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©2011 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas
Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan. Prosiding Seminar/UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan. – Cibodas, 2011. xx + 564 hlm.; 21 x 29,7 cm
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3 1. Konservasi 2. Tumbuhan Tropika
Penelaah
: Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R. Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo. Setting dan Layout : Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna Rahman. Desain Sampul : Kusetiawan
*UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233 Email:
[email protected] www.krcibodas.lipi.go.id
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PROSIDING Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” Cibodas, 7 April 2011
ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3
Penelaah: Didik Widyatmoko D.M. Puspitaningtyas R. Hendrian Irawati Izu A. Fijridiyanto Joko R. Witono Risna Rosniati Siti Roosita Ariati Sri Rahayu Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo
Penyelenggara: UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI Bekerjasama dengan Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia (PBI), Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (BBTNGGP), dan SEAMEO BIOTROP
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PROSIDING Seminar Nasional “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” Cibodas, 7 April 2011
Tidak dibenarkan mengutip ataupun memperbanyak seluruh maupun sebagian isi buku ini kemudian mendistribusikannya, tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.
Diterbitkan oleh : UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI Sindanglaya, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 Telp.: +62263 512233, 520419; Fax.: +62263 512233 Email:
[email protected] www.krcibodas.lipi.go.id cetakan 2011© ISBN : 978-979-99448-6-3
Penelaah : Didik Widyatmoko, D.M. Puspitaningtyas, R. Hendrian, Irawati, Izu A. Fijridiyanto, Joko R. Witono, Risna Rosniati, Siti Roosita Ariati, Sri Rahayu, Titien Ng. Praptosuwiryo. Setting & Layout : Musyarofah Zuhri, Neneng Ine Kurnita, Suluh Normasiwi, Masfiro Lailati, Destri, Wiguna Rahman. Desain Sampul : Kusetiawan
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KATA PENGANTAR
Time is flying. Tidak terasa Kebun Raya Cibodas telah berusia 159 tahun pada tanggal 11 April 2011. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu tantangan yang dihadapi tidak semakin ringan. Kebun Raya sebagai garda terdepan dalam konservasi tumbuhan secara ex situ dituntut untuk berkontribusi secara nyata dalam melestarikan dan mendayagunakan tumbuhan tropika secara berkelanjutan. Program dan kegiatan Kebun Raya juga harus menjadi bagian integral dalam merespons isu-isu penting nasional, regional, maupun global, seperti kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati, deforestasi dan degradasi lahan, serta perubahan iklim. Perubahan tata guna lahan yang sangat cepat, degradasi hutan dan kawasan-kawasan konservasi, serta perubahan iklim global secara jelas telah mengancam keanekaragaman hayati, terutama di daerah tropis. Kondisi ini makin diperparah dengan berbagai kebijakan dan praktek-praktek pengelolaan sumberdaya yang belum mampu mengatasi laju penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas sumberdaya hayati. Prosiding ini merupakan dokumentasi Seminar Nasional dengan tema “Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropis: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan” yang dilaksanakan di UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI pada tanggal 7 April 2011. Seminar ini digagas dalam rangka membahas dan mendiskusikan perkembangan penelitian yang telah dan sedang dilakukan dan tantangan-tantangan yang akan dihadapi dalam mengkonservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang. Seminar ilmiah ini diikuti oleh 135 peserta, yang berasal dari berbagai institusi baik nasional maupun internasional. Narasumber yang dihadirkan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu Prof. J.W. Ferry Slik (pakar ekologi dan taksonomi tumbuhan dari Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China); Prof. Barry Conn (pakar Biosistematika dari National Herbarium of New South Wales Sydney, Australia); Prof. Dr. Ir. Iskandar Zukarnaen Siregar, M.For.Sc. (pakar silvikultur dan pemuliaan tumbuhan dari Institut Pertanian Bogor); dan Dr. Irdika Mansur, M.For.Sc. (Deputi Kepala Manajemen Sumber Daya dan Komunikasi, SEAMEO BIOTROP Regional Centre for Tropical Biology). Prosiding ini berisi 93 makalah yang merupakan hasil penelitian dari para peserta seminar. Secara umum topik yang disampaikan meliputi biologi konservasi, biosistematika tumbuhan, ekologi tumbuhan, etnobotani, dan hortikultura. Ucapan terima kasih kami sampaikan kepada Panitia Pelaksana Seminar, Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia, Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, SEAMEO BIOTROP, dan seluruh pihak yang telah membantu penyelenggaraan seminar ini. Besar harapan kami bahwa prosiding ini dapat bermanfaat bagi upaya konservasi tumbuhan tropis pada masa yang akan datang.
