2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas

i

©2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas

Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan. Prosiding Seminar/UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan. – Cibodas, 2011. xx + 564 hlm.; 21 x 29,7 cm

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 1. Konservasi 2. Tumbuhan Tropika

Penelaah

: Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R. Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo. Setting dan Layout : Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna Rahman. Desain Sampul : Kusetiawan

*UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233 Email: [email protected] www.krcibodas.lipi.go.id

ii

PROSIDING Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” Cibodas, 7 April 2011

ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3

Penelaah: Didik Widyatmoko D.M. Puspitaningtyas R. Hendrian Irawati Izu A. Fijridiyanto Joko R. Witono Risna Rosniati Siti Roosita Ariati Sri Rahayu Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo

Penyelenggara: UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI Bekerjasama dengan Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia (PBI), Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (BBTNGGP), dan SEAMEO BIOTROP

iii

PROSIDING Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” Cibodas, 7 April 2011

Tidak dibenarkan mengutip ataupun memperbanyak seluruh maupun sebagian isi buku ini kemudian mendistribusikannya, tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.

Diterbitkan oleh : UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233 Email: [email protected] www.krcibodas.lipi.go.id cetakan 2011© ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3

Penelaah : Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R. Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo. Setting & Layout : Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna Rahman. Desain Sampul : Kusetiawan

iv

KATA PENGANTAR

Time is flying. Tidak terasa Kebun Raya Cibodas telah berusia 159 tahun pada tanggal 11 April 2011. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu tantangan yang dihadapi tidak semakin ringan. Kebun Raya sebagai garda terdepan dalam konservasi tumbuhan secara ex situ dituntut untuk berkontribusi secara nyata dalam melestarikan dan mendayagunakan tumbuhan tropika secara berkelanjutan. Program dan kegiatan Kebun Raya juga harus menjadi bagian integral dalam merespons isu-isu penting nasional, regional, maupun global, seperti kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati, deforestasi dan degradasi lahan, serta perubahan iklim. Perubahan tata guna lahan yang sangat cepat, degradasi hutan dan kawasan-kawasan konservasi, serta perubahan iklim global secara jelas telah mengancam keanekaragaman hayati, terutama di daerah tropis. Kondisi ini makin diperparah dengan berbagai kebijakan dan praktek-praktek pengelolaan sumberdaya yang belum mampu mengatasi laju penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas sumberdaya hayati. Prosiding ini merupakan dokumentasi Seminar Nasional dengan tema “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropis: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” yang dilaksanakan di UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI pada tanggal 7 April 2011. Seminar ini digagas dalam rangka membahas dan mendiskusikan perkembangan penelitian yang telah dan sedang dilakukan dan tantangan-tantangan yang akan dihadapi dalam mengkonservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang. Seminar ilmiah ini diikuti oleh 135 peserta, yang berasal dari berbagai institusi baik nasional maupun internasional. Narasumber yang dihadirkan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu Prof. J.W. Ferry Slik (pakar ekologi dan taksonomi tumbuhan dari Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China); Prof. Barry Conn (pakar Biosistematika dari National Herbarium of New South Wales Sydney, Australia); Prof. Dr. Ir. Iskandar Zukarnaen Siregar, M.For.Sc. (pakar silvikultur dan pemuliaan tumbuhan dari Institut Pertanian Bogor); dan Dr. Irdika Mansur, M.For.Sc. (Deputi Kepala Manajemen Sumber Daya dan Komunikasi, SEAMEO BIOTROP Regional Centre for Tropical Biology). Prosiding ini berisi 93 makalah yang merupakan hasil penelitian dari para peserta seminar. Secara umum topik yang disampaikan meliputi biologi konservasi, biosistematika tumbuhan, ekologi tumbuhan, etnobotani, dan hortikultura. Ucapan terima kasih kami sampaikan kepada Panitia Pelaksana Seminar, Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia, Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, SEAMEO BIOTROP, dan seluruh pihak yang telah membantu penyelenggaraan seminar ini. Besar harapan kami bahwa prosiding ini dapat bermanfaat bagi upaya konservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang.

Cibodas, September 2011

Dr. Didik Widyatmoko, M.Sc. Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas - LIPI

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

v

DAFTAR ISI

Kata Pengantar......................................................................................................................................

iv

The Population Dynamics, Life Cycle and Conservation Status of Very Rare Rafflesia Bengkuluensis Susatya, Arianto & Mat-Salleh at Talang Lais, Kaur, Bengkulu Agus Susatya ........................................................................................................................................

1

Lasianthus spp. Germination: Role of Air Temperature, Received Radiation and Substrate Humidity Annisa Satyanti and R. Subekti Purwantoro ..........................................................................................

6

Mengenal dan Melestarikan Pohon Andalas (Morus macroura Miq.) Aswaldi Anwar......................................................................................................................................

11

Phylogenetic Analysis of Tree Fern Dicksonia blumei (Dicksoniaceae) Bayu Adjie ............................................................................................................................................

18

Sebaran, Keragaman dan Kelimpahan Vegetasi Mangrove di Pulau Batam, Karimun, Natuna, dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Sekitarnya Danang Wahyu Purnomo dan Didi Usmadi...........................................................................................

