudah dan cepat dilakukan sehingga data baru setiap tahun tersedia sebagai bahan penentuan kuota setiap tahun. Makalah ini memaparkan metode survei dan monitoring yang telah biasa digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data lapangan C. barometz dari tahun 2005 sampai 2010, yaitu metode randome search dengan belt transect. Metode survei dan monitoring baru untuk C. barometz diusulkan. Kata kunci: Cibotium barometz, monitoring, survei, tumbuhan paku bahan obat. INTRODUCTION Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. is a fern species of the tropic and subtropic distributed from eastern of North India to southern of China and Taiwan, including South East Asia, from Sumatra, Java and Philippinne and to Ryukyu islands (Holttum, 1963; Praptosuwiryo, 2003). This species grows on open-hill slopes and on river banks in tropical forests at an altitude of 500-800 m asl and also on the mountains at 10001600 m dpl (Holttum 1963, Praptosuwiryo 2003). Cibotium barometz has been recognized as prime material for the traditional medicine and modern medicines in China, Japan and France (Praptosuwiryo, 2003). In China, Europe, and Thailand, the species has important value for medicinal purposes, which is known in medicinal trade as ‘gou ji’ or ‘chain fern’ (Anonimous 2008). The gold yellowish-brown hairs on its rhizome and stipes have been used in China, S.E. Asia as a styptic for bleeding wounds. The extract of the rhizome (‘gouji’) is also used by Chinese and Japanese as an antirheumatic, stimulant for lever and kidney, spinal support, expelling stomach gas and as a prostatic remedy. Population of the species in several countries have decreased rapidly because of over

exploitation and there is no artificial cultivation until now. The species now is included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 1976. In order to utilize it in sustainable use, NDF (Non Detriments Finding) system has to be applied for determining the annual quotas. Biological aspect is one of the important information that is needed to be known, including the population dynamic. To obtain those data, inventories and monitoring of the population need to be done. Inventorying and monitoring of biological diversity is very important. Quantifying the spatiotemporal changes in biodiversity by considering community and trends in species abundances is an urgent needed (Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio, 1992). Inventories and monitoring data may be used in basic and applied sciences (NRC, 1993). Those activities could provide some basic information that may be used for: (1) understanding the world in which we live, both inside and outside protected areas; (2) defining the current and future options available to meet human needs, and (3) guiding immediate and long term management, policy and decisionmaking. According to Stork & Samways (1995) biodiversity inventorying is the surveying, sorting, 449


cataloging, quantifying and mapping of entities such as genes, individuals, populations, species, habitats, biotypes, ecosystem and landscapes or their components, and the synthesis of the resulting information for the analysis of pattern and processes. Whereas, survey is refers to methodical exploration of an area in order to discover the species that live there (Wheeler, 1995). Monitoring is the intermittent (regular or irregular) surveillance to ascertain the extent of compliance with a predetermined standard or degree of deviation from expected norm (Hellawel, 1991). Goldsmith (1991) points out that monitoring is usually goal-oriented and designed to reveal changes in a particular parameter or parameters. It is repeated at intervals (mostly regular) and often provides a baseline for recording changes in the future. Monitoring of biological diversity aims to develop a strategic framework for predicting the behavior of key variables in order to improve management, increase management options and provide an early warning of system change. Success in monitoring depends on the factors listed below (di Castri et. al., 1992; Solbrig, 1991): (a) being clear on the spatial and temporal scales of investigation and management; (b) having a keen awareness of the time scale of a project and its feasibility within that time frame; (c) using a appropriate taxon or various taxa to provide the information needed to illustrate pertinent change; (d) using methodology, including statistic, that are appropriate and efficient to the study or management site, while also providing comparable results from others sites locally, regionally or globally; (e) standardizing data collection and statistical analyses; (f) maintaining voucher collections of the subject organisms; (g) using existing data where they are valid; and (h) ensuring that not only appropriate biotic, but also a biotic and human variables are recorded and put into the appropriate statistical framework. From 2005-2010, inventories and explorations were carried out using random search with belt transect methods in nine localities in Bengkulu (Praptosuwiryo & Wardani, 2008; Rugayah & Praptosuwiryo, 2005; 2006; 2006b) and 33 localities in West Sumatra (Praptosuwiryo & Atikah, 2008; Praptosuwiryo et. al., 2009; 2010; Praptosuwiryo & Puspitaningtyas, 2009; Praptosuwiryo & Rugayah, 2009; 2010) and eight localities in North Sumatra. Main population distribution and size of adult plants were recorded, however a method to obtain data on population structures and population dynamic according to