Cibodas, September 2011
Dr. Didik Widyatmoko, M.Sc. Kepala UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas - LIPI
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
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DAFTAR ISI
Kata Pengantar......................................................................................................................................
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The Population Dynamics, Life Cycle and Conservation Status of Very Rare Rafflesia Bengkuluensis Susatya, Arianto & Mat-Salleh at Talang Lais, Kaur, Bengkulu Agus Susatya ........................................................................................................................................
1
Lasianthus spp. Germination: Role of Air Temperature, Received Radiation and Substrate Humidity Annisa Satyanti and R. Subekti Purwantoro ..........................................................................................
6
Mengenal dan Melestarikan Pohon Andalas (Morus macroura Miq.) Aswaldi Anwar......................................................................................................................................
11
Phylogenetic Analysis of Tree Fern Dicksonia blumei (Dicksoniaceae) Bayu Adjie ............................................................................................................................................
18
Sebaran, Keragaman dan Kelimpahan Vegetasi Mangrove di Pulau Batam, Karimun, Natuna, dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Sekitarnya Danang Wahyu Purnomo dan Didi Usmadi...........................................................................................
21
Beberapa Jenis Syzygium yang Tumbuh di Tepi Sungai di Wilayah Kabupaten Malang Deden Mudiana ....................................................................................................................................
29
Pengaruh Arsitektur Pohon Model Petit, Leeuwenberg, dan Aubreville Terhadap Aspek Hidrologi Lolosan Tajuk, Aliran Batang, Intersepsi Hujan dan Intersepsi Serasah di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Siti Sofiah dan Dewi Ayu Lestari ...........................................................................................................
36
Persebaran dan Keragaman Anggrek Pecteilis susannae (L.) Rafin. di Indonesia Diah Sulistiarini ...................................................................................................................................
40
Potensi Dipterocarpaceae Sebagai Penyerap C02 dan Penyimpan Karbon di Kebun Raya Bogor Didi Usmadi, Sri Wahyuni dan Melani K. Riswati .................................................................................
45
Membangun Pengelolaan Kolaboratif Kawasan Hutan Konservasi di Indonesia Didik Suharjito .....................................................................................................................................
50
Keanekaragaman Anggrek di Cagar Alam Panjalu Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ...................................................................................................................
56
Uji Daya Simpan Biji Anggrek Dendrobium stratiotes Rchb.F. Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas dan Elizabeth Handini ................................................................................
60
Regenerasi Heritierap percoriaceae Kosterm. di Kebun Raya Bogor Dodo dan Yupi Isnaini ..........................................................................................................................
66
Pengaruh Jenis dan Kadar Bahan Enkapsulasi Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) Dody Priadi ..........................................................................................................................................
71
Inventarisasi Kerusakan Flora Hutan di Lereng Selatan Gunung Slamet Dwi Nugroho Wibowo dan Ani Widyastuti ............................................................................................
76
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Kelekak: Kebun Buah-Buahan Lokal untuk Generasi Mendatang Salah Satu Bentuk Konservasi Masyarakat Bangka Eka Sari, Dyah Sandra Fiona, dan Nova Adelia ....................................................................................
82
Efektivitas Dua Periode Waktu dan Beberapa Metode Penyimpanan Terhadap Biji Garcinia picrorhiza Miq. Elly Kristiati Agustin ............................................................................................................................
88
Konservasi dan Perbanyakan Dendrobium spectabile (Blume) Miq. di Kebun Raya Bali Ema Hendriyani dan I Gede Tirta .........................................................................................................
93
Kapulaga (Amomum compactum Sol.ex Maton): Manfaat dan Sebarannya di Gunung Honje, Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon Emma Sri Kuncari ................................................................................................................................
96
Atribut Ekologi Hutan Sekunder Dataran Rendah yang Terbentuk Setelah Peladangan di Talang Tais, Kaur, Bengkulu Enggar Apriyanto dan Siswahyono ........................................................................................................
101
Inventarisasi Bahan Obat Tradisional di Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli, Bali. Eniek Kriswiyanti, I Ketut Junitha, Endang Sri Kentjonowati, Nyoman Darsini, dan Iriani Setyawati....
108
Kegiatan Eksplorasi Flora Kebun Raya Purwodadi di Pulau Sulawesi Esti Endah Ariyanti...............................................................................................................................