21

Beberapa Jenis Syzygium yang Tumbuh di Tepi Sungai di Wilayah Kabupaten Malang Deden Mudiana ....................................................................................................................................

29

Pengaruh Arsitektur Pohon Model Petit, Leeuwenberg, dan Aubreville Terhadap Aspek Hidrologi Lolosan Tajuk, Aliran Batang, Intersepsi Hujan dan Intersepsi Serasah di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Siti Sofiah dan Dewi Ayu Lestari ...........................................................................................................

36

Persebaran dan Keragaman Anggrek Pecteilis susannae (L.) Rafin. di Indonesia Diah Sulistiarini ...................................................................................................................................

40

Potensi Dipterocarpaceae Sebagai Penyerap C02 dan Penyimpan Karbon di Kebun Raya Bogor Didi Usmadi, Sri Wahyuni dan Melani K. Riswati .................................................................................

45

Membangun Pengelolaan Kolaboratif Kawasan Hutan Konservasi di Indonesia Didik Suharjito .....................................................................................................................................

50

Keanekaragaman Anggrek di Cagar Alam Panjalu Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ...................................................................................................................

56

Uji Daya Simpan Biji Anggrek Dendrobium stratiotes Rchb.F. Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas dan Elizabeth Handini ................................................................................

60

Regenerasi Heritierap percoriaceae Kosterm. di Kebun Raya Bogor Dodo dan Yupi Isnaini ..........................................................................................................................

66

Pengaruh Jenis dan Kadar Bahan Enkapsulasi Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) Dody Priadi ..........................................................................................................................................

71

Inventarisasi Kerusakan Flora Hutan di Lereng Selatan Gunung Slamet Dwi Nugroho Wibowo dan Ani Widyastuti ............................................................................................

76

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

vi

Kelekak: Kebun Buah-Buahan Lokal untuk Generasi Mendatang Salah Satu Bentuk Konservasi Masyarakat Bangka Eka Sari, Dyah Sandra Fiona, dan Nova Adelia ....................................................................................

82

Efektivitas Dua Periode Waktu dan Beberapa Metode Penyimpanan Terhadap Biji Garcinia picrorhiza Miq. Elly Kristiati Agustin ............................................................................................................................

88

Konservasi dan Perbanyakan Dendrobium spectabile (Blume) Miq. di Kebun Raya Bali Ema Hendriyani dan I Gede Tirta .........................................................................................................

93

Kapulaga (Amomum compactum Sol.ex Maton): Manfaat dan Sebarannya di Gunung Honje, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon Emma Sri Kuncari ................................................................................................................................

96

Atribut Ekologi Hutan Sekunder Dataran Rendah yang Terbentuk Setelah Peladangan di Talang Tais, Kaur, Bengkulu Enggar Apriyanto dan Siswahyono ........................................................................................................

101

Inventarisasi Bahan Obat Tradisional di Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli, Bali. Eniek Kriswiyanti, I Ketut Junitha, Endang Sri Kentjonowati, Nyoman Darsini, dan Iriani Setyawati....

108

Kegiatan Eksplorasi Flora Kebun Raya Purwodadi di Pulau Sulawesi Esti Endah Ariyanti...............................................................................................................................

113

Eksplorasi Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Anggrek di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Kab. Lampung Barat, Propinsi Lampung Esti Munawaroh dan Popi Aprilianti ....................................................................................................

118

Lumut di Kawasan Konservasi Ecology Park Cibinong, Jawa Barat Florentina Indah Windadri ...................................................................................................................

128

Potensi Duapuluh Tujuh Jenis Tumbuhan Obat yang Dimanfaatkan Oleh Suku Sasak di Sekitar Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani Francisca Murti Setyowatid dan Wardah ..............................................................................................

134

Keragaman Anggrek Alam di Kawasan Konservasi Bukit Bungkuk, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau Sri Hartini dan Hary Wawangningrum..................................................................................................

140

Adaptasi dan Seleksi 50 Jenis Begonia Dataran Tinggi di Kebun Raya Bogor Hartutiningsih - M. Siregar dan Mustaid Siregar ................................................................................

144

Eksplorasi dan Inventarisasi Anggrek di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi : Data Terakhir Sebelum Erupsi 2010 Susila, H., A. R. U. Wibowo, I. B. Nugroho, M. Bait, M. B. Atmaja, A. C. Pamuji, T. Sukoco dan H. Wardhana .......................................................................................................................................

150

Silangan Begonia robusta Blume var. robusta dengan Begonia flacca Irmsch I Made Ardaka dan Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta .....................................................................................

156

Hama Penggerek Daun (Catocala sp.) Pada Koleksi Zingiberaceae di Kebun Raya Bali dan Pengendaliannya I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa ................................................................................................................

160

Keanekaragaman Fungi Endofitik yang Berasosiasi dengan Akar Anggrek Spathoglottis plicata Blume dan Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) Hawkes Imam Bagus Nugroho, Hendry Susila, dan Rina Sri Kasiamdari .......................................................... Keanekaragaman Anggrek Epifit di Sekitar Danau Tamblingan-Bali

166

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

vii

Ig. Tirta dan Ema Hendriyani ...............................................................................................................

