$TIIDHI$ INDONESIAN rounnal FoB rslamrc studres. MeppnqcReprcerIsi.av wlxoolssra. Rrnnoncnvc Nuo-Suprsu nv rrrp Malay-INoolssiRN WoRro:

$TIIDHI$ INDONESIAN

rounNAL FoB rsLAMrc sTUDrEs

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Volume 10, Number3,2003

MeppnqcReprcerIsi.av

wlxoolssra Jamhari

Rrnnoncnvc Nuo-Suprsu nv rrrp Malay-INoolssiRN WoRro: SHarrAnryyAH Onopn rN WEsr Suraarna Oman Fathurahman

TrrrPsNYENcarScuoor: A REVIEWoT rrrg hmLLECTUAL TnaorrloN nq rrrs Mnray-Rmu KnvcpoHa Alimuddin Hassan Palawa ISSN 0215-0492

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Vol.10, n0.3,2003

EDITORIAL BOARD:

M. Quraish Shihab (LIIN

lakarta) Taufik AbdtLLlnh (LIPI lakarta) Nur A. Fqdhil Lubis (IAIN StLmntra Utara) M.C. Ricklefs (MelbotLrne Uniaersity) Martin uan Bruinessen (Lttrecht L[niaersity) lohn R. Bouen (Washington Uniaersity, St. Lor.ris)

M. Atho Mudzhnr (IAIN Yogyakarta) M. Kamnl Hasan (Internntionnl Islamic Llniaersity,

KrLala Lumpur)

EDITOR.IN.CI{IEF Azrrrrmer,.li

Azrr

EDITORS Saifttl Mujnni lamhnri

lnjat Btrhanudolin Fu'ad labali Omnn Fathurahntan

ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS Heni Nuroni

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Lttcy Rhydzuen-Marett

ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR Nttrsamad

COVER DESICNER S. Prinkn

STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492) is a journal published by the Center for the Stttdy of lslam nnd Society (PPIM) UIN Syarif Hidayatullnh, lalurta (STT DEPPEN No. 129/SK/DITIEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Australin-lndonesia lnstitute

6II). lt specializes in Indonesian lslnmic studies in partiuLlnr, nnd South-east Asian Islamic Studies in general, and is intended to communicnte original researches and current isstrcs on the sttbject. This jotLrnal ruarmly Tuelcomes contributions from sclnlars of related disciplines. AIL articles published do not necessarily represent the uieus of the jotLrnal, or other institr.ttions to zuhicl'L it is ffiliated. They are solely the aieus of the authors. The nrticles contained in this jotLrnal haae been refereed by the Board of Editors.

STUDIA ISLAMIKA has been accredited by The Ministry of Nationnl Education, Republic of lndonesia as an academic journal (SK Dirjen Dikti No. 69/DIKTI/2000).

Uka Tjandrasasmita

Al-Shabakah al-Tij ari yy ahti al-Sultanah al-Ind[msiyyah fi Qarn 15-17 M

Abstract: This nrticle concerns the trnde networks of the lndonesinn Sultnnntes in the 15-78 centuries A.D. The growth and deaelopment of the trade networks was closely connected to the process of nnuigntion and the deaelopment of sen-routes. Due to the geogrnphical nature of the Indonesinn Archipelngo, trnde networks were deaeloped by people liaing

in the area. Important resenrch into lndonesian history from a socioeconomic npproach, pnrticularly in relntion to trade, has been cnrried out bV C. ann Leur, O.W. Wolters, Meilink Roelofsz, Ritn Rose Di Meglio, amongst others. Their opinions on pnrticulnr issues haue been used to

I

support the historical fncts related to the topic of this nrticle. It goes without snying thnt studies into the socio-economic history of lndonesta are aery important ns this history has played an important role in the social, political, and. culturnl liaes of the community. The trnde networks established important links with nll kinds of ethnic groups, both within the region and internntionnlly. According to seaernl historinns, during the early centuries A.D. international trnde was established in Indonesin,Indin, and Chinn. Muslim trnders from Arnbia,lran,Irnq, Egypt and other Middle-Eastern countries actiaely participated in the internntionnl trade route, which spread from the Red-Sea to the Chinese Sen, aia the Malaccn's Strait, from the Zil' or' Btl' century A. D. The Muslim trnders were possibly accompanied by missionaries and the process of Islamisntion in the Indonesian Archipelngo occurred little by little. From the 73ttt to TBtt' centuries, Muslim cities and Sultnnates emerged nnd deaeloped. These Sultanntes included 125