113
Eksplorasi Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Anggrek di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Kab. Lampung Barat, Propinsi Lampung Esti Munawaroh dan Popi Aprilianti ....................................................................................................
118
Lumut di Kawasan Konservasi Ecology Park Cibinong, Jawa Barat Florentina Indah Windadri ...................................................................................................................
128
Potensi Duapuluh Tujuh Jenis Tumbuhan Obat yang Dimanfaatkan Oleh Suku Sasak di Sekitar Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani Francisca Murti Setyowatid dan Wardah ..............................................................................................
134
Keragaman Anggrek Alam di Kawasan Konservasi Bukit Bungkuk, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau Sri Hartini dan Hary Wawangningrum..................................................................................................
140
Adaptasi dan Seleksi 50 Jenis Begonia Dataran Tinggi di Kebun Raya Bogor Hartutiningsih - M. Siregar dan Mustaid Siregar ................................................................................
144
Eksplorasi dan Inventarisasi Anggrek di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi : Data Terakhir Sebelum Erupsi 2010 Susila, H., A. R. U. Wibowo, I. B. Nugroho, M. Bait, M. B. Atmaja, A. C. Pamuji, T. Sukoco dan H. Wardhana .......................................................................................................................................
150
Silangan Begonia robusta Blume var. robusta dengan Begonia flacca Irmsch I Made Ardaka dan Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta .....................................................................................
156
Hama Penggerek Daun (Catocala sp.) Pada Koleksi Zingiberaceae di Kebun Raya Bali dan Pengendaliannya I Putu Agus Hendra Wibawa ................................................................................................................
160
Keanekaragaman Fungi Endofitik yang Berasosiasi dengan Akar Anggrek Spathoglottis plicata Blume dan Flickingeria fimbriata (Blume) Hawkes Imam Bagus Nugroho, Hendry Susila, dan Rina Sri Kasiamdari .......................................................... Keanekaragaman Anggrek Epifit di Sekitar Danau Tamblingan-Bali
166
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Ig. Tirta dan Ema Hendriyani ...............................................................................................................
174
Analisis Vegetasi dan Kandungan Fitokimia Akar Kuning (Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.) di Hutan Penelitian Samboja, Kalimantan Timur Ibnu Hajar ............................................................................................................................................
180
The Diversity of Lichens in Cibodas Botanical Gardens and Their Potential as Herbal Medicine Iin Supartinah Noer ..............................................................................................................................
187
Pengaruh Aplikasi Arang pada Pertumbuhan Semai Beberapa Jenis Leguminosae Indriani Ekasari....................................................................................................................................
195
Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Ekologi Sirih-Sirihan Liar Anggota Suku Piperaceae di Kawasan Hutan Lindung BKPH Gunung Slamet Barat dan BKPH Moga Inggit Puji Astuti, Eka Fatmawati Tihurua, dan Sugeng Budiharta ........................................................
205
Germination of Indonesian Paphiopedilums at Different Maturity of Fruits and The Affinities Between The Species Irawati ..................................................................................................................................................
212
Input Karbon dan Nitrogen Via Gugur Seresah di Hutan Dataran Rendah Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Joeni Setijo Rahajoe dan Chumairoh ....................................................................................................
216
Prospek Konservasi Daun Sang (Johannesteijsmannia spp.) di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser Kansih Sri Hartini.................................................................................................................................
220
Keragaman dan Karakteristik Pisang (Musa acuminata) Kultivar Group Diploid AA Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Lia Hapsari dan Ahmad Masrum ..........................................................................................................
225
Study Laju Pertumbuhan Alamiah Tetrastigma glabratum Dibandingkan Dengan Laju Eksploitasi Oleh Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan Lindung Gunung Prau Lianah, Henna, Munifatul I. ..................................................................................................................
230
Variasi Anatomi (Stomata & Idioblast) pada Marga Curcuma Lilih Khotim Perwati, Erry Wiryani, Murningsih...................................................................................
238
Studi Aktivitas Antifungi Lumut Terhadap Fungi Patogen dari Daun Anggrek (Bulbophyllum flavidiflorum Carr.) Lily Ismaini...........................................................................................................................................
243
Karakteristik Anatomi Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) di Berbagai Media Tanam Tailing Timah dengan Penambahan Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit Lina Juairiah ........................................................................................................................................
248
Tipe Morfologi dan Anatomi Kulit Batang Pohon Inang Anggrek Epifit di Petak 5 Bukit Plawangan, Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi Muhammad Bima Atmaja dan Asri Cahyaning Pamuji ..........................................................................