174

Analisis Vegetasi dan Kandungan Fitokimia Akar Kuning (Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.) di Hutan Penelitian Samboja, Kalimantan Timur Ibnu Hajar ............................................................................................................................................

180

The Diversity of Lichens in Cibodas Botanical Gardens and Their Potential as Herbal Medicine Iin Supartinah Noer ..............................................................................................................................

187

Pengaruh Aplikasi Arang pada Pertumbuhan Semai Beberapa Jenis Leguminosae Indriani Ekasari....................................................................................................................................

195

Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Ekologi Sirih-Sirihan Liar Anggota Suku Piperaceae di Kawasan Hutan Lindung BKPH Gunung Slamet Barat dan BKPH Moga Inggit Puji Astuti, Eka Fatmawati Tihurua, dan Sugeng Budiharta ........................................................

205

Germination of Indonesian Paphiopedilums at Different Maturity of Fruits and The Affinities Between The Species Irawati ..................................................................................................................................................

212

Input Karbon dan Nitrogen Via Gugur Seresah di Hutan Dataran Rendah Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Joeni Setijo Rahajoe dan Chumairoh ....................................................................................................

216

Prospek Konservasi Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia spp.) di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser Kansih Sri Hartini.................................................................................................................................

220

Keragaman dan Karakteristik Pisang (Musa acuminata) Kultivar Group Diploid AA Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Lia Hapsari dan Ahmad Masrum ..........................................................................................................

225

Study Laju Pertumbuhan Alamiah Tetrastigma glabratum Dibandingkan Dengan Laju Eksploitasi Oleh Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan Lindung Gunung Prau Lianah, Henna, Munifatul I. ..................................................................................................................

230

Variasi Anatomi (Stomata & Idioblast) pada Marga Curcuma Lilih Khotim Perwati, Erry Wiryani, Murningsih...................................................................................

238

Studi Aktivitas Antifungi Lumut Terhadap Fungi Patogen dari Daun Anggrek (Bulbophyllum flavidiflorum Carr.) Lily Ismaini...........................................................................................................................................

243

Karakteristik Anatomi Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) di Berbagai Media Tanam Tailing Timah dengan Penambahan Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit Lina Juairiah ........................................................................................................................................

248

Tipe Morfologi dan Anatomi Kulit Batang Pohon Inang Anggrek Epifit di Petak 5 Bukit Plawangan, Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi Muhammad Bima Atmaja dan Asri Cahyaning Pamuji ..........................................................................

253

Potensi Cadangan Biji di Dalam Tanah pada Hutan Sekunder Wornojiwo Musyarofah Zuhri, dan Zaenal Mutaqien ..............................................................................................

259

Pemanfaatan Bambu di Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur Ninik Setyowati dan Nurul Sumiasri ....................................................................................................

265

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

viii

Karakterisasi Morfologi Klon Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Lokal Berpotensi Unggul di Kecamatan Kasembon, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur Nurul Aini, Kuswanto, and Ghunthur Sheto Ari Utomo .........................................................................

272

Variasi Plasma Nutfah Tumbuhan Secara Lekat Lahan di Pekarangan: Studi Kasus Kecamatan Jenggawah, Jember Nurul Sumiasri dan Ninik Setyowati .....................................................................................................

277

Distribusi dan Status Konservasi Syzygium zollingerianum (Miq.) Amsh. (Myrtaceae) Pudji Widodo, Tatik Chikmawati, dan Dwi Nugroho Wibowo................................................................

284

Eksplorasi Tumbuhan di Daerah Konservasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Rea-Kaltim Purwaningsih........................................................................................................................................

288

Komposisi Floristik Hutan Sekunder di Lokasi Restorasi Blok Hutan Sei Serdang, Resort Cinta Raja- Besitang, Kabupaten Langkat, Sumatera Utara Razali Yusuf ..........................................................................................................................................

299

Induksi Proembrio Terhadap Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) dengan Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Auksin dan Sitokinin Ria Cahyaningsih, Darda Efendi, dan Endah R. Palupi .........................................................................

305

Profil Pohon Induk dan Penyebaran Regenerasi Kayu Bawang (Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.) di Hutan Pendidikan Kebun Raya Unmul Samarinda Rita Diana, Deddy Hadriyanto, Hastaniah, Raharjo Ari Suwasono .......................................................

311

Populasi Biji di Lantai Hutan Pamah Pasir Pring, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat Rochadi Abdulhadi, Rike Anwar Fuadi, dan Suhardjono .......................................................................

324

Studi Penyebaran Corypha utan Lamk. di Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur Rony Irawanto ......................................................................................................................................

332

Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Vegetasi Pohon di Hutan Pantai pada Kawasan Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang Ruddy Polosakan ..................................................................................................................................

336

The Effect of Light on the Germination and the Growth of the Seeds of Dendrobium spectabile Blume (Orchidaceae) In Vitro Siti Nurfadilah ......................................................................................................................................