Studia Istnnikn, Vol. 10, No. 3,2003

726

Ukn Tjnndrnsnsmitn

Samudra Pnsni, Malacca, Aceh Dnrussalam, Demnk, Cirebon, Bsnfen, T ernate-Tidor e, Gow a-T fillo, Kutei, B nnj ar, P ontinnnk, Siak lndtapur n, lnmbi, Palembang, Minangknbnu nnd others. The Sultanntes in coastal nress extended their powers to the hinterland, and thus others, such as Pnjnng nnd Mntaram in Centrnl lnan, nnd Bone and Wajo in SouthSulawesi were establis'hed. The Sultanates conducted the regional trode, nnd most of the powerful Sultanntes, with their cnpital cities functioning ns hnrbours, were aery nctiae in setting up nnd coordinating internntional trade networks. The

Sultanntes were aery busy in their role of exporting and importing commodities ns needed by the foreign countries nnd local commttnities. Ench Sultnnnte exported its own produce, including high qunlity nnd aaluable products suc'h ns cloues, nutmeg, pepper, drugs, expensiae kinds

of wood, animnl products, nnd exotic birds nnd other curiosities. Mnny types of commodities 'were brought by the trnders from Southenst Asis, the Far-enst, India, Arnbin, the Middle Enst, the Mediterranean nnd Europe. The products imported by the foreign trnders included coloured woolen cloth, copper, mercury, silaer, glass nnd other bends, golden glassware, opium, rosewnter, rnisins, seed-pearls, many kinds of cloth,

colourful silks, porcelain, etc. Howeaer with the nrriaal of the Portuguese in Southenst Asin nnd their capture of the Mnlnccas in 1511, the trade networks of the Sultanntes of Demak, Cirebon, Bnnten, Mnluku and others were disrupted becnuse they coutd no longer use the internntionnl sea-route of the Mnlnccn's Strait. They used the Sunda Strnit nnd sniled nlong the western coast of Sumntra, Aceh and crossed the Indian Ocean to India, Arnb nnd the Middle East. K.N. Chaudhuri stnted thnt "lndeed the nrriaal of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean nbruptly ended the system of peaceful ocennic nauigation thnt was a marked fenture of the region." Howeaer, in the 17tt' century the powerful Sultanates of Aceh Darussnlam, Bnnten and Gowa endeauored to mnintnin their trnde netzuorks with the countries mentioned nboue. The Dutch-Compnny (V.O.C) nrriaed in the 77tt' century, and by the l7tt' century most of the Sultnnates in Indonesin were already under Dutc'h political control, nnd the Dutch monopolised the trnde systems. As a result, most of the internationnl trade networks of Banten, Matarnm, Gowa, Mnluku, Banjar nnd other Sultnnntes in Sumntra, except Aceh Dnrussnlnm, began to collnpse and eaentually cnme to n complete halt. From the l|tt' century nII of the actiuities relnted to international trnde were tnken oaer by the Dtttch Company.

ShLdia Islnnikn, Vol. 10, No. 3,2003

Uka Tiandrasasmita

Al-Shabakah al-Tij ariyy ahli al-Sultanah al-Indflntsiyyah fi Qarn 15-17 M

Abstraksi: Artilcel ini mendiskusiknn j nringnn per dngnngnn Kesultnnnn Islnm Indonesia pada kurun waktrt nbnd ke-75 snmpai abnd ke-18, ynng pertumbuhnn dnn perkembnngnnnyn snngnt ernt berlrubungnn dengnn prlses perkembnngnn jnlur kelautnn. Knrenn sifat geografis Indonesin, jnringnn perdngangan ini dibangun oleh masynraknt ynng tinggnl di wilnynh tersebut. Sepanjnng sejnrah Indonesin, telah dilnkuknn sejumlnh penelitian penting dengnn menggunaknn pendekntnn sosio-ekonomi ini, terutnmn yang berhubungan dengnn perdngangan, di nntarnnyn, olehby I C. ann Leur, O.W. Wolters, Meilink Roelofsz, dnn Rita Rose Di Meglio. P endnp at-p endnp at mer ekn t ent nng mnsnlnh-mns nlah t er sebut telah digunakan untuk mendukung fnkta-fnktn sejarnh ynng berknitan dengnn temn nrtikel ini.