253
Potensi Cadangan Biji di Dalam Tanah pada Hutan Sekunder Wornojiwo Musyarofah Zuhri, dan Zaenal Mutaqien ..............................................................................................
259
Pemanfaatan Bambu di Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur Ninik Setyowati dan Nurul Sumiasri ....................................................................................................
265
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Karakterisasi Morfologi Klon Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Lokal Berpotensi Unggul di Kecamatan Kasembon, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur Nurul Aini, Kuswanto, and Ghunthur Sheto Ari Utomo .........................................................................
272
Variasi Plasma Nutfah Tumbuhan Secara Lekat Lahan di Pekarangan: Studi Kasus Kecamatan Jenggawah, Jember Nurul Sumiasri dan Ninik Setyowati .....................................................................................................
277
Distribusi dan Status Konservasi Syzygium zollingerianum (Miq.) Amsh. (Myrtaceae) Pudji Widodo, Tatik Chikmawati, dan Dwi Nugroho Wibowo................................................................
284
Eksplorasi Tumbuhan di Daerah Konservasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Rea-Kaltim Purwaningsih........................................................................................................................................
288
Komposisi Floristik Hutan Sekunder di Lokasi Restorasi Blok Hutan Sei Serdang, Resort Cinta Raja- Besitang, Kabupaten Langkat, Sumatera Utara Razali Yusuf ..........................................................................................................................................
299
Induksi Proembrio Terhadap Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) dengan Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Auksin dan Sitokinin Ria Cahyaningsih, Darda Efendi, dan Endah R. Palupi .........................................................................
305
Profil Pohon Induk dan Penyebaran Regenerasi Kayu Bawang (Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.) di Hutan Pendidikan Kebun Raya Unmul Samarinda Rita Diana, Deddy Hadriyanto, Hastaniah, Raharjo Ari Suwasono .......................................................
311
Populasi Biji di Lantai Hutan Pamah Pasir Pring, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat Rochadi Abdulhadi, Rike Anwar Fuadi, dan Suhardjono .......................................................................
324
Studi Penyebaran Corypha utan Lamk. di Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur Rony Irawanto ......................................................................................................................................
332
Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Vegetasi Pohon di Hutan Pantai pada Kawasan Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang Ruddy Polosakan ..................................................................................................................................
336
The Effect of Light on the Germination and the Growth of the Seeds of Dendrobium spectabile Blume (Orchidaceae) In Vitro Siti Nurfadilah ......................................................................................................................................
341
Pemanfaatan Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan oleh Masyarakat Madura, Mandar dan Bajau di Pulau Sepanjang, Sumenep, Jawa Timur Siti Susiarti, Rugayah dan Suhardjono .................................................................................................
345
Estimasi Laju Penyimpanan Karbon pada Beberapa Jenis Ficus Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Soejono.................................................................................................................................................
352
Kolonisasi Rafflesia patma pada Pohon Inang di Cagar Alam Pangandaran Sofi Mursidawati dan Melani K. Riswati ...............................................................................................
358
Ekologi Anggrek Didymoplexis pallen Griffith di Kebun Raya Purwodadi Solikin ..................................................................................................................................................
363
Keragaman Habitat Hoya multiflora Blume di Stasiun Penelitian Bodogol, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Sri Rahayu, Rochadi Abdulhadi, Rosniati A. Risna, Yayan W. C. Kusuma .............................................
367
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Studi Banding Akumulasi Timbal (Pb) pada Daun Hibiscus tiliaceus L. dan Daun Ki Hujan Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. di Makassar Sri Suhadiyah, Muhammad Ruslan Umar, dan Surni .............................................................................
373
Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Obat di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru Sri Wuryanti dan Esti Endah Ariyanti ...................................................................................................
380
Pengetahuan Tradisional Suku Lembak Tentang Keragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Obat di Dua Desa di Bengkulu Steffanie Nurliana .................................................................................................................................
393
Studi Biologi Bunga Ixora amboinica (Blume) Dc. R.S. Purwantoro dan Sumanto ..............................................................................................................
401
Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms. R.S. Purwantoro, A. Agusta, dan Praptiwi.............................................................................................
406
Pengelolaan Lanskap Multifngsi: Pendekatan Alternatif Dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan Kayu Subekti Rahayu, Hartiningsih, Sonya Dewi, Agus P. Kartono, dan Agus Hikmat....................................
411
Aktivitas Anti Bakteri dan Anti Jamur pada Plectranthus javanicus (Blume) Benth., P. galeatus Vahl, dan Scutellaria slametensis Sudarmono & Conn (Lamiaceae) Sudarmono, Hartutiningsih M-Siregar, R. Subekti Purwantoro dan A. Agusta ......................................