341

Pemanfaatan Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan oleh Masyarakat Madura, Mandar dan Bajau di Pulau Sepanjang, Sumenep, Jawa Timur Siti Susiarti, Rugayah dan Suhardjono .................................................................................................

345

Estimasi Laju Penyimpanan Karbon pada Beberapa Jenis Ficus Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Soejono.................................................................................................................................................

352

Kolonisasi Rafflesia patma pada Pohon Inang di Cagar Alam Pangandaran Sofi Mursidawati dan Melani K. Riswati ...............................................................................................

358

Ekologi Anggrek Didymoplexis pallen Griffith di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Solikin ..................................................................................................................................................

363

Keragaman Habitat Hoya multiflora Blume di Stasiun Penelitian Bodogol, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Sri Rahayu, Rochadi Abdulhadi, Rosniati A. Risna, Yayan W. C. Kusuma .............................................

367

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

ix

Studi Banding Akumulasi Timbal (Pb) pada Daun Hibiscus tiliaceus L. dan Daun Ki Hujan Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. di Makassar Sri Suhadiyah, Muhammad Ruslan Umar, dan Surni .............................................................................

373

Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Obat di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru Sri Wuryanti dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ...................................................................................................

380

Pengetahuan Tradisional Suku Lembak Tentang Keragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Obat di Dua Desa di Bengkulu Steffanie Nurliana .................................................................................................................................

393

Studi Biologi Bunga Ixora amboinica (Blume) Dc. R.S. Purwantoro dan Sumanto ..............................................................................................................

401

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms. R.S. Purwantoro, A. Agusta, dan Praptiwi.............................................................................................

406

Pengelolaan Lanskap Multifngsi: Pendekatan Alternatif Dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan Kayu Subekti Rahayu, Hartiningsih, Sonya Dewi, Agus P. Kartono, dan Agus Hikmat....................................

411

Aktivitas Anti Bakteri dan Anti Jamur pada Plectranthus javanicus (Blume) Benth., P. galeatus Vahl, dan Scutellaria slametensis Sudarmono & Conn (Lamiaceae) Sudarmono, Hartutiningsih M-Siregar, R. Subekti Purwantoro dan A. Agusta ......................................

418

Pertumbuhan Awal Tanaman Bambu Tutul (Bambusa maculata Widjaja) di Stasiun Penelitian Hutan Arcamanik, Bandung Sutiyono dan Marfu’ah Wardani ...........................................................................................................

423

Canonical Corespondence Analysis of Plant Community at Buyan-Tamblingan Lake Forest Areas Bali Sutomo dan I Dewa Putu Darma ..........................................................................................................

429

Inventarisasi Alternatif Bahan Pangan Pokok dari Hutan Sebagai Langkah Rediversifikasi Pangan dan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Hayati Secara Berkelanjutan Syamsul Hidayat ...................................................................................................................................

432

Eksplorasi dan Penelitian Flora Gunung Singgalang, Sumatera Barat Taufikurrahman Nasution dan Destri ....................................................................................................

438

Keanekaragaman Karakter Fenotipik Tanaman Dahlia Asal Jawa Barat dan Padang Tien Turmuktini, Usep Taryana, dan Agung Karuniawan .....................................................................

444

Survey and Monitoring Methods for Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (Cyatheaceae) Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo, Rugayah, dan Didit Okta Pribadi .......................................................

449

Fenologi Aktivitas Reproduktif Tiga Jenis Rutaceae, Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Titut Yulistyarini dan Abban Putri Fiqa ...............................................................................................

457

Kajian Variasi Morfologi Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.) Sebagai Pendukung dalam Upaya Pengembangannya untuk Tanaman Hias Tri Handayani .....................................................................................................................................

464

Konservasi dan Mikropropagasi Rhododendron radians J.J.Sm. di Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali Tri Warseno dan Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri ................................................................................

469

Jenis-Jenis Anggrek Epifit dan Inangnya di Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur Umiyah, Nina Dwi Yulia, dan Dani Prasetyani .....................................................................................

475

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

x

Role of Dye Plants as Natural Dyes Uses in Local Communities in Indonesia Wardah dan Francisca Murti Setyowati ................................................................................................

479

Eksplorasi Flora di Kawasan Gunung Rinjani Nusa Tengara Barat Nyoman Peneng dan Wawan Sujarwo ..................................................................................................

486

Perkembangan Dicksonia blumei Moore dengan Biakan Spora Secara In Vitro Wenni S. Lestari ...................................................................................................................................

494

Survivorship and Growth of Eight Native Tree Species during their Early Stage at a Restored Land Within Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia Wiguna Rahman, Fitri Kurniawati, Eka A.P. Iskandar, Imawan W. Hidayat, Didik Widyatmoko, dan Siti Roosita Ariati ...........................................................................................................................

500

Pengaruh Naungan Paranet Terhadap Sifat Toleransi Tanaman Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.F.) Merr. ) Wihermanto dan Tri Handayani ...........................................................................................................