Menurut

bebernpn sejarnwnn, selama nbnd-abad nwnl mnsehi, perdngnngnn internasional telah dibnngun di Indonesin,Indin dsn Cina. Parn pedagang Muslim dari Saudi Arnbin,Irnq, Mesir dnn negnrn-negnra

Timur Tengn'h lninnyn telnh ikut sertn dalnm jalur perdnngnnnn internnsional, ynng terbentnng dnri Lnut Mersh hinggn Luntnn Cinn, melalui selnt Mnktkn, sejak nbad ke-7 ntau ke-B M. Pnrn pedngang Muslim ini mungkin diikuti oleh juru dnkwnh, dan proses Islnmisnsi di Nusnntnrn terjndi secnra gradunl. Sejnk abad ke-13 hinggn nbad ke-78, munuil dan berkembang bebernpa kotn Mtrslim dnn kestiltannn. Kesultannn ini mencnkup Samudra Pnsai, Mnlakn, Aceh Dnrussnlnm, Demnk, Cirebon, Banten, Ternnte-Tidore, Gown-Tnllo, Kutni, Bnnjnr, Pontiannk, Sink 1,27

ShLtlin Islnmikn, Vol. 10, No. 3,2003

728

Ukn T jnndrnsnsmitn

Indr apur a, I ambi, P nlemb nng, Minangkab n14, dan Inin-lnin. Kesult nnnn di daerah pesisir memperlttas kekuasnnn merekn ke dnerah pednlnmnn, sehingga nkhirnyn berdiri kesultnnnn lnin seperti Pnjnng, Mataram di lawa Tengah, serta Bone dsn Wnjo di Sulnwesi Selatnn. Kesultanan-kesultnnnn ini membsngun perdngangnn regionnl, dnn ke s ul t an an -ke s ul t nn nn y nn g p al in g b e rktLa s n, d en g nn ib uko t a -ib uko t nny n ynng berfungsi sebngai pelabuhnn, snngnt nktif dnlnm membnngun dnn mengor ganisir j nringnn p erdangnn int er nnsionnl. Kestilt nnon-kesult nnnn tersebut sibuk dnlam ekspor dnn impor berbngni komoditi ynng dibutuhknn oleh negnra asing dan masyaraknt lokal. Setiap kesultnnan mengekspor produk-produk ynng berkunlitns dnn bernilni tinggi seperti cengkeh, pnln, Iada, obnt-obntan, jenis-jenis knyu ynng mnhnl, hnsil-hnsilbinatnng,burung ynng eksotik dnn bnrnng-bnrnng lninnya. Berbngni jenis lcomoditi dibswn oleh pedngang-pedangnn dnri Asia Tenggnrn, Timtr jnuh, Indin, SntLdi Arabia, Timur Tengnh, Mediternnin, dnn Eropn, sementnrn produk-prodtrk ynng diimpor oleh pedngang-pedangan nsing mencnkup knin wol, tembngn, air rnksa, perak, gelas dnn manik-mnnilc lnin, barnng-bnrnng pecnh belnh dari emns, candu, nir mnrznr, kismis, mtttinrn, berbngni jenis knin, stttrn beru)arna, porselin, dan lnin-lnin. Akan tetnpi, kedntangnn lrang-lrnng portugis di Asia Tenggnra dnn keberhasilnn merekn menguasai Mnlnkn pndn tnhun 1517 membunt jaringan perdagangan kesultnnan Demnk, Cirebon, Bnnten, Mnluku dnn

Inin-lnin terganggu knrenn mereka tidak dnpnt lngi melnlui jnlnr perdagangnn laut internnsional selnt Mnlnkn. Sebngai gnntinya, merekn menelusuri selat Sundn dnn berlayar sepnnjang pesisir bnrnt Sumatra, Aceh dan menyebrangi Snmudrn Indin ke Indin, Arnb Snudi dan Timur Tengnh. K. N. Chnudhuri menyatsknn bahwn "kedntnngnn ornng-ornng Portugis di Snmudra lndin secnrn tibnliba mengnkhiri sistem nnuignsi samudrn ynng damni yang menjndi ciri utnma wilnynh ini". Nnmun demikian, pndn abnd ke-17 , kesultannn-kesultnnnn ynng snngnt berkuasa, seperti Aceh Dnrussalnm, Banten dnn Gowa berttsnhn mempertahnnknn jnlur perdangan mereka dengnn negnrn-negarn yang disebut di atns. Seiring dengnn kedntnngnn VOC di wilnynh ini, pndn abad ke-18 hampir semua kesultanan di lndonesin dikunsni oleh Belnndn, dan sistem perdagnngan dimonopoli oleh Belnndn. Akibatnya, hnmpir semua jaringnn perdagangnn internasionnl Bnnten, Matnrnm, Gown, Maluku, Bnnjar dnn kesultanan-kesultannn lainnyn di Sumntern, selain Aceh Dnrussalam, mulai jntuhhingga akhirnynberhenti snmn seknli. Sejnk abad ke-18 semua kegintan berknitan dengan perdngnngnn internnsionnl

diambil alih oleh Perusahnnn Belnnda tersebut.

Sttrdin lslntnikn, Vol.10, No. 3, )003

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