418
Pertumbuhan Awal Tanaman Bambu Tutul (Bambusa maculata Widjaja) di Stasiun Penelitian Hutan Arcamanik, Bandung Sutiyono dan Marfu’ah Wardani ...........................................................................................................
423
Canonical Corespondence Analysis of Plant Community at Buyan-Tamblingan Lake Forest Areas Bali Sutomo dan I Dewa Putu Darma ..........................................................................................................
429
Inventarisasi Alternatif Bahan Pangan Pokok dari Hutan Sebagai Langkah Rediversifikasi Pangan dan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Hayati Secara Berkelanjutan Syamsul Hidayat ...................................................................................................................................
432
Eksplorasi dan Penelitian Flora Gunung Singgalang, Sumatera Barat Taufikurrahman Nasution dan Destri ....................................................................................................
438
Keanekaragaman Karakter Fenotipik Tanaman Dahlia Asal Jawa Barat dan Padang Tien Turmuktini, Usep Taryana, dan Agung Karuniawan .....................................................................
444
Survey and Monitoring Methods for Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. (Cyatheaceae) Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo, Rugayah, dan Didit Okta Pribadi .......................................................
449
Fenologi Aktivitas Reproduktif Tiga Jenis Rutaceae, Koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi Titut Yulistyarini dan Abban Putri Fiqa ...............................................................................................
457
Kajian Variasi Morfologi Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.) Sebagai Pendukung dalam Upaya Pengembangannya untuk Tanaman Hias Tri Handayani .....................................................................................................................................
464
Konservasi dan Mikropropagasi Rhododendron radians J.J.Sm. di Kebun Raya ‘Eka Karya’ Bali Tri Warseno dan Dyan Meiningsasi Siswoyo Putri ................................................................................
469
Jenis-Jenis Anggrek Epifit dan Inangnya di Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur Umiyah, Nina Dwi Yulia, dan Dani Prasetyani .....................................................................................
475
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Role of Dye Plants as Natural Dyes Uses in Local Communities in Indonesia Wardah dan Francisca Murti Setyowati ................................................................................................
479
Eksplorasi Flora di Kawasan Gunung Rinjani Nusa Tengara Barat Nyoman Peneng dan Wawan Sujarwo ..................................................................................................
486
Perkembangan Dicksonia blumei Moore dengan Biakan Spora Secara In Vitro Wenni S. Lestari ...................................................................................................................................
494
Survivorship and Growth of Eight Native Tree Species during their Early Stage at a Restored Land Within Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia Wiguna Rahman, Fitri Kurniawati, Eka A.P. Iskandar, Imawan W. Hidayat, Didik Widyatmoko, dan Siti Roosita Ariati ...........................................................................................................................
500
Pengaruh Naungan Paranet Terhadap Sifat Toleransi Tanaman Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.F.) Merr. ) Wihermanto dan Tri Handayani ...........................................................................................................
506
Pemanfaatan dan Karakterisasi Tumbuhan Tropis untuk Biosintesis Nanopartikel Perak Windri Handayani, Cuk Imawan, dan Susiani Purbaningsih..................................................................
510
Aspek Etika dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan di Indonesia Wiryono ...............................................................................................................................................
518
Uji Media Pertumbuhan untuk Perbanyakan dan Viabilitas Spora Trichoderma sp., Kapang Endofit Akar Puspa (Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.) Yati Nurlaeni ........................................................................................................................................
523
Seedling Growth of Diospyros blancoi A. DC., the Common Plant for Rehabilitation, Under Different Shade Level Yayan Wahyu C. Kusuma dan Tri Handayani........................................................................................
530
Potensi Karbon Tersimpan pada Tegakan Pohon di Taman Kota I Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD), Tangerang Dini Fardila, Lily Surayya Eka Putri, dan Yudhi Nugraha ....................................................................
534
Konservasi In Vitro dan Perbanyakan Anggrek Alam di Kebun Raya Indonesia Yupi Isnaini, Ema Hendriyani, dan Siti Nurfadilah ................................................................................
539
The Genus Typhonium Schott (Araceae - Areae) in Java Yuzammi ...............................................................................................................................................
544
Penyebaran Tumbuhan Asing di Hutan Wornojiwo Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat Zaenal Mutaqien, Vin-Vin Maria Tresnanovia, dan Musyarofah Zuhri ..................................................
550
Indeks ..................................................................................................................................................