506

Pemanfaatan dan Karakterisasi Tumbuhan Tropis untuk Biosintesis Nanopartikel Perak Windri Handayani, Cuk Imawan, dan Susiani Purbaningsih..................................................................

510

Aspek Etika dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan di Indonesia Wiryono ...............................................................................................................................................

518

Uji Media Pertumbuhan untuk Perbanyakan dan Viabilitas Spora Trichoderma sp., Kapang Endofit Akar Puspa (Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.) Yati Nurlaeni ........................................................................................................................................

523

Seedling Growth of Diospyros blancoi A. DC., the Common Plant for Rehabilitation, Under Different Shade Level Yayan Wahyu C. Kusuma dan Tri Handayani........................................................................................

530

Potensi Karbon Tersimpan pada Tegakan Pohon di Taman Kota I Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD), Tangerang Dini Fardila, Lily Surayya Eka Putri, dan Yudhi Nugraha ....................................................................

534

Konservasi In Vitro dan Perbanyakan Anggrek Alam di Kebun Raya Indonesia Yupi Isnaini, Ema Hendriyani, dan Siti Nurfadilah ................................................................................

539

The Genus Typhonium Schott (Araceae - Areae) in Java Yuzammi ...............................................................................................................................................

544

Penyebaran Tumbuhan Asing di Hutan Wornojiwo Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat Zaenal Mutaqien, Vin-Vin Maria Tresnanovia, dan Musyarofah Zuhri ..................................................

550

Indeks ..................................................................................................................................................

559

Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

SURVIVORSHIP AND GROWTH OF EIGHT NATIVE TREE SPECIES DURING THEIR EARLY STAGE AT A RESTORED LAND WITHIN GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA Wiguna Rahman1, Fitri Kurniawati1, Eka A.P. Iskandar1, Imawan W. Hidayat1, Didik Widyatmoko1, Siti Roosita Ariati2 1

UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas, LIPI; 2 Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor, LIPI E-mail: [email protected] Abstrak

Kebun Raya Cibodas-LIPI pada tahun 2009 telah melakukan restorasi hutan seluas 4 ha di kawasan Resort Bodogol, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. Keragaan delapan jenis pohon lokal sebagai framework species untuk melakukan restorasi hutan telah dimonitor. Jenis-jenis pohon tersebut yaitu Altingia excelsa Noronha (Rasamala), Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (Lame), Castanopsis argentea A.DC. (Saninten), Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. (Jamuju), Magnolia blumei Prantl. (Manglid), Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. (Ki Sireum), Schima wallichii Choisy (Puspa), dan Sloanea sigun (Blume) K.Schum. (Beleketebe). Keragaan tanaman dinilai berdasarkan kesintasan dan laju pertumbuhan tanaman. Hasil pengamatan selama satu tahun pertama menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kesintasan tanaman yaitu 85.71%. Jenis pohon yang memiliki kesintasan paling tinggi yaitu Ki Sireum (96.66%), sedangkan yang terendah yaitu Jamuju (66.66%). Untuk pertumbuhan tanaman, terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada laju pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman (F(7,205)=12.711), lebar tajuk (F(7,205)=7.494), dan diameter leher batang (F(7,205)=13.251) antar jenis. Secara keseluruhan, keragaan terbaik di tahun pertama ditunjukkan oleh Jamuju, diikuti oleh Ki Sireum, Rasamala, Lame, Puspa, Manglid, dan Saninten. Jenis Beleketebe menunjukkan keragaan yang kurang baik. Perbedaan ukuran semai pada saat ditanam mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan tanaman dan keragaan tanaman. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya korelasi negatif antara ukuran tanaman pada saat tanam dengan laju pertumbuhan tanaman. Untuk itu diperlukan pengujian lanjutan untuk menentukan ukuran optimum semai sebagai bahan restorasi. Kata kunci: Restoration, Native trees, Gede Pangrango National Park INTRODUCTION Land use changes have been projected to become one of the major drives for biodiversity loss and threats (Sala et al., 2000). In many places in the tropics, natural habitats have been converted into agricultural lands and a large proportion of them have seriously been degraded. Global annual rates of deforestation range from 14% (Dobson et al., 1997). In Indonesia, deforestation rates have continuously been increasing, from 2.3% per year between 1990 and 2000 to 4.5 % per year between 2003 and 2006 indicating a serious decline in the primary forest areas (Koh & Wilcove, 2007; Pusat Inventarisasi dan Perpetaan Hutan, 2008). Some findings showed that protected areas (such as national parks) are effective refuges to stop land clearing and protect tropical biodiversity (Bruner et al.,2001). However, some evidence from Indonesia indicated that the establishment of protected areas only reduce the deforestation rates from large-scale mechanized logging but not from agricultural encroachment (Gaveau et al., 2007). Eventhough degraded protected areas are able to