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

the criteria defined by Stork & Samways (1995) were not applied. The objective of this paper is to discusses three methodologies of survey and monitoring of C. barometz. The first one is the method that have been applied in data inventory of C. barometz from 2005 to 2010, namely randome search with belt transect. The latter two methods are used for compiling more complete data of C. barometz in the field, population structure following Landi & Angiolini (2010) and analysis of population dynamics methods. RANDOM SEARCH WITH BELT TRANSECT Belt transect is very commonly used in studies on population biology, both on animals (see Hemachandra et. al., 2010; Kenyon et. al., 2006; Simon et. al., 2010) and plants (see Lutes, 2002; Shenoy et al, 2011). Random search with belt transect is set up to estimate the population size or the abundance of adult plant of C. barometz in a certain area. It was set up in 20 x 125 m or 20 x 250 m with 20 x 25 m subplots (Fig. 1.). This method has been used on the survey and monitoring of C. barometz in Bengkulu, Jambi and West Sumatra (Rugayah & Praptosuwiryo 2005, 2006a, 2006b; Praptosuwiryo & Atikah 2008; Praptosuwiryo & Wardani 2008; Praptosuwiryo dkk 2009; Praptosuwiryo & Puspitaningyas 2009; Praptosuwiryo & Rugayah 2009; Praptosuwiryo dkk 2011 (unpublished)). The activities that have been carried out in this survey could be described as follows: 1. Exploring the habitat of C. barometz 2. Collecting voucher specimens (both dried herbarium and living collections) 3. Morphological diversity observation 4. Collecting population data 5. Recording associated plants with C. barometz 6. Recording environmental condition around C. barometz vegetation (elevation, slope, air temperature and humidity, soil type in general, pH and humidity of soil, the thickness of litter and humus soil ) 7. Pili cibotii sampling to predict pili cibotii harvest per hectare (80% harvesting per plant) There are several advantages of using belt transect, such as: (1) individual population could be counted easily eventhough the position of study site located in deep slopes areas, nearly 90º of slopes; (2) More localities could be covered in limited time; (3) Associate species surrounding 450


ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

Figure 1. Basic sampling unit of C. barometz survey, a long, 20 x 250 m belt-transect, with subplots (20 x 25 m). C. barometz could be easily recognized. However, there are also several disadvantages that must be considered in quota determination, such as : (1) the recovery cycle of the population could not be identified, therefore there is possibility that the local people may harvest C. barometz before it completely recovered, (2) the difference type of population could not identified, therefore there is possibility that excessive harvesting will be done in the senile population dominated by old individual, (3) Population growth could not be predicted, therefore management plan for the long term harvesting could not be set up. TWO METHODOLOGICAL DESIGNS PROPOSED FOR SURVEYING AND MONITORING C. barometz According to previous discussion, belt transect has become appropriate methodology which is mainly used to estimate the number of individual C. barometz for each population site. The result of the study is used to determine the quota of pili cibotii production. However, in the future it would not sufficient for determining quota in long term harvesting. Therefore, a complete population study of C. barometz including population structure and population dynamics are needed. Thus, we will propose different methods will be used for identifying and analyzing those two aspects.

Analysis of Population Structure Analysis of population structure is conducted based on life stage classification of the life cycles of C. barometz. The life stage category of C. barometz could be determined by identifying morphological characters that are significantly different and can be easily observed in the field. Based on the field studies from 2005 – 2010 and their morphological characters, there are six different life stages of C. barometz. The categories will be used are: (1) Gametophyte; (2) Sporeling of juvenile: rosettes approximally less than 50 cm in height, simple to bipinnate young fronds, lack of sporangia; (3) Vegetative adult or immature: (a) rhizome less than 10 cm height and 8 cm diam; (b) lamina less than 60 cm long and (c) fertile fronds absent; (4) Generative or mature: (a) rhizome at least 10 cm height, 8 cm diam. or more; (b) lamina more than 60 cm long and (c) presence of fertile fronds; (5) Senescent: young fronds on large rhizome. This life stage is considered as senescent because it appears as decrease in individual vigor; (6) Dormant of dead: large rhizome without any visible rosettes. A survey design was determined based on previous field observations. Regarding to Landi & Angiolini (2010) who population of Osmunda regalis (a fern species) they determined local population of O. regalis as cluster of plants of the species separated from other cluster by more than 500 m, even further apart. Since C. barometz has similar distribution pattern, this definition could be adopted. 451


ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

Figure 2. Schematic representative of the randome sampling design; the black filled squares indicate the plot selected. For example, in one of the 42 local population: in a 5 x 5 m square the ramets will be sampled, while in a 10 x 10 m square the vegetation will be sampled. Through adopting and modifying survey technique from Landi & Angiolini (2010), a survey method on population structure of C. barometz will be developed. The area of local population was defined as a regular-shaped polygon, which covered bulk of the population. The necessary sample size for estimating a single population with a specified level of precision was calculated on data obtained from preliminary sampling using the following equation: n = (Zα)2 (s)2 / (B)2, where (Zα) is the standard normal coefficient, (s) is the standard deviation of the ramets number sampled, (B) is the desired level of precision. Therefore, they suggest ramets observation in 5% of each local population, which is the optimal sample size required to achieve the target precision of a 95% confidence interval, by random selection of 25-m2 square plots. The specific composition of the surrounding vegetation was investigated in 100-m2 square plots (for details see Fig.2). Within each 25-m2 plot, the numbers of ramets were counted for each life stage and the related local habitat features were recorded for further analysis. Within each 100-m2 square plot, the abundance of all vascular plants was also estimated. Besides, the effect of distance on life stage also will be analyzed by calculating the linear distance between all possible local population pairs using digital maps, on the basis of the geographic coordinates of all known populations. Landi and Angiolini (2010),

suggested using the mean distance between each population and the others, rather than minimum distances, because homosporous ferns are characterized by long distance dispersal. The data regarding the number of ramets in each life stage per plot were used to determine the relative proportions of each life stage of the plots and in local populations, and to subsequently define the demographic structure of the total population. The demographic structure is calculated for individual plot and for each local population. These samples were subjected to classification using K-means clustering that split the set of samples (plot and local population) into pre-selected number of groups of population types. According to Landi and Angiolini (2010), they found three population types of O. regalis such as dynamic (dominated by juvenile and vegetative adult), stable (dominated by generative adult), and senile (dominated by old individuals). A one way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to detect any overall differences in the proportions of the life stages (response variables) among population types (categorical predictor) as obtained by K-means clustering. Separate analysis was performed on the proportion of each life-stage per plot and population. If significant differences were found, a univariate ANOVA would be performed for each life stage. Flowchart of data analysis for identifying population structure could be described in Fig 3.

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ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

Plot Level

Population Level

K-means

K-means

Population Type

Population Type

One Way MANOVA Test

One Way MANOVA Test

Significant?

Significant? Yes Proportion of Life Stage Difference among Population Type

Yes

Proportion of Life Stage Difference among Population Type

Significant ?

Significant ? Yes

Univariate ANOVA Test

Yes

Univariate ANOVA Test

The most important life stage

The most important life stage

Fig 3. Method of data analysis for population structure. Further analysis could be conducted by develop connectivity model between structure population of the species (independent variable) and habitat variable and vascular plant that become association of the species (dependent variable). Analysis of Population Dynamics To understanding the mechanism behind population decline and to suggest conservation means, it is crucial to disentangle local and regional dynamics of populations (Aguraiuja et. al., 2008). Basically, the goal of population dynamics analysis is to analyze the dynamics of population size, number, and structure. Therefore,

some permanent plots are set up and observed in the long term to monitor change of population size, number and structure. Those permanent plots are determined in several local populations and they must be represent of each population type (dynamic, juvenile and senile).

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Analyzing of population dynamics is conducted by three activities in collecting data as follows: (1) Counting the number of adult plant in the permanent plot to monitor the change of the harvesting population number from time to time. (2) Counting the number of ramets in each life stages of C. barometz (except gametophyte as this stage is very difficult to determine in the field) to monitor the change of population type and the influence of significant life stage that determine population type and population structure time to time. (3) Measuring habitat characteristics in the area of permanent plots. Those three kinds of data then could be used to identify the dynamics of population characteristic including population size and number of the adults, the change of population type and population structure from time to time. The statistic analysis that is developed in this process is similar to the methodological analysis of population structure that has already explained in the previous section, There are some advantages of the two methodological design proposed for Surveying and Monitoring for C. barometz Regarding to above explanation, the two methodological proposed could complement the belt transect method not only in determining of export quota, but also managing the sustainable use and population conservation of C. barometz. A demographic study of population would give the best information needed for successful conservation (Menges & Gordon, 1996) enable the development of realistic spatially explicit metapopulation models, allowing for the characterization of local population dynamics and the regional dynamics of the species (Milden et. al., 2006). In relation to harvest quota determination, the results of those analyses could give significant information such as: the location of the population that could be harvested, the number of individual that could be harvested in a local population, and how long harvesting process could be done in the similar population. It is important in developing management plan of the long term harvesting that could ensure the sustainable use of C. barometz. Besides, the information could improve the process of quota determination. All this time quota determination is conducted by calculation number of adult plant in the field. By using information of growth cycle of the population, quota determination is not only considering about