559
Seminar Nasional HUT Kebun Raya Cibodas Ke-159
ISBN 978-979-99448-6-3
GERMINATION OF INDONESIAN Paphiopedilums AT DIFFERENT MATURITY OF FRUITS AND THE AFFINITIES BETWEEN THE SPECIES Perkecambahan Jenis-Jenis Paphiopedilum Indonesia Pada Berbagai Umur Buah Serta Keeratan Kekerabatannya Irawati Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor – LIPI E-mail:
[email protected] Abstrak Sebanyak 21 dari 28 jenis Paphiopedilum yang berasal dari Indonesia diperbanyak melalui kultur in vitro. Medium Knudson’s C yang dimodifikasi digunakan untuk inokulasi dan pertumbuhan bibit selanjutnya. Keanekaragaman jenis Paphiopedilum diuji melalui analisis isozim. Terdapat persamaan umur buah yang optimal untuk jenis-jenis yang dekat hubungan kekerabatannya yand dapat mendukung suksesnya perbanyakan. Keywords: embryo culture, isozyme analysis, Paphiopedilum, seed germination INTRODUCTION The Asian lady’s slipper orchids which extend from India, South-east China, South-east Asia to the Solomon islands are one of the most popular orchid group with a recently found new species in eastern Indonesia Paphiopedilum gigantifolium, the total number of species in this genus is 76 plus 15 natural varieties. The rare species is still attracts the interest of may orchid lovers, despite the existence of 14.000 hybrids. Taxonomic revisions were carried out more often than those of any other genus in the orchid family (Karasawa & Sato, 1982; Braem, 1988; Cribb, 1987, 1998). Unfortunately Paphiopedilum species are more difficult to propagate than epiphyte species and the seedlings are very slow growing. Several seed germinating media were developed (Ernst, 1982; Tay, et al. 1988; Long, et al. 2010) but not all of them are equally effective. Dormancy on Paphiopedilum seeds is believed to develop naturally. When the seed of Dactylorhiza maculata mature, they contained 15 times more abscisic acid (ABA) than the immature ones that could influence seed dormancy (van der Kinderen, 1987), therefore the green fruit culture was often suggested to overcome this problem. Effort to germinate Paphiopedilum seeds in this study were focused determine a range of maturity which will be suitable for germination. Under natural condition, orchid mycorrhiza fungi make germination possible and Paphiopedilum seed remain viable even after 10 years (Arditti, 1992). The very small and light orchid seeds disperse easily by air or water current. The reticulate seed coat protect the small embryo is hydrophobic, this
keeps the seed coat dry. Therefore, the embryo does not have any contact with water even in wet environment. This hydrophobic character of dry seed is greater. This character is important for seeds to remain viable and able to float and dispersed far by the current of surface water (Rasmussen, 1995). Paphiopedilum species are also among the most commonly to be sold illegally. Since 18 January 1990, the genus Paphiopedilum was put in the Appendix I of the CITES list. Therefore artificial propagation is the only way to propagate Paphiopedilum and utilize them as a natural resources. Indonesia inhabited by 28 species with 78 trade names, to find the relationship among the species, isozyme analysis as a tool to find out the genetic relatedness with relations to geographic structure (Zeidler, 2000) was conducted. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seed Germination Plant material: A total of 576 Paphiopedilum flowers (from 25 species) were pollinated at five locations and different times. Fruits (capsules) were harvested to provide the several maturity stages required in this study. Since sufficient flower of each species were not available, not all taxa were tested equally. The age of Paphiopedilum capsules or seeds is recorded in ’weeks’ from pollination. Medium: Modified Knudson’s C (KC) medium was used (Table1). Several organic substances were added to KC for transplanted seedlings. Germination medium and seedling were distributed to bottles (clear wide mouth jars) 212
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Table 1. Medium for Paphiopedilum spp. Basal medium (Modified Knudson’s C) Macro nutrients: 1. Calcium nitrate 2. Magnesium sulphate 3. Ammonium sulphate 4. Ferrous sulphate 5. Phosphate buffer (0,1 M, pH 5,3) Micro nutriens: 6. Boric acid 7. Molybdic acid 8. Cupric sulphate 9. Zinc sulphate 10. Mangenese sulphate Carbohydate: 11. Sucrose Others: 12. Gelrite or agar 13. Activated charcoal 14. Distilled water
Ca(NO3)2 .4H2 O MgSO4.7H2O (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.7H2O
1,000 g 0,250 g 0,500 g 0,025 g 18 ml *)
H3BO3 NH4MoO4.2H2O CuSO4 .5H2 O ZnSO4.7H2O MnSO4.4H2O
0,056 mg 0,016 mg 0,040 mg 0,331 mg 5,700 mg 20 g 2 g or 7-13 g 2g up to 1 liter