maintain forest re-growth but it goes slowly, depending on the disturbance level. The slow processes of primary succession can be accelerated by conducting an artificial intervention through ecological restoration (Dobson et al., 1997). The main goal of ecological restoration is to create a self-sustaining ecosystem that has a similar degree with the reference ecosystem without further assistance (SER, 2004). Some attributes that should have existed on the target restored habitats are the presence of indigenous species and integration with the existing landscape. A feasible way to be used to accommodate those attributes is by planting native tree species. These native tree species are expected to attract seed dispersing animals that will subsequently disperse available seeds to enrich the restored area. This method is called the framework species method (Tucker & Murphy, 1997; Elliott et al., 2000; Alvarez-Aquino et al., 2004, Ramirez-Marcial et al., 2010). Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) is the oldest of national park in Indonesia where degraded land problems existed, particularly caused by agricultural encroachment. This park is 500


located in West Java Province, Indonesia, with elevation ranges from 700 to 3000 m. It is the upperstream area of Cisadane and Ciliwung watersheds. Degraded lands in this area will inhibit land productivity, increase landslide risks, and increase sendiment supply to the two watersheds. This will subsequently increase flood risk at the lowerstream areas. Cibodas Botanic Garden has a unique opportunity for conducting and scaling up forest restoration activities in the facing of accelerating climate change and biodiversity loss. In 2009 Cibodas Botanic Garden initiated a program of restoration covering an area of 4 ha degraded land in the upperstream area of Cisadane watershed within Gede Pangrango National Park. This paper discusses the monitoring results conducted for eight native tree species within the restored studied site during their early stages (within a period of 12 months). METHODS Study Area The restored area is located in the Bedogol Resort of Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) (06o46'.241" S; 106o 50'.447" E) ranging from 620 to 709 m asl. Part of the restored area is still an active agricultural land while the rest is abandoned agricultural area. The agricultural land in this area now belongs to GPNP. Historically, this land belonged to the Perum Perhutani (Unit III), a public enterprise that has a concession to manage timber production from 1978 to 2003 in this area. Three major tree timber species have been planted monoculturely in this area, consisting of Altingia excelsa (Rasamala), Agathis damara (Damar), and Pinus merkusii (Pinus).

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

After harvesting time in 2003, the opened areas were since then occupied by local farmers until now, where the area is now undertaken by the GPNP. Farmers planted various annual crops, such as corn, cassava, chilli, beans, etc. The abandoned agricultural area was dominated by agricultural weeds such as Sida acuta, Mikania micrantha, Ageratum conyzoides, Stachytarpeta indica, Eupathorium odoratum, and Phragmites sp. Site characteristics are shows in Table 1. Seedling Establishment A total of 2400 seedlings of 8 native tree species were transplanted randomly on the 4 ha land 2009. The tree species were Altingia excelsa, Alstonia scholaris, Castanopsis argentea, Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Magnolia blumei, Schima walichii, Sloanea sigun, and Syzygium lineatum. Two hundred and forty individual plants were sampled proportionally (i.e. 30 individuals of each species) in order to measure the plant survival and growth. Each sampled plant (individual) was tagged with a plastic label and the position was recorded and mapped. Measurement of Seedling Growth Seedling survival, plant height, crown width, and root colar diameter were periodically monitored (3 times within a period of 12 months). Survivorship was estimated from the proportion of seedling survived at the final measurement. Plant height was measured using a ruler from root colar to the apical meristem. Crown width was measured using a ruler at the widest range. Diameter of root colar was measured using a dial calliper at the stem base.

Table 1. Characteristics of the Restored Site Soil Characteristics Soil pH

(0-10 cm) (10-20 cm) Organic Matter (%) (0-10 cm) (10-20 cm) Bulk density (g/cm3 ) (0-10 cm) (10-20 cm) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Land Slope (o) Air temperature (oC)

Restored site

Neighbour Forested Site

5.27 4.75 6.73 6.48 0.66 0.67 9.11 49.69 41.20 48-60 23.3-33.0

5.10 4.76 9.86 10.2 0.56 0.72

501


Estimation of growth rates over the studied time is calculated by the Relative Growth Rates (RGR) by measuring growth in terms of increasing rate in size per unit of initial size. The formula used to calculate RGR follows Alvarezaquino et al. (2004):

RGR 

(ln X final  ln Xinitial ) time interval

where X final and X initial are the seedling height, crown width, and root colar diameter at initial and final measurement. We also measured Pearson’s correlation index to find relationship between initial plant size and the RGR. By combining the mean values of survival rates with % RGR will provide an index of relative performance. The relative performance index (RPI) was calculated using a modified Elliot et al. (2000): hRGR cRGR rRGR   S RPI   x x x x100 max.S max.hRGR max.cRGR max.rRGR

where S is mean percentage of survival rates, hRGR is mean percentage of height RGR, cRGR is mean percentage of crown width RGR, and rRGR is mean percentage of root colar diameter RGR. The maximum value is 100. RESULTS Plant Survival and Growth Rates Initial sizes of planted seedlings were varied among species (Fig. 1). The range of mean values of the initial seedling height, crown width, and root colar diameter were 34.30-135.92 cm, 31.53-47.15 cm, and 4.05-17.91 mm, respectively. The range of mean values of seedling height, crown width, and root colar diameter after 12 months were 85.97-181.52 cm, 49.88-116.89 cm, and 8.93-20.56 mm, respectively. Syzygium lineatum possessed the highest mean of seedling height and crown width, both of initial size and 12 month after transplanted. On the other hand, Dacrycarpus imbricatus had the shortest mean of seedling height and root colar diameter, both of initial size and at final measurement. The mean survival of planted seedlings of all species was 85.71%. The highest survival rate was recorded on Syzygium lineatum (96.66%), while the lowest survival rate occured on Dacrycarpus imbricatus (66.66%) (Table 2). Significant differences were also found in growth rates across the studied species (Table 2). The