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the number of adult population, but also recovery rate of the population in the field. Therefore, the quota number would become more accurate and could determine optimal level of harvesting that could guarantee the existence of the population in nature. However those two methods reveal disadvantages. Collecting demographic data is very time consuming and laborious. As stated by Aguraiuja et al. (2008) the demographic study of specific group such as ferns in natural conditions is much more complicated than that of flowering plant because the whole fern life cycle in divided into two generation of individuals with different structure and function: the generative gametophyte ‘population’ and the reproductive sporophyte ‘population’. In the field conditions, regular transition in gametophyte ‘population’ are very difficult to conduct and the observer can easily makes mistakes, especially in the case of habitats with heavy disturbance, rough landscape and seasonal environments accompanied by climate events such as El Nino/LaNina. We conclude that based on practical considerations random search with belt transect method is more easy, rapid, not time consuming and giving enough accurate data to update population data time in time for determining harvest quota per year of C. barometz. However it is also very important to set up analysis of population structure and population dynamics of C. barometz to complement the data generated from the random search method with the result that the best information needed for successful conservation would be obtained. LITERATURES Aguraiuja, R., M. Zobel, K. Zobel and M. Moora. 2008. Conservation of the endemic fern lineage Diella (Aspleniaceae) on the Hawaiian Islands: Can population structure indicate regional dynamics and endangering factors? Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio. 1992. URL: http://www.cbd.int/convention/convention.s html. di Castri, F., J. Robertson Vernhes and T. Younes. 1992. Inventorying and monitoring biodiversity. Biology International Special Issue No. 2. IUBS, Paris. Goldsmith, F.B. (ed.). 1991. Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology. Chapman and Hall, London. Hellawel, J.M. 1991. Development of a rationale for monitoring. Goldsmith F.B. (ed.) 454


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Cibotium barometz di Sumatera Barat II. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional dan Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Indonesia – Kebun Raya Bogor. Praptosuwiryo, T.Ng., D.M. Puspitaningtyas, S. Hartini dan O.P. Pribadi. 2009. Studi Populasi dan Potensi Tumbuhan Obat Pakis Simpei Cibotium barometz di Sumatra Utara. Laporan Penelitian Lapangan. Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Program Insentif Peneliti dan Perekayasa LIPI TA 2009. Depeartemen Pendidikan Nasioanal dan Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan-Kebun Raya Bogor – LIPI. Rugayah dan T.Ng. Praptosuwiryo. 2005. Survei Cibotium barometz di Luar Kawasan Konservasi Prop. Bengkulu – Sumatra. Laporan. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi, Bidang Botani. Rugayah dan T.Ng. Praptosuwiryo. 2006a. Survei Cibotium barometz BengkuluSumatra II: Pemantauan Pasca Panen Pili. Laporan. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi, Bidang Botani. Rugayah dan T.Ng. Praptosuwiryo. 2006b. Survei Cibotium barometz BengkuluSumatra III : Recovery Pasca Panen dan Pemetaan Area Baru. Laporan. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi, Bidang Botani. Shenoy, A., J.F. Johnstone, E.S. Kasischke and K. Kielland. 2011. Persistent effects of fire severity on early successional forests in interior Alaska. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 381 – 390. Simon R., E. McNaughton, J. Smithson, B. Hollister and I. Hopland. 2010. Study Plan for Butterfly Life Hystory, Population Biology and Habitat Project. Black Rock Recreation Area. EPA Solicitation No. FY10-0001. Papillon Environmental Consulting. Nectar City, Michigan. Stork, N.E. and M.J. Samways. 1995. Inventorying and Monitoring. In V.H. Heywood & R.T. Watson. Pp. 543 – 543. Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Solbrig, O.T. (ed.). 1991. From Genes to Ecosystem: A research agenda for biodiversity. IUBS. Paris.

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Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 476-489.

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2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas

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