Note: *) Phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 5,3) = 97,5 ml 1M KH2PO4 + 2,5 ml 1 M K2HPO4 100 ml buffer) A. Germinating medium : 0,8 (Basal medium + 150 g beansprout extract + 150 ml coconut water) B. Medium for small seedlings = A, without beansprout extract + 75 g banana C. Medium for bigger seedlings = B + 150 g banana + 5 ml pineapple extract
capped with aluminium foil, whereas sun caps with filter (Sigma) were used for culture vessels for bigger size seedlings. Sterilization procedures: Intact capsules were scrubbed with tooth brush and liquid Betadine soap. Then the capsules were dipped in 95% ethanol, flamed twice and cooled in sterile distilled water. Capsules were cut longitudinally in sterile petri dish to removed seeds and placental tissues. Then the seeds were sown on germination medium. If the capsule was split open or dry, the seeds were removed and sterilized in 10% Clorox with few drops of Tween 20, rinsed at least twice in sterile distilled water. The sterile seeds were spread on the germination medium. Environmental conditions: Cultures were maintained under 16 hours photoperiods (Flurescent tube light 40 watts, ± 25 cm above the bottles) at 20º ± 2º C for germination and development of small seedlings. Larger seedlings were maintained under natural light under ‘Solar tuff’ roof ( Light transmission 89%) at the same temperature. Isozyme Analysis In a cold condition, 100-200 mg fresh leaves from all species were crushed with 40 mg quartz and 0.5 ml extraction buffer were added.
The extracts were adsorbed onto Whatman filter paper and then applied to a starch gel. Bromophenol blue was applied in one perforation holes for indicator electrophoresis mobility. In electro buffer electrophoresis was performed under cold condition at 100 volt for 30 minutes and completed for 4 hours at 200 volt then were stained for 3 enzyme systems. The gel was incubated until bands appeared, then was washed in running water and fixed in fixing agent (ethanol:distilled water:acetic acid:glycerol=5:4:2:1) and dried. Extraction buffer: containing: 10 mM L- Ascorbic acid + 40mM L-Cystein + 0.3% Triton-X 100 + 0.25 g/l PVP + 0.1 M Na2HPO4.2H2O at pH 7.0 Electrode buffer: 5mM L-Histidine monohydrate with Tris added to ajust the pH at 6.0. Starch gel: 32-38% potato starch and 350 ml buffer gel were heated and homogenized, and under vacuum condition to removed bubbles the gel were poured on a plate, covered and were stored in 5°-10°C. Staining: The gel were stained for 3 enzyme systems: Esterase (EST), Peroksidase (PER) and Aspartat Aminotransferase (AAT)
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Tabel 2. Germination of Paphiopedilum seeds at different maturities (in weeks) 8
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
Paphiopedilum gland.var.gardineri gland.var.praestans philippinense*) lowii glaucophyllum moquetteanum liemianum primulinum primulinum.flavescens victoria-mariae victoria-regina villosum*) tortipetalum javanicum sangii schoseri superbiens v. curtisii tonsum
Note: *) not Indonesian species Gel scoring and data analysis, only clear and consistent bands were scored as discrete variables (0 for absent and 1 for present pattern). The relationships among species were determined by Euclidean distance method for dissimilarity to performed dendrogram. RESULT & DISCUSSION Germination Among 28 Indonesian Paphiopedilum species, only 26 were available. They produced 576 flowers which were pollinated and produced 466 capsules (success rate of 81%) (a single capsule of Paph. primulinum var. purpuracens was obtained from another source). Failure of fruit and seed set were caused by pest or diseases, physical damages and perhaps other factors. The earliest germination (10 days after sowing occurred with 16 weeks old seeds of Paph. glaucophyllum. Seeds of Paph. tonsum were only swollen after more than 2½ years, even if the quality of seed was good (the unused seeds were checked under the microscope, immediately). Dark condition did not enhance germination as with Cypripedium reginae (Reyburn, 1978). Seedlings of Paph. glaucophyllum in the dark had etiolated wiry stalks, elongated internodes and pale colour. Attempt to germinate seeds of different maturity produced variable results (Table 2). Embryos of Paph. glaucophyllum germinated