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

range of mean values of height, crown width, and root colar diameter RGR were -0.08 to 0.92 cm cm-1 yr-1, 0.14 to 94 cm cm-1 yr-1, and 0.1 to 0.79 mm mm-1 yr-1, respectively. There were negative correlations between initial size and RGR values (Table 3). Overall, the correlations were fairly strong for the initial height vs height RGR and initial root colar diameter vs root colar diameter RGR, but was weak for the initial crown width vs crown width RGR. The correlation was strong on the height of Magnolia blumei and crown width of Syzygium lineatum. Overall, the best performing species was Dacrycarpus imbricatus, followed by Syzygium lineatum, Altingia excelsa, Alstonia scholaris, Schima walichii, Magnolia blumei, and Castanopsis argentea. Sloanea sigun performed poorly in this early periods. DISCUSSION Based on our evaluation, this area is not suitable to be used as an agricultural land particularly for cultivating annual crops. Based on land suitability classes for annual crops, such as corn, cassava, or chili, the land slope should be less than 30o (Djaenudin et al., 2003). If the agricultural practice continues on going, it will increase soil erosion rates and landslides. This risk will increase with the increasing trend of rainfall in this area (World Bank, 2007). Within a period of 12 months, six landslide events occurred in the site. It is necessary to plant tree species to reduce the degradation. Our data indicated that all species planted, except Sloanea sigun, performed well in this area. Those species are feasible to be planted in such degraded sites. Surprisingly, although Dacrycarpus imbricatus seems to be planted in out of its natural habitat range, but it has best perfomance. In GPNP, D. imbricatus is distributed from 1400 to 2075 m asl (Bramasto, 2008), however this species can also be found at 200 m asl as reported in Lombok (de Laubenfels, 1988). Although D. imbricatus shows best performance, it has high mortality rates. This species is vulnerable to weed competition, especially with Imperata cylindrica. Weeding becomes necessary if this species is recommended for restoration/reforestation projects.

502


200

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

125

(A)

(B)

175 100

125

M ea n (cm )

M ean (cm )

150

100

75

50

75

50 25

25 Error bars: +/- 1,00 SE

Error bars: +/- 1,00 SE 0

0 0

6

0

12

6

12

Months After Transplanted


(C)

25

M ean (m m )

20

15

Figure 1. Mean (±SE) of (A) Plant Height, (B) Crown Width, and (C) Root Colar Diameter Measurement, of 8 Trees Species Used in Restored Degraded Land at Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia.

10

5

Error bars: +/- 1,00 SE 0 0

6

12

( ( ( (

) Altingia excelsa, ( ) Castanopsis argentea, ) Dacrycarpus imbricatus, ( ) Magnolia blumei, ) Alstonia scholaris, ( ) Schima walichii, ) Sloanea sigun, ( ) Syzygium lineatum.


503


ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

Table 2. Percentage of Survival, Mean (±SE) Relative Growth Rates (RGR) in Height, Crown Width, Root Colar Diameter, and Relative Performance Index (RPI) of 8 Tree Species Used in Restored Degraded Land at Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. The Numbers (Mean±SE) Followed by Same Superscripts Letters on Each Coloumn are not Significantly Different. Species Altingia excelsa (Rasamala) Castanopsis argentea (Saninten) Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Jamuju) Magnolia blumei (Manglid) Alstonia scholaris (Lame) Schima walichii (Puspa) Sloanea sigun (Beleketebe) Syzygium lineatum (Kisireum)

RGR in Root Colar Diameter (cm cm-1 yr-1) 0.68±0.05 cd

12.25

90

0.18±0.08 b

RGR in Crown Width (cm cm-1 yr-1) 0.76±0.09 cde

76.66

0.04±0.11 ab

0.61±0.12 bcd

0.44±0.06 b

1.20

66.66

0.92±0.07 d

0.52±0.09 bc

0.78±0.03 d

36.41

90

0.11±0.09 ab

0.63±0.13 bcde

0.66±0.06 cd

6.02

93.33

0.12±0.05 ab

0.92±0.09 de

0.79±0.08 d

11.91

90

0.45±0.10

c

0.32±0.10 ab

0.52±0.06 bc

9.86

86.66

-0.08±0.07 a

0.14±0.07 a

0.10±0.05 a

-0.14

96.66

0.28±0.04 bc

0.94±0.09 e

0.76±0.06 d

28.30

F(6,205)= 12.711; p<0.001

F(6,205)= 7.494; p<0.001

F(6,205)= 13.251; P<0.001

Survival (%)