even if the fruit were only 8 weeks old. Paph. schoseri germinate only when the fruit are more than 32 weeks. The short periods of fruit maturity at which germination occurred was found in Paph. victoria mariae and Paph. bullenianum. The seeds germinated when the fruits were 22-27 weeks old for Paph. victoria-mariae and between 24-27 weeks old for Paph. bullenianum. Early germination also occurred in Paph. moquetteanum, but since the number of samples for this species was limited and therefore information about it is limited. The long period of fruit maturation required for germination is in Paph. glaucophyllum (8-44 weeks), Paph. limemianum (14-39 weeks), Paph. javanicum (3150 weeks) and Paph. sangii (21-47 weeks) Mature and dry seeds (from splited fruit) of Paph. glaucophyllum , Paph. lowii and Paph. glanduliferum var. gardineri germinated when they were sown on germinating media. Moreover, dry seeds of Paph. glanduliferum var. gardineri germinated better than seeds from younger capsules. On the other half dry seeds of Paph. glaucophyllum and Paph. lowiii did not germinate as well as seeds from younger fruits. Sections of Paphiopedilum showed similarity in germination characters. - Section Coryopedilum capsule mature and burst seed 32 weeks after pollination. The seeds can germinate when the capsule nearly mature, the seeds readily germinate. 214
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Seeds of all ages of Paph. lowii (section Pardopetalum) germinated sparsely . Protocorms developed slowly, it is not clear whether they had special medium requirements. - Seeds from relatively young capsules as well as these from the older ones of section Cochlopetalum germinated well. Seedlings developed quickly. - Only limited seeds of Section Barbata germinated after a long time, protocorm growth were slow (more than 24 weeks). Protocorms of Paph. glanduliferum var gardineri and Paph. victoria-mariae produced substances which diffused into the medium and inhibited protocorm growth. Efforts to save the protocorm by transplanting them to fresh medium produced limiting results. One reason for this seems to be that rhizoids were easily broken and this caused the protocorm to cease growing. This finding indicate that seed propagation of Indonesian Paphiopedilum is possible for sections Cochlopetalum and Coryopetalum. Section Barbata and Pardopetalume should be studied further. Cold treatments with give positive results on Cypripedium macranthos and C. japonicum done by Tomita and Tomita (1997) might improve the germination of Barbata and Pardopetalum section in future studies. Trade in selected wild species are propagated artificially would provide better selection than the wild collected ones. Easy seed germination methods for this genus should reduce collection of Paphiopedilum in their habitats. -
Isozyme analysis Peroxidase (PER) enzyme did not give satisfactory result, either on banding patterns as well as the dendrogram. Similar bands were shown for many different species of Paphiopedilums and species from different sections also grouped in the same cluster. In contrast Esterase (EST) and Aspartat Aminotransferase (AAT) enzymes give better results. From 46 samples tested found 32 bands (EST) and 16 bands (AAT). When EST and AAT enzymes were combined resulted grouping of the section and detail varieties of the same species tested with different trade names. Although species of Barbata section are very variable phenotypicaly as well as their geographical distribution, grouped in the same cluster and species of Cochlopetalum section from the same origin also gave the same result. Paph. lowii from different origin did not clustered especially the one from Sulawesi.
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REFFERENCES Ernst, R. 1982. Paphiopedilum in J. Arditti (ed.) Orchid Biology, Reviews and Perspectives II. Cornell Univ. Press. Ithaca.. p. 350-353. Long, B., A.X. Niemiera, Z. Cheng and C. Long. 2010. In vitro propagation of four threatened Paphiopedilum species (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 101: 151-162. Rasmussen, J.N. 1995. Terrestrial Orchids from Seed to Mycotrophic Plant. Cambridge Univ. Press. U.K. Reyburn, A.N. 1978. The effect of pH and the expression of a darkness-requiring dormancy in seeds of Cypripedium reginae Walt. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 47((): 796-802. Tay, L., K. Takeno and Y. Hori, 1988. Culture condition suitable for in vitro seed germination and development of seedlings in Paphiopedilum. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 57(2): 243-249. Tomita, M and M. Tomita, 1997. Effects of culture media and cold treatment on germination in asymbiotic culture of Cypripedium macranthos and Cypripedium japonicum. Lindleyana 12(4): 208-213. Van der Kinderen, G. 1987. Abscisic acid in terrestrial orchid seeds: A possible impact on their germination. Lidleyana 2: 84-87 Zeidler, M. 2000. Electrophoretic analysis of Plant isozymes. Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc., Fac. Rerum Nat., Biol. 38: 7-16
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