RGR in Height (cm cm-1 yr-1)

RPI

Table 3. Pearson Correlation between Initial Plant Size and Relative Gowth Rates (RGR) of 8 Tree Species Used in Restored Degraded Land at Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Species All Species Planted Altingia excelsa (Rasamala) Castanopsis argentea (Saninten) Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Jamuju) Magnolia blumei (Manglid) Rauvolfia javanica (Lame) Schima walichii (Puspa) Sloanea sigun (Beleketebe) Syzygium lineatum (Kisireum)

-0.548** -0.521**

Initial Crown Width vs RGR Crown Width -0.335** -0.289

Initial Root Colar Diameter vs RGR Root Colar Diameter -0.501** -0.153

-0.482*

-0.494*

-0.521*

-0.227

-0.108

-0.236

-0.719**

-0.429*

-0.387*

0.243

-0.507**

-0.127

-0.331

-0.331

-0.289

-0.267

-0.263

-0.405*

-0.363

-0.671**

-0.203

Initial Height vs RGR Height

**p<0.01; *p<0.05

504


Plant-weed competition is probably the major cause of seedling mortality in this site. Plants with small initial sizes have high mortality risk especially from this competition. Other causes of seedling mortality are dessication, land slides, and soil tillaging by farmer. Animal predation is not significantly influencing the plant survival, and only Magnolia blumei shows a prevalence to caterpillar attack. The results also show that there is a negative correlation between initial seedling size and growth rates. It is implied that seedlings with a big size are not only hard to transport but also slow to grow. Small seedlings are easier to handle, but in fact they have high mortality risk. Further investigation is required to find the optimum size of initial seedlings to be transplanted on such degraded sites. This site is still being monitored and we hope to have more data to publish after 2 or 4 years of monitoring. REFERENCES Alvarez-Aquino, C., G. Williams-Linera, & A.C. Newton. 2004. Experimental Native Tree Seedling Establishment for the Restoration of Mexican Cloud Forest. Restoration Ecology 12(3):412-418. Bramasto, R.G.A. 2008. Penyebaran, Regenerasi, dan Karakteristik Habitat Jamuju (Dacrycarpus imbricatus Blume) di Taman Nasional Gede Pangrango. Skripsi Departemen Silvikultur, Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor (Unpublished). Bruner, A.G., R.E. Gullison, R.E. Rice, & G.A.B. da Fonseca. 2001. Effectiveness of Parks in Protected Tropical Biodiversity. Science 291: 125-128. de Laubenfels, D.J. 1988. Coniferales. Flora Malesiana Series I Vol. 10(3): 337-453. Djaenudin, D., H. Marwan, H. Subagyo, & A. Hidayat. 2003. Petunjuk Teknis untuk Komoditas Pertanian. Balai Penelitian Tanah, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor, Indonesia. Dobson, A.P., A.D. Bradshaw, & A.J.M. Baker. 1997. Hopes for the Future: Restoration Ecology and Conservation Biology. Science 277: 515-522. Elliot, S., P. Navakitbumrung, S. Zangkum, C. Kuarak, J. Kerby, D. Blakesley, & V. Anusarnsunthorn. 2000. Performance of Six Native Tree Species, Planted to Restore Degraded Forestland in Northern Thailand and Their Response to Fertilizer. Forest Restoration for Wildlife Conservation. Proceedings of a Workshop with the ITTO

ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3

and the Forest Restoration Research Unit ChiangMai University. Thailand. Gaveau, D.L.A., H. Wandono, & F. Setiabudi. 2007. Three Decades of Deforestation in Southwest Sumatra: Have Protected Areas Halted Forest Loss and Logging, and Promotes Re-Growth?. Biological Conservation 134: 495-504. Koh, L.P. & D.S. Wilcove. 2007. Cashing in Palm oil for Conservation. Nature 448: 993-994. Pusat Inventarisasi dan Perpetaan Hutan. 2008. Penghitungan Deforestasi Indonesia tahun 2008. Badan Planologi Kehutanan. Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. Ramirez-Marcial, N., M. González-Espinosa, A. Camacho-Cruz, & D. Ortiz-Aguilar. 2010. Forest Restoration in Lagunas de MontebelloNational Park, Chiapsas, Mexico. Ecological Restoration 28(3): 354360. Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin III, J.J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzoo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson, A.Kinzig, R. Leemans, D.M. Lodge, H.A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, N.L. Poff, M.T. Sykes, B.H. Walker, M. Walker, & D.H. Wall. 2000. Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100. Science 287: 1770-1774. SER (Society for Ecological Restoration International Science & Policy Working Group). 2004. The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration (available from http://www.ser.org) accessed in December 2010. Society for Ecological Restoration International. Tucson. Arizona. Tucker, N.I.J. & T.M. Murphy. 1997. The effects of ecological rehabilitation on vegetation recruitment: some observations from the Wet Tropics of North Queensland. Forestry Ecology and Management 99: 133-152 World Bank. 2007. Executive Summary. Indonesia and Climate Change: Current Status and Policies. Peace. Jakarta.

505

2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas

Recommend